General Anatomy
Practical Revision (1): Skeletal System
Dr. Ashraf Ramzy
Professor of Anatomy & Embryology
ash-ramzy@hotmail.com
I. Skull
5 Unpaired bones
1. Frontal
1
2. Occipital
4
3. Ethmoid
4. Sphenoid
3
2
5. Vomer
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
5
8 Paired bones
1. Parietal
2. Temporal
3. Maxillary
7
4. Zygomatic
5
5. Nasal
6. Lacrimal
4
3
7. Palatine
8. Inferior concha
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
Frontal Bone
Coronal Suture
Bregma
Parietal Bone
Sagittal Suture
Lambda
Lambdoid Suture
Occipital Bone
* It presents 3 sutures:
1. coronal suture:
2. The sagittal suture:
3. The lambdoid suture:
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
* It presents 2
meeting points:
1. The bregma: is the
meeting of coronal and
sagittal sutures.
2. The lambda: is the
meeting of the lambdoid
and sagittal sutures.
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
e
Bon
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a
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n
Fro
Coronal Suture
ne
o
B
noid ing)
e
h
p
S
rW
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t
a
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(Gr
Parietal Bone
Bone Bone
l
a
m
l
Lacri
Nasa
ne
c Bo
i
t
a
m
Zygo
Temporal Bone
(Squamous part)
Ma
one
B
y
r
xilla
Lambdoid Suture
Occipital Bone
Temporal Bone
(Tympanic part)
Temporal Bone
(Mastoid process)
Temporal Bone
(Styloid process)
Zygomatic Arch
Coronal Suture
Superior Temporal Line
Pterion
Inferior Temporal Line
Sphenoid Bone
(Greater Wing)
Lambdoid Suture
Asterion
External Auditory Meatus
Zygomatic Arch
*It is formed of: frontal, parietal,
occipital, temporal, greater wing of
sphenoid bone, maxilla and
zygomatic bones.
*The superior temporal line:
extends from zygomatic bone and
passes backwards.
*The inferior temporal line:
with the temporal fossa lies
below it.
P
F
S
Z
M
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
T
O
* The zygomatic arch (Z):
* The external auditory
meatus (E):
* The mastoid process (M):
* The Styloid process (↑):
* Pterion (P).
* Asterion (↓).
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
P
Z
E
M
Frontal Bone
Nasal Bone
Temporal Bone
Inferior Nasal Choncha
Zygomatic Bone
Maxillary Bone
Mandible
Frontal Bone
Supraorbital Foramen (Notch)
Infraorbital Foramen
Maxillary Bone
Mandible
Mental Foramen
2. The 2 nasal bones:
3. Zygomatic bone:
4. The maxillary bone:
▪ Is has a body which contains
the maxillary air sinus.
▪ It is pierced by the
infra-orbital foramen (which
gives passage to infra-orbital
nerve & vessels).
2
3
4
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
External Occipital Protuberance
Superior Nuchal Line
External Occipital Crest
Inferior Nuchal Line
* The occipital bone presents:
1. External occipital protuberance:
2. External occipital crest:
3. The superior nuchal lines:
extends laterally from the
protuberance.
4. The inferior nuchal lines: extends
laterally from the crest & run parallel
to and below the superior nuchal
lines.
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
Vomer
Posterior Nasal Openings
(Choanae)
Inferior Nuchal Line
External Occipital Crest
External Occipital Protuberance
Superior Nuchal Line
Incisive Fossa
Hard Palate:
- Maxillary Bone
- Palatine Bone
Foramen Ovale
Foramen Spinosum
Alveolar Arch
Greater Palatine Foramen
Foramen Lacerum
Carotid Canal
Jugular Foramen
Stylomastoid Foramen
Posterior Condylar Foramen
Foramen Magnum
Incisive Fossa
Hard Palate:
- Maxillary Bone
- Palatine Bone
Greater Palatine Foramen
Maxillary Tuberosity
Foramen Ovale
Foramen Spinosum
Foramen Magnum
Jugular Foramen
Ethmoid Bone
(Crista Galli)
Rotundum Foramen
Foramen Lacerum
Foramen Ovale
Foramen Spinosum
Jugular Foramen
Foramen Magnum
Internal Auditory Meatus
Hard Palate:
- Maxillary Bone
- Palatine Bone
Vomer
Sphenoid (Body)
Sphenoid
(Greater wing )
Occipital Bone
(Basilar part)
Temporal Bone
(Mastoid process)
Occipital Condyle
Pterygoid Process:
- Medial Pterygoid Plate
- Pterygoid Fossa
- Lateral Pterygoid Plate
Temporal Bone
(Petrous part)
Temporal Bone
(Tympanic Part)
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
→
* The greater palatine foramen (↓) lies in the
posterior part of the hard palate. It gives passage
to greater palatine nerve & vessels.
* The lesser palatine foramina, usually two, lie
behind the greater palatine foramen. They give
passage to lesser palatine nerve & vessels.
* The maxillary tuberosity (→) is present at the
posterior end of the alveolar arch.
* The incisive fossa (↑) lies posterior to the central
incisor teeth. It contains foramina which serve as
a connection between palate & nose.
↓
→
B. Middle part:
* In the middle, it shows:
1. Vomer.
2. Body of sphenoid.
3. Basilar part of occipital bone.
* Laterally, it shows:
4. Pterygoid process.
5. Greater wing of sphenoid.
6. Petrous part of temporal bone.
7. tympanic parts of temporal bone.
8. Mastoid process.
* It contains: Posterior nasal openings (9)
(choanae) which are separated by vomer
(part of nasal septum).
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
5
7
8
4
6
1 9
2
3
** The pterygoid process
of the sphenoid bone:
* It is formed of lateral
pterygoid plate (L) and
medial pterygoid plate (M)
with the pterygoid fossa
(F) in between.
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LF
M
** The greater wing of sphenoid bone
shows:
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↓
↓
1. Foramen ovale (↓):
* Gives passage to:
a. Mandibular nerve.
b. Lesser petrosal nerve.
c. Accessory meningeal artery.
2. Foramen spinosum (↑):
* Gives passage to:
a. Nervus spinosus.
b. Middle meningeal artery.
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
↓
↓
C. Posterior part:
** The basilar part of occipital bone (B)
articulates anteriorly with the body of the
sphenoid bone.
** Foramen lacerum (↓) lies between
petrous part of temporal bone, basilar
part of occipital and the pterygoid
process. In life it is closed by cartilage
plate.
** The carotid canal (↑): lies posterolateral
to foramen lacerum. Gives passage to
internal carotid artery.
B
** Notice the following:
1. The jugular foramen: lies lateral to the occipital
condyle. Gives passage to internal jugular vein.
2. The stylomastoid foramen: lies between styloid
and mastoid processes. Gives passage to facial
nerve.
3. The occipital condyles: articulate with the atlas to
form atlanto-occipital joint.
4. The anterior condylar (hypoglossal) foramen.
Gives passage to hypoglossal nerve.
5. The posterior condylar foramen.
6. The foramen magnum: communicates the cranial
cavity with the vertebral canal. Gives passage to
brain stem which continues as spinal cord.
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
↑
2
1
3
Frontal Bone
(Frontal Crest)
Frontal Bone
(Orbital Plate)
Ethmoid Bone
(Cribriform Plate)
Sphenoid Bone
(lesser Wing)
Foramen Caecum
Ethmoid Bone
(Crista Galli)
Sphenoid Bone
Rotundum Foramen
Sphenoid Bone
(Body)
Sphenoid Bone
(Greater Wing)
Temporal Bone
(Petrous Part)
Occipital Bone
Anterior Condylar Foramen
(Hypoglossal)
Internal Auditory Meatus
Clivus
Sigmoid Sulcus
Transverse Sulcus
Jugular Foramen
Internal Occipital Protuberance
Internal Occipital Crest
Ant. Cranial
Fossa
* It is formed by the
following bones:
1
* In the midline:
2
1- Frontal bone.
a
2- Ethmoid.
b
3- Sphenoid.
* On each side:
a. Frontal bone.
b. Sphenoid (lesser wing).
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
3
* Midline structures of the anterior cranial fossa:
1.
Frontal crest.
2.
Foramen caecum.
3. Crista galli.
4. Cribriform plate of ethmoid (gives passage to olfactory nerve).
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
Middle Cranial
Fossa
* Formed by the following
bones:
* In the midline:
Sphenoid (body).
* On each side:
3
1- Sphenoid (greater wing).
2-b
1
2- Temporal bone:
a. Petrous part.
2-a
b. Squamous part.
3- Parietal bone.
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
Body
* Middle cranial fossa shows:
Greater wing of sphenoid which contains:
1. Sup. Orbital Fissure → gives
passage to nerves & vessels of
orbit.
2. F. Rotundum → gives passage
to maxillary nerve
3. F. Ovale.
4. F. Spinosum.
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
←1
←2
←3
←4
Post. Cranial
Fossa
* Formed by the following
bones:
* In the midline:
1
Occipital bone.
* Laterally-placed:
1- Petrous part of temporal
bone.
2
2- Parietal bone.
3- Occipital bone.
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
3
* Midline structures in the posterior cranial fossa :
1. Clivus (formed by: body of
sphenoid + basilar part of
occipital bone).
1
2
2. Foramen magnum.
3. Internal occipital crest.
3
4. Internal occipital
protuberance.
4
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
* Laterally-placed structures in the post. cranial fossa:
* Two sulci & 3 foramina:
1. Transverse sulcus (contains
transverse sinus).
2.Sigmoid sulcus (contains
sigmoid sinus).
3. Hypoglossal canal (gives
passage to hypoglossal nerve).
4. Jugular foramen (gives
passage to internal jugular
vein).
5. internal auditory meatus →
gives passage to 7th & 8th
cranial nerves).
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
5→
3→
4
2
1
You have to know & revise
The structures passing
through the different
foramina mentioned in
the lectures.
II. Mandible
A. The body
* External surface:
* The mental
foramen lies
midway between
upper & lower
nd
borders, below 2
premolar tooth.
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↑
* Internal surface :
•It shows the
mylohyoid line (↑).
•Below this line is the
submandibular fossa
(SM), while above
this line is the
sublingual fossa (SL).
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
SL
↑
SM
B. Ramus of mandible
* It has two surfaces.
1. The medial surface: shows
the mandibular foramen which
leads to mandibular canal.
•Projecting over the foramen
is the lingula .
•The mylohyoid groove starts
at the lower border of the
foramen.
2. The lateral surface: is flat
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** Upper border:
•Shows two process coronoid
anteriorly and condylar process
posteriorly and in between the
mandibular notch.
•The condylar process is
expanded to form the head of
the mandible.
•The constricted area below the
head is the neck.
•Angle of the mandible is the
area of meeting of body and the
ramus .
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
III. Cervical
Vertebrae
Transverse
Process
Foramen
Transversarium
Vertebral foramen
Atlas (C1)
Odontoid Process
(Dens)
Vertebral foramen
Spinous Process
Foramen
Transversarium
Axis (C2)
Odontoid Process
(Dens)
Vertebral foramen
Foramen
Transversarium
Vertebral foramen
Atlas (C1)
Transverse
Process
Spinous Process
Axis (C2)
Body
Transverse
Process
Foramen
Transversarium
Vertebral foramen
Spinous Process
(Bifid)
Typical Cervical Vertebra
7th Cervical Vertebra
Spine is long & not bifid
IV. Thoracic
Vertebrae
Body
Articular Process
Vertebral foramen
Body
Articular facet
Transverse
process
Pedicle
Lamina
Spinous Process
Body
Transverse
process
Spinous Process
Pedicle
Lamina
Vertebral foramen
Spinous Process
Body
The Thoracic Vertebrae
* 12 in number
* Each is formed of :
•Body
•Pedicle
•Transverse process
•Lamina
•Spine
•Vertebral foramen
•Articular facets
Dr. Ashraf Ramzy
V. Lumbar Vertebrae
& Sacrum
Sacrum
1
2
3
4
Transverse
process
5
Coccyx
Body
Spine
Lumber Vertebra
Lamina
Spinous Process
Transverse
process
Pedicle
Pedicle
Spinous Process
Body
Vertebral foramen
Transverse
process
Spinous Process
Lumber Vertebra
VI. Typical Ribs
Parts of a typical rib
•Vertebral end →
head, neck &
tubercle
•Shaft
•Sternal end →
groove for
attachment of
costal cartilage.
Dr. Ashraf Ramzy
VII. Sternum
Clavicular Notch
Manubrium
Jugular Notch
Sternal Angle
(Angle of Louis)
1
2
Costal Cartilage
3
Body
4
5
Xiphoid Process
Xiphisternal Joint
6
7
8
9
10
VIII. Bones of
Upper Limb
Upper Surface
(smooth)
Medial 2/3
(Concave posteriorly)
Medial end
(Sternal End)
Lateral End
(Acromial End)
Lateral 1/3
(Concave Anteriorly)
Right Clavicle
Upper Surface
(smooth)
Lateral End
(Acromial End)
Medial end
(Sternal End)
Lower Surface
(Rough)
Lateral End
(Acromial End)
Medial end
(Sternal End)
Right Clavicle
Superior
Angle
Suparaspinous Fossa
Acromion Process
Coracoid Process
Spine of scapula
Glenoid Cavity
Lateral Angle
Infraspinous Fossa
Subscapular Fossa
Inferior Angle
Acromion Process
Suparaspinous Fossa
Superior Angle
Superior Angle
Coracoid Process
Spine of scapula
Glenoid Cavity
Lateral Angle
Infraspinous Fossa
Subscapular Fossa
Inferior Angle
Inferior Angle
Acromion
Process
Coracoid
Process
Glenoid
Cavity
Spine of
scapula
Subscapular
Fossa
Infraspinous
Fossa
Inferior Angle
Head
Greater Tuberosity
Anatomical Neck
Surgical Neck
Body (Shaft)
Olecranon Fossa
Lateral Epicondyle
Medial Epicondyle
Head
Greater Tuberosity
Lesser Tuberosity
Anatomical Neck
Surgical Neck
Body (Shaft)
Coronoid Fossa
Medial Epicondyle
Trochlea
Radial Fossa
Lateral Epicondyle
Capitulum
Greater Tuberosity
Head
Greater Tuberosity
Lesser Tuberosity
Anatomical Neck
Surgical Neck
Body (Shaft)
Radial Fossa
Lateral Epicondyle
Capitulum
Coronoid Fossa
Medial Epicondyle
Trochlea
Olecranon Fossa
Lateral Epicondyle
Olecranon Process
Radius
Head
Coronoid Process
Neck
Ulna
Radial Notch
Olecranon Process
Radial Tuberosity
Trochlear Notch
Radius
Ulna
Coronoid Process
Radial Notch
Styloid Process
Ulnar Notch
Styloid Process
Head
Styloid Process
Trochlear Notch
Olecranon Process
Coronoid Process
Head
Radial Notch
Neck
Radial Tuberosity
Ulna
Radius
Lunate
Triquetrum
Scaphoid
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Hamate
1
Capitate
2
3
4
5
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Trapezoid
Trapezium
Capitate
Metacarpal bones:
Hamate
Phalanges:
- Base
- Body
- Head
- Base (Proximal)
- Body (Shaft)
5
1
4
3
2
- Head (Distal)
IX. Bones of
Lower Limb
Iliac Crest
Gluteal Surface
Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
(ASIS)
Posterior Superior Iliac Spine
(PSIS)
Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine
(AIIS)
Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine
(PIIS)
Acetabulum
Greater Sciatic Notch
Pubis:
- Superior pubic Ramus
Ischial Spine
- Body of pubis
Lesser Sciatic Notch
- Inferior pubic Ramus
Ischial tuberosity
Ischial Ramus
Obturator Foramen
Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
(ASIS)
Iliac Crest
Iliac Fossa
Pubic Symphysis
Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine
(AIIS)
Acetabulum
Pubis:
Obturator Foramen
- Superior pubic Ramus
- Body of pubis
Ischial tuberosity
- Inferior pubic Ramus
Ischial Ramus
Head
Greater Trochanter
Neck
Intertrochanteric Crest
Intertrochanteric Line
Lesser Trochanter
Lateral Epicondyle
Medial Epicondyles
Medial Condyles
Lateral Condyle
Intercondylar Fossa
(Notch)
Base
Base
Articular Facets
Apex
Apex
Patella
(Anterior Surface)
Patella
(Posterior Surface)
Medial Condyle
Head of Fibula
Lateral Condyle
Tibial tuberosity
Articulation Facet
for Fibula
Fibula
Tibia
Fibular Notch
Medial Malleolus
Lateral Malleolus
Medial Condyle
Lateral Condyle
Tibial tuberosity
Articulation Facet
for Fibula
Medial Malleolus
Fibular Notch
Tibia
Fibula
Talus
Lateral Malleolus
Navicular
Medial Cuneiform
Calcaneus
Intermediate Cuneiform
Cuboid
Tarsal Bones
Lateral Cuneiform
Phalanges:
2
Metatarsal Bones:
3
4
- Base (Proximal)
1
- Base
- Shaft
- Head
5
- Shaft
- Head (Distal)
Big Toe