The Cardiovascular and
Respiratory Systems
Human Respiratory System
Functions:
– Works closely with circulatory system,
exchanging gases between air and
blood:
• Takes up oxygen from air and
supplies it to blood (for cellular
respiration).
• Removal and disposal of carbon
dioxide from blood (waste product
from cellular respiration).
Structure
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Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Human Respiratory System Organs
1.
Nose: Air enters nostrils, is
filtered by hairs, warmed,
moistened, and sampled for
odors as it flows through a
maze of nasal passages.
Human Respiratory System Organs
2. Pharynx (Throat):
Intersection where pathway
for air and food cross. Most
of the time, the pathway for
air is open, except when we
swallow.
3. Larynx (Voice Box):
Reinforced with cartilage.
Contains vocal cords, which
allow us to make sounds by
voluntarily tensing muscles.
– High pitched sounds: Vocal
cords are tense, vibrate fast.
– Low pitched sounds: Vocal
cords are relaxed, vibrate
slowly.
– More prominent in males
(Adam’s apple).
Human Respiratory System
4. Trachea (Windpipe): Rings of
cartilage maintain shape of
trachea, to prevent it from
closing. Forks into two
bronchi.
Human Respiratory System
5. Bronchi (Sing. Bronchus):
Each bronchus leads into a
lung and branches into
smaller and smaller
bronchioles, resembling an
inverted tree.
Human Respiratory System
6. Bronchioles: Fine tubes that
allow passage of air.
Epithelium of bronchioles is
covered with cilia and
mucus to trap and remove
dust and other particles.
Human Respiratory System
7. Alveoli: air sacs at the end
of bronchioles where gas
exchange takes place.
The Human Respiratory System
• Alveoli are
grouped in
clusters.
• A network of
capillaries
surrounds each
alveolus.
Pulmonary
artery
Pulmonary
vein
Capillaries
Gas Exchange
O2
• Gas exchange takes
place in the alveoli.
• Oxygen diffuses into
the blood.
• Carbon dioxide in the
blood diffuses into the
alveolus.
CO2
• Let’s examine this up close
Capillary
How does the body use oxygen?
Oxygen is for respiration.
• In biology, respiration means different things.
• Cellular respiration is the release of energy from the
breakdown of food in the presence of oxygen
(occurs in the?????)
• At the organism level, respiration is the process of gas
exchange - the release of carbon dioxide and the uptake of
oxygen that occurs between RBCs and alveoli
• Breathing is the actual mechanical intake of air
How the Lungs Work
BREATHING
• Lungs are
sealed in
pleural
membranes
inside the
chest cavity.
• At the bottom
of the cavity is
a large, flat
muscle known
as the
diaphragm.
How the Lungs Work
• During inhalation, the
diaphragm contracts and
the rib cage rises up.
• This expands the volume
of the chest cavity.
• The chest cavity is
sealed, so this creates a
partial vacuum inside the
cavity.
• Atmospheric pressure
fills the lungs as air
rushes into the breathing
passages.
How the Lungs Work
• Often exhaling is a
Air Exhaled
passive event.
• When the rib cage lowers
Rib cage
and the diaphragm
relaxes, pressure in the lowers
chest cavity is greater
than atmospheric
pressure.
• Air is pushed out of the
lungs.
Exhalation
Name the order in which air
travels until oxygen diffuses into
your blood
Bronchioles, Nose, Pharynx, Bronchi,
alveoli, Larynx
Parts of the Respiratory
system
Diseases of the Respiratory System
• Asthma: Condition in which breathing is
impaired by constriction of bronchi and
bronchioles, cough, and thick mucus
secretions. The severity and incidence of
asthma has risen dramatically in recent
years, especially in children. May be fatal if
not treated.
Causes: Attacks may be precipitated by
inhalation of allergens (e.g.: pollen, cats, and
cockroach proteins), pollutants, infection, or
emotional stress.
Treatment: Alleviates symptoms (e.g.:
immuno-suppressors, bronchodilators), but is
not a cure.
• Bronchitis: Inflammation of the mucous
membranes of the bronchi. May present with
cough, fever, chest or back pain, and fatigue.
Causes: Associated with smoking, pollution,
and bacterial or viral infections.
• Pneumonia: Acute inflammation of the lungs.
Symptoms include high fever, chills,
headache, cough, and chest pain.
Causes: Bacterial, fungal, or viral infections.
Treatment: Antibiotics or other antimicrobials.
• Emphysema: Permanent and irreversible
destruction of alveolar walls, resulting in loss
of lung elasticity and gas exchange surface.
Symptoms include shortness of breath,
difficulty exhaling, cough, weakness, anxiety,
confusion, heart failure, lung edema
(swelling), and respiratory failure.
Causes: Smoking, pollution, old age, and
infections.
Treatment: Oxygen to help breathing. No
cure.
• Lung Cancer: Cancerous growth that
invades and destroys lung tissue. Very high
fatality rate.
Symptoms include bloody sputum, persistent
cough, difficulty breathing, chest pain, and
repeated attacks of bronchitis or pneumonia.
Causes: Smoking (50% of all cases) and
pollution (radon, asbestos). Smokers are 10
times more likely to develop lung cancer than
nonsmokers.
Treatment: Surgery is most effective, but only
50% of all lung cancers are operable by time
of detection. Other treatments include
radiation and chemotherapy.
The Circulatory System AKA
Cardiovascular System
Function of the Circulatory System
• Circulate blood throughout entire body for
– Transport of oxygen to cells
– Transport of CO2 away from cells
– Transport of nutrients (glucose) to cells
– Movement of immune system components
(cells, antibodies)
– Transport of endocrine gland secretions
The main organs and their
functions
• Heart is the pump
• Arteries and veins are main tubes
(plumbing)
– Arteries Away from Heart
– Veins to Heart
• Capillaries is where diffusion happens
(oxygen, CO2, and glucose diffuse in or out of
blood)
• Blood – transports material to every cell of
the body
Our circulatory system is a double circulatory system.
This means it has two parts parts.
Lungs
the left side of
the right side of
the system
the system
deals with
deals with
oxygenated
deoxygenated
blood.
blood.
Body cells
The Heart
This is a vein. It brings
blood from the body,
except the lungs.
These are arteries.
They carry blood
away from the heart.
2 atria
2 ventricles
Coronary arteries,
the hearts own
blood supply
The heart has four chambers
now lets look inside the heart
The Heart
Artery to Lungs
Vein from Head and Body
Right Atrium
valve
Right Ventricle
Artery to Head and Body
Vein from Lungs
Left Atrium
valve
Left Ventricle
blood from the heart gets around
the body through blood vessels
There are 3 types of blood vessels
a.
ARTERY
b.
VEIN
c.
CAPILLARY
The ARTERY
Arteries have strong, muscular walls to carry blood away
from the heart.
the elastic fibres allow
the artery to stretch
under pressure
thick muscle and
elastic fibres
the thick muscle can
contract to push the
blood along.
The VEIN
Veins carry blood towards the heart.
veins have valves
which act to stop the
blood from going in
the wrong direction.
thin muscle and
elastic fibres
body muscles surround the veins
so that when they contract to
move the body, they also squeeze
the veins and push the blood along
the vessel.
The CAPILLARY
Capillaries link Arteries with Veins
they exchange materials
between the blood and
other body cells.
the wall of a capillary
is only one cell thick
The exchange of materials
between the blood and the
body can only occur through
capillaries.
what’s in
digested food
red blood cells
white blood cells
oxygen
waste (urea)
platelets
carbon dioxide
plasma
hormones
http://hes.ucf.k12.pa.us/gclaypo/circdia.html
What makes up our blood?
• RED BLOOD CELLS (Erythrocytes) – The most abundant
cells in our blood; they are produced in the bone marrow and
contain a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to our
cells.
• WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leukocytes) – They are part of
the immune system and destroy infectious agents called
pathogens.
• PLASMA – This is the yellowish liquid portion of blood that
contains electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins, hormones,
clotting factors, and proteins such as antibodies to fight
infection.
• PLATELETS (Thrombocytes) – The clotting factors that are
carried in the plasma; they clot together in a process called
coagulation to seal a wound and prevent a loss of blood.
Blood Facts
The average adult has about FIVE liters of blood inside of
their body, which makes up 7-8% of their body weight.
Blood is living tissue that carries oxygen and nutrients to
all parts of the body, and carries carbon dioxide and other
waste products back to the lungs, kidneys and liver for
disposal. It also fights against infection and helps heal
wounds, so we can stay healthy.
There are about one billion red blood cells in two to three
drops of blood. For every 600 red blood cells, there are
about 40 platelets and one white cell.
http://www.bloodbankofalaska.org/about_blood/index.html
Genetics of Blood Types
• Your blood type is established before you are BORN,
by specific GENES inherited from your parents.
• You inherit one gene from your MOTHER and one
from your FATHER.
• These genes determine your blood type by causing
proteins called AGGLUTINOGENS to exist on the
surface of all of your red blood cells.
What are blood types?
Blood Types
There are 3 alleles or genes for blood
type: A, B, & O. A and B are dominant
and O is recessive. Since we have 2
genes, there are 6 possible combinations.
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/blood/types.cfm
AA or AO = Type A
BB or BO = Type B
OO = Type O
AB = Type AB
Blood Transfusions
A blood transfusion is a procedure in which blood is given to a patient through an
intravenous (IV) line in one of the blood vessels. Blood transfusions are done to replace
blood lost during surgery or a serious injury. A transfusion also may be done if a person’s
body can't make blood properly because of an illness.
Who can give you blood?
Universal Donor
People with TYPE O blood are called
Universal Donors, because they can give
blood to any blood type.
People with TYPE AB blood are called
Universal Recipients, because they can
receive any blood type.
Rh +  Can receive + or Rh -  Can only receive Universal Recipient
Rh Factors
• Scientists sometimes study Rhesus monkeys
to learn more about the human anatomy
because there are certain similarities between
the two species. While studying Rhesus
monkeys, a certain blood protein was
discovered. This protein is also present in the
blood of some people. Other people, however,
do not have the protein.
• The presence of the protein, or lack of it, is
referred to as the Rh (for Rhesus) factor.
• If your blood does contain the protein, your
blood is said to be Rh positive (Rh+). If your
blood does not contain the protein, your blood
is said to be Rh negative (Rh-).
http://www.fi.edu/biosci/blood/rh.html
A+ AB+ BAB+ ABO+ O-
Cardiovascular Disorders
• Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the
leading cause of death in Western
countries.
• Modern research efforts have improved
diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
• Major cardiovascular disorders include
atherosclerosis, stroke, heart attack,
aneurysm, and hypertension.
Hemophilia
• Hemophilia is an inherited clotting
disorder due to a deficiency in a clotting
factor that produces abnormal bleeding.
• Bumps and falls cause bleeding in the
joints; cartilage degeneration and
resorption of bone can follow.
• The most frequent cause of death is
bleeding into the brain with accompanying
neurological damage.
Atherosclerosis
• Atherosclerosis is due to a build-up of
fatty material (plaque), mainly
cholesterol, under the inner lining of
arteries.
• The plaque can cause a thrombus (blood
clot) to form.
• The thrombus can dislodge and lead to
the bursting of a blood vessel.
Stroke, Heart Attack, and
Aneurysm
• Stroke results when an embolus lodges in
a cerebral blood vessel or a cerebral blood
vessel bursts; a portion of the brain dies
due to lack of oxygen.
• Heart attack occurs when a portion of
heart muscle dies due to lack of oxygen.
• Aneurysm is a ballooning of a blood
vessel, usually in the abdominal aorta or
arteries leading to the brain.
• Death results if the aneurysm is in a large
vessel and the vessel bursts.
• Atherosclerosis and hypertension weaken
blood vessels over time, increasing the
risk of aneurysm.
Coronary Bypass Operations
• A coronary bypass operation involves
removing a segment of another blood
vessel and replacing a clogged
coronary artery.
• It may be possible to replace this
surgery with gene therapy that
stimulates new blood vessels to grow
where the heart needs more blood flow.
Coronary bypass operation
Clearing Clogged Arteries
• Angioplasty uses a long tube threaded
through an arm or leg vessel to the point
where the coronary artery is blocked; inflating
the tube forces the vessel open. Stents are
put in place to keep it open.
• Stents are small metal pieces that are
expanded inside the artery to keep it open.
• Stents are coated with heparin to prevent
blood clotting and with chemicals to prevent
arterial closing.
Angioplasty