Test
Higher
Lower
Albumin
Conventional
Units
3.5-5.0 g/dL
Dehydration
Chronic liver disease,
malabsorption, malnutrition,
nephrotic syndrome
Ammonia
Amylase
15-45 mcg N/dL
30-122 U/L
Severe liver disease
Acute and chronic pancreatitis,
mumps (salivary gland
disease), perforated ulcers
Heart failure
b-Type natriuretic
peptide (BNP)
Bilirubin (Total)
<100 pg/mL
0.2-1.2 mg/dL
Biliary obstruction, impaired liver
function, hemolytic anemia,
pernicious anemia
Acute osteoporosis,
hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D
intoxication, multiple myeloma
Calcium (total)
8.6-10.2 mg/dL
Chloride
96-106 mEq/L
Metabolic acidosis, respiratory
alkalosis, corticosteroid
therapy, uremia
<200 mg/dL
Biliary obstruction,
hypothyroidism, idiopathic
hypercholesterolemia, renal
disease, uncontrolled diabetes
Cholesterol
High-density
lipoproteins
(HDLs)
Low-density
lipoproteins
(LDLs)
Cortisol
Creatine
Creatinine
Creatine kinase
(CK)
Acute alcoholism, cirrhosis
of liver, extensive
destruction of pancreas
Acute pancreatitis,
hypoparathyroidism, liver
disease, malabsorption
syndrome, renal failure,
vitamin D deficiency
Addison’s disease, diarrhea,
metabolic alkalosis,
respiratory
acidosis, vomiting
Extensive liver disease,
hyperthyroidism,
malnutrition,
corticosteroid therapy
Male: >40 mg/dL
Female: >50 mg/dL
Recommended:
<100 mg/dL
Near optimal:
100-129 mg/dL
Moderate risk for
CAD: 130-159
mg/dL
High risk for CAD:
>160 mg/dL
8 AM: 5-23 mcg/dL Cushing syndrome, Pancreatitis
8 PM: <10 mcg/dL
0.2-1.0 mg/dL
Active rheumatoid arthritis,
biliary obstruction,
hyperthyroidism, renal
disorders, severe muscle
disease
0.6-1.3 mg/dL
Severe renal disease
Male: 20-200 U/L
Musculoskeletal injury or
Female: 20-180
disease, myocardial infarction,
U/L
severe myocarditis, exercise,
numerous IM injections
Adrenal insufficiency,
panhypopituitary states
Acute myocardial infarction
Folate (folic acid)
<4%-6% of total
CK
5-16 ng/mL
Glucose (fasting)
70-99 mg/dL
Acute stress, Cushing disease,
diabetes mellitus,
hyperthyroidism, pancreatic
insufficiency
Insulin (fasting)
4-24 μU/mL
CK-MB
Hypothyroidism
Iron, total
50-175 mcg/dL
Acromegaly, adenoma of
pancreatic islet cells, untreated
mild case of type 2 diabetes
Excessive RBC destruction
Lactic acid (LLactate)
Lipase
6.3-22.5 mcg/dL
Acidosis, heart failure, shock
31-186 U/L
Acute pancreatitis, hepatic
disorders, perforated peptic
ulcer
Addison’s disease,
hypothyroidism, renal failure
Healing fractures,
hypoparathyroidism, renal
disease, vitamin D intoxication
Addison’s disease, diabetic
ketosis, massive tissue
destruction, renal failure
Magnesium
1.5-2.5 mEq/L
Phosphorus
(phosphate)
2.4-4.4 mg/dL
Potassium
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Sodium
135-145 mEq/L
Prostate-specific
antigen
(PSA)
Proteins Total
<4 ng/mL
Protein Globulin
Albumin/globulin
ratio
2.0-3.5 g/dL
1.5:1-2.5 : 1
Testosterone
T4 (thyroxine),
total
6.4-8.3 g/dL
Male: 280-1100
ng/dL
Female: 15-70
ng/dL
4.6-11.0 mcg/dL
Dehydration, impaired renal
function, primary
aldosteronism, corticosteroid
therapy
Prostate cancer
Alcoholism, hemolytic
anemia, inadequate diet,
malabsorption syndrome,
megaloblastic anemia
Addison’s disease, hepatic
disease, hypothyroidism,
insulin overdosage,
pancreatic tumor,
pituitary hypofunction
Inadequately treated type 1
diabetes mellitus
Iron-deficiency anemia,
anemia of chronic disease
Chronic alcoholism, severe
malabsorption
Diabetes mellitus,
hyperparathyroidism,
vitamin D deficiency
Cushing syndrome, diarrhea
(severe), diuretic therapy,
gastrointestinal fistula,
pyloric obstruction,
starvation, vomiting
Dehydration, impaired renal
function, primary
aldosteronism, corticosteroid
therapy
Burns, cirrhosis (globulin
fraction), dehydration
Liver disease, malabsorption
Multiple myeloma (globulin
fraction), shock, vomiting
Malnutrition, nephrotic
syndrome, proteinuria, renal
disease, severe burns
Hypofunction of testes,
hypogonadism
Polycystic ovary, virilizing tumors
Hyperthyroidism, thyroiditis
Cretinism, hypothyroidism,
myxedema
Ages 20-50: 70-204
T3
(triiodothyronine), ng/dL
Ages >50: 40-181
total
ng/dL
0.4-4.2 μU/mL
Thyroidstimulating
hormone (TSH)
Transaminases
10-30 U/L
• Aspartate
aminotransferase
10-40 U/L
(AST)
• Alanine
aminotransferase
(ALT)
<150 mg/dL
Triglycerides
Troponins
(cardiac)
• Troponin T
(cTnT)
• Troponin I
(cTnI)
Urea nitrogen
(BUN)
Uric acid
Activated partial
thromboplastin
time (aPTT)
Prothrombin time
(Protime, PT)
D-Dimer
<0.5 ng/mL (<0.5
mcg/L)
<0.1 ng/mL (<0.1
mcg/L)
6-20 mg/dL
Male: 4.4-7.6
mg/dL
Female: 2.3-6.6
mg/dL
25-35 se
11-16 sec
<250 ng/mL
Male: 4.3-5.7 ×
106/Μl
Female: 3.8-5.1 ×
106/μL
<30 mm/hr (some
Erythrocyte
sedimentation rate gender variation)
(ESR)
Erythrocyte count
(altitude
dependent)
Hemoglobin†
(altitude
dependent)
Male: 13.2-17.3
g/dL
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Myxedema, primary
hypothyroidism, Graves’
disease
Liver disease, myocardial
infarction, pulmonary infarction, acute
hepatitis
Secondary hypothyroidism
Liver disease, shock
Diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia,
hypothyroidism, liver disease
Myocardial infarction
Malnutrition
Increase in protein catabolism
(fever, stress), renal disease,
urinary tract infection
Gout, gross tissue destruction, highprotein weight reduction diet, leukemia,
renal failure
Malnutrition, severe liver
damage
HEMATOLOGY
Deficiency factors I, II, V, VIII, IX, X,
XI, XII; hemophilia, liver disease;
heparin therapy
Warfarin therapy; deficiency of factors
I, II, V, VII, and X; vitamin K
deficiency; liver disease
DIC, myocardial infarction, deep vein
thrombosis, unstable angina
Dehydration, high altitudes,
polycythemia vera
Moderate increase: acute hepatitis,
myocardial infarction; rheumatoid
Arthritis
Marked increase: acute and severe
bacterial infections, malignancies,
pelvic inflammatory disease
COPD, high altitudes, polycythemia
Administration of uricosuric
drugs
Anemia, leukemia,
posthemorrhage
Malaria, severe liver
disease, sickle cell anemia
Anemia, hemorrhage
Female: 11.7-15.5
g/dL
Male: 39%-50%
Female: 35%-47%
Hematocrit†
(altitude
dependent)
4.0%-6.0%
Hemoglobin,
glycosylated (A1C)
150-400 × 103/μL
Platelets
(thrombocytes)
White blood cell
count
4.0-11.0 × 103/μL
Antinuclear
antibody (ANA)
Negative at 1:40
dilution
Anti-DNA
antibody
C-reactive protein
(CRP)
<70 IU/mL
6.8-820 mcg/dL
Rheumatoid factor Negative or titer
<1:17
(RF)
Specific gravity
Urine
pH Urine
Pressure
Glucose
Protein
• Lumbar
• Cisternal
• Ventricular
Chloride
Arterial pH
Venous pH
PaCO2
PaO2
Dehydration, high altitudes,
polycythemia
Anemia, hemorrhage,
overhydration
Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus
Sickle cell anemia, chronic
renal failure, pregnancy
Acute leukemia, DIC,
Thrombocytopenic purpura
Acute infections, chronic granulocytic
leukemia, chronic pancreatitis, cirrhosis,
collagen disorders, polycythemia,
postsplenectomy
Inflammatory and infectious
processes, leukemia
Chronic hepatitis, rheumatoid
arthritis, scleroderma, systemic lupus
erythematosus
SEROLOGY/IMMUNOLOGY
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Acute infections, any
inflammatory condition,
widespread malignancy
Rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren’s
syndrome, systemic lupus
erythematosus
1.003-1.030
Albuminuria, dehydration,
glycosuria
4.0-8.0
Urinary tract infection, urine
allowed to stand at room
temperature
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ANALYSIS
60-150 mm H2O
Hemorrhage, intracranial tumor,
meningitis
40-70 mg/dL
Diabetes mellitus, viral infections of
CNS
15-45 mg/dL
• GBS, poliomyelitis, trauma
15-25 mg/dL
• Syphilis of CNS
5-15 mg/dL
• Acute meningitis, brain tumor, chronic
CNS
infections, multiple sclerosis
118-132 mEq/L
Uremia
7.35-7.45
7.32-7.43
35-45
80-100 mm Hg
Aplastic anemia, side
effects of chemotherapy
and irradiation
BLOOD GASES
Alkalosis
Compensated metabolic alkalosis
Administration of high
concentration of oxygen
Diabetes insipidus
Respiratory or
metabolic acidosis
Head injury, spinal tumor,
subdural hematoma
Bacterial infections and
tuberculosis of CNS
Bacterial infections of CNS
(meningitis, encephalitis)
Acidosis
Compensated metabolic
acidosis
Chronic lung disease,
decreased cardiac output
PvCO2
PvO2
38-55 mm Hg
38-42 mm Hg
Respiratory acidosis
Administration of high
concentration of oxygen
Respiratory alkalosis
Chronic lung disease,
decreased cardiac output