World Politics 02/05/16 • Religion tends to blur ones rationality and not always act on its best interests. 02/08/16 • Liberalism godfather: Kant • Liberalism is more optimistic about peaceful state interactions (believers in UN and IGOs) • Believes in 3 paths: Democratization, Globalization, and IGOs • Increases the need to cooperate • Neoliberalism are in between Realism and Liberalism • Assumes that state are rational unitary actors • States nationally pursue self-interest • believe in anarchic intl. system, Anarchy is when no international government to police • At the same time believe that states are capable of showing short-term individual interests in order to further the long-term benefit of being a community • Ex. EU • Believes in reciprocity that if we give something we will give something • Helps solve collective goods problem • Don't need central authority, just the fear of the other breaking Alternatives to Power Politics • Social Theorists argue that realism and liberalism are to preoccupied with self-interest • State are also guided by social and relational factors: social, ideas, customs, identities, and norms • These factors over time be more stable but are never fixed • Wendt, “anarchy is what states make of it” security dilemma not inevitable • States response depends on its history and some have different views on appropriate behavior • Can be motivated to the logic of consequences but with this its logic of appropriateness • Peace Studies • What leads to more peace or war • War and Peace connected to individual responsibility, economic inequality, gender relation, cross-cultural understandings • Focused on resolving conflict, mediation, arbitration Constructivist • Constructivism are far more interested defining or figuring out what is reason they are doing something, i.e. figure out their national interest, threats, and their relationship to one another • Some constructivist examine the link between states’ interests and identities, especially how identities are shaped by those very interests in their actions with other states Post Modernist • Believes that there is no single, objective reality, but rather a multiplicity of experience • Believe that the realist model is not objective, universal, and accurate, but is narrow and one-sided • In IR its pays special attention to texts and discourses how people talk and write about their subject. View every micro aspect. • Really just critique other theories don't make their own Kant Reading Notes: • Peace treaty are only because people got tired of fighting and therefore should not be trusted • • • • • Believes in sovereignty Should prefer a massive war chest over a large standing army Should prefer to contract debt or be wary of creditors Shouldn't intervene in the affairs of another state Treat your neighbors as enemies because perpetual peace doesn't exist unless everyone can agree to it mutually • War is hindered in republics because electorate bears the cost and aftermath of the war Kant Perpetual Peace Republican Govt. (reduces war) Universal Hospitality (open borders) Federation of Free States (give up authority to allow bigger entity) Finimore Ch.3 • Humanitarian missions constrain ones sovereignty • But in the case of red cross was beneficial to all parties 02/12/16 • A country shouldn't force another to change their rules • Republican constitution Kant doesn't trust democracy and authoritarian more likely to war but if people are disproportionally involved these regimes • Liberalism • Republican Constitution (democratic peace) • Hospitality-Trade • Federation of States • Neo-Liberalism • Self-interested states (like realism) • Long-term orientation • economic state rather than military might • Anarchy IR Bool Ch. 3: • Claims that war has moved from large-scale to small-scale along with death-toll • Liberalists argue that peace is possible through reciprocity, according to Kant • Goes back Kant’s statement that republics are less likely to engage in war • Also democracies don't fight each other • Trade promotes peace, as war destroys trade and therefore ones economy • Liberal Institutionalism • Liberal theories treat rational actors as able to forgo short-term benefits for long-term benefits, even neo-liberalists see this • Principle of reciprocity is that intl. institutions operate under same outcome model by reciprocal contributions and concession among members (i.e. WTO, EU) • Kant argues that it is more rational than going to war as this in itself is a deterrent, an economic one • NEOLIBERAL • Assumes that sates are unitary actors peruse self-interest in a system of anarchy • But says states achieve cooperation because its in their self-interset • Accept that reciprocity is a effective strategy, given that one sides initiates and other sides (Ex. China v. US Nixon and embargo and hostages) • Intl. Regimes is a set of rules and norms around which the expectation of actors converge in a certain issue area (ex. arms control) • Makes cheating riskier by making collective goods problem more transparent thus making cheating harder to hide • Combines both of liberalism and realism • As states maximize their self-interest in the same process • Regimes don’t limit states, even if they do in the short-term • Realists like it because it makes power plays by the book so it makes them easier to respond • Regimes depend on hegemonies • Collective Security • Sprouted out of liberal institutionalism, refers to formation of a broad alliance of most actors in an intl. system in the purpose of jointly oppressing contradictory interests in the form of aggression by any outside actor. • Should prevent free-riders as undermines alliance or pac, but US in NATO allows it because it is worth the payoff • Democratic Peace • Kant argues that peaces depends on the conversion of republics, because they contract lack of public involvement in war-making decisions • Constructivism a fast growing approach in IR, asks how states construct their insertion through their interactions with one another. • Identities and Ideas matter • Culture impacts constructivist and how they view their interactions • Constructivist argue that it is not reasonable to say that UK is threat to US, no matter how many arms they build. • As globalization increases the exchange of ideas shapes constructivism • Postmodernism is a broad approach to scholars, it examines specifically texts and discourse (talking and write) • But has long been supplanted by constructivism as it looks at the same thing • Marxism • Marxist approach to IR holds that both IR and domestic policies is due to unequal economic classes • Prefer self-reliance • Believe in spreading it • Peace Studies • Challenges realism and neo-realism • Peace studies connects with individual responsibility, economic inequality, gender relations and so forth in regards to war and peace • Use of mediation for conflict resolution • Aim for positive peace—> refers to peace that resolves the underlying reasons for war • Theorists believe that leaders will never relinquish control, thus has to come from micro level from institutions and people • Gender Studies • Balance • Difference LOOK BELOW FOR MROE INFO 02/19/16 • Lecture • Constructivism • Look above to note • Finnimore reading example for constructivism • Wendt: anarchy is what states make of it • Just because we are in anarchy doesn't mean we have to realist • Peace Studies • Conflict resolution • Integrates a wide variety of perspectives (incl. gender studies…) • How gender leads to conflict and how to overcome that • Needs to accept diverse ideas that they lead to peace or resolve conflict • Peace is more than the absence of conflict, but peace studies is focused with other measures • War that may be just but end in non-just peace • Marxism • Class struggles define relations • liberation of working class (proletariat) in an industrial society from the bourgeois • state needs state to protect their interest, but after bourgeois take over because organize themselves and don't need system as they don't in theory need to police • Not the struggle between state but between wealthy and poor countries • Gender (Feminism) • Difference • Difference between sexes • Liberal • There are no gender roles emphasize equality • Post Modern • Gender roles are socially constructive Finimore • Target states to accept Red Cross, used Christian rhetoric ‘Good leader, Good Christians’ • Coupled with set of rules for humanitarian law and war 02/22/16 Intl. Conflict: Hegemonic—war that aims to to change world power Total War—all resources used for war Civil—Internal conflict Guerrilla—Insurgency cant tell difference between civilians and rebels Causes of War • Domestic level of analysis • Capitalist v. Communist states • Democratic peace • Interstate level of analysis • Power transition theory • Largest wars are result for hegemony • Neorealist: 1 and 2 world powers is the most peaceful • Global trends Nationalism • Think self-determination Ethnic Conflict • Share more than nationality, such as religion or ethnic groups • Conflicts arise of historical conflict or attempt to make autonomous region • Tend to happen with ethnic groups are minorities Religious difference Ideology • Revolutionary governments typically pursue national interests after coming to power • Used to mobilize low income population Conflicts of Interest • • • • Can be easily dealt with by splitting terrortiy irredentism: regaining land that they believe it was theirs (Israel, Kashmir, Spartly) Secessions: Quebec, Catalonia Territorial Waters (200 mi EEZ) Control of Govt. • All countries assert their sovereignty but do get involved in Economic Conflict • Mercantilism MCQ Which is not a component of a state? E. Democracy An organization whose members are national govt. is a(n) B) Intergvot. organization Tragedy of Commons metaphor for collective problems suggest that A.. If states entities at of the short-term self interest, all may suffer in the long-run According to realist, with respect to power, B. the relative power of a state is more importune than the absolute power of a state D (liberalism) if a states values spread among other states, it is harder to excerise power over them Deterrence A. the threat to punish another actor if it takes a certain negative action Who explains international events primarily in term s of structure of intl systems D. Neorealism Constructivism Is interested in how actors define national interests release heavily on intl. norms How can liberal theories of IR be distinguished from realism? D. Realism favors unilateralism, whereas liberals favor multilateral diplomacy Realism (subsect Neo-realism)—>Neo-liberals—>Liberalism—>Idealist Both realism and liberalism believe states are key players and that anarchy is present Neo-liberalism some states can make agreements as they see long-term benefit by giving up short -term benefit Neo-realism don't care about anything but security of a state Realism sees everyone else as enemies More you shift to idealist, we view other states in a less negative way to a friend or partner Bayliss Reading: • Post-modernity, which includes globalization, cumulatively they create social and political change that hinders war. In that states change their means of dealing with issues • • • • • • Some argue that it is a result of change in the intl. system from Cold War Rise of non-state actors have moved war and military actions to different planes of reality Contemporary warfare are influenced by NGOs and IGOs, media, and users of the Internet Then again war is highly complex study and many facets about regarding military affairs Modernity is highly noted by nationalism and polar ideologies With modernity phase war required full support of the economy to support mechanized warfare, such as heavy teases and large state control of allocation of resources. • This could led disintegration of the state, ex. South Vietnam • Revolution in Military Affairs, in that it allows one side to win via technological advancements • Given the technological change the way we fight wars will change simelotonsely • But it is non-western fighting terrain that is were the combat is (ex. Afghanistan, Iraq) insurgencies challenge the very ability of technological gains • Otherwise known as asymmetric warfare in which one combats the enemy but not using their strategies in this case informal information networks and guerrilla warfare • The previous claims support the idea that society and technology impact military revolutions • • • • Media also impacts the way we fight Also the outsourcing of fighting to PMCs is Rise of virtual war War is increasingly more barber since 1990, ethnic violence, due to irrationality and primordial hatred suppressed by cold war • Barbaric due to rise of non-state actors and essentially degradation of the importance of abiding to international norms and laws of war • Hyperbolic war is when the growing scale and intensity of the war is drive by the pressure of industrial and technological advances • Most conflicts are now internal no longer between two states • Identity is key driver in internal conflicts, which is greatly influenced by todays globalized society. • Rise in desire for self-determination (Kurdistan) • Feminization of war, women begin to take part sadly along with children • War is moving away from state to state warfare in which resources are mobilized more effectively here in sub-state threats requires different approach. • Led to rise of the use of paramilitary units armed police, border guard, internal security forces, riot squars, militias and private armies. They are more easily mobilized and address threats better than both the police and/or army Midterm Format • 10 MCQs (20 points) • 2 out of 3 essays (30 points) • Use of examples and make up examples, and explain them Midterm Review • Constructivism • Identity Principle • Collective Good Problem some people take to much of a finite good (fish ex.) • Thus constructivist approach would be to change state identity or national identity as that ones culture plays into the decisions made • European countries share European identity and thus share same goals and their interests as your own (bolstered by EU) • Shifts or changing state identity is feasible • Eastern European states traditionally soviet bloc but after collapse became EU members or improved relations with Europe. • Wendt: Anarchy is what you make about it • Finnimore (Red Cross) shows that NGO can develop internatiaolly despite state interests • Realist • Don’t care whether they have same region, they don't identify with other states • Post-modernism: Reality is subjective • Neorealism • Structure=personality • Moregenthau says their needs power to combat human nature • Polarity in power structure (# of great powers in the system) • Self- interest • Only security mattes • Other states will rise and challenge the great powers • The structure of system causes us to change alliances to balance power or contract one states power • Prinsoners Dilemma • Defensive v. Offensive Realism • Offensive maximize our power against everyone else • Defensive maximizes security, so no one can easily challenge you. • Neoliberalism • Came after neorealism, direct response to to neorealism • No global govt. • Cooperation can happen as can forgo short-term gains for long-term fridge • Institutions make reciprocity better, allows for better examination of issues, Prisoners Dilemma. Power • Soft-persuasion , influence, economic sanctions, • Hard military might • But comes down to how well you can wield your military. Conflict not on test Treaty of Westphalia • System of states (sovereignty, citizen, territory, government) Kant Perpetual Peace Republican Govt. (reduces war) Universal Hospitality (open borders) Federation of Free States (give up authority to allow bigger entity) Chapter 7: International Organization, Law, and Human Rights • International Norms: are the expectations actors hold about normal inernational relations. • Acts like are deemed a violation of this such as Iraqi invasion of Kuwait • Construvists hold these as very important and Kant (Liberalism godfather) agrees with the need for them • These norm are institutionalized and become habitual and more likely to reduce violations • Fostered by IGOs such as WTO, EU, World Bank and so forth • United Nations • Purpose to provide a global institutional structure through which states can sometimes settle conflicts with less reliance on the use of force • UN Charter holds that • All state are equal under intl. law • Have full independence and territorial integrity • Sovereignty of their own internal affairs • UN exists because its serve countries needs • Security Council responsible for maintaining intl. peace and security for restoring peace when it breaks down. • Its decision are binding on all UN member states • Has a lot of power to define the existence and nature of a security threat. • Every state has divergent interests so hard to get people to agree on stuff • Peacekeeping forces are sourced form uninvolved members state armed forces • Budget and cost are the most inhibitive factors of peacekeeping missions • Peacekeepers serve two purposes observing and peacekeeping. Observer are unmarred military officers to monitor while peacekeepers are armed but with not supplementary forces (artillery air power). They can either be used a divider between two factions, require them to attack UN forces to attack their enemy. 03/18/2016 03/21/2016-Lecture • International Law • No world government or central authority to oversee upholding it but is frequently mentioned and cited in numerous treaties • Has a lot of grey areas, especially espionage as technically illegal but accepted as if they prosecuted spies their spies would be prosecuted • Based on reciprocity as there is no legal binding nature to it • International Court of Justice (World Court) • Associated with the UN, with 15 judges in The Hague • Only open to states • But have sign the optional clause giving the court jurisdiction over them • Mainly used for arbitration • Nationals Court • Some parties choose to use national courts if they jurisdiction, any entity that has US assets and use financial services • Allows for individuals and businesses to sue rather than just state such as NGOs, MNCs • Unlike ICJ, national courts can award financial compensation by using assets of the guilty party as compensation • ICJ JUST Arbitrates CANT TAKE ACTION ON INDIVIDUALS FOR WAR CRIMES THAT ICC, THEY WORK ON STATE LEVEL • Laws of Diplomacy • Diplomatic recognition and immunity • Breaking these norms are symbolic • Laws of War • Treatment of POWs given that they are part of a recognized army • Prohibit use of certain weapons • Declaration of St. Petersburg (1868) weight of explosive) • When wars are permitted: Just Wars (response or to contain aggression), Wars of Aggression (Change other governments or to gain territory) • Human Rights • Based on universalism is that everyone has the right to do something • Relativism is that we cannot push universal agenda when their culture is not different and that in turn would be disrespect able of the current situation • Civil Political Rights: Equal Protection Freedom of speech and religion (limits government actions) • Economic-social rights: right to good living conditions, food, healthcare, social security, education (expand government) • Human Right Constitution • Universal Declaration of Human Rights • NGOS: Amnesty • War Crimes • Serious violation of human rights in war • Can be prosecuted by ICC • Trade • Mercantilism (anti-free trade) • Build up barriers and aim for trade surplus • Mercantilist like realists espouse relative power and protection of self-interests • Liberalism • Believes that states mutually benefit form economic exchanges—> reinforced by institution norms and interdependence. • Emphasize shared interests in economic exchanges • Maximization of total wealth through aching optimal efficiency • Each country specialize in what they have a comparative advantage in 03/28/2016 • Protectionism • Market imperfection (i.e. monopoly, oligopoly, cartel) • Externalities is where there is a cost or benefit to a third party through a transaction that is not included in the price • • • • Infant industry argument (child labor) National security (wartime industries, autarky—>self sufficiency) Defensive Dumping at below cost of production, in the hopes of driving local producers out of business and allow your domestic firms to have greater market power • Domestic interest groups impact policy • Methods: Quotas, Tariffs, Subsidy, • Trade Regimes • Developed from GATT (General Agreement of Trade and Tariffs) • Round of negotiations help reduce trade barriers • Bilateral and Regional Agreements • Custom Unions is there is no barrier between countries and any other country can decide common tariff (EU) • Free trade Agreement (NAFTA) same as custom unions but not common external tariff • Issues of growing importance • Intellectual Property (fake goods, enforce patents for generic,) • Service Sector • Arms trade • Illicit trade • Enforcement of trade rules • Resistance to trade • Environmental • Countries worried that counties will cut costs by polluting more so they will block trade • Little of evident to race to bottom • At the same time there is because it references to taxes as many countries reduce taxes for MNCs and cut back on enviromenal regulation or just never start them • Increase in FDI has improved environmental regulation • Also debatable as many FIRMs move to avoid stringent regulation • Decision by WTO appellate have been unfair with regards environmental • WTO says it does this beaus their has to be parity with US firms and Asian firms in terms of standards • Ex. Phillipines spirit tax not parity as per GATT • Labor • Fear of race to bottom by cutting labor laws • Once again little evidence, but still • Protectionism leads to higher substantial costs • Less economics of scale • Raise cost of buying foreign goods and other countries retaliate • Costs go up because everything goes up, and impact other industries such as restaurants and people wont send as much as they need spend more on other necessities • If they don't have dollars form our trade they wont buy our goods unless necessary • Waste • Disproportionate effect on low income categories • Manipulated is often by interest groups Policy Brief Write to an audience (NGO, agency, government) Could take a current policy or pitch new policy Executive summary what is the problem, your solutions, 04/01/16 • Three branches of UN: Sectartariat, GA, and SC. Includes ICJ, but has little legal binding, rather an arbitrator. • WTO • Mercantilist • Protectionist • Economic liberalism • Comparative Advantage • WTO can allow countries to put up tariffs/restriction in the spirit of reciprocity Ch. 8: International Trade • Liberalism is the theory that exchange of ideas helps fuel greater cooperation, interconnect us to the extent that if we to leave would hurt us more. • Believes that politics should serve the interest of economic growth, as is the case with Western world • Mercantilism (realist approach) believes that states must protect their own interests at the expense of others. Believe that economic negotiations directly impact military power. • In contrast believe that economy is a tool for politics, as great economic power allows political parties or governments to utilize greater resources on world stage and acquire greater relative power • Comparative Advantage that different states should produce things they can efficiently produce and import those things they can’t • Political interference in trade • Subsidies or tariffs impact the movement of goods along with regulation • Ensure contracts are upheld • Autarky is self-sufficiency, essentially avoid trading. Results in very high costs in production • Protectionism • Sources • Political Demands from industry, lobbying • Protecting infant industries • Protecting domestic industry from extinction and allow for transition • National Security interests • Protect against unfair competition, i.e dumping of cheap goods • Ways to ensure this is either through tariffs, or non-tariff barriers (quota regulation and subsidies) • Trade Regimes • WTO • Founded by Generl agreement of Tarrifs and Trade (GATT) • Basic principle is reciprocity and believe in non-discrimination • Essentially WTO requires states to apply same level of barriers or standard to all countries, can’t discriminate. So you can’t say I wont import oil from x but will from others. • Exception if countries reduce tariffs for products from developing countries • Thus WTO does not entirely promote free trade but free competition • Doha Round emphasis on agricultural products, services, intellectual property, antidumping. But collapsed after Global South walked out after Developed countries refused to reduce subsidies on agricultural products • Types of Trade Agreements • Bilateral focused on details and some products or can be a free trade agreement between two countries • Free Trade Areas is that all countries within the area remove all barriers between themselves but don't coordinate external policy to other countries is called custom unions. Common markets is EU as it does the above but has set external policy with all members • Cartels • Economic Globalization • Industrialization allowed rapid globalization and economic growth and to an extent development • Mixed Economies are the norm with state-owned inudsitires coupled with private • Resistance to trade • Nationalism • Resistance to lack of labor rights and environmental standards • Led to lax regulation of both Ch. 9: Global Finance and Business • Currency • Shift away from gold standard was a shift from mercantilists past • Most currencies are now based on an exchange system and can be converted at the given market rate • However some countries bar from converting currency • The contrast of noncoverntble, hard currency are globally exchange currencies (USD, EURO, GBP, Yen, and so forth) • Countries, through their central banks, hold large sum of foreign reserves (hard currencies) can be used to ensure stability in exchange rate or finance current account deficit or maintain fixed exchange rate • Countries keep exchange rate low if they are big exporters and high if they import a lot • Central Banks, is unatonomous from the government, in order to allow it to independently manage economy through monetary policy. • They can do this by changing interest rate that they lend to banks or how much they inject to private banks. More money more inflation. Less money less inflation. Internet ranges impact currency as higher would lead to more people would invest in US bonds as higher rate of return and its a global currency. • World Banks and IMF • Founded by Bretton Woods System • IMF is designed to support countries in economic downturns, to finance deficits or current account deficits • IMF in order to replace gold standard created Special Drawing Right (SDR) and can only be held by central banks and can only buy currency. • World Bank help countries with economic development, help poor countries develop through grants and loans • State Financial Positions • National Account (trade balance) • Balance of Payments is the net inflow of capital into an economy • Composed of the current account, flows of capital, and change in reserves. • Current Account is the balance of trade, includes remittances, foreign aid, • Capital flows are foreign investments and loans made • Change in foreign reserves • International Debt • Standing wealth compromises of homes, cars, farms, factories, essentially all assets. However this does depreciate. But standing wealth creates more wealth. • If country economy is health, reflected by interest rate, then it can borrow more and use it generate wealth and use wealth created to pay back debt. • Sometimes assets need to be sold pay back debt, thereby diminishing wealth. However, if country doesn't pay back then hard for you to take loans out again. • Multinational Business • Financial MNCs operate with more regulation than industrial MNCs • MNCs are representative of their home state, and look out for their interest and vice versa • But are responsible to no one • Giant MNCs contribute to global interdependence and as a result MNCs are known to intervene or help create stability • FDI • Is the investment of capital into another country to buy factories and other means of procuring more wealth. • FDI in industrial output requires more effort as it entail building factories, training, and so forth. While service can enter and exist easily • Best part is tech transfer • Many see FDI as a form neo-colonialism by former colonizers and other big economic powers. • Ex. Canada US owns half all manufacturing sector and 2/3 gas and oil industry • Host and Home Govt. Relations • Host govt. and Home govt. could get into conflict if host state seizes or arrests its nationals from the MNC. • MNCs known to be offered competitive relaxation of taxation and regulation, because host govt. knows that MNC can operate elsewhere • Trade restrictions are another form of incentivizing MNCs as they can compete in the market freely without foreign competition, despite being a foreign firm • Currency is important as most times these MNCs import parts and assemble final product in host country, so a weak currency hurts them and requires them to raise prices. So they seek stable monetary countries, but low can be beneficial if the country can supply all parts domestically then helps their exports. • MNCs in order to restrict violence or avoid being targeted hire lobbyists, use ads to influence public opinion, and offer incentive to politicians by placing businesses/factories in their district. Or just bribing officials 04/11/2016 Integration, Globalization, and Information • Integration is the process in which supranational institutions replace national ones— gradual shifting upward or sovereignty from state to regional or global structures. • Functionalism erosion of state sovereignty through increasing important of knowledge, scientists and in the process of policy-making. Give power to an independent body, much like Central Bank or EPA with scientist. • Costs of integration: homogenization (between countries), restrict countries scope of action (i.e. Greece could not do what it wanted during debt crisis) • Globalization • Global telecommunications impact how information and culture function in IR • Communities can now interact across borders, • Thus impacting identity, expression • Yet identity is still predominantly national but moving away from that and into global communities • Argument that West and American culture is dominating the global culture. Cultural Imperialism is the idea that one culture will dominate • Information as tool of govt. • Environment and Population • Collective goods problem, as if majority cut back on emission others who don't benefit form cutting. Thus creating a free-loaders • Tragedy of the Commons is a common term to describe collective good • Also because environment is interdepents and we all share it • Doesn't help that there are a lot of actors • Solution: Needs to include reciprocity and epistemic communities (expert committee that is apolitical/unbiased) • Sustainable development • Economic growth that does not complete deplete resources and destroy ecosystems that basis of long-term growth is compromised • 1992 Earth Summit • Large developing countries promised to industrialize in a sustainable way • Atmosphere • Triple Dilemma • Costs are short term while benefits are in long term • Industry bears the brunt while benefits are diffuse • Developing countries claim a “right to develop” • Ozone Depletion: 1987 Montrol Protocol reducing CFCs, most successful as reduced • Biodiversity • 1992 summit treaty on protecting habitats and compensating poor countries, US never ratified it because of biotech patent concerns • Forests, Oceans. and Water • Largest tracts are located in developing countries who benefit more from exploitation • Oceans: • Water supplies often cross state boundaries and cause many disputes (Middle East faces this problem) • Population • Thomas Malthus prediction that when population increase faster than food supply—> famine and diseases—> population growth is self-limiting • Prediction can be offset by technology, which allows better agri efficiency • Democrgpapic Transition • Industrialization is rapid growth as food supplies increase and access to health care expand • Post-Industrialization birth rate falls as people have fewer kids due to are more educated and rational for having more kids falls short, access to contraception • Population of policies • Birth Control • China’s old one-child policy • Encourage access to brith control • Others promote it as they need to be able support them, pro-natalist • Make childcare cheaper and protect her right to return work through maternity leave • Disease • Developing countries tropical disease and HIV/AIDs • Developing—> cancer, obesity related illness, smoking 4/18/2016 • North v. South Gap • Hunger or food shortages due to poorer farming methods and lack of infrastructure to deal with movement of food • Urbanization lack of infrastructure to cope with urbanization • Migration • Voluntary (usually economic and social opportunities) but there is no obligation for states to allow access • Refugees—> flee war and persecution and therefore countries are obligated to accept (also have to provide certain rights, but those are for UN Refugeee treaty) • How to shrink this gap • Capitalists perspective: emphasize efficiency and allow countries to specialize in certain goods thereby to make world as wealthy as possible. Albeit some will grow faster than others but everyone will still be richer (positive sum game) • Socialist perspective: emphasize state-led redistribution rather than creation of wealth, as wealth gained is a result • World-Systems Theory • Key Figure: Wallerstein • Industrialized manufacture and Poor based mostly on agri • Believed that south would revolt as north is basing wealth of the back of poor • This didn't happen, but Wallerstein said that those states that have mixed industrial and agri act as buffer. Now south wants to be north so no revolution as they would revolt to be the very people they would revolt against • Imperialism • Both positive (infrastructure and trade and institutions) and negative (extraction) • Theory that based on location of colony as Birtish colonies had more temperate countries opposed to Belgians who got Congo with lots of disease and not fertile so was more extractive and more brutal • Postcolonial-Dependency • Many argue that due neo-colonialism still hurts countries growth and still bring out extractive nature of imperialism • Countries need to facilitate cumulate wealth which allows social mobility. Thereby farmers kids would be able to better themselves and educate them. In turn lack educated workforce and move away from agricultural based economy towards industrialized or post-industrialized industries. • Countries have narrow based export economies, continue to supply raw goods, therefore subject to commodity volatility • European enforced division along ethnic lines • Dependency Theory: cannot sustain capital accumulation on its own but is supported by elites or foreigners via MNCs and enclave economy (export industry is dominated by foreign firms) • Economic Development • Use case studies to understand economic development through capital accumulation (save money for capital goods—i.e. education, factories, infrastructure), rising per capita income, increasing skills and adoption of technology. • China • After Mao Deng Xiapong introduced market based reforms • Land reforms allowed for private ownership and people to take care of their farms so production increased • EEZ led high FDI and investment of capital goods • Got membership to WTO and more prestige on world stage • Helped that it had large domestic market as you can only export so many fridges or other manufactured goods • China cant be replicated, as every country is different, also China has a strong central government • Brazil • Import substitution model and high borrowing led sot slow growth and debt crisis • Followed by reforms and growth • But Brazil still struggles with chronic high inflation, corruption and inequality • Newly Industrialized Countries • Asian Tigers (Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, South Korea) • South Korea and Taiwan more state-led approach • Hong Kong and Singapore had free-market approach, then again they are island nations • All were open to trade and have high rate of savings, which people used to buy homes (as was the case in Singapore) • No model of success, depends on country specific characteristics • Export-led growth is prevalent theory to success • How much saving is required • ned to redirect short-term consumption spending to long-term investment • But also need consumer demand to fuel economy and help middle class • At the same time should borrow money at low-interest rates so don't need to curb spending • Achievable with FDI • start with low capital industries (textiles) • Role of State • Both models have failed • Corruption • More prevalent in large public sectors • Poverty makes a bigger problem • How to find growth: business, debt, or aid • FDI • Portfolio investment don't handle management of goods (shares and stock in companies that operate overseas) or foreign government bonds • Direct one is involved in management or buy physical assets • Many govt. in the south fear loss of control that comes with FDI—> joint investments and other restrictions • Important role in technology transfer • Debt • Advantages, no short term costs and govt. can spend cash the way it wants to • Disadvantages: constrains surplus, can lead to debt spiral and default. • Leads to restructuring sheet (1970s Latin America, 80s and 2001) also Greece now • Aid • Major source and destination for humanitarian, political, military, and economic needs • Aid can be bilateral or multilateral (institution sourced—through UN) • Type: grant (associated with specific project), technical cooperation (send experts to train locals how to use), credits (buy something now pay it back latter for agricultural machines), loans, loan guarantees (governments underwrite a loan if it tanks so it gets lower rate), military aid • Disaster Relief and Handout model • Oxfam Model • uses local people to determine needs and implement programs and provides funding • Helps empower local groups but they can be abused • debate whether it can be replicated on global scale Final Review Multiple Choice is from after midterm Essay can link throughout year • WMDs • Fission—>split and Fusion—>join atom (more powerful otherwise known H-bomb or Thermonuclear) • Dirty Bomb uses leftover nuclear waste, death a result of radiation • Treaties • NPT allows only SC permanent members to have nuclear weapons • US-Russian Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (SORT) • Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) • Biological • Chemical, WWI most used, indiscriminate in targets • Banned in 1972 Biological Weapons Convention and 1992 Chemical Weapons Convention • Functionalism—> independent body has the power, power ceded from scope of government to experts. Because politicians are geared towards re-election and short-term benefits and lead to economic problems. Also politicians aren't experts, US most of them are lawyers • • • • • • Integration ceding power from national government to supranational bodies US and western culture is not entirely dominating the arena Information as a tool against and supporting governments Externality a cost of producing that isn't factored in market price Epistemic is a community who are experts on an issue The idea that privatized, there would be an incentivize to protect and ensure its survival • Atmosphere is shared good can own one area as that area impacts others • Montreal Protocol reducing CFCs, but CFCs were on the way out and cheaper and more environmental options • Demographic change • Malthus prediction that population increases faster than food supply then famine and population growth is limited • Pronatalisim encourage childbearing, alternative is immigration 04/22/16 • International Law • Supranationalism (EU) above the nations interests. EU has broad powers that have not been seen before, governmental functions, such as trade and law • Anarchy is no single authority to make decisions, so ICJ, EU court, as they can rule but don't usually have jurisdiction • IGO—EU, ASEAN (regional) WTO, UN, World Bank (World) • NGOs ICR (religion and humanitarian) Red Cross • International Law • Most made by between countries or customary (Labor organization, and law of seas) • Grey areas • Sourced through tradition • Enforcement is difficult but based on reciprocity (so restricts their ships if doesn't allow free movement in intl. waters) • ICJ (states only) • UN states have signed the optional clause clause that gives the court jurisdiction \ • Mainly used for arbitration • National Courts • As you can sue in certain country for human rights abuses or damages • As it is enforceable and open to business and individuals • As you can seize their assets in the country to pay for damages, where the court has jurisdiction • You can sue foreign govt for terrorism, such as victims of beriut bombings will be given financial compensation from its frozen foreign assets, but controversial as sovereignty comes into play • ex. Iran assets in US seized to pay Beirut bombing victims • Extradition treaties, but are not comprehensive, as not everyone has signed them • EXCUTION CAN BE A MAJOR PITFALL • Laws of Diplomacy • Fairly sacrosanct, diplomatic recognition and immunity is global view • Is really symbolic • Laws of War • Rules regarding declaration, surrender, treatment of POWs (conitnued during WWII) • Wars of aggression (not allowed) vs. just wars (permitted) • But grey areas as you can launch premature attack • If you break them you move towards pariah state status • Human Rights • Universalism (every right garuenteed) vs. Relativism (respect other cultures) • Civil-political rights freedoms of free speech, religion, equal protection • Economic-social rights food and education • Institutions • Amnesty • ICC tribunal to deal with war crimes and human rights • Currency • Rate: Floated and Fixed or Managed • If everyone were to fixed currency, as it requires heavy reserves and ensure that other countries trade with you and ensure imports aren't expensive • IMF • If they have current account deficit IMF can provide assistance • FDI 04/25/2016 • Special Drawing rights (IMF thing) in which they deposit in the IMF account and take out money use them as collateral • • • • • • epistemic communities Ballistic missiles—rise out of atmosphere World Court (ICJ)—linked with UN Discount rate the interest rate at which the Fed lends to private banks Fed limits circulation or raise rate slows economic growth World Systems Theory • • • • Semipherpey produce light manufacturing Core industrialized heavy manufacturing Periphery raw commodities Core and Periphery system • Transnational organization (ISIS, Taliban, Drug Cartels) • Absolute Advantage is when the country is best at producing at everything • But not relative so if you are good at manufacturing or pointing, are you giving up 600/hour income for 50/hour • Tragedy of the commons is when people act out of in short-term benefit and not in the best interest of the long-run • Natalisim questions • Beginning of dempgorahoic transition high birth rates an slow pop. growth • Middle stage rapid growth pop, • Arbitration go to third-party to resolve solution • Mediation helps bring out negotiation AID READINGS g Integration causes • Homogenization, thus countries have reduced scope to act (Ex. Eu and Greece) Globalization • Identity transcends national borders, but still pretty national • Such as sports teams, scientist, universities • More information Information Functionalism (intergreation experts)—> erosion of state soveirniigyt by ceding power to an independent community of experts, eptisitc
