International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 10, Issue 03, March 2019, pp. 768-778, Article ID: IJCIET_10_03_074
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=03
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
Anas Attellah Ali Shoshan
College of Engineering, Kirkuk University, Iraq
Qubad Sabah Haseeb
College of Engineering, Kirkuk University, Iraq
ABSTRACT
There is a growing interest in sustainable buildings that are environmentally friendly and have lower energy consumption. The amount and cost of energy consumption in buildings are important design considerations. Studies of the routing and insulation impact on the heat of the internal environment of public buildings are inadequate because most of the works were based on the study of thermal behavior from the theory and measurements of the field perspective only. Furthermore, they have not implemented simulation software in their analysis. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt the current generation according to methods of climate design through digital representation via computer. Consequently, supporting the designers in this field to achieve the right design decisions. Additionally, the designer can find the results of their design decisions in advance before implementation through the calculations carried out by simulations.
To achieve our goal, the research is based on the analytical and applied methodology using the RIVET and GBS software and from climatic analysis of the selected sample area. We used the building of the College of Education for Pure
Sciences at the University of Kirkuk, Iraq, as a case study. This article also aims to introduce the adopted simulation software that may achieve the required outcomes and analyze them. Consequently, to provide recommendations that can be implemented in such areas.
Key words: Energy Analysis, Sustainable Design, Simulation. http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 768 editor@iaeme.com

Analysis and Reduction of Energy Consumption in Educational Buildings: A Case Study in the
College Of Education for Pure Sciences at the University Of Kirkuk
Cite this Article: Anas Attellah Ali Shoshan and Qubad Sabah Haseeb, Analysis and
Reduction of Energy Consumption in Educational Buildings: A Case Study in the
College Of Education for Pure Sciences at the University Of Kirkuk, International
Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 10(03), 2019, pp. 768-778 http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=03
The design strategies that affect the internal thermal comfort vary significantly from one area to another, and it can be found in traditional designs [1]. The climate is one of the most critical factors that determine the effects of design through the distance between buildings, process of guidance, the form of structural mass and its cover of walls, windows and surfaces,
Also, the different techniques and construction materials which the building can be established have an impact on the thermal comfort inside the buildings [2][3]. This can be performed mainly according to the characteristics of the local climate and taking into consideration the method of dealing with them during the design[4]. We therefore many complex problems can be avoided through optimal design to minimize the effects of undesirable climatic factors that differ from one region to another. Each place has its design strategy, where sun and heat protection play essential roles in the areas that the temperature differences increase between daytime and night [5].
The directing and the nature of the structural materials are considered as factors affecting the thermal performance in the interior spaces of the building. Furthermore, the simulation programs are a modern strategy that can be used to assess the effect of directing and change the structural materials on the thermal performance in the chosen spaces in the building of the college of education for pure sciences at the University of Kirkuk. Finally, this research a simulation software of thermal analysis of the structure.
The study aims to determine the impact of directing and change of structural materials on the internal spaces' temperature at the College building of Pure Sciences at the University of
Kirkuk, Iraq, via simulation. Consequently, obtaining the suitability of the areas climatically to provide appropriate thermal comfort.
To achieve the objectives, this study depends on the analytical and practical approach through the following:

The climatic analysis of the Kirkuk city.

Studying the climatic treatments of the buildings in dry hot areas.

Performing a detailed study of the selected model.

Carrying out analysis study of the adopted simulation program.

Analysing of the program results for temperatures in both hot and cold period of the chosen residential building.
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Anas Attellah Ali Shoshan and Qubad Sabah Haseeb
Kirkuk is located in the north of the Republic of Iraq between the longitude 44.24 east and latitude 35.28 north. The province next to the provinces (92 km) Erbil, (109 km)
Sulaymaniyah, (150 km) Nineveh and (215) Diyala from the north, east, west and south, respectively. Additionally, the distance from Kirkuk to the capital Baghdad is 215 km [Dar al-Omran 2016]. The location of the study sample in the city of Kirkuk lies in the southern part of the town and on the road leading to Baghdad.
Figure 2 The site of the Faculty of Education in the city of Kirkuk [google earth].
4.1.1. Sun Brightness and Solar Radiation
It is well known that the sunlight reaches its lowest level in December, and becomes the highest in the rest of the summer months. As shown in Figure 2, a large amount of thermal energy produced by the brightness of solar radiation can be exploited in heating (in the cold winter nights). Nevertheless, it should be avoided during the rest of the year [6][7].
Figure 2. The sunny days and their duration throughout a year.
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Analysis and Reduction of Energy Consumption in Educational Buildings: A Case Study in the
College Of Education for Pure Sciences at the University Of Kirkuk
4.1.2. Air Temperature
Temperature is one of the climatic variables that vary greatly from one region to another due to different exposure to the sun. Figure (3) shows the external maximum and minimum temperatures in the hot and cold periods during the months of a year. One can find the high temperature in the months between the sixth and ninth where more than 45 C. Consequently, thermal insulation treatments requirements become necessary to provide thermal comfort inside the interior spaces of buildings [7].
Figure 3 . Average high and low temperatures during the whole year in the city of Kirkuk.
4.1.3. Rain
Kirkuk suffers from some seasonal variation in precipitation per month. As shown in Figure
4, the rain period lasts for 7 months in a year from 16 October until 17 May with rainfall for at least 31 days of at least 13 mm. Most rain falls during 31 days concentrated around March
19, With an average total accumulation of 29 mm. On the other hand, the non-rain period of the year lasts for 5 months, from May 17 to October 16, and the lowest rainfall rate is around
August 10, with an average total accumulation of 1 mm. Format [7].
Figure 4 . Rain rate and its Periods in Kirkuk.
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Anas Attellah Ali Shoshan and Qubad Sabah Haseeb
4.1.4. Wind
Usually, the average wind speed per hour in Kirkuk city is experiencing moderate seasonal change throughout the year. As shown in Figure (5), the most flexible part of the year lasts 3 to 4 months (from 8 May to 18 September) with an average wind speed of over 8.0 mph. The heaviest day of the year is June 29 with an average wind speed of 9.1 mph. The most tranquil year lasts 7.7 months, from 18 September to 8 May. Whereas, the quietest day of the year is
January 12, with an average wind speed every hour of 11 mph. Shape (5) [7].
Figure 5 . Wind speed rates in Kirkuk.
The natural adaptations of the buildings vary according to the surrounding environment and by considering different factors: mass, shape, orientation, treatments (walls, ceilings), the use of the courtyard and the elements of air supply. By considering the compatibility and compatibility of climatic factors with the components of the building in addition to different methods used to adapt to the climate, the temperature inside the buildings can be reduced.
Consequently, reaching 25 Celsius which the comfortable warmth of the person (especially when the outside temperature becomes higher than 34 ° C leading feeling of discomfort). To achieve the thermal efficiency inside the building, it is necessary to take into account the suitability of all elements of the structure to the surrounding environment. The essential elements are building block shape, building direction according to the use of interior courtyards, exterior walls and various treatment, roof insulation, vertical and composite, and so on [8]. To reach the thermal comfort of the selected sample, this study also deals with two important elements which are directing and external walls and their treatments via the construction materials insulation.
4.2.1. The Directionation of the Building:
The directionation of the buildings depends on climatic factors such as solar radiation, wind and temperature. The directionation of the building is affected by the amount of solar radiation falling on its different sides at different times of the year. In areas with dry hot regions, it is necessary to provide protection from solar radiation, especially at the warm periods. Furthermore, the best directionation can reduce radiation to the lowest possible and provide solar radiation in cold periods [9]. Radiation heat from the sun is transmitted by four main forms that affect the buildings are: 1) direct radiation with short wavelengths of the sun;
2) short-wavelength radiation from the dome of the sky; 3) short-wave radiation reflected from the surrounding terrain and long-wave radiation from the earth's surface and objects.
These four forms of radiation affect the buildings in two ways: The penetrate through
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Analysis and Reduction of Energy Consumption in Educational Buildings: A Case Study in the
College Of Education for Pure Sciences at the University Of Kirkuk windows and doors and absorb by the external surfaces. Consequently, leading to heating acquisition. Eventually, connecting a large part of the radiation through the origin construction to be shined inside [9].
4.2.2. Building Materials:
To build in hot climates, it is essential to consider two factors: the availability and performance. Definitely, there are several advantages in the use of local materials because they suit the warm and dry climates that don’t suit a warm humid atmosphere [10]. The combination of humidity, temperature, ultraviolet radiation and sandy wind have adverse effects on building materials. To specific climatic conditions, the used materials should not be suitable only, it also should be compatible with the building design and details and the nature of both climatic conditions [9].
In general, the surrounding building materials are essential to provide protection against heat and cold. Great care should be taken in the selection of wall and ceiling materials, and their thickness is proportional to be suitable with their physical properties according to the thermal conductivity, thermal resistance and light reflectivity. The heat flows from outside through the wall if the temperature outside is higher than inside. Additionally, proportions with the rate of heat flow in the external and internal air and the faced area of the wall surface and the total thermal outlets that can be calculated by analyzing the resistance components of the wall to stop the heat. Then, the total resistance is considered from the material resistance to the flow of heat and the surface resistance of the external and the internal surfaces. Finally, the thermal transfer is controlled by choice of wall material that may achieve thermal insulation [11].
A study sample was chosen from the building of the college of education for pure sciences, which is located near the center of Kirkuk University. The building is designed by Al-Esraa engineering consulting company. It consists of seven floors and not adjacent to any buildings.
The sample has chosen to conduct tests process through a simulation software called REVIT.
We used the software to obtain the thermal performance in the building through the two elements: directionation and changing construction materials. Our objectives are calculating the levels of thermal performance of the current reality of the building to reaching results demonstrate the possibility of adopting these programs to reach the best thermal performance within the interior spaces before the implementation of any building. Consequently, the results will avoid negative consequences after application. Finally, Figure 6 shows the plans for our adopted sample [12].
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Anas Attellah Ali Shoshan and Qubad Sabah Haseeb
Figure (6) . Study sample plans represented by the Faculty of Education at the University of Kirkuk [12].
In recent years, many simulation programs have been developed to study the thermal behavior inside the building [13]. These programs depend on the main input of the surrounding climate for each study area to obtain the thermal performance evaluation inside the building through the design models. Consequently, reach the necessary thermal comfort in the works Building. The most credited programs the REVIT program, GBSA program and
TAS program. The first and second programs are chosen for testing and simulating our sample [14].
4.4.1. REVIT Program:
Is one of the programs developed by Autodesk company uses to model design software and programming of Building Information Modeling (BIM). The program can design a model that contains building information about geographical location, cost, characteristics of the elements used, manufacturing characteristics, and so on. This model can be used in structural analysis, energy and lighting analysis, and estimating quantities of construction material, total cost, and so on [15].
The program allows the user to create a 3D model including building elements
(foundations, floors, walls, windows and ceilings with the possibility of converting it to a 2D model. Additionally, the program can perform the formation of projections, sections and do the rendering. The Revit program is superior to other programs is that the design model can be updated. More specifically, it is able to model any change to the basic drawing where the rest of the affiliate models (such as projections, sections, quantities of materials, and so on.) will change accordingly [16].
4.4.2. GBS Program
Similarly to REVIT, GBS is developed by the Autodesk able to simulate the performance of the building in terms of energy consumption. It provides the possibility of analyzing the
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Analysis and Reduction of Energy Consumption in Educational Buildings: A Case Study in the
College Of Education for Pure Sciences at the University Of Kirkuk consumed energy of the building in the early design stage [17]. Furthermore, it has the possibility of testing design options from the corners around the building and the materials used in construction. Moreover, it is able to determine the options that can affect the amount of energy consumed. Besides, it supports integration with different design programs such as
AutoCAD Architecture, Revit and AutoCAD MEP, where the design model will be loaded into an XML file format. Then it performs energy analysis based on the service database such as building properties, geographic location, weather information and so on [18].
4.4.3. The Steps of Drawing the Sample:
The REVIT program allows drawing the building with the required 3D and simulating it.
Furthermore, it can also draw buildings still in the planning stage, with the possibility of importing drawings from the AutoCAD program to make more detailed models. Through the designed model, we can create a 3D image showing the full shadow, and calculate the penetration of sunlight into the building between the spaces where the program works in a dynamic simulation method that tracks the thermal behavior of the building. [James 2010].
The steps can be summarized briefly as follows. In the first step, all the sample data (climate data for the area, structural elements of the building and the directionation of the building's facades) are inserted. Secondly, through computer processing units, we can obtain the desired results, which include the provision of thermal comfort and reduced energy exchange.
Consequently, reducing the economic costs of building works.
4.4.4. Implementation:
As shown in Figure 7, the building has redrawn through the REVIT program including all the details of the construction of the walls, ceilings, windows and the number of floors according to the reality of the building.
Figure (7). Study sample drawn by the REVIT program.
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Anas Attellah Ali Shoshan and Qubad Sabah Haseeb
The weather data were then entered into the sample area based on the GBS program, which includes all the weather data and geographical area of Kirkuk, Iraq. We obtained the required results for the reality of the building according to the current directing, our proposed directing, and the adopted simulation programs. The direction of the building was 70 counterclockwise to the south-west. After that, the building was redirected to several other degrees until the optimal directing for the building was obtained. Consequently, leading to a reduction in energy expenditure and a reduction in the cost of building works. The optimum obtained directionation was (30) degrees from the reality of the situation. Finally, Figure 8 shows the current and our proposed directionation
Figure (8).
The directionation of the current building relative to the direction of the north and our directionation proposed.
After the completion of inserting the proposed directionation data, changes were made in the construction materials of the facades exposed to the sun for longer periods, as the convection is at the height of the day periods and in the southwestern façades. After that, by the GBS program, the structural materials of the construction of walls were changed from concrete block to thermal building materials of the southwestern facade. As demonstrated in
Table 1, the findings show obvious changes in the convection inside the building and low energy consumption inside the building. Consequently, reducing the economic cost and waste of energy.
Table (1).
Shows the values reached to reduce energy expenditure and economic costs.
Total Annual Cost (IQD) Total Annual Energy
Run Name
Electric Fuel Energy
Electric
(kWh)
Fuel (MJ)
-3D Degree Rotation
Kirkuk University= College of Pure Sciences
3,993,980,3 13,893.0 4,007,873,3 42,534,400 1,870,382
All (Insulated Window and
Walls)
Existing.xml
5,925,555,9
7,208,306,9
13,893.0
13,893.0
5,939,44,8,9
7,222,200,0
63,104,960
76,765,780
1,870,382
1,870,382
Insulated Exterior Walls
(S&W)
Insulated Window
5,833,900,1
7,030,347,7
13,893.0
13,893.0
5,847,793,1
7,044,240,7
62,128,860
74,870,580
1,870,382
1,870,382
Figure 9 reveals that the proposed routing process played a major role in reducing the economic costs of waste on the energy consumed by the building. Hence the importance of
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Analysis and Reduction of Energy Consumption in Educational Buildings: A Case Study in the
College Of Education for Pure Sciences at the University Of Kirkuk changing the building materials of the exposed facades to the sunlight and high heat through the use of a building buffer.
Figure (9). Shows the effect of the correct Directionation of the building in addition to the use of heat-insulating building materials [researchers].
Based on obtained findings we conclude the following:

The use of simulation software and any kind of software have a significant role in monitoring concerns and searching for suitable solutions for climate treatments.

The correct directionation of any building (based to the climatic environment of the region) has a significant impact in reducing the thermal load inside the functional spaces which may lead to reducing the energy consumption of the building.

Achieving the reduction of energy exchange leads to the reduction of economic costs where the high rates of minimizing of the operational cost of the building.

The insulating materials (used in the most exposed sides to solar radiation) has a significant impact in reducing the convection due to the warm atmosphere (in selected area).

Based on our adopted sample, it is preferable to place empty spaces such as warehouses, bathrooms, toilets and stairs on western and southwest destinations.
This directionation may lead to more direct receiving destinations for direct solar radiation, especially during warmer periods of the year.

It is possible to take benefit from the directionation towards the right angle
(especially the opening to the north-west) in the acquisition of appropriate temperatures in the winter so as to reduce the use of heating devices during daylight hours. Consequently, decreasing the energy consumption.
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Anas Attellah Ali Shoshan and Qubad Sabah Haseeb

The importance of sustaining energy imposes the decision makers (building owners) and legislators to consider climate urban in order to develop appropriate designs and plans prior to implementing any project to avoid mistakes.
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