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DO NOT LOSE THIS!! – FRONT OF BINDER!
Semester 1 UNIT Summary Sheet
September – January
CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
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Elements are specific types of atoms & are the smallest units of matter
o Element  monomer  macromolecule
All life is made of 6 main elements, we use the acronym SPONCH to help you remember: Sulfur, Phosphorus,
Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, and Hydrogen
Organic Compounds
 A compound is a combination of 2 or more atoms
 An organic compound is a compound that contains carbon and hydrogen
o Monomers are small compounds that are used to build larger organic compounds called macromolecules
o Macromolecules are LARGE ORGANIC compounds.
 Types in food: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
The Four Types of Organic Compounds (The Molecules of Life)
 Carbohydrates - used for quick energy. MONOMERS = monosaccharides
 Lipids – long-term energy storage AND protection (like the cell membrane and waxes). MONOMERS = fatty acids
 Proteins: are BUILDERS & DO-ERS used in “building” cells/tissues and “doing” chemical reactions in the body.
MONOMERS = amino acids
ENZYMES & THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
 Enzymes:
o specific types of proteins
o reduce the amount of energy needed to start chemical reactions
o speed-up chemical reactions – MAKERS (Synthesis) & BREAKERS (Digestion)
 Parts of enzyme reactions:
o Substrate – what goes into the reaction/what the enzyme
does work on
o Product – what comes out of the reaction/the result
o Active site – the part of the enzyme that does the work
(where the substrate fits)
 If conditions are too far above or below OPTIMUM (pH & temp),
the enzyme can denature or stop work due to the shape of the
active site changing – KNOW HOW TO FIND OPTIMUM
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Digestive System Function: break down or digest food into tiny pieces and absorb them
into the blood; also expels solid waste
PATHWAY OF FOOD: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, sm. intestine, lrg.
intestine, rectum, anus – KNOW THE FUNCTIONS OF THESE ORGANS!
Mechanical digestion = chewing, churning, grinding (mouth, stomach)
Chemical digestion = using acids & enzymes (mouth- amylase; stomach – acid &
pepsin, liver - bile)
The small intestine is where nutrients are ABSORBED into the blood stream
Accessory organs- help with digestion, but are NOT part of the digestive tract:
 Liver: produces bile to digest fats, filters toxins from blood
 Pancreas: produces insulin and other enzymes
 Gall bladder: stores & concentrates bile from liver
TYPES OF CELLS & ORGANELLES (Standard 2)
Cells & Cell Theory
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A cell is the smallest unit of life that make up organisms (living things)
TWO Types of cells
1. Eukaryotic are large complex cells that contain a nucleus, such as animal and plant cells
2. Prokaryotic are small simple cells that contain no nucleus, such as bacteria
 Organelles are small parts of a cell that do a specific job for a cell
o Unicellular organisms are made up of 1 cell
o Multicellular organisms are made up of many cells
4 Organelles in ALL Cells:
1. Cell/plasma membrane: controls what enters and leaves the cell and also protects the cell-SELECTIVELY
PERMEABLE – where CELL TRANSPORT happen
2. ribosomes: make proteins (factories)
3. cytoplasm: liquid that contains the organelles
4. nucleic acids: DNA & RNA
Prokaryotic Bacterial cells ONLY
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Small and simple, unicellular, have NO NUCLEUS!
Some have a cilia or flagella
KINGDOMS: eubacteria & archaebacteria
Eukaryotic Organelles in BOTH Plants & Animal Cells:
1. nucleus: controls cell activities (control center)
2. endoplasmic reticulum (ER): transport system for
proteins, lipids, and other things the cell makes
(highway)
3. Golgi apparatus: packages, labels, and ships
(post office)
4. mitochondria: Makes energy/ATP – Where
CELLULAR RESPIRATION happens (power
plant)
Organelles ONLY in Animal Cells
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3.
NO CELL WALL!
lysosome: contains enzymes that digest waste, bacteria, and old organelles (Lysol) ANIMAL CELLS ONLY
centrioles: Help in cell division. ANIMAL CELLS ONLY
flagella: whip tail used for movement
Organelles ONLY in Plant Cells
1. chloroplast: uses sunlight to make sugar - where PHOTOSYNTHEIS happens
2. cell wall: EXTRA rigid protection for cell
3. large central vacuole: Stores food, water, and waste
CELL TRANSPORT
Cell membrane
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The cell membrane controls what enters and leaves a cell and is selectively permeable, which means that it allows
small compounds, but not large ones, to pass right through
Main Parts of the Cell Membrane:
1. Phospholipids form a bilayer - 2 layers of phospholipids that make up barrier
2. Transport Proteins – can act like doors to let larger materials through
3. Cholesterol – helps the cell membrane stay stable/not turn mushy
Passive transport: requires no energy- nutrients move from a high concentration to a low
concentration until there is EQUILIBRIUM
 Types of Passive Transport:
1. Simple Diffusion: moves small compounds like oxygen from high to low
concentration until there is equilibrium
2. Facilitated diffusion: moves large compounds like glucose using HELP from a
protein. Still moves from a high to low concentration until there is equilibrium
3. Osmosis: diffusion of water
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Active transport: requires energy- moves nutrients from LOW
concentrations to HIGH concentrations AGAINST the gradient
Three Types of Active Transport:
1. Cell membrane pumps: move nutrients cells need from low to
high USING ENERGY
2. Endocytosis: large compound are brought into the cell
(phagocytosis = solids; pinocytosis = liquids)
3. Exocytosis: large compounds are exported out of the cell
CELL CYCLE & Mitosis
Cell Cycle
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The cell cycle is the phases in the life of a cell
1. Interphase: 90% cell’s life
1. G1 phase: Cell grows & does its function
2. S phase: DNA is copied
3. G2 phase: Cell grows & prepares to divide
2. Cell division/M phase: mitosis (nucleus divides) and cytokinesis
(cytoplasm divides)
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Chromosomes are packages of DNA
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SOMATIC cells or BODY cells are diploid - have TWO sets of chromosomes
o Homologous chromosomes are 2 of the same type of chromosome
o HUMANS have 46 chromosomes OR 23 PAIRS  23 from mom + 23 from
dad
Mitosis – CHROMOSOME NUMBER STAYS THE SAME!
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Somatic cell = BODY cell. Divides once, producing 2 identical diploid cells.
Purpose is help multicellular organisms grow, maintain cell number, and repair tissues
Before mitosis: Chromosomes have copied themselves (S-phase). They look like an X