! ! ! ! ! ! ! HSC Chemistry Production of Materials ! ! Lesson!2:!! Polymerisation!of!Ethylene! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !Name: _____________________ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! !! 0466 342 939 admin@synergyhsc.com www.synergyhsc.com ! LESSON!2:!Production!of!Materials!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!HSC!CHEMISTRY! ! Summary!of!Key!Words! Account! Account!for:!state!reasons!for,!report!on.!Give!an!account!of:!narrate!a!series!of!events!or! transactions! Analyse! Identify!components!and!the!relationship!between!them;!draw!out!and!relate!implications! Apply! Use,!utilise,!employ!in!a!particular!situation! Assess! Make!a!judgement!of!value,!quality,!outcomes,!results!or!size! Calculate! Ascertain/determine!from!given!facts,!figures!or!information! Clarify! Make!clear!or!plain! Classify! Arrange!or!include!in!classes/categories! Compare! Show!how!things!are!similar!or!different! Construct! Make;!build;!put!together!items!or!arguments! Contrast! Show!how!things!are!different!or!opposite! Deduce! Draw!conclusions! Define! State!meaning!and!identify!essential!qualities! Demonstrate! Show!by!example! Describe! Provide!characteristics!and!features! Discuss! Identify!issues!and!provide!points!for!and/or!against! Distinguish! Recognise!or!note/indicate!as!being!distinct!or!different!from;!to!note!differences!between! Copyright!© HSC Synergy Education 2016! 2! LESSON!2:!Production!of!Materials!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!HSC!CHEMISTRY! ! ! Lesson!Dotpoints! By!the!end!of!the!lesson,!you!should!understand!the!following!concepts:! ! Producing!Ethylene! ! •! Identify!that!ethylene!serves!as!a!monomer!from!which!polymers!are!made! •! Identify!polyethylene!as!an!addition!polymer!and!explain!the!meaning!of!this! term! ! Polymerisation! ! •! Identify!polyethylene!as!an!addition!polymer!and!explain!the!meaning!of!this! term! •! Outline!the!steps!in!the!production!of!polyethylene!as!an!example!of!a! commercially!and!industrially!important!polymer!! ! Properties!of!Polymers! ! •! Describe!the!uses!of!the!polymers!made!from!the!monomers!(vinyl!chloride! and!styrene)!in!terms!of!their!properties!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Copyright!© HSC Synergy Education 2016! 3! LESSON!2:!Production!of!Materials!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!HSC!CHEMISTRY! ! 1.!Producing!Ethylene! ! CHECKPOINT:! ! • • ! Identify!that!ethylene!serves!as!a!monomer!from!which!polymers!are!made! Identify!polyethylene!as!an!addition!polymer!and!explain!the!meaning!of!this!term! ! Monomers! ! •! •! •! ! ! ! ! A!monomer!is!a!molecule!that!forms!the!basic!unit!for!________________! ! Monomers!bind!together!to!other!_______________________!to!form!a!_________________! chain!molecule!called!a!polymer! ! Provide!an!example!of!a!monomer.! ! •! There!are!two!types!of!monomers!that!you!learn!about!in!year!12:! ! Type!A!–!Doubled!Bonded!Monomers! ! •! The!first!type!are!monomers!with!double!bonds!! ! •! Below!are!some!examples!of!double!bonded!monomers.!Name!them.!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Copyright!© HSC Synergy Education 2016! 4! LESSON!2:!Production!of!Materials!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!HSC!CHEMISTRY! ! •! ! ! ! ! Other!than!the!double!bond!what!other!distinctive!feature!is!there?! ! ! Type!B!–!Functional!Group!Monomers! ! •! The!second!type!are!monomers!with!functional!groups!! ! •! Below!are!some!examples!of!monomers!with!functional!groups.!Name!them.!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Polymers! ! •! •! ! ! ! ! Polymers!are!long!chain!molecules!made!up!of!repeating!units!of!________________! ! Polymers!are!sometimes!called!macromolecules.!Explain!why.! ! •! ! •! Examples!of!polymers!include:! ! Y! Polyethylene! Y! Polyvinyl!chloride! Y! Cellulose! There!are!TWO!TYPES!of!polymers!and!are!called:! ! Y! Addition!polymers!! Y! Condensation!polymers! Copyright!© HSC Synergy Education 2016! 5! LESSON!2:!Production!of!Materials!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!HSC!CHEMISTRY! ! 2.!Polymerisation! ! CHECKPOINT:! • • ! Identify!polyethylene!as!an!addition!polymer!and!explain!the!meaning!of!this!term! Outline!the!steps!in!the!production!of!polyethylene!as!an!example!of!a! commercially!and!industrially!important!polymer!! ! ! Addition!Polymers!! ! •! •! An!addition!polymer!is!made!when!________________________!molecules!are!_________! together! ! Addition!polymers!are!also!known!to!be!called!synthetic!polymers.!Explain! why.!! ! ! ! ! ! •! Name!a!type!of!addition!polymer.! ! ! ! ! ! •! •! ! Another!way!to!look!at!addition!polymerisation!is!when!___________________! carbon!(organic)!molecules!form!a!long!chain!polymer!molecule!! ! There!are!two!main!ways!in!which!addition!polymers!are!formed:! ! 1.! Using!an!___________________!! ! 2.! Using!a!____________________!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Copyright!© HSC Synergy Education 2016! 6! LESSON!2:!Production!of!Materials!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!HSC!CHEMISTRY! ! •! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! •! Below!is!an!example!of!the!addition!polymersation!process!to!produce! polyethylene.!! A!catalyst!or!initiator!is!needed!to!produce!polyethylene.!Label!in!which!part! of!the!process!is!this!needed.!! ! Y! Explain!the!use!of!the!catalyst!in!the!process.!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Copyright!© HSC Synergy Education 2016! 7! LESSON!2:!Production!of!Materials!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!HSC!CHEMISTRY! ! Applications!2.1! ! Question!1! ! a)! Explain!the!concept!of!monomers.!(1!mark)! ! ! ! ! ! ! b)! Explain!the!concept!of!polymers.!(1!mark)! ! ! ! ! ! ! Question!2!! ! a)! Briefly!compare!two!types!of!monomers.!(2!marks)! ! ! ! ! ! ! b)! Identify!two!types!of!polymers.!(1!mark)! ! ! ! Question!3! ! a)! Describe!the!addition!polymerisation!process.!(2!marks)!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! b)! Name!one!monomer!and!the!polymer!it!becomes!through!addition! polymerisation.!(1!mark)! ! ! ! ! Copyright!© HSC Synergy Education 2016! 8! LESSON!2:!Production!of!Materials!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!HSC!CHEMISTRY! ! ! LDPE!and!HDPE! ! •! •! There!are!two!main!types!of!polyethylene:! ! Y! Low!density!polyethylene!(LDPE)! Y! High!density!polyethylene!(HDPE)! ! Both!of!these!polymers!have!different!properties!allowing!them!to!have! different!properties!and!are!also!made!slightly!differently!! ! Low!Density!Polyethylene!! ! •! LDPE!occurs!when!there!are!small!chains!that!branch!off!from!the!main!chain!! ! •! Below!is!a!diagram!of!LDPE:! ! ! •! •! ! Label!the!branching!on!LDPE!in!the!diagram!above.!! ! Simplify!the!diagram!above!to!show!how!LDPE!interacts!with!other!LDPE! polymers.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Copyright!© HSC Synergy Education 2016! 9! LESSON!2:!Production!of!Materials!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!HSC!CHEMISTRY! ! •! Identify!the!types!of!intermolecular!forces!that!interact!between!LDPE!chains.! ! ! ! ! ! •! •! The!branches!for!LDPE!can!be!short!or!long!and!their!presence!means!that! LDPE!is!_________________!to!closely!pack!together!! ! LDPE!is!known!to!be!amorphous.!Explain!what!this!term!means.! ! ! ! Y! Since!LDPE!is!amorphous!it!has!low!_____________________!! ! Y! Only!about!40!–!55%!of!LDPE!has!crystalline!regions!! ! •! •! ! ! ! ! Since!LDPE!has!a!low!crystallinity!it!is!much!more!softer!and!flexible!! ! LDPE!has!a!relatively!low!melting!point!of!approximately!80℃.!Explain.!! ! •! ! ! ! ! ! Based!on!each!of!the!properties!LDPE!has!its!uses.!Fill!in!the!rest!of!the!table.!! ! ! Properties! Significance! Uses! ! ! ! ! Low!density,!flexible! ! ! and!soft! ! Low! crystallinity! ! ! Low!Melting!Point! ! ! ! Waterpoof! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Chemically!inert! ! ! Copyright!© HSC Synergy Education 2016! 10! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! LESSON!2:!Production!of!Materials!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!HSC!CHEMISTRY! ! High!Density!Polyethylene!! ! •! HDPE!occurs!when!there!is!very!small!amounts!or!no!side!branching! occurring! ! •! Below!is!a!diagram!of!HDPE:! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! •! Simplify!the!diagram!above!to!show!how!HDPE!interacts!with!other!HDPE! polymers.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! •! Identify!the!types!of!intermolecular!forces!that!interact!between!HDPE!chains.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Copyright!© HSC Synergy Education 2016! 11! LESSON!2:!Production!of!Materials!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!HSC!CHEMISTRY! ! •! HDPE!has!a!crystallinity!of!80!–!95%.!Explain!why.! ! ! ! ! ! ! •! ! Since!HDPE!has!a!high!crystallinity!it!is!much!more!_____________! •! ! HDPE!has!a!relatively!high!melting!point!of!approximately!135℃.!Explain.!! ! ! ! ! ! •! ! ! ! Based!on!each!of!the!properties!HDPE!has!its!uses.!Fill!in!the!rest!of!the!table.!! ! ! Properties! Significance! Uses! ! ! ! Rigid! ! ! ! High! crystallinity! ! ! High!Melting!Point! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Chemically!inert! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Copyright!© HSC Synergy Education 2016! 12! ! ! ! ! LESSON!2:!Production!of!Materials!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!HSC!CHEMISTRY! ! Applications!2.2! ! Question!1! ! Explain!why!low!density!polyethylene!can!be!used!to!make!cling!wrap.!(3!marks)! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Question!2! ! Explain!why!high!density!polyethylene!can!be!used!for!water!pipes.!(3!marks)! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Question!3!(HSC!2006!–!Qu!20!Modified)! ! Analyse!why!ethylene!is!such!an!important!starting!material!for!the!chemical! industry.!In!your!answer,!include!relevant!chemical!equations,!and!a!description!of! two!types!of!polymers!that!can!be!prepared!from!ethylene.!Link!the!polymers!uses! with!their!properties.!!! ! Marking!Criteria! Marks! ! ! ! •! Provides!characteristics!and!features!of!the!use!of!ethylene!as!a! ! starting!material!for!addition!reactions! ! •! Relates!the!reactivity!of!the!double!bond!of!ethylene!to!its! 5! widespread!use!in!the!chemical!industry!for!production!of!new! materials!and!fuels! •! Provide!characteristics!and!features!of!the!use!of!ethylene!as! starting!material!for!production!of!polyethylene! •! Explain!how!the!properties!of!LDPE!and!HDPE!are!derived! •! Relates!the!properties!of!the!polymers!to!its!uses! ! ! ! Copyright!© HSC Synergy Education 2016! 13! LESSON!2:!Production!of!Materials!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!HSC!CHEMISTRY! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Copyright!© HSC Synergy Education 2016! 14! LESSON!2:!Production!of!Materials!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!HSC!CHEMISTRY! ! ! Production!of!HDPE!and!LDPE! ! •! •! •! The!production!process!of!HDPE!and!LDPE!are!slightly!different! ! One!process!uses!an!initiator!while!the!other!uses!a!catalyst! ! However,!both!follow!a!similar!general!process.!For!each!of!the!steps!below! explain!what!is!occurring.! ! ! ! Initiation! 1! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 2! Chain!Propagation! ! ! ! 3! Termination! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Copyright!© HSC Synergy Education 2016! 15! LESSON!2:!Production!of!Materials!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!HSC!CHEMISTRY! ! Production!of!LDPE! ! •! LDPE!is!produced!through!a!process!called!the!Higher!Pressure!Process!! ! •! The!parameters!for!producing!LDPE!include:! ! Y! Temperatures!of!about!200℃!! Y! Pressures!of!about!2000!atmospheres! Y! An!oxygen!based!initiator!! ! •! An!example!of!an!oxygen!initiator!is!tert!Y!butyl!peroxide!as!shown!below!(not! examinable):! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! •! Using!the!oxygen!initiator!show!how!LDPE!is!formed.!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Copyright!© HSC Synergy Education 2016! 16! LESSON!2:!Production!of!Materials!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!HSC!CHEMISTRY! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Production!of!HDPE! ! •! HDPE!is!produced!through!a!process!called!the!Ziegler!–!Natta!process!! ! •! The!parameters!for!producing!HDPE!include:! ! Y! Temperatures!of!about!60!–!80!℃!! Y! Pressures!of!about!20!atmospheres! Y! Uses!a!Zielger!–!Natta!Catalyst!called!ionic!titanium!chloride/triethyl! aluminum!! ! •! The!example!below!shows!the!Ziegler!–!Natta!catalyst!used!in!production!of! HDPE:! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Copyright!© HSC Synergy Education 2016! 17! LESSON!2:!Production!of!Materials!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!HSC!CHEMISTRY! ! Applications!2.3! ! Question!1!(HSC!2003!–!Qu!17!Modified)! ! The!flowchart!shows!the!production!of!polyethylene.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! a)! Describe!Process!Y.!! ! Marking!Criteria! •! Provides!a!thorough!description!of!the!three!key!steps!in!free! radical!addition!polymerisation!or!the!steps!in!Ziegler/Natta! polymerisation! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Copyright!© HSC Synergy Education 2016! 18! Marks! ! 3! LESSON!2:!Production!of!Materials!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!HSC!CHEMISTRY! ! A!sample!of!polyethylene!was!produced!by!Process!Y.!The!following!graph!shows! the!distribution!of!molecular!weights!of!polymer!molecules!in!the!sample.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! b)! Why!is!a!range!of!molecular!weights!observed?!(1!mark)! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Copyright!© HSC Synergy Education 2016! 19! LESSON!2:!Production!of!Materials!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!HSC!CHEMISTRY! ! 3.!Properties!of!Polymers! ! CHECKPOINT:! • ! ! Describe!the!uses!of!the!polymers!made!from!the!monomers!(vinyl!chloride!and! styrene)!in!terms!of!their!properties!! ! Selecting!Polymers! ! •! •! •! When!selecting!a!polymer!it!is!important!to!consider!not!only!its!chemical!or! physical!properties!but!also!its!cost! ! Polymers!are!a!multi!–!billion!dollar!industry!and!so!therefore!we!want!the! lowest!cost!one! ! However,!apart!from!cost!the!structure!of!the!polymers!are!very!important!as! it!directly!impacts!the!physical/chemical!properties.!These!include:! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Melting!Point! ! Stability!to!Heat!&!Light! ! Mechanical!Strength! ! Flexibility/Rigidity! ! Chemical!Stability! ! Molecular!Weight! ! Crystallinity! ! Chain!Stiffening!! ! Cross!–!linking!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Copyright!© HSC Synergy Education 2016! 20! LESSON!2:!Production!of!Materials!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!HSC!CHEMISTRY! ! ! Molecular!Weight! ! •! •! ! •! •! The!molecular!weight!of!a!polymer!is!defined!by!its!__________________!! ! The!_________________!the!chain!length!the!___________________!the!molecular! weight!! The!higher!the!molecular!weight!the!more!___________________!forces!between! chains!! ! How!does!a!high!molecular!weight!affect!the!melting!point!and!rigidity?! ! ! ! ! ! •! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Fill!in!the!following!flowchart.!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Higher!MW! ! ! ! Copyright!© HSC Synergy Education 2016! ! 21! LESSON!2:!Production!of!Materials!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!HSC!CHEMISTRY! ! ! Chain!Branching! ! •! Chain!branching!occurs!polyethylene,!in!which:! ! Y! High!branching!gives!us!___________! ! Y! Low/no!branching!gives!us!___________! ! Little!or!No!Branching! ! •! Little!or!no!branching!allows!polyethylene!to:! ! ! ! ! ! •! •! Y! Leading!to!an!orderly!arrangement!allowing!substance!to!be!_________________! ! A!high!crystallinity!leads!to!several!things!including:! ! Y! High!density! Y! High!melting!point! Y! Relatively!hard!substance! ! Draw!what!little!or!no!branching!looks!like.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Copyright!© HSC Synergy Education 2016! 22! LESSON!2:!Production!of!Materials!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!HSC!CHEMISTRY! ! Branching! ! •! Branching!causes!polyethylene!to:! ! ! ! ! ! •! •! ! Y! Leading!the!substance!to!be!______________________! ! A!low!crystallinity!leads!to!several!things!including:! ! Y! Low!density! Y! Low!melting!point! Y! Relatively!soft!substance! ! Draw!what!branching!looks!like.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Copyright!© HSC Synergy Education 2016! 23! LESSON!2:!Production!of!Materials!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!HSC!CHEMISTRY! ! •! Fill!in!the!following!flowcharts.!! ! ! ! No!Branching! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Copyright!© HSC Synergy Education 2016! ! 24! LESSON!2:!Production!of!Materials!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!HSC!CHEMISTRY! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Branching! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Copyright!© HSC Synergy Education 2016! ! 25! LESSON!2:!Production!of!Materials!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!HSC!CHEMISTRY! ! ! Chain!Stiffening! ! •! Chain!stiffening!occurs!when!a!larger!side!group!is!introduced!into!a!linear! chain!resulting!in!the!reduction!of!___________________! ! Y! What!happens!to!the!crystallinity!when!a!side!group!is!introduced?! ! ! ! ! Y! How!about!the!rigidity?! ! ! ! ! •! ! •! ! ! ! ! •! Polystyrene!is!an!example!of!a!substance!that!has!side!groups!! ! ! What!is!the!side!–!groups!of!polystyrene!called?! Below!shows!what!the!side!group!actually!looks!like:! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Copyright!© HSC Synergy Education 2016! 26! LESSON!2:!Production!of!Materials!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!HSC!CHEMISTRY! ! •! Are!the!side!groups!polar!or!non!–!polar?! ! ! ! •! •! •! ! ! Side!groups!increase!the!dispersion!forces!of!the!polymer.!Show!this!on!the! first!diagram!on!this!page.!! ! Side!groups!are!what!we!call!BULKY! ! Fill!in!the!following!flowchart.!! ! ! ! Side!Groups! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Copyright!© HSC Synergy Education 2016! 27! LESSON!2:!Production!of!Materials!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!HSC!CHEMISTRY! ! ! Cross!–!Linking!! ! •! •! •! •! Cross!–!linking!mostly!only!affect!________________________!! ! These!types!of!polymers!are!able!to!align!themselves!together!allowing!them! to!interact!based!on!hydrogen!bonding!! ! Show!how!cross!–!linking!occurs!in!the!diagram!below.!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Cross!–!linking!increases!the!rigidity!of!the!polymer!! ! ! ! Solubility!of!Addition!Polymers!! ! •! What!are!the!types!of!intermolecular!forces!that!occur!between!addition! polymers?! ! ! ! ! ! •! Consequently,!these!types!of!polymers!are!_______________!in!water!and!are! water!–!repelling!! ! Y! They!are!_____________________! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Copyright!© HSC Synergy Education 2016! 28! LESSON!2:!Production!of!Materials!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!HSC!CHEMISTRY! ! 4.!Properties!of!Polymers! ! CHECKPOINT:! • ! ! Identify!the!following!as!commercially!significant!monomers:! Y Vinyl!chloride! Y Styrene!! ! By!both!their!systematic!and!common!names! ! Polyvinyl!Chloride!(PVC)! ! •! •! ! ! ! •! Vinyl!chloride!is!the!common!name!given!to!a!monomer!that!makes!up!a! polymer!called!PVC! ! Draw!the!vinyl!chloride!molecule.! ! ! ! ! ! ! What!is!the!systematic!name!for!vinyl!chloride?! ! ! ! ! ! •! The!formation!of!PVC!is!similar!to!polyethylene!in!which!the!vinyl!chloride! molecule!undergoes!an!addition!reaction!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Copyright!© HSC Synergy Education 2016! 29! LESSON!2:!Production!of!Materials!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!HSC!CHEMISTRY! ! •! •! The!systematic!name!for!PVC!is!________________________!! ! Pure!PVC!is!not!a!very!useful!plastic!as!it!is!hard!and!brittle!! ! Y! Additives!are!combined!with!PVC.!Explain!why.! ! ! ! ! ! •! ! ! ! Pure!PVC!is!not!a!very!useful!plastic!as!it!is!hard!and!brittle!! ! Y! Additives!are!combined!with!PVC.!Explain!why.! ! ! •! Non!–!volatile!plasticisers!can!be!added!to!PVC!to!adjust!its!rigidity!! •! There!are!two!main!types!of!PVC.!For!each!provide!examples!of!their!uses.!! ! 1.! Rigid!PVC! ! ! ! ! ! ! 2.! Flexible!PVC!! ! ! ! ! ! •! ! ! ! PVC!is!also!known!as!a!thermoplastic.!Explain!what!this!means.! ! ! ! ! ! Copyright!© HSC Synergy Education 2016! 30! LESSON!2:!Production!of!Materials!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!HSC!CHEMISTRY! ! ! Polystyrene!! ! •! •! ! Styrene!is!the!common!name!given!to!a!monomer!that!make!up!polymers! called!polystrene! ! Draw!the!styrene!molecule.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! •! ! What!is!the!systematic!name!for!styrene?! ! ! ! ! ! •! ! The!formation!of!polystrene!is!similar!to!polyethylene!in!which!the!styrene! molecule!undergoes!an!addition!reaction!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! •! •! The!systematic!name!for!PVC!is!________________________! ! Polystyrenene!has!a!large!phenyl!side!group!which!is!large!and!bulky! ! Y! The!side!group!causes!strong!interaction!between!chains,!allowing! polystyrene!to!be!_______________!and!__________________! Copyright!© HSC Synergy Education 2016! 31! LESSON!2:!Production!of!Materials!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!HSC!CHEMISTRY! ! •! Polystyrene!is!very!stable!to!heat!and!UV!–!light.!Explain!why.!! ! ! ! ! ! ! •! Due!to!the!minimal!branching!pure!polystyrene!is!quite!_____________________!and! a!high!refractive!index.!This!allows!it!to!be!used!to!make!transparent!objects! including:! ! Y! CD!cases!! Y! Disposable!drinking!cups! Y! Ornaments!! Y! Car!battery!cases!!! ! •! Polystyrene!can!be!also!be!softened!to!form!___________________.!Explain!how!this! is!done.!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! •! The!resulting!Styrofoam!is!used!to!make!drinking!cups,!foam!packing!material,! containers!etc.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Copyright!© HSC Synergy Education 2016! 32! LESSON!2:!Production!of!Materials!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!HSC!CHEMISTRY! ! Applications!4.1! ! Question!1!! ! a)! Draw!the!monomer!for!polyvinyl!chloride! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! b)! Identify!the!systematic!name!for!the!monomer!of!polyvinyl!chloride.! ! ! ! ! Question!2! ! a)! Draw!the!monomer!for!polystyrene! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! b)! Identify!the!systematic!name!for!the!monomer!of!polystyrene.!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Copyright!© HSC Synergy Education 2016! 33! LESSON!2:!Production!of!Materials!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!HSC!CHEMISTRY! ! Question!3!(NEAP!2002!–!Qu!23)! ! The!physical!properties!of!polymers!are!determined!by!their!structure.!Explain! why!some!polymers!soften!upon!heating.!Name!one!polymer!which!behaves!this! way!and!describe!how!the!property!relates!to!its!use.!(4!marks)! ! Student!Answer:! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Sample!Answer:! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Copyright!© HSC Synergy Education 2016! 34! LESSON!2:!Production!of!Materials!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!HSC!CHEMISTRY! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Question!4! ! Give!the!systematic!name!of!styrene.!Describe!two!uses!of!a!polymer!made!from!it! in!terms!of!its!properties.!(3!marks)! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Copyright!© HSC Synergy Education 2016! 35!
