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(words we need)
Ventilation
(To ventilate)
: To breathe in and then breathe out again.
Inhalation
(To inhale or breathe in)
: To get air to into your lungs
Exhalation
(To exhale or breathe out)
: To get air out of your lungs
Thorax: The space inside your ribcage
Oxygen: The gas we need to get from the air
Carbon dioxide: The gas we exhale
Respiration: is what happens in our cells to make energy

We breathe to get oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out.

We need muscles to do this. Muscles either
contract or relax to change the size of your
ribcage (thorax).

Inhale Exhale

•
• The intercostal muscles contract, moving the ribcage up and out.
•
•
•
• The diaphragm contracts, making it flatter and moving it down.
•
•
• These muscle movements increase the volume of the thorax.
•
• The pressure inside the thorax drops below atmospheric pressure.
•
• Air enters the lungs from outside the body until the pressure inside the lungs rises to atmospheric pressure.

•
•
• The intercostal muscles relax moving the ribcage down and in.
•
•
• The abdominal muscles contract, pushing the diaphragm up.
•
• The diaphragm relaxes
•
•
• These muscle movements decrease the volume of the thorax
•
•
•
• The pressure inside the thorax rises above atmospheric pressure.
• Air exits the lungs until the pressure inside the lungs falls to atmospheric pressure

Contract – to get smaller in size
Relax – to loosen or lengthen after a contraction
Increase – to get bigger
Decrease – to get smaller
Volume – the amount (quantity) of space something takes up.
Atmospheric pressure – the amount of force caused by air particles in the atmosphere
Exit – to leave or go out

• Gaseous exchange: the movement of gases into and out of the blood
• Concentration: the number of particles in a space
• Diffusion: The movement of particles from a place of high concentration to a place of low concentration until equilibrium
• Oxygenated: containing oxygen
• Deoxygenated: Not containing oxygen
• Red Blood cells: cells that carry oxygen
• Plasma: Liquid part of blood that carries carbon dioxide
• Blood capillary: smallest vessel that carries blood.

Firstly deoxygenated blood flows past the alveolus in a blood capillary. The oxygen in the alveolus diffuses into the red blood cells because of the concentration difference between the blood and alveolus. At the same time the carbon dioxide in the plasma diffuses into the alveolus. The blood is continually
moving and air is entering and exiting the lungs, so there is always a difference in concentration, which allows diffusion to happen.

• Firstly deoxygenated blood flows past the alveolus in a
blood capillary.
• The oxygen in the alveolus diffuses into the red blood cells because of the concentration difference between the blood and alveolus.
• At the same time the carbon dioxide in the plasma diffuses into the alveolus.
• The blood is continually moving and air is entering and exiting the lungs, so there is always a difference in
concentration, which allows diffusion to happen.

• Cancer – uncontrolled growth of cells making tumors.
There are many types that can be caused by smoking.
• Emphysema – breakdown of alveoli walls which causes larger air spaces and less diffusion. Shortness of breath.
• Cilia – small hairs in the trachea that move particles to be moved up away from the lungs
• Mucus – sticky liquid that traps particles inhaled through the trachea
• Bronchitus – lung infection that causes coughing and inflammation
• Addiction: when you feel you need to take something to function ‘normally’

• http://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation
/everyday-innovations/electroniccigarette.htm
• http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorial s/smokingthefacts/hp099205.pdf
• http://kidshealth.org/teen/cancer_center/q_a
/smoking.html#

Aerobic: Respiration with oxygen
Oxygen + glucose Water + carbon dioxide
This makes lot’s of for you to live.

To maintain (keep) a constant internal environment

What do we try to maintain (keep) the same?

What do we try to maintain (keep) the same?
Body Temperature
Blood sugar levels
Water levels
Oxygen / Carbon dioxide levels
Blood pH
Mineral levels

Homeostasis helps your body to work
efficiently and allows you to survive
(live) in many different conditions.

Maintaining a constant internal body temperature.
In humans it is 37ºC

https://www.wimhofmethod.com/

Aerobic: Respiration with oxygen
Oxygen + glucose Water + carbon dioxide
This makes lot’s of for you to live.

Anaerobic: Respiration without oxygen
Glucose Lactic acid
This makes only a small amount of

Internal: inside
Blood sugar: the volume of glucose in the blood
Level: the amount of something – often a liquid
Rate: How fast (quickly) something happens
Describe: Can you write about what you can see?
Explain: Can you write about why you can see these things?
Units: What we use to measure time or distance or volume ..
(s, mins, cm, m, ml, C)
Hypothalamus: Part of the brain that controls temperature.
Evaporate: To turn from a liquid to a gas

Shivering is a way of warming the body when it is cold.
When your body temperature drops below 35°C you start to shiver. Shivering is very fast and continuous muscle contractions. These contractions generate (make) heat to warm the body back up.

If you are in water or air at the same temperature, does your body cool down
(get colder) at the same rate?

Measure the temperature of the water every 30s
• You will plot a graph with both lines on it.
• You will put the time on the x-axis and the
temperature on the y-axis
• You will draw a line of best fit for the graph
• You will then describe the differences in the two lines you have drawn and try to explain them. This is your discussion of results.

Heat will be lost from a body more quickly when particles are closer together (it gets colder faster).
Particles in the water are very close together.
Particles in the air are very spread out.
This means that you will lose body heat much
faster when you are in water, even when it is at the same temperature as the air you were in.
In fact, you lose heat nearly 30x faster in water!

• You would stay warmer wearing many thin layers than one thick layer of clothes
• You cool down faster on a windy day
• A tall thin person cools down faster than a shorter fatter person
• You would cool down faster if your clothes were wet than if they were dry

Exposure to the cold and the dangerous effects of hypothermia could lead to death.
Your job is to design a one page poster / leaflet to warn skiers or snorkel divers of the danger of hypothermia. It should include:
• Scientific definition of hypothermia
• Symptoms to look out for
• Treatment for someone suffering from hypothermia
• Ways to avoid hypothermia in the first place
This poster needs to be worthy of a place in a 4 or 5 star hotel at the resort.

Sweating is a very good way to cool the body down.
Firstly, glands beneath the skin produce sweat which is carried to the surface.
After that, the sweat spreads out on the skin, air blows on it and the sweat evaporates taking heat with it.
This heat loss lowers the body temperature back to normal.

Vasodilation: blood vessels near the skin carry more blood so more heat is radiated from the body.
Vasoconstriction: blood vessels near the skin carry less blood because it goes to the vital
organs to keep them warm.

• After a meal the level of glucose in our bodies [increases/decreases]?
• After exercise the levels of glucose in our bodies [increases/decreases]?
• Why do you think this happens?
I think this happens because......................

• Which two hormones control blood sugar
• Where they are produced
• What their specific function is

Glycogen: If you have enough energy from glucose you store it in the liver and muscles.

This is when you either can’t make insulin or it no longer works properly. This is a life threatening disease and needs to be treated.

What would happen if my pancreas did not produce enough insulin?

INHERITED / GENETIC

LIFESTYLE – THE WAY YOU LIVE YOUR LIFE .

Type 1:
• Genetic
• starts as a child
• need insulin injections
• Life threatening
Type 2:
• Lifestyle
• Starts as an adult (usually)
• Need to eat and exercise properly
• Can have medication
• Can cause serious illness

why and how our body controls water levels.

1) How does the amount of water we take in compare to the amount we lose?
2) What are the main ways we gain water & ions?
3) Which substance does most water leave our bodies in?
4) State the 3 other ways we lose water.

How can you tell whether you are hydrated?
Hydrated means you have the correct levels of water in your body
Dehydrated means you do not have
enough water in your body.

Humans have two kidneys. They are approximately 11.5 cm long, just below the ribcage, one on either side of the spine. They are embedded in
(inside) fatty tissue for protection.

The kidneys are essential blood filters.
(Essential: vital, you can’t do without them.)
The main kidneys functions:
1. Regulate the blood water levels
2. Reabsorb useful substances into the blood
3. Excretion of urea and other metabolic wastes

Diagram of the Kidney
• A longitudinal section through a kidney shows three areas:
• an outer region called the cortex
• a middle region called the medulla, and
• an inner region leading to the ureter, called the pelvis.

Dissecting a Kidney: What to look for

Is there a correlation between height and lung volume? If you think there is, draw a line on your graph to show it.
1. Describe what this tells you.
2. Explain why this could be.

Brain: The control centre of the CNS
Spinal cord: The cord that carries the nerves to the whole body
Nerves: The long thin cells that carry the electrical signals to muscles and glands
Stimulus: something that is detected by receptors and causes a response by the body
Receptors: The cells that detect a stimulus
Glands: Special cells making hormones and other chemicals
Feedback: Information about the conditions inside and outside the body
Response: An action that happens as a result of stimulus.
Reflex: A very rapid unconscious response
Effector: Muscle or gland that responds to a nerve

What are its component parts?
• Brain
• Spinal cord
• Nerves
What does it do?
• Enables you to control your body
• Gives you feedback about the world

Effectors –
Sensory neurone
Relay neurones
(in brain or spinal cord)
Motor neurone

You don’t need to know any of these little details – just remember that the spinal cord carries messages to and from the brain.

What is a drug?

A drug is: any substance that changes the normal way the body works.

List as many drugs as you can in the next 30 seconds!
http://www.online-stopwatch.com/bombcountdown/full-screen/

What is a stimulant drug?

Stimulant: causes the body to respond more quickly or more strongly making a person alert or energetic
Examples:
Caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines, tobacco

Depressant: Causes the body to respond more slowly or calm the person down.
Examples:
Valium, marijuana, heroin, alcohol

A drug works by affecting your nervous system pathway
There are gaps in the pathway between neurons, these are called synapses and this is where the drugs work.

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content
/addiction/mouse/

Synapses are Excitatory or Inhibitory
Make a table for each mouse, include:
• Drug
• Stimulant or Depressant
• Name of neurotransmitters involved
• What occurs (eg. The drug mimics the neurotransmitter)
• Effect on brain and body

Drug
S / D
Cocaine
Stimulant
Neurotransmitter Dopamine
What happens at synapse
Effect
Blocks transporters
Alert, energy, fidgety
Marijuana etc

Cocaine
Caffeine
Alcohol
Marijuana
Ecstasy
Amphetamine
Valium