Turkish Exporters’ Assembly
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN
TRADE REPORT
2017
Turkish Exporters’ Assembly
Dış Ticaret Kompleksi Çobançeşme Mevkii
Sanayi Cad. B Blok Kat:9 (34196) Yenibosna-İstanbul
Tel: 0212 454 04 90 / 454 04 91
Faks: 0212 454 04 13 / 454 04 83
tim@tim.org.tr
Production
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minister of economy
NİHAT ZEYBEKCİ
Turkish Economy Proved Its Strength In 2016
2008 mortgage crisis was the biggest financial crisis since the great depression, and
the global economy is yet to recover from
this disaster. In addition to this, the European Union, our major trading partner struggled with Brexit and Italian banking crisis in
2016. While there has been a recovery in the
US economy, which was followed by a boost in employment, concerns about Donald
Trump’s infrastructure plans and how will
they affect the economy caused an uncertainty in global economy. On the other hand,
large economies such as Japan, China and
Russia also failed to take the necessary steps
towards solving structural problems.
In the last 30 years, we observed a greater
growth in global trade, compared to global
GDP. However, this trend has started to reverse. Weak growth rate of global economy,
inevitably affected global trade in a negative
way. Especially the decline in developing countries’ currencies against the USD and low
oil and commodity prices caused an increase
in quantity while dropping the value of global
2
trade. Due to these effects, global trade increased by 1.3% in quantity while dropping by
3.3% in value. As for 2017, we anticipate a
rise in both the quantity and the value of global trade. Leading indicators are in the same
direction as well, global trade has increased
by 9.8% in 2017 Q1.
Being one of the important actors in global
economy, it is not possible to isolate Turkey
from the developments in global economy.
Turkish economy, which proved its worth after the 2008 global crisis, has grown by 2.9%
in 2016, despite the coup attempt and increasing political instability in neighboring countries. Thus, growing more than 19 EU countries,
and ranking 4th among the G20 countries.
When we look at Turkey’s foreign trade figures
of 2016, we see that the exports were 142.5
billion USD with a minimal decline of 0.9%,
while the imports were 198.6 billion USD with
a 4.2% drop, and the trade volume was 341.2
billion USD. However, when we include trade
in services, shuttle trade and the free zones,
Turkey’s trade volume exceeds 400 billion
USD. Following the same logic, our export/
import ratio gets close to 88%.
Analyzing the sector specific data, which
were announced by Turkish Exporters’ Assembly (TİM), we see that the automotive
sector is the top performer, followed by readymade garments and chemicals. In addition to this, there has been an increase in 10 of
the 27 sectors. Turkey has become worldwide exporter with 243 countries/regions as its
customers, increasing its exports to 9 of the
top 10 countries. In addition to these, Turkey
also increased the number of countries with
over 1 billion USD exports from 8 in 2002 to
30 in 2016. As for country groups, our exports to EU and Middle East were increased,
and EU’s share in total exports reached 48%.
In order to increase Turkey’s share in global
trade and strengthen our exporters’ competitiveness, we are continuing our efforts as
the Ministry of Economy. We are granting
continuous supports to our exporters, such
as creating roadmaps for new exporters, providing trade fair incentives, organizing trade
delegations and assisting them in overseas
with Turkish Trade Centers.
Furthermore, for the sake of easing Turkish
companies’ integration to global markets, we
are encouraging our exporters’ to register
to e-commerce portals as well as covering
their expenses in patenting, licensing, certification and after sales services on a project
by project basis to a certain extent. While
implementing these, we are also expanding
Turkish Eximbank’s capabilities to ease our
exporters’ access to capital as well as export
insurances.
Today, Turkey is a powerful country, which
is considered among the leaders of the future. Turkey can set its own course against the
global developments, while turning the crises
into opportunity. We will continue with our efforts to reach new heights together with our
exporters. I would like to express my gratitude to Turkish Exporters’ Assembly and its
valued personnel for creating this valuable
report, and wish our exporters a successful
year.
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 3
TİM Chaırman
MEHMET BÜYÜKEKŞİ
Foreign Trade and Economy Report
Celebrating Its 4th Year
After the 2008 global crisis, which spread to the world
from the US in the form of a “mortgage crisis”, it is hard
to say that the global trade has entered a stable and
sustainable growth period.
As a natural outcome of this phase, Turkey’s exports
were also affected by the last 8 years’ greatest decline
in global trade. With the rising instability in neighboring
countries, we experienced serious losses in our trade
with the regional partners. Moreover, we encountered
countless hardships in the year 2016, such as the failed
coup attempt and terrorist attacks. In addition to these,
we were also faced with a smearing campaign against
our country and economy. In order to reverse the effects
of this attack, we launched a movement to promote Turkish business environment under the leadership of our
Minister of Economy, together with TOBB. Our aim is to
relay the opinions of the CEOs of multinational corporations, which are operating in Turkey. We will reach out
to the global community with them and say “Come to
Turkey, Discover Your Own Story”.
Despite the unfavorable conditions, Turkey’s exports
dropped only by 0.9% in 2016, becoming 142.5 billion
USD. However, in an environment where the world trade
declined by 3.2% and top actors of the global trade recorded above 10% drops in their exports, this could be
considered as success. In this content, 2016 was a historic year for Turkish exporters. Turkey’s share in global
trade, which was 0.87% in 2015, rose to 0.89% in 2016.
Our objective is to increase Turkey’s share in global trade to 1.5% by 2023.
As Turkish Exporters’ Assembly, the representative of 67
thousand exporters, who employs more than 3.1 million
people, we emphasized the necessity of innovative production culture in achieving social and economic development. Together with our Exporters’ Associations,
we are working towards a transition to a knowledge
based and competitive economy. In our events throughout the year, we underlined the importance of R&D,
innovation, design and branding for Turkish economy
and the aimed breakthrough for competitive advantage
and sustainable socio-economic growth.
Furthermore, we are also focused on empowering our
exporters by providing information on global developments and new trends, in order to develop them into
trend setters. As Turkish Exporters’ Assembly our main
purpose is, as it was before, to develop Turkey into a
center of attraction through production and export.
Within this framework, we prepared this report for all
exporters and entrepreneurs, who can be considered as potential exporters, with the vision of creating
a roadmap for the next era. Celebrating the 4th year
of this comprehensive report, I would like to express
my deepest gratitude to everyone involved in this
project.
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 5
AUTHOR’S PREFACE
Turkey continues to achieve a high level of
integration with global economies and markets
in the field of commodity trade.
As of 2016, Turkey has become the 31st
greatest exporter and 20th greatest importer in
the world, thanks to such integration. Turkey
keeps working to fulfill its export goal of USD
500 billion set for 2023.
2023 export strategy, put into force within
the scope of the goal above, constitutes an
important road map for foreign trade. For
Turkey to meet its long-term export targets, it
is important to review and evaluate export and
foreign trade realizations over the years and to
improve export strategies.
Economy and Foreign Trade Report was
drawn up to analyze and evaluate Turkey’s
economic and mainly foreign trade data
in detail. It aims to contribute to the
implementation of overall and sector-specific
foreign trade policies.
Economy and Foreign Trade Report consists
of eight sections. In all sections, world trade
and Turkey’s foreign trade are reviewed in
detail and the developments in the last three
years are evaluated.
We hope Economy and Foreign Trade Report
contributes to 2023 export strategy and
export-related targets of Turkey.
Sincerely,
Dr. Can Fuat GÜRLESEL
6
Table Of Contents
14
14
14
16
17
19
20
21
23
Section I Developments And Trends In
The World Trade
I.1 Main Developments In World Economy And Their Effects On World Trade
1.1.1 Growth Of The World Economy
I.1.2 General Trends In The World Economy
I.1.3 Effects Of Main Developments In The World
Economy On The World Trade
I.3 General Trends In World Trade
I.4 Export In Respect Of Regions And Countries
I.5 Import In Respect Of Regions And Countries
I.6 Export In Respect Of Sectors
78
78
78
80
81
82
83
83
26
Section Ii Developments In Turkish Economy And Foreign Trade
26
II.1 Economy Policies And Determinants In Turkey
26
II.2 Developments Related To Main Economic Indicators
27
II.3 Central Bank’s Monetary Policy And Financial
Indicators
29
II.4 Developments In Main Foreign Trade Indicators
30
II.5 Net Export And Its Contribution To Economic
Growth
30
Ii.6 Current Account Balance And Commodity Trade
31
II.7 Developments In Economic Activities And Export-Import Relationship
31
II 7.1 Export And Economic Activities
33
II 7.2 Import And Economic Activities
36
36
36
38
39
39
40
41
43
44
44
46
46
49
49
50
62
Section Iii Export
III.1 Main Export Indicators
III.1.1 Total Export And Our Place In World Com
modity Export
III.1.2 Export In Respect To Economic Activities And Large Economic Groups
III.1.3 Export In Respect To Foreign Currencies And Performed In Try
III.1.4 Export In Respect To Payment Methods And Transportation Means
III.2 Manufacturing Industry Export In Respect To
Technological Density
III.3 Price And Amount Related Developments In
Export
III.4 Export In Provinces
III.5 Export By Country Groups And Countries
III.5.1 Export By Country Groups
III.5.2 Export By Country Countries
III.6 Export By Company Scales And Export
Concentration
III.7 Export By Main And Subsection Groups
III.7.1 Export By Main Section Groups
III.7.2 Export By Subsection Groups
III.8 Export By Countries And Sections
85
85
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87
88
88
89
101
116
116
116
120
121
121
126
126
126
127
129
130
Section Iv Import
IV.1 Main Import Indicators
IV.1.1 Total Import And Our Place In World
Commodity Import
IV.1.2 Import In Respect To Economic Activities
And Large Economic Groups
IV.1.3 Import In Respect To Foreign Currencies And Performed In Try
IV.1.4 Import In Respect To Payment Methods And Transportation Means
IV.2 Manufacturing Industry Import In Respect To
Technological Density
IV.3 Price And Amount Related Developments
In Import
IV.4 Import In Provinces
IV.5 Import By Country Groups And Countries
IV.5.1 Import By Country Groups
IV.5.2 Import By Countries
IV.6 Import By Company Scales And Import Concentration
IV.7 Import By Main And Subsection Groups
IV.7.1 Import By Main Section Groups
IV.7.2 Import By Subsection Groups
IV.8 Import By Countries And Sections
Section V Net Export
V.2 Net Export By Sections
V.2 Net Export By Sections
V.3 Net Export Analysis In The Context Of Com
panies And Sections
V.3.1 Evaluation Of Countries On The Basis Of Sections
V.3.2 Evaluation Of Sections On The Basis Of Countries
Section Vı Turkey’s Foreign
Trade Policy
VI.1 General Review
VI.2 Eu And Customs Union, And Foreign Trade
VI.3 Foreign Trade With Regional Organizations
VI.4 Free Trade Agreements And Their Effect On
Foreign Trade
VI.5 Foreign Trade Contributions And Effects
132
Section Vii Review Of Long-Term Ex
port Targets
132
VII.1 Global Trends And Their Effects On Turkey
132
VII.2 Export Performances Of Countries
On Global Scale
134
VII.3 Turkey’s 2023 Export Targets
And Realizatations
140
Section Viii Strategic Evaluation And
Suggestions
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 7
INTRODUCTION
Executive Summary
The Growth of World Economy Fall Short of The
Expectations in 2016
World economy achieved a growth rate of 2.4 percent in
2016, which was again below the expectations and its potential. Developed countries grew by 2.1 percent and 1.7
percent in 2015 and 2016 respectively. Growth performances of developing countries were also weak in 2016. Developing countries achieved 4.1 percent growth rate in 2016.
World economy Witnessed 7 Main Trends
Which Were Decisive in World Economy in 2016
Seven main trends: monetary policies of developed countries; transition to new growth model and economic
slowdown in Chinese economy; Brexit, which is United
Kingdom’s decision to withdraw from full European Union
Membership; USA presidential elections and Trumpeconomics expectations; powerful dollar and steadier global
financial markets in the second half of the year; first over
depression and then recovery of oil prices; and recovery
of commodity prices.
Developments and Trends in World
Economy Directly or Indirectly
Affected World Commodity Trade
Expansionary monetary policies of Central Banks in
the developed countries and extension of terminating
these policies over a period positively affected world
commodity trade. Continuous growth in Eurozone supported the increase in import and positively contributed
to world trade. With the effect of Trump, expectation
towards the recovery of economic activities led to the
increase in export orders. The slowdown in developing
countries, particularly in China, limits the increase in
commodity demand. Consolidation of unused capacities and slowdown in investments negatively affects the
demand for investment commodity and the trade.
World Commodity Trade
Shrank By 3.2 Percent in 2016
World commodity trade shrank twice successively for the
first time. Commodity trade shrank by 10.9 and 3.2 percent in 2015 and 2016 respectively. Basing on this recession, while world commodity trade was USD 16.48 trillion
in 2015, it decreased to USD 15.96 trillion in 2016. With 1.3
percent, the amount-based growth of world commodity trade experienced the weakest growth for all periods in 2016.
Commodity Prices Subject To World Trade
Continued To Decrease in 2016
Compared with the previous year, prices of petroleum and energy products subject to trade decreased
bu 15.7 percent in 2016. Prices of metal, which are
also subject to trade, dropped by 5.4 percent. After
many years, average prices of manufacturing industry
products decreased by 5.4 percent for the first time.
8
Prices of food products increased by 2.0 percent.
There Are Significant Trends That
Affect World Commodity Trade in 2016
A substantial slowdown in foreign trade commodity
demand and introversion. Ongoing decrease in trade
elasticity of income growth. Stiffening of protectionism
trends, decrease in trade agreements, restrictive effect
of slowdown in developing countries on import demand,
restrictive effect of unused capacities on the investment
trends and investment commodity trend, on-going restrictive effect of economic slowdown in China on the increase of export to this country, slowdown in the growth
of global supply chain, low trend in average prices of
industrial products.
Export Decreased in All Sectors
The most significant determinants of export in respect of
sectors in 2016 were decreases in the prices of commodities subject to trade. In this respect, export decreased in
all subsections of agricultural raw materials and food-agricultural products, petroleum-natural gas-mining products
and manufacturing industry products in 2016.
Turkish Economy Grew By 2.9 Percent
2016 consisted of two separate periods. In the first half of
the year, economic activities were invigorated and economic
growth accelerated. However, economic activities became
static after July 15, and economy shrank in the third quarter.
Along with the precautions taken and supports provided,
growth rate increased to 3.5 percent once again in the third
quarter. Thus, economic growth was 2.9 percent in 2016.
National Income Accounting Method Is
Renewed, National Income Increased
Turkish Statistical Institute changed the method used
for accounting national income in 2016. National income
increased by 10.9 percent basing on fixed prices. In this
respect, national income was USD 857 billion and income
per capita was USD 10,807 in 2016.
Turkey’s Sovereign Credit rating Was
Downgraded to Non-investment
Due to political uncertainty and mounting economic and
financial risks in the second half of 2016, Turkey’s sovereign credit rating, which was awarded in 2013, was downgraded to non-investment.
Turkish Lira Depreciated by 20 Percent in 2016
Turkish Lira gradually depreciated by 20 percent on basket basis throughout the year in 2016. Due to the decrease
in EUR-USD parity, Turkish Lira mainly depreciated against
USD. The fact that Central Bank remained unresponsive for
the depreciation of Turkish Lira accelerated such depreciation.
Global and Regional Developments
Affected Foreign Trade
World commodity trade’s shrinking in especially value
affected Turkey’s foreign trade indicators. While valuebased recessions were experienced, amount-based
growths were also witnessed. Developments in the parities and decreases in energy and commodity prices were
determinative. The decline in energy prices had an impact
particularly on the decrease in import. Another significant
factor that affects export is the geopolitical developments
in the major export markets.
Export, Import and Foreign Trade
Deficit Decreased Together
Export decreased by 0.9 percent and amounted to USD 142.5
billion in 2016. With a 4.2 percent decline, import decreased
to USD 198.6 billion. Annual foreign trade deficit decreased to
USD 56.0 billion. With 71.8 percent, the rate of import coverage by export reached the highest level in the last five years.
Commodity and Services Export
Negatively Contributed to The Growth
Commodity and services export decreased by 2.0 in
2016. Thus, commodity and services export negatively
contributed to the growth. Commodity and service import
increased by 3.9 percent. The Economic growth rate was
2.9 percent in 2016. Growth was achieved by public consumption expenditures and investment expenditures in
part. Export negatively contributed to the growth.
Decrease In Commodity Trade
Sustained Current Account Deficit
Among current account balance items of Turkey, commodity trade and other income-expenditure had a deficit, while services and current transfers had a surplus. In
2016, the deficit in commodity trade balance decreased
to USD 40.8 billion and sustained current account deficit.
Decrease in Export Is Less Than
Decrease in World Export Level
Export both in Turkey and across the world also decreased
in 2016. Turkey’s rate of decrease in export, which was 0.9
percent, was below world’s decrease rate of 3.2 percent.
Our Share in World Commodity
Export Increased to 0.89 Percent
Turkey’s share in world commodity trade increased to 0.89
percent in 2016. This share which was 0.83 percent in 2013
increased to 0.85 percent in 2014 and 0.87 in 2015. Our share has been increasing for the last four years through export.
Our Rank Number 31 in World
Export Did Not Change in 2016
With an export amounting to USD 142.5 billion, Turkey
maintained its rank as the 31st country in the world export, and the rank did not change in 2016. Compared
with the first 30 major exporters, Turkey is among the
countries which decreased its export in a relatively limi-
ted manner in 2016 with 0.9 percent.
Maximum Export Level Pertains To
Low-Technology Products
Turkey’s export of manufacturing industry products in
2016 amounted to USD 133.65 billion. With 35.1 percent, the highest share in the manufacturing industry
export belongs to products with low technological density. Export of products with high technological density
dropped from 3.6 to 3.5 percent.
Export Increased in Quantity
By 4.1 Percent in 2016
Export of Turkey increased in quantity by 4.1 percent in
2016. Despite shrinking of global demand, export of Turkey has been increasing in amount for the last three years.
The increase was higher in 2016.
Decrease in Turkey’s Unit Export Value Is Higher
Than The Decrease in World’s Unit Export Value
The decrease in Turkey’s export unit values was higher
than the decreases experienced across the world in 2016.
While drops of energy and commodity prices across the
world were limited, prices of manufacturing industry products mainly exported by Turkey decreased.
Export in Euro Surpassed Export in USD
After many years, export in EUR surpassed export in USD
for the first time in 2016. Recession in the markets to which
export is performed in USD and expansion in EU market
were effective. While the share of export in EUR increased
to 48.2 percent in 2016, the share of export in USD dropped by 4.7 points and decreased to 42.6 percent.
Performances of Exporting
Provinces Differed in 2016
In 2016, export of the first 20 provinces dropped by 1.4
percent in comparison with the previous year, and decreased from USD 125.1 billion to USD 123.4 billion. Besides,
the export performances of the first 20 provinces differed.
Out of the first 20 provinces, 7 of them increased their
exports. Export of 13 provinces, on the other hand, decreased in 2016. Export increased in the provinces where
automotive industry is predominant.
Share of EU Countries in Export
Increased to 48.0 Percent
Export share of EU countries in country groups kept increasing in 2016 and reached to 48.0 percent. Share of North
American countries increased from 4.9 percent to 5.2
percent. Share of Near and Middle Eastern countries was
22.0 percent. Share of other European Countries decreased from 9.8 percent to 6.8 percent. With 6.8 percent,
share of Asian countries is still under the potential.
Our Share in The First 30 Export
Markets Decreased By 0.3 Point
Shares of our first 30 export markets in our total export
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 9
INTRODUCTION
have increased for the last three years and decreased in
2016. Both the increase and the decrease were limited.
Share of the first 30 countries in our total export in 2016
dropped by 0.3 point and decreased to 78.2 percent.
Number of Companies with Export
Amount of Over 1 Billion US Dollars in 2016 Is 9
The number of companies that performed export at an amount of over 1 billion USD was 9 both in 2015 and 2016. The
number of companies, whose export amount is between USD
100 million and USD 1 billion decreased from 136 to 123. Total 132 companies with an export amount of more than USD
100 million performs 37.6 percent of the whole export.
Import Increased in Amount
By 3.9 Percent in 2016
Turkey’s Import Experienced
A More Rapid Slowdown
In 2016 Turkey’s import increased by 3.9 percent in amount. Despite of economic slowdown and precautions taken, import has not experienced any decrease in amount
for the last five years. Increase in foreign exchange rates
did not also lead to an amount-based decrease in import.
World commodity import decreased by 3.2 percent in
USD value in 2016. Turkey’s commodity import, on the
other hand, dropped by 4.2 percent in 2016. Decrease in
the Turkey’s commodity import was more than the decrease in world commodity import in 2016. This was caused
by Turkey’s high-level of dependency on energy import
where prices substantially went down.
Import of investment commodities increased by 2.9 percent and reached to USD 35.9 billion. Share of investment
commodities’ import increased from 16.8 percent to 18.1
percent in 2016. Investment commodity import’s share
raised bu 3.3 points in 2015-2016.
Turkey’s Share In World Commodity
Import Decreased to 1.21 Percent
Maximum Decrease of Import Is in
Other European Countries Including Russia
While the share of Turkey’s commodity import in world
commodity import amounted to 1.24 percent in 2015, it
decreased to 1.21 percent in 2016. Share of Turkey in world
import decreased by 0.14 points in the last three years.
Import of Turkey witnessed different developments in all
country groups in 2016. Import of energy, commodity
and manufacturing industry products was determinative
in this variation. Hence, import from Other European Countries, including Russia from which we import petroleum
and natural gas, decreased by 22.1 percent.
Moving One Level Up Turkey Became The 20th
Largest Importer of The World
Recently, Turkey has been one the first twenty countries
among the world’s most important commodity importers
and moved down to rank 21st with an import of USD 207
billion in 2015. Despite of decrease in its import in 2016,
Turkey again rank the 20th largest importer of the world
with USD 198 billion.
Import of Investment Commodities Increased
Out of 26 Selected Countries, Turkey Was
Qualified As Net Exporter of Twelve Countries
Usage Share of Turkish Lira In Import Increases
Turkey became the net exporter of twelve of 26 countries
selected in 2016. This number was 7 and 10 countries in
2014 and 2015 respectively. The number of countries to
which Turkey serves as net exporter has been increasing for
the last three years. Our net export to 12 countries to which
we served as a net exporter decreased to USD 22.1 in 2016.
Turkish Lira’s share in import still increases. In 2016, import equal to USD 14.3 billion was in TRY. Import share
of Turkish Lira increased from 6.5 to 7.2 percent in 2016.
The Number of Sections Turkey Serves As Net
Exporter Increased To 12
Medium-High Technology Products Have The
Highest Share in Turkey’s Total Import
Imports of sectors and their shares in total import are
evaluated in terms of technological density. Medium-high
technology products have the highest share in Turkey’s
total import. Import of medium-high technology products
increased by 1.5 percent and amounted to USD 75.0 billion in 2016. Its share in total import reached 44.9 percent.
Import Prices Decrease Along
With Recession in Global Prices
Within the scope of sector-based developments in import unit prices, import unit prices of mineral fuel and oils
10
experienced the maximum decrease with 27.6 percent,
in parallel with the decrease in petroleum prices in 2016.
Import unit prices of other important products also went
down. Import unit prices of chemical industry and related
products dropped and processed goods under major categories dropped by 8.4 and 7.4 percent respectively. However, import unit prices of machinery and vehicles as well
as various manufactured goods increased, though limited.
Out of 29 foreign trade sections specified as of 2016,
Turkey is the net exporter of 12 sections. Among 28
foreign trade section group created in 2015, Turkey
became net exporter of 10 sections. Compared with
2015, total net export of sections, which Turkey served
as net exporter, dropped only by 0.4 percent and decreased to USD 34.65 billion in 2016.
Total Deficit in 17 Sections Having
Deficit Decreased By 7.9 Percent
17 sections, which Turkey was qualified as net importer
in 2016, were specified. Only 1 section is less than the
sections in 2015. Compared with 2015, total net import
or deficit of these sections dropped by 7.9 percent and
decreased to 93.6 percent to USD 86.2 billion. Recession
in net import mainly caused by decreases in import.
Customs Union’s Effect of Expanding Mutual
Trade With European Union Still Prevails
Customs Union still expands mutual trade between Turkey and European Union. Thus, share of foreign trade volume with European Union in Turkey’s foreign trade volume has been re-increasing since 2013. This rate gradually
increased and reached 42.8 percent in 2016.
Recession in Foreign Trade with Regional
Establishments and Organizations
It is obvious that Turkey’s share of foreign trade with
regional establishments for the last three years in total foreign trade volume decreased. In 2016, share of
Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization declined to 10.9 and 5.1 percent respectively. Share of The
Organization of Islamic Cooperation, on the other hand,
increased from 18.6 percent to 18.9 percent in 2016.
Volume of foreign trade with all these three organizations definitely decreased.
Volume of Foreign Trade As Per Free
Trade Agreements (FTA) Is Still Limited
In 2016, while export to countries which we implement the
terms of FTA dropped by 6.2 percent and decreased to
USD 17.62 billion, import increased to USD 16.98 billion.
Total trade volume dropped by 6.3 percent and decreased to USD 34.6 billion.
Deficit of Foreign Trade with Countries
Under FTA Over-Decreased
Within the framework of foreign trade with countries
under FTA, Turkey has deficit with 3 countries and
surplus with the others. Countries that Turkey has
trade deficit include South Korea, Chile and Malaysia.
Turkey has trade surplus with EFTA region and other
countries. As for the total foreign trade with countries under the scope of FTA, deficit amounted to USD
3.73 billion in 2015 and decreased to USD 648 million
in 2016. This recession caused by substantial decrease in gold export to Switzerland which is included in
EFTA countries.
Ratio of Total Export Support
To Import Increased
Export supports are calculated as USD 550.3 million in
2014, USD 435.8 million in 2015 and USD 566.0 million
in 2016. Ratio of total export supports to export was 0.35
percent in 2014, decreased to 0.30 percent in 2015 and
increased to 0.40 percent in 2016.
Maximum Decrease in Export Between
2014-2016 Pertains To China
Along with trends and conditions in global economy and
trade, a sharp fall was experienced in world commodity
trade in 2015 and 2016. Exports of all important exporting
countries decreased. Maximum decrease in export between 2014-2016 definitely pertains to China, the largest
exporting country, with USD 245 billion
Out of The First 30 Exporters, Turkey Was One
of 14 Countries Increasing Their Export Shares
Between 2014-2016
Out of the first 30 largest exporters, export shares of 14
countries increased while export shares of other 16 countries decreased between 2014-2016. Turkey achieved
to be one of the 14 countries increasing their export shares, though limited. Although Turkey’s export definitely
decreased in 2014-2016 period, its share in world export
increased by 0.04 points.
Turkey’s Export Decreasing in
2016 Was Below the Goal
Although export goal for 2016 was set as USD 230.0 billion in export strategy document and USD 155.0 billion
in medium-term program, export was recorded as USD
142.5 billion
Share in World Trade Remained 0.26 Points Below 2016 Goal
In Turkey’s 2023 export strategy, share to be taken in
world commodity trade was also set as a goal. However,
share achieved in the world commodity trade is below
the targeted share. Although the goal was 1.15 percent in
2016, the actual share was 0.89 percent. Thus, achieved
share was 0.26 points below the goal.
Our Export Share Among the
First 30 Largest Importers Increased
from 0.62 Percent to 0.63 Percent
Export of Turkey to the first 30 countries that cover almost 85 percent of the world import amounted to USD
84.0 billion in 2015 and decreased to USD 83.15 billion in
2016. Besides, Turkey’s share in the import of the first 30
markets was 0.62 percent in 2015 and increased to 0.63
percent in 2016.
Export Goal Realization Rates of Sectors
Were 57.1 Percent in 2016
In 2023 Export Strategy, the total export goal of 26 subsectors for 2016 was set as USD 230.0 billion. However,
export achieved was USD 131.4 billion. Realization rate
of the 2016 export goal, which was set as USD 230 billion excluding gold, was 57.1 percent. This rate was 64.4
percent in 2015.
Export Has to Increase by 23.4 Percent
on Average Annually for Sectors To
Fulfill Their 2023 Targets
When export volumes achieved in 2016 were compared
with 2023 targets, it is concluded that Turkey’s sectorbased export should increase by 23.4 percent annually.
In 24 sub-sectors, export needs to achieve average
two-digit increases until 2023 each year.
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 11
1
DEVELOPMENTS
AND TRENDS
IN THE WORLD
TRADE
1
DEVELOPMENTS AND TRENDS
IN THE WORLD TRADE
I.1 MAIN DEVELOPMENTS IN WORLD ECONOMY
AND THEIR EFFECTS ON WORLD TRADE
1.1.1 GROWTH OF THE WORLD
ECONOMY
The Growth of World Economy Fall Short of
The Expectations in 2016
The World economy achieved a growth rate of 2.4 percent
in 2016, and it was, once again, below the expectations and
the potential. The world economy grew 2.4 percent in 2016
and fell below its growth rate in 2015, which was 2.6 percent. The growth rate in 2016 is quite below the anticipated
rate at the beginning of the year, 3.0 percent. The growth of
the world economy has weakened during the last two years.
Four main factors have led the growth of the global trade
to remain below the expectations and its potential. The first
factor is the fluctuation and pressure caused by the normalization in the monetary policy of the USA Central Bank,
FED. The second one is the economic slowdown, which is
commonly experienced by developing countries that primarily export energy and commodity. The third factor is the
weakening that results from tension, opposition and geopolitical developments in the Middle East. The fourth one is
the effects of United Kingdom’s plan to withdraw from full
European Union membership.
Different Growth Trends
in the World Economy
After the global crisis, the world economy could not start a
period of steady and consistent growth. The growth in 2016
was not steady either. Growth performances of the developed countries in 2016 were below the recovery achieved
in the last two years. Developed countries experienced a
growth recovery with 1.8 percent and 2.1 percent in 2014
FIGURE.1 GROWTH OF THE WORLD ECONOMY
PERCENTAGE OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
2014
2015
4,6
4,1
4,1
4
2,7
2,6
2,4
1,8
2
2,1
1,7
1
0
world
DEVELOPED
COUNTRIES
SOURCE: IMF WORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK APRIL 2017
14
COUNTRIES
2014
2015
2016
WORLD
2,7
2,6
2,4
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
1,8
2,1
1,7
USA
2,4
2,6
1,6
EURO ZONE
0,9
2,0
1,7
EU 28
1,4
2,3
2,0
JAPAN
0,0
1,2
1,0
OTHER DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
2,8
2,0
2,2
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
4,6
4,1
4,1
CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
2,8
3,7
3,0
CIS
1,0
-2,8
0,3
ASIA
6,8
6,7
6,4
MIDDLE EAST AND N. AFRICA
2,7
2,5
3,9
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
5,0
3,4
1,4
LATIN AMERICA
1,3
0,1
-1,0
SOURCE: IMF WORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK APRIL 2017
and 2015 respectively. However, the growth rate declined
to 1.7 percent in 2016. A slowdown in growth has been observed particularly in the USA, Eurozone, and the European
Union. The growth performances of developing countries
were also weak in 2016. Following a growth of 4.6 percent
in 2014, developing countries achieved 4.1 percent growth
rate in 2015 and 2016. The transformation of the Chinese
economy, effects of new global financial circumstances,
low prices of energy and commodity and geopolitical developments adversely affected the growth performances of
developing countries.
Promising to accelerate economic growth, Donald Trump
won the Presidential elections held in the USA in 2016. After
the results of the elections held in November, expectations
for the growth of USA and world economy for 2017 raised.
2016
5
3
TABLE.1 GROWTH OF WORLD ECONOMY PERCENTAGE
DEVOLOPİNG
CAUNTRIES
Different Growth Performances in
Developed and Developing Countries
Growth performances of developed and developing countries that steer the world economy displayed different trends
in 2016.
With a growth rate of 1.6 percent in 2016, USA fell below
its growth rate in 2015, which was 2.4 percent. Expectations towards FED interest increase and adverse weather
conditions in the USA particularly during the first half ad-
versely affected the growth. In the second half of the year,
the growth started to speed up. Basing on the accelerating
growth performance, USA Central Bank FED put the longexpected interest increase into force in December.
In 2015, after getting out of the recession she re-entered
in 2014, Japan achieved a weak growth in 2016 at 0.9 percent.
Economic growth of Eurozone significantly recovered in
2014 and 2015. This growth recovery continued in the first
half of 2016. However, the uncertainties arising from United
Kingdom’s planned withdrawal EU slowed down the growth
in the second half of the year. The growth decreased to 1.8
percent in England. Germany sustained a growth rate of 1.8
TABLE 2. GROWTH OF DEVELOPED COUNTRIES IN PERCENTAGE
COUNTRIES
2014
2015
2016
USA
2,4
2,6
1,6
GERMANY
1,6
1,5
1,8
JAPAN
0,0
1,2
1,0
CANADA
2,5
0,9
1,4
ENGLAND
2,9
2,2
1,8
AUSTRALIA
2,7
2,4
2,5
FRANCE
0,2
1,3
1,2
ITALY
-0,4
0,7
0,9
SPAIN
1,4
3,2
3,2
SOUTH KOREA
3,3
2,6
2,8
SOURCE: IMF WORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK APRIL 2017
percent. Spain achieved a relatively rapid growth with 3.2
percent growth rate. France experienced a weak recovery
with 1.2 percent growth rate. Following the year 2015, Italy
again grew at 0.9 percent in 2016.
Among other developed countries, Canada, Australia and
South Korea’s growth rates in 2016 were similar to those in
the previous year.
Along with the acceleration in economic growths of developed countries, significant improvements were observed
TABLE 3. UNEMPLOYMENT RATES IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
COUNTRIES
2014
2015
in unemployment the greatest problem of post-global crisis era. Unemployment decreased particularly in Euro Zone
and the European Union in 2016 as well as USA and England. Unemployment in Euro Zone saw one-digit numbers
with 9.6 percent. The USA, where the unemployment rate
was 4.9 percent, returned to the lowest levels. With a rate of
4.8 percent, unemployment in England is at its lowest level
since the global crisis.
For developing countries which serve as the second driver
of the world economy, slowdown, especially in the Chinese
economy, is decisive. The Chinese economy grew at 6.7
percent in 2016. In 2016, Chinese economy retained the
transition process from a growth model based on export
and new investments to a growth model in which domestic
consumption contributes more to the growth. Accordingly,
growth in the Chinese economy slows down. In 2016, the
slowdown in China continued to adversely affect growths of
other developing countries which China has strong economic and commercial relationships.
Reform-oriented policies of the new ruling government of
India kept supporting rapid growth. India achieved a rapid
growth in 2016 with 6.8 percent.
Russia’s growth was adversely affected by unfavorable effects of sanctions mutually executed with Western countries as well as rather low prices of energy and commodity in
2016. Russian economy shrank by 3.7 and 0.2 percent in
2015 and 2016 respectively.
Due to its high level of dependency on the export of energy
and commodity, Brazil is among the countries most affected by the drop in prices that began in 2015. Brazilian economy shrank by 3.8 and 3.6 percent in 2015 and 2016 respectively. Bearing similar features, South Africa grew less
than the previous year with 0.3 percent growth rate in 2016.
Poland is gradually becoming the new industrial center of
European Union and achieves relatively rapid growth. Increasing its growth rate to 3.6 in 2015, Poland grew at 3.1
TABLE 4. GROWTH OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN PERCENTAGE
COUNTRIES
2014
2015
2016
CHINA
7,3
6,9
6,7
INDIA
7,3
7,6
6,8
2016
RUSSIA
0,6
-3,7
-0,2
0,1
-3,8
-3,6
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
7,3
7,0
6,5
BRAZIL
USA
6,2
5,3
4,9
MEXICO
2,3
2,6
2,3
EURO ZONE
11,6
10,9
9,6
SOUTH AFRICA
1,5
1,3
0,3
JAPAN
3,6
3,4
3,1
INDONESIA
5,0
4,8
5,0
ENGLAND
6,2
5,4
4,8
MALAYSIA
6,0
5,0
4,2
CANADA
6,9
6,9
6,8
POLAND
3,4
3,6
2,8
OTHER DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
4,7
4,6
4,4
SAUDI ARABIA
3,6
4,1
1,4
SOURCE: IMF WORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK DATABASE 2017
SOURCE: IMF WORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK APRIL 2017
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 15
1
DEVELOPMENTS AND tRENDS
IN THE WORLD TRADE
cember 2015 for the first time and greeted 2016 with an
expectation of several increases. However, these expectations led to massive losses in global financial markets in the
first quarter of the year. Thus, FED lowered the interest increase expectations at the end of March and relieved global
financial markets. After that, as a result of United Kingdom’s
planned withdrawal from EU and expectations created by
USA’s Presidential elections in the second half of the year,
FED could raise the interest rate in December only once.
Although FED could raise the interest rate only once, USA
Dollar closed the year with appreciation as Trump won the
elections. European Central Bank also kept implementing
monetary expansion measures it increased in 2015 during
the whole 2016 and did not give a date or sign for terminating expansionary policies due to Brexit decision. Expansionary monetary policies of European Central Bank started
to yield favorable results in 2016. While inflation rate notably
increased, unemployment fell to one-digit numbers.
Before Brexit decision, Central Bank of England, which
was expected to terminate expansionary monetary policies as FED did, kept implementing supportive measures for
markets during the post-Brexit period. Pound sterling significantly depreciated after Brexit decision.Central Bank of
Japan sustained expansionary monetary policies and the
lowest interest rates in the history during the year. Among
the developed countries, Switzerland, Denmark, and Sweden adopted negative interest rate policy during 2016.
Central Bank of China took various measures to avoid depreciation of Chinese Yuan throughout 2016. Reserves were
significantly used, and bands of fluctuations were widened
three times. Yuan’s stability assured by the precautions taken had a favorable impact on the currencies of other developing countries.
FIGURE.2 GROWTH IN BRIC COUNTRIES
PERCENTAGE OF GROWTH IN BRIC COUNTRIES
10
8
7,3
6,9
6
7,6
7,3
6,8
6,7
4
2
0,6
0
-2
0,1
INDIA
CHINA
-0,2
-4
-6
2014
2015
RUSSIA
BRAZIL
-3,7
-3,8
-3,6
2016
SOURCE: IMF WORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK APRIL 2017
percent in 2016.
Thanks to the recovery in the USA, Mexico managed to attain a growth rate of 2.6 percent in 2015. However, during
the USA’s Presidential election period and after election results, President Trump’s policy preferences related to Mexico adversely affected growth in Mexico, and growth rate
decreased to 2.3 percent in 2016.
Although affected by the slowdown in China and prices of
the commodity, economic growth rates for Indonesia and
Malaysia were relatively high. Due to low oil prices, economic growth in Saudi Arabia fell to 1.4 percent in 2016.
I.1.2 GENERAL TRENDS IN
THE WORLD ECONOMY
The World economy witnessed seven main trends which
were decisive for the world economy in 2016.
1- Monetary Policies of Developed Countries
2- Transformation in Chinese Economy, New
Growth Model, and Economic Slowdown
Monetary policies of the Central Banks in the developed
countries which implement the lowest interest rates of the
history through extraordinary expansionary monetary policies after the global crisis were still decisive in the global
economy in 2016.
The USA’s Central Bank FED raised interest rates in De-
In 2016, Chinese economy sustained economic transformation which was started to be implemented as of the
beginning of 2015. China has been transforming its longlasting growth model based on investments and export
to a domestic-demand based growth model. Thus, its
FIGURE.3 EUR-USD PARITY
1,4
EUR-USD PARITY
1,35
1,3
1,25
1,2
1,15
1,1
16
DECEMBER 2016
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER
SEPTEMBER
JULY
AUGUST
MAY
JUNE
APRİL
MARCH
JANUARY
FEBRUARY
DECEMBER 2015
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER
SEPTEMBER
JULY
AUGUST
MAY
JUNE
APRİL
MARCH
JANUARY
FEBRUARY
DECEMBER 2014
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER
SEPTEMBER
JULY
AUGUST
JUNE
MAY
APRİL
MARCH
JANUARY
FEBRUARY
1
DECEMBER 2013
1,05
SOURCE: T.R. CENTRAL BANK
OIL PRICES OF BRENT BARREL USD
94,7
110,0
106,0
103,2
107,8
APRİL
108,2
109İ6
112,4
106,4
109,1
110,9
120,0
FEBRUARY
FIGURE.4 OIL PRICES OF BRENT BARREL/USD
85,9
100,0
57,0
48,3
50,5
47,0
49,1
49,0
49,7
42,5
48,1
MAY
50,0
APRİL
37,3
35,5
40,0
49,6
44,5
54,2
49,8
60,0
48,4
62,6
62,2
55,3
57,3
70,0
53,0
80,0
66,8
67,5
70,2
90,0
40,0
economic growth rate has been decreasing from average
levels of 10-11 percent to 6-7 percent range. After many
years, import and export in Chinese economy declined,
and growth of investments slowed down in 2016. China
has been gradually termination its discretionary supports.
Transformation in China, the second largest economy of
the globe, affects the rest of world. Acceleration in the
economic slowdown of China and depreciation of Yuan in
the first half of 2016 caused worries and led to losses in
global financial markets. Thanks to the precautions taken
in the second half of the year, fluctuation became less effective. However, a slowdown in China kept slowing down
the economies of countries dependent upon it in 2016.
During the transformation process, the Chinese economy
has also consolidated unused capacities previously created in the manufacturing industry. Thus, investments in
new capacities on a global scale became less in 2016.
3- Brexit; United Kingdom’s Planned
Withdrawal from the European Union
It was an unexpected development that the United Kingdom planned to withdraw from full European Union membership through a referendum held in June 2016, and such
decision again caused worries particularly regarding the future of the European Union and Euro. Withdrawal negotiations with EU and United Kingdom were postponed to 2017.
Thus, a new form of their relationship has not been settled
yet. Uncertainties arising from these developments started
to cause worries across EU, and EU and Pound Sterling
depreciated against other currencies. Besides, growth and
economic activities have not been affected as adversely as
expected fearfully.
4-USA’s Presidential Elections and
Trumpeconomics Expectations
Republican Party’s nominee Donald Trump promising to
NOVEMBER
DECEMBER 2016
OCTOBER
SEPTEMBER
AUGUST
JULY
JUNE
MARCH
FEBRUARY
JANUARY
DECEMBER 2015
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER
AUGUST
SEPTEMBER
JULY
JUNE
MAY
APRİL
MARCH
JANUARY
FEBRUARY
NOVEMBER
OCTOBER
DECEMBER 2014
SOURCE: BRENT OIL MARKET
SEPTEMBER
JULY
AUGUST
JUNE
MAY
MARCH
JANUARY
DECEMBER 2013
30,0
accelerate economic growth and to take radical decisions
in this respect won the Presidential elections held in the
USA. Due to Trump’s promises, negative expectations including especially the rapid depreciation of USD were put
forward if he won the presidential election. However, the
developments after Trump’s victory in the elections were
exact the opposite of expectations. Prediction on the acceleration of USA’s growth rate, all new pricing activities was
based on rapid growth. While USD appreciated, the interest rate increased, and the prices of commodity went up
with the expectation of an increase in demand. Trump led
to significant increases in optimistic expectations and asset
prices in the world economy in the last two months of 2016.
5- Powerful Dollar and Steadier Global Financial Markets in the Second Half of the Year
Powerful Dollar was effective throughout 2016. USD had
the most valuable and powerful year after the global crisis.
Expectations towards FED’s interest increase supported
the powerful dollar all year round. After Trump had won the
presidential selection, the dollar appreciated further. Dollar
index that measures the value of USD against the currencies of 6 developed countries reached the highest level in the
last 19 years with 105 points. EUR-USD parity was 1.05 at
the end of the year. In the first half of the year, global financial markets were adversely affected by the powerful dollar,
and fluctuations and losses increased. However, fluctuations in the global financial markets started to moderate in
the second half of the year. Especially the expectations towards the election of Trump created an optimistic atmosphere in the global financial markets.
6-First Over-Depression and Then
Recovery of Oil Prices
One of the important developments of 2016 was that oil prices declined substantially at first, and recovered afterward.
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 17
1
DEVELOPMENTS AND tRENDS
IN THE WORLD TRADE
In the first quarter of 2016, oil prices were less than 30 USD.
Regardless of the developments in supply and demand, oil
prices experienced a very rate of depression. In the second
half of the year, as OPEC and the other non-member producer countries agreed upon limiting the production and
thus limited the production, oil prices increased to 58 USD.
At the end of the year, oil prices of Brent were 57 USD.
The recovery of oil prices was promising for the growth of
producer countries.
7- Recovery of Commodity Prices
In the first half of 2016, commodity prices were still relatively low. However, commodity prices started to increase as
of the second half the year. In the second half of the year,
the prices of minerals, metals, food and industrial products
were upwards, and the rate of price increases was different.
Increase in oil prices, smooth reaction to the powerful dollar in global financial markets and expectations towards an
increase in growth and demand with the election of Trump
supported the increase in commodity prices.
TABLE.5 DEVELOPMENTS IN COMMODITY PRICES
PERIODS
LUMINUM LME SPOT PRICE
US DOLLAR METRIC TON
HOT FLAT STEEL DOLLAR/TON
(PRICE IN EUROPE)
COTTON COTTON
LOOK A INDEX
FAO FOOD PRICE
INDEX
COMEX COPPER SPOT PRICE
DOLLAR/POUND
2009
2.181
590
76.8
178
3.3275
2010
2.356
640
168.2
223
4.4395
2011
2.024
615
96.7
211
3.4335
2012
2.086
595
82.9
211
3.6490
2013
1.739
600
87,5
206
3,3680
2014
1.909
440
70,0
186
2,8250
2015
1.507
338
70,6
153
2,1250
march 2016
1.524
342
65,7
151
2,1830
.JUNE 2016
1.635
400
76,2
163
2,1950
SEPTEMBER 2016
1.658
481
77,3
171
2,2000
DECEMBER 2016
1.713
596
79,4
170
2.5075
I.1.3 EFFECTS OF MAIN
DEVELOPMENTS IN THE
WORLD ECONOMY ON THE
WORLD TRADE
Developments and trends in the world economy in 2016 directly or indirectly affected world commodity trade.
Positive Effects are;
a- Expansionary monetary policies of Central Banks in the
developed countries and extension of terminating these
policies over a period positively affected world commodity
trade.
b- Continuous growth in Eurozone supported the increase
in import and positively contributed to world trade.
c- With the effect of Trump, expectation towards the re-
SOURCE: WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
covery of economic activities led to the increase in export
orders.
d- Increase in the oil and commodity prices supports the
growth of trade in value.
Negative Effects are;
a- The slowdown in developing countries, particularly in
China, limits the increase in commodity demand.
b- Consolidation of unused capacities and slowdown in
investments negatively affects the demand for investment
commodity and the trade.
c- The monetary policy of USA’s Central Bank FED and powerful Dollar have a restrictive effect.
d- Brexit and Trump’s election were not expected and
led to restrictive effects due to uncertainties they created.
Trump’s foreign trade policy is especially worrying.
I.2 DEVELOPMENTS IN THE MAGNITUDE OF WORLD TRADE
After three years of slowdown, world commodity trade
substantially shrank in 2015. World commodity trade shrank
in value at 10.9 percent in 2015. In 2016, shrinking continu-
18
ed with a rate of 3.2 percent. Thus, world commodity trade
shrank twice successively for the first time.
World commodity trade kept growing in amount in 2016 but
achieved the lowest growth rate by amount. Such decrease
in the growth by amount is more important than the decrease in value. The increase in commodity demand experienced a significant decline in 2016.
Basing on these developments, while world commodity
trade was USD 16.48 trillion in 2015, it decreased to USD
15.96 trillion in 2016.
TABLE.6 WORLD COMMODITY TRADE BILLION DOLLAR
2015
2016
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
GROWTH IN IMPORT %
2.181
590
76.8
3,2
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
GROWTH IN IMPORT %
3,6
4,7
2,0
96.7
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
GROWTH IN EXPORT %
2.024
615
96.7
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
GROWTH IN EXPORT %
3,0
2,0
1,3
2015
2016
COMMODITY TRADE BILLION DOLLAR
2.181
590
76.8
GROWTH OF COMMODITY TRADE ON
PERCENT VALUE BASIS
18.494
16.482
GROWTH OF COMMODITY TRADE ON
PERCENT AMOUNT BASIS
2.024
615
SOURCE: WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
FIGURE.5 WORLD COMMODITY TRADE
WORLD COMMODITY TRADE TRILLION DOLLAR
18,49
18,50
18,00
17,50
17,00
16,48
16,50
15,96
16,00
15,50
15,00
14,50
2014
2015
2016
SOURCE: WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
FIGURE.6 GROWTH OF WORLD
COMMODITY TRADE IN AMOUNT
4
2
2,7
-4
With a growth rate of 1.4 percent in 2016, export growth
of developed countries on amount basis remained below
the rates of 2014 and 2015. Export of developing countries remained far below the rates in 2014 and 2015 with a
growth rate of 1.3 in amount in 2016. In 2016, two trends
were effective for commodity prices subject to world trade.
Prices remained below the previous year’s prices during a
significant period of the year. However, along with the price
increases in the last months of the year, a recovery in prices
was observed. Nevertheless, as the prices remained low for
the great part of the year, average prices of the commodities subject to world trade recessed in comparison with the
average prices of the previous year. In 2016, average prices
of oil and energy products subject to trade decreased by
15.7 percent, and average prices of manufacturing industry
products decreased by 5.4 percent in comparison with the
previous year’s average prices.
1,3
VALUE GROWTH
PERCENTAGE
-6
AMOUNT GROWTG
PERCENTAGE
-3,2
PERCENTAGE OF GROWTH
-8
-10
-12
SOURCE: WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
TABLE.8 DEVELOPMENTS IN AVERAGE PRICES OF
COMMODITIES SUBJECT TO WORLD TRADE
2,6
1,2
0
-2
TABLE.7 GROWTH OF WORLD TRADE IN AMOUNT PERCENTAGE
2014
2014
19,00
Developing and developed countries witnessed significant
developments in export and import on amount basis in
2016. Import in developed countries increased by 3.6 and
4.7 percent in amount in 2014 and 2015 respectively and
grew at 2.0 percent in 2016. Import by developing countries, on the other hand, increased by 0.2 percent in 2016.
IN WORLD TRADE
-10,9
2014
SOURCE: WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
2015
2016
2014
2015
2016
GROWTH OF WORLD TRADE IN
VALUE %
1,2
-10,9
-3,2
PRICES OF OIL AND ENERGY
PRODUCTS %
-7,5
-47,2
-15,7
METAL PRICES %
-10,1
-23,0
-5,4
FOOD PRICES
-4,1
-17,1
2,0
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
PRODUCTSPRICES %
-0,4
-2,4
-5,4
SOURCE: WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, IMF WEO APRIL 2017
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 19
1
DEVELOPMENTS AND tRENDS
IN THE WORLD TRADE
I.3 GENERAL TRENDS IN WORLD TRADE
There are significant trends that affect world commodity
trade in 2016. A great part of these trends leads to a slowdown in world commodity trade.
1- Substantial Slowdown in Foreign Trade
Commodity Demand and Introversion
The growth of world commodity trade in amount slowed
down substantially. Foreign trade commodity demand
experiences a significant slowdown, and inward-oriented
trends become stronger. With 1.3 percent, growth in amount reached the lowest level in the history.
2- Trade Elasticity of Income Growth Continues to Decrease
Trade elasticity defined as import demand caused by income growth declines. Income-trade elasticity which was 2.3
between 1986 and 2007 decreased to 1.1 in 2011-2016.
Income growth does not create sufficient amount of import
demand. Elasticity related to manufacturing industry products, in particular, declined further.
3- Stronger Protectionism Trends
For the first time, intense discussion and criticism were raised over the liberalization of commodity trade which is the
driving force of globalization. Therefore, countries protectionist trends become gradually stronger.
4- Less Trade Agreements
ries changes in a downward direction.
6- Unused Capacities Restrict The Investment Trends and The Demand in Investment Commodity
As there are still unused capacities in many industries after
the global crisis, global investment trend is restricted. Therefore, investment commodity demand satisfied through
import to a great extent is still weak.
7- Economic Slowdown in China Still Restricts the Increase in Export to This Country
China, having grown basing on exports and new investments for a long time and thus becoming an important export market for many supplier countries, restricts its new
investments and export-oriented production with it new
growth model. The increase in import caused in parallel with
this model becomes static.
8- Growth of Global Supply
Chain Slowed Down
Separation of industrial production and associated growth
of global supply chain has now slowed down. New rings
are not added to the value chain. Expansion of trade will
only be supported by trade which is among the current
rings. Thus, increase in import based on supply chain also
slowed down.
9- Direction of Oil and Commodity
Prices is Upwards
In recent years, many multilateral trade agreements were
replaced by bilateral trade agreements. However, the number of bilateral trade agreements signed and executed during the year becomes gradually decreases. Countries started to adopt firmer stance during the negotiations of trade
agreements.
Oil and commodity prices witnessed a long-termed recession until mid-2016. However, oil and commodity prices recovered, and prices started to increase in parallel with the
circumstances emerging as of the second half of the year.
5- Slowdown In Developing Countries Limits Import Demand
10- Average Prices of Industrial
Products Are Still Low
Economic growth performances decrease in developing
countries. Thus, import demand in developing countries
started to be limited. Potential import by developing count-
Average prices of manufacturing industry products subject to
global world trade are still weak. The slowdown in demands
and increase in competition restrict the price increases. However, if oil and commodity prices permanently increase, prices of manufacturing industry will be upwards after a while.
I.4 EXPORT IN RESPECT OF REGIONS AND COUNTRIES
Along with recession of world commodity export on a global scale, exports of all regions decreased in 2016. However, decreases in exports of regions differed basing on various regional effects of economic and commercial trends
on a global scale.
20
Along with economic recovery, European Union’s and at a
broader extent Europe’s export recession was quite limited
in 2016. Thus, Europe and the European Union were the
regions with the highest export level in 2016. After many
years, export of Asia decreased successively for the se-
cond time. As the second greatest exporting region, Asia
export was equal to USD 5.76 trillion in 2016. Export of
North America decreased by 3.5 percent in 2016.
In 2016, exports of three regions decreased above the average. The common features of these regions are that they
are home to developing countries as well as the countries
exporting energy and commodity. The decrease in commodity export was 15.9 percent for the Commonwealth of the
TABLE.9 REGIONS IN
THE WORLD EXPORT BILLION DOLLAR
2015/2016
TABLE.10 COUNTRIES IN WORLD EXPORT
EXPORT BILLION
DOLLAR
RANK
COUNTRY
2015
2016
2015/2016
2016
CHANGE SHARE
%
%
RANK IN
İN 2015
1
CHINA
2.275
2.098
-7,8
13,06
1
2
USA
1.505
1.455
-3,4
9,05
2
3
GERMANY
1.329
1.340
0,8
8,33
3
4
JAPAN
625
645
3,2
4,01
4
5
THE NETHERLANDS
567
570
0,4
3,54
5
6
HONG KONG
511
517
1,2
3,22
7
7
FRANCE
506
501
-1,0
3,12
8
2014
2015
2016
AFRICA
538
378
342
-9,5
ASIA
6.195
5.965
5.757
-3,5
719
491
413
-15,9
8
SOUTH KOREA
527
495
-6,1
3,08
6
EUROPE
6.807
5.958
5.941
-0,3
9
ITALY
459
462
0,7
2,88
10
EU 28
6.156
5.387
5.392
0,0
10
ENGLAND
460
409
-11,1
2,55
9
MIDDLE EAST
1065
675
602
-10,8
11
BELGIUM
398
396
-0,5
2,46
12
NORTH AMERICA
2.492
2.293
2.217
-3,5
12
CANADA
408
390
-4,4
2,43
11
678
531
500
-5,8
13
MEXICO
381
374
-1,8
2,33
13
14
SINGAPORE
347
330
-4,9
2,05
14
15
SWITZERLAND
290
303
4,5
1,89
16
16
SPAIN
282
288
2,1
1,79
18
17
RUSSIA
340
282
-17,1
1,76
15
18
TAIWAN
285
280
-1,8
1,74
17
19
UAE
265
266
0,4
1,67
20
20
INDIA
267
264
-1,1
1,64
19
21
THAILAND
214
215
0,5
1,34
21
22
POLAND
198
203
2,5
1,26
24
23
AUSTRALIA
188
190
1,1
1,18
26
COMMONWEALTH OF
INDEPENDENT STATES
SOUTH AND CENTRAL
AMERICA
CHANGE %
SOURCE: WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
FIGURE.7 REGIONS IN WORLD EXPORT
EXPORT IN 2016 IN BILLION DOLLARS
7.000
6.000
5.941
5.757
5.000
4.000
3.000
2.217
2.000
1.000
0
602
EUROPE
ASIA
500
NORTH MIDDLE LATIN
AMERICA EAST AMERICA
413
342
24
MALAYSIA
200
189
-5,5
1,18
23
CIS
AFRICA
25
BRAZIL
191
185
-3,1
1,15
25
26
VIETNAM
162
177
9,3
1,10
27
27
SAUDI ARABIA
202
175
-13,4
1,10
22
28
CZECH REPUBLIC
158
163
3,2
1,01
28
29
AUSTRALIA
152
152
0,0
0,95
29
30
INDONESIA
150
144
-4,0
0,90
30
SOURCE: WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
Independent States, 10.8 percent for Middle East Region
and 9.5 percent for Africa Region in 2016. Decreases in oil
and commodity prices affected the downward trend in export.
Exports of 30 countries with the highest amount of world
commodity export differed from each other in 2016. Among
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 21
1
DEVELOPMENTS AND tRENDS
IN THE WORLD TRADE
Saudi Arabia by 17.1, 11.1 and 13.4 respectively. Decreases in export levels were higher in countries producing
energy and commodity. It has been observed that export in
the European Union started to increase again. After many
years, export in Japan increased once again. Exports in
South Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia and Indonesia, significant
industrial product exporters of Far East, also decreased.
Poland and Czech Republic in Central Europe keep increasing their exports.
The countries that constitute the first 30 countries of world
commodity export in 2015 and 2016 were the same 30 countries. In other words, the first 30 countries did not change.
the first 30 countries exports of 12 countries increased. Export of 1 country remained unchanged. Exports of 17 countries, on the other hand, decreased. The rates of decreases
and increases in exports were also substantially different.
China’s export decreased by 2.9 and 7.8 percent in 2015
and 2016 respectively. However, China again ranked the
first with an export amount of USD 2.1 trillion. Export of
USA, ranking the second, decreased by 3.4 percent. Germany in the third rank increased its export by 0.8 percent.
The maximum level of increase in export of the year was
achieved by Vietnam by 9.3 percent. The maximum level
of decrease in export belongs to Russia, England, and
FIGURE.8 THE FIRST 20 COUNTRIES WITH THE HIGHEST EXPORT LEVEL IN 2016
EXPORT IN 2016 IN BILLION DOLLARS
2.000
1.098
2.500
SOURCE: WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
INDIA 264
UAE 266
TAIWAN 280
RUSSIA 282
SPAIN 288
SWİTZERLAND 303
330
SINGAPORE
409
ENGLAND
374
462
ITALY
MEXICO
495
SOUTH KOREA
390
501
FRANCE
CANADA
517
HONG KONG
396
569
THE
NETHERLANDS
BELGIUM
645
GERMANY
USA
0
CHINA
500
JAPAN
1.000
1.339
1.454
1.500
I.5 IMPORT IN RESPECT OF REGIONS AND COUNTRIES
Improvements in import in respect of regions and countries are important as they also reflect the improvements
in export markets. It has been observed that import was
affected by global economic circumstances in 2016 on the
regional scale. Except for Europe, all countries import levels decreased in 2016. Along with the recovery, import
increased by 0.2 percent in Europe. Import by the European Union, on the other hand, increased by 1.2 percent.
With 2.8 percent, import in North America market decreased below the average in 2016. The amount of import was
USD 3.05 trillion. Import in Asia region, on the other hand,
shrank by 4.7 percent in 2016. The amount of the import
in the region was USD 5.01 trillion. The decrease in Chinese import was effective. Import in the Middle East region, whose income declined due to downward trends
in oil and commodity prices in 2016, decreased by 8.4
percent in 2016. Decreases of import in Middle East countries surpassed the levels achieved in 2015. Commonwealth of Independent States’ import decreased by
3.2 percent. Comparing with the last year’s decrease of
33.7 percent, the recession in 2016 was more limited.
The sanctions implemented as well as the decreases in
energy prices relieved the pressure on import demand.
Import decreased by 15.1 percent in South and Central
TABLE.11 REGIONS IN THE WORLD IMPORT
BILLION DOLLAR
2015
2016
AFRICA
625
570
524
-7,9
ASIA
6.330
5.453
5.196
-4,7
511
339
328
-3,2
EUROPE
6.819
5.912
5.926
0,2
EU 28
6.144
5.329
5.392
1,2
MIDDLE EAST
710
628
574
-8,4
NORTH AMERICA
3.287
3.140
3.052
-2,8
726
609
517
-15,1
COMMONWEALTH OF
INDEPENDENT STATES
SOUTH AND CENTRAL
AMERICA
SOURCE: WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION,
22
2015/2016
2014
CHANGE %
FIGURE.9 REGIONS IN WORLD IMPORT
RANK
NORTH MIDDLE LATIN
AFRICA
AMERICA EAST AMERICA
CIS
SOURCE: WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
America region that is based on energy and commodity
export, and by 7.9 percent in Africa region. Import of the
first 30 countries with the highest amount of world commodity import differed from each other in 2016. Among the
first 30 countries imports of 9 countries increased. Import
of 1 country remained unchanged. Imports of 2 countries, on the other hand, decreased. Compared to the last
year, there are two differences in the first 30 countries with
the highest amount of world commodity import. Indonesia
and Saudi Arabia, which were among the first 30 importer
countries in 2015, were replaced by the Czech Republic
and Sweden. Import by the USA, the largest import market, declined to USD 2.25 trillion with 2.5 percent decrease. Chinese import, on the other hand, recessed by 5.6
percent. Germany, the third-largest importer, increased by
0.6 percent. With a 1.6 percent increase in import, England became the fourth largest importer in 2016. Japan
ranked the 5th with a decrease in import by 6.2 percent.
With 20.1 percent, Russia was the country achieving the
maximum decrease in import. Recessions of imports in
2016 were less than those in the previous years.
1.587
1.500
2
CHINA
1.682
1.587
-5,6
9,7
2
3
GERMANY
1.050
1.056
0,6
6,5
3
4
ENGLAND
626
636
1,6
3,9
5
5
JAPAN
648
608
-6,2
3,7
4
6
FRANCE
573
573
0,0
3,5
6
7
HONG KONG
559
547
-2,1
3,3
7
8
THE NETHERLANDS
506
504
-0,4
3,1
8
9
SOUTH KOREA
436
406
-6,9
2,5
9
10
ITALY
409
405
-1,0
2,5
11
11
CANADA
436
403
-7,6
2,5
10
12
MEXICO
405
398
-1,7
2,4
12
13
BELGIUM
375
367
-2,1
2,2
14
14
INDIA
392
359
-8,4
2,2
13
15
SPAIN
309
310
0,3
1,9
15
16
SINGAPORE
297
283
-4,7
1,7
16
17
SWITZERLAND
252
270
7,1
1,7
17
18
TAIWAN
238
231
-2,9
1,4
18
19
UAE
230
225
-2,0
1,3
19
20
TURKEY
207
198
-4,3
1,2
21
21
POLAND
193
197
2,1
1,2
24
22
THAILAND
203
195
-3,9
1,2
22
23
RUSSIA
194
191
-1,5
1,2
23
24
AUSTRALIA
208
189
-9,1
1,2
20
25
VIETNAM
166
174
4,8
1,1
28
26
MALAYSIA
176
168
-4,5
1,0
26
27
AUSTRALIA
155
158
1,9
1,0
29
28
BRAZIL
179
143
-20,1
0,9
25
504
406
405
403
398
SOUTH KOREA
ITALY
CANADA
MEXICO
138
THE NETHERLANDS
SWEDEN
547
30
HONG KONG
140
573
CZECH REPUBLIC
FRANCE
29
608
GERMANY
CHINA
0
USA
500
1
JAPAN
1.056
1.000
13,8
636
2.000
EXPORT IN 2016, BILLION DOLLAR
-2,5
ENGLAND
2.500
2.251
FIGURE.10 THE FIRST 20 COUNTRIES
WITH THE HIGHEST IMPORT LEVEL IN 2016
2.251
SOURCE: WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
KAYNAK:
142 DÜNYA
1,4 TİCARET
0,9 ÖRGÜTÜ31
140
1,0
0,9
32
TURKEY 198
ASIA
328
2.308
225
EUROPE
524
517
USA
UAE
0
574
RANK
IN 2015
1
TAIWAN 231
1.000
2015/2016 2016
CHANGE SHARE
%
%
SWITZERKAND 270
2.000
2016
SNGAPORE 283
3.052
3.000
2015
359
5.000
4.000
COUNTRY
INDIA
5.196
367
5.926
BELGIUM
6.000
IMPORT
BILLION DOLLAR
EXPORT BY REGIONS IN 2016 IN BILLION DOLLARS
SPAIN 310
7.000
TABLE.12 COUNTRIES IN WORLD IMPORT
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 23
1
DEVELOPMENTS AND tRENDS
IN THE WORLD TRADE
I.6 EXPORT IN RESPECT OF SECTORS
The most significant determinants of export in respect
of sectors in 2016 were amount-based limitations and
developments related to the prices of commodities subject
to trade. In 2016, fluctuations were observed in the prices of
oil, natural gas, mining products, agricultural raw materials,
and food as well as metals. However, average prices of
these products subject to trade were below the prevailing
prices of the previous year. In parallel with these price
decreases, total exports of sectors decreased.
The average price of food increase by 2.0 percent in 2016.
Accordingly, while agricultural product export was USD
1.68 trillion in 2015, this number was estimated to be USD
1.70 trillion in 2016.
Average energy prices were 15.7 percent less than the
previous year’s prices. Accordingly, it is estimated that oil
and natural gas export decreased from USD 2.02 trillion to
USD 1.78 trillion in 2016. Export of mining products also
decreased.
Total import of manufacturing industry products also
declined. The decrease was higher in sectors with oil,
metal and mineral inputs. It was set forth that exports of
iron, steel, chemicals, metalware and mineral products, as
well as export in the main metal industry, recessed in 2016.
On the contrary, export increased in sectors of automotive,
electrical equipment and electronics industry.
TABLE.13 EXPORT IN RESPECT OF SECTORS BILLION DOLLAR
2014
2015
2016*
WORLD COMMODITY EXPORT
18.494
16.482
15.955
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
1.765
1.680
1.700
PROCESSED FOOD PRODUCTS
1.486
1.450
1.460
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
279
230
240
3.789
2.632
2.350
PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS
3.068
2.017
1.780
MINING
721
615
570
12.940
12.170
11.905
FUEL AND MINING
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
24
2
TURKISH
ECONOMY
AND
DEVELOPMENTS
IN FOREIGN
TRADE
2
TURKISH ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENTS IN
FOREIGN TRADE
II.1 ECONOMY POLICIES AND DETERMINANTS IN TURKEY
Four major factors affected Turkish economy in 2015. These factors include (i) recently occurring global economic
conditions (ii) monetary policy of the Central Bank (iii) attempt of failed coup and (iv) terrorist activities and geopolitical developments in the neighboring countries. There are
three basic developments that determined global economic
conditions in 2016. During the year, expectations towards
USA’s Central Bank FED’s interest increase continued, and
FED raised the interest in December. The United Kingdom
decided to withdraw from the European Union. Republicans’ nominee Donald Trump promising radical policy
proposals won the Presidential elections in the USA. Along
with these global economic developments, substantial capital outflows from developing countries experienced. As a
result, Turkey was adversely affected. In this respect, Turkish Lira depreciated, and interest rates increased.
In 2016, Central Bank adopted a relatively easy monetary
policy and reduced the interest rate in the first half of the
year. In the second half of the year, relatively tight and ca-
utious monetary policy was executed. However, not only
Turkish Lira substantially depreciated but also interest and
inflation rates in 2016. The most significant factor that affected 2016 was the failed coup attempted on July 15. The
economy slowdown due to this attempt. The environment
of trust in the markets was jeopardized. Turkey’s sovereign
credit rating was downgraded to non-investment. The economy administration announced many supportive factors
and incentives against such impacts. Terrorist activities
throughout the year affected trust and expectations adversely. Geopolitical developments in the neighboring countries continued to adversely affect the economy in parallel with its restrictive impacts especially on foreign trade
in 2016. Turkey took an active part in the occurrences in
our southern neighbors through launching military assaults. These increased economic risks. During the year,
foreign policy relationships with USA and EU were problematic, while relationships with Russia began to improve
once again.
II.2 DEVELOPMENTS RELATED TO MAIN ECONOMIC INDICATORS
2016 consisted of two separate periods. In the first half of
the year, economic activities were invigorated. While macroeconomic equilibrium was stable, economic growth accelerated. However, economic activities became static after July
15, and economy shrank in the third quarter. The adverse
effect of terrorist activities and geopolitical developments on
trust and expectations restricted economic activities. Along
with the precautions taken and supports provided, growth
rate increased to 3.5 percent once again in the third quarter.
Thus, the economic growth rate was at 2.9 percent in 2016.
Turkish Statistical Institute changed the method used for accounting national income in 2016. National income increased by 10.9 percent basing on fixed prices. In this respect,
national income was realized USD 857 billion and income
per capita was realized USD 10,807 in 2016. One of the most
significant results of economic slowdown is the increase in
the unemployment rate and the number of unemployed people. In 2016, the unemployment rate increased to 10.9 percent, and the number of unemployed people increased to
3.33 million. Along with the economy policies adopted and
a decrease in the prices of energy and metals which occupy
a huge place in import, foreign trade deficit continued to
decrease in 2016. Annual foreign trade deficit decreased to
USD 56.0 billion. Despite the foreign trade deficit decreased,
current deficit experienced a limited increase. Huge loss in
tourism income led to an increase in the current deficit. While current deficit increased by USD 32.6 billion, the ratio of
current deficit to national income increased from 3.7 percent
to 3.8 percent.
Due to the increase in the current deficit and domestic problems, outsourcing needs of the economy moved upwards
once again. In parallel, Turkey’s external debt increased in
2016 and reached USD 404.2 billion. The ratio of external
debts to national income increased to 47.2 percent. Although Central Bank adopted inflation targeting monetary policy in 2016, goals related to price stability and inflation could
not be attained. At the end of 2016, CIP was 8.53 percent,
domestic PPI was 9.94 percent. Despite the problems encountered in 2015, a slowdown in economic activities and
elections, public fiscal discipline was maintained. In parallel,
the ratio of general public equilibrium to GDP had a surplus
of 0.8 percent, ratio of general budget deficit to GDP was
realized at 1.2 percent. 2016 was a year when real sector
FIGURE.1 GROWTH OF TURKISH ECONOMY
7
6
5
6,1
5,1
4
2,9
3
2
1
0
2014
TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
26
ECONOMIC GROWTH
PERCENTAGE
2015
2016
expectations and consumer trust were weak. Within the framework of all these developments and macroeconomic realizations, Turkey’s sovereign credit rating was downgraded
TABLE.1 MAIN ECONOMIC INDICATORS
INDICATORS
2014
2015
2016
5.1
6.1
2.9
GROWTH %
NATIONAL INCOME BILLION DOLLAR
to non-investment by two credit rating institutions. Growth
performances of economic sectors differed from each other
in 2016. Manufacturing industry grew by 3.9 percent, financial services sector by 7.1 and construction sector by 7.2
percent. Nevertheless, service sector and agricultural sector
shrank by 0.8 and 4.1 percent respectively.
FIGURE.2 CURRENT DEFICIT AND DEFICITTO-NATIONAL INCOME RATIO
965
861
857
INCOME PER CAPITA DOLLAR
12,112
11,014
10,807
50
EMPLOYMENT THOUSAND PEOPLE
25,933
26,621
27,205
40
9.9
10.3
10.9
UNEMPLOYED THOUSAND PEOPLE
2,853
3,057
3,330
MID-YEAR POPULATION THOUSAND
77,738
78,559
79,366
20
EXPORT BILLION DOLLAR
157.6
143.9
142.5
10
0
IMPORT BILLION DOLLAR
242.2
207.2
198.6
UNEMPLOYMENT RATE %
-84.5
-63.3
-56.0
CURRENT DEFICIT BILLION DOLLAR
-43.6
-32.2
-32.6
CURRENT DEFICIT/NATIONAL INCOME %
4.5
3.7
3.8
EXTERNAL DEFICIT BILLION DOLLAR
402.4
398.0
404.2
EXTERNAL DEBT/NATIONAL INCOME %
41.7
46.2
47.2
CPI %
8.20
8.81
8.53
2015
7,0
6,0
5.71
9.94
0.6
0.8
0.7
5,0
BUDGETARY EQUILIBRIUM/GDP %
-1.3
-1.2
-1.0
4,0
NATIONAL INCOME AND PERCENTAGE OF GROWTH IN
MANUFACTURING
6,1
5,9
3,9
2,9
3,0
TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
TABLE.2 GROWTH RATES OF SECTORS
SERVICES
FINANCIAL S.
2016
CURREN DEFICIT NATIONAL
INCOME PERCENTAGE
FIGURE.3 GROWTH IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
6.36
mufacturıng E.
3,8
TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
DOMESTIC PPI %
GNP
2014
CURRENT DEFICIT BILLION
DOLLAR
PUBLIC EQUILIBRIUM/GDP %
PERIOD
3,7
30
PEOPLE
FOREIGN TRADE DEFICIT
CURRENT DEFICIT AND ITS RATIO
TO NATIONAL INCOME
4,5
2,0
CONS.
AGR.
1,0
2015
6,1
5,9
6,0
7,7
4,9
9,1
0,0
2016
2,9
3,9
-0,8
7,1
7,2
-4,1
TURKISH
STATISTICAL
INSTITUTION
TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
2015
National
Income
2016
Manufacturing
Industry
II.3 CENTRAL BANK’S MONETARY POLICY AND FINANCIAL INDICATORS
Central Bank adopted a cautious and relatively tight monetary policy against economic and political developments
in 2016. However, Central Bank faced with three major
oppressive factors during the year. The first factor is the
inflation rate that increased with the depreciation of Turkish
Lira and failure of inflation expectation. The second factor
is the effects of new global financial conditions caused by
monetary policies of the Central Bank. The third factor is the
financial instability entailed by failed coup attempt.
In the first half of the year, Central Bank adopted a relatively easier monetary policy and reduced the interest rates.
However, the circumstances in the second half of the year,
Central Bank focused on maintaining the financial stability.
For this purpose, decisions that relieve the banks and market and extend liquidity facilities were put into force.
The Central Bank maintained the annual credit growth free
and clear of a rate increase at the level of 10 percent throughout the year and became obliged to increase TRY liquidity in the market in a controlled and graduated manner.
Despite the prevailing circumstances, Central Bank both retained its inflation target, tried to maintain financial stability
and aimed at invigorating the economy that slowed down in
the second half of the year. As a result of multiple targets,
Central Bank had to adopt a complex monetary policy du-
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 27
2
TURKISH ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENTS IN
FOREIGN TRADE
ring the last months of the year.
Thus, Central Bank raised the policy interest rate from 7.50
percent to 8.00 percent by year-end but reduced the overnight lending interest rate from 10.75 percent to 8.50 percent. Despite increasing risks, inflation and depreciation of
Turkish Lira, Central Bank did not directly use the interest
rate instrument and raised the market funding costs by
adopting a monetary policy with multiple interest rates.
As a result of the monetary policy adopted by the Central
Bank, a significant deviation occurred in the inflation target
in 2016. Turkish Lira depreciated at 20 percent, and market
interest rate substantially increased.
Bond interest rates that were 10.86 percent at the end of
2015 maintained its two-digit status in 2016 and closed the
year at 10.63 percent. Interest rates on TRY loans were high
and realized at 14.00 percent at the end of the year.
Turkish Lira significantly depreciated on a graduated basis
throughout the year in 2016. Turkish Lira depreciated against USD and EUR. However, due to a decrease in EURUSD parity, Turkish Lira mainly depreciated against USD.
The fact that Central Bank remained unresponsive for the
depreciation of Turkish Lira accelerated such depreciation.
Turkish Lira was one of the most depreciated currencies
of two developing countries in 2016. The currency basket,
TABLE.3 FINANCIAL INDICATORS (BY YEAR-END)
INDICATORS
2014
2015
2016
CENTRAL BANK'S POLICY INTEREST RATE %
8,25
7,50
8,00
11,25
10,75
8,50
2-YEAR TERM INDICATIVE INTEREST RATE %
8,02
10,86
10,63
INTEREST RATES IF COMMERCIAL LOAN IN TRY %
11,70
14,50
14,00
TEXCHANGE RATE FROM USD TO TURKISH LIRA
2,33
2,92
3,52
EXCHANGE RATE FROM EURO TO TURKISH LIRA
2,83
3,19
3,72
TURKISH LIRA CURRENCY BASKET
2,58
3,06
3,62
105,46
98,36
92,02
CENTRAL BANK'S OVERNIGHT LENDING
INTEREST RATE %
CENTRAL BANK’S REAL EFFECTIVE EXCHANGE
RATE 2003=100
SOURCE: T.R. CENTRAL BANK
which was TRY 3.06 by the end of 2015, was TRY 3.62 at
the end of 2016. As per real effective exchange rate index,
Turkish Lira depreciated at a rate of approximately 6.4 percent in 2016 in comparison with the previous year. Volatility
and rapid depreciation of Turkish Lira limited the forecasting ability of the real sector and exporters.
FIGURE.4 DEVELOPMENTS IN TURKISH LIRA CURRENCY BASKET
3,80
TURKISH LIRA CURRENCY BASKET
3,60
3,40
3,20
3,00
31. Dec
30. Oct
31. Nov
30. Sep
31. Agu
31. Jul
30. Jun
31. May
30. Ap
31. Mar
29. Feb
31. Jan
31. Dec
30. Oct
31. Nov
30. Sep
31. Agu
31. Jul
30. Jnl
31. May
30. Ap
31. Mar
28. Feb
31. Ja.
2,40
31. Dec
2,80
2,60
SOURCE: T.R. CENTRAL BANK
FIGURE.5 REAL EFFECTIVE EXCHANGE RATE INDEX
115,00
REAL EFFECTIVE EXCHANGE RATE INDEX 2003=100
110,00
105,00
SOURCE: T.R. CENTRAL BANK
28
January
February
March
April
Nay
June
July
Augst
September
October
Novomber
2016 Dec
95,00
90,00
2012 December
January
February
March
April
Nay
June
July
Augst
September
October
Novomber
2013 Dec
January
February
March
April
Nay
June
July
Augst
September
October
Novomber
2014 Dec
January
February
March
April
Nay
June
July
Augst
September
October
Novomber
2015 Dec
100,00
II.4 DEVELOPMENTS IN MAIN FOREIGN TRADE INDICATORS
Main foreign trade indicators witnessed recessions in 2016.
World commodity trade’s decrease in especially value affected Turkey’s foreign trade indicators. While value-based
recessions were experienced, amount-based growths were
also witnessed, though limited. Developments in the parities and decreases in energy and commodity prices were
determinative. The decline in energy prices had an impact
particularly on the decrease in import.
Protective measures taken for the economy and against
depreciation of Turkish Lira also determined the foreign trade activities and shaped especially import activities. Another significant factor that affects export is the geopolitical
developments in the major export markets.
Decreasing by 0.9 percent, the export amounted to USD
142.5 billion, and its share of the national income declined
to 16.6 percent in 2016. The decrease in national income
calculated in USD had an impact on the increase of share
in national income.
With a 4.2 percent decline, import decreased to USD 198.6
billion. Import’s share in national income recessed and decreased to 23.2 percent.
While foreign trade deficit fell to USD 56.0 billion, its ratio to
national income decreased to 6.5 percent.
Foreign trade volume also decreased and amounted to
USD 335.2 billion. The ratio of foreign trade volume, reflecting the openness, to the national income decreased to 39.1
percent.
As a result of the renewal of national income system, national income in USD increased. Thus, the share of foreign
trade volume in national income also decreased.
With 71.8 percent, the rate of import coverage by export
reached the highest level in the last five years.
TABLE.4 KEY FOREIGN TRADE INDICATORS
INDICATORS
2014
2015
2016
EXPORT BILLION DOLLAR
157.6
143.9
142.5
EXPORT/NATIONAL INCOME %
16.3
16.7
16.6
IMPORT BILLION DOLLAR
242.2
207.2
198.6
IMPORT/NATIONAL INCOME %
28.1
24.1
23.2
FOREIGN TRADE EQUILIBRIUM BILLION DOLLAR
-84.5
-63.3
-56.0
FOREIGN TRADE EQUILIBRIUM/NATIONAL INCOME %
-8.8
7.4
6.5
FOREIGN TRADE VOLUME BILLION DOLLAR
399.8
351.1
335.2
FOREIGN TRADE VOLUME/NATIONAL INCOME %
41.4
40.8
39.1
RATE OF IMPORT COVERAGE BY EXPORT %
65.1
69.5
71.8
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
FIGURE.6 EXPORT AND EXPORT-TO-NATIONAL INCOME RATIO
EXPORT AND ITS RATIO TO NATIONAL INCOME
160
157.5
16.7
16.6
155
150
16.3
145
143.9
142.5
140
135
2014
EXPORT BILLION DOLLAR
TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
2015
2016
FIGURE.7 RATE OF IMPORT COVERAGE BY EXPORT
16,8
16,7
73
16,6
16,5
16,4
16,3
16,2
16,1
69
EXPORT-TO-NATIONAL
INCOME RATIO PERCENTAGE
RATE OF IMPORT COVERAGE BY EXPORT PERCENTAGE
71.8
71
67
69.5
65.1
65
63
61
59
2014
2015
2016
TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 29
2
TURKISH ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENTS IN
FOREIGN TRADE
II.5 GROWTH FROM THE ASPECT OF EXPENDITURES AND EXPORT’S
CONTRIBUTION TO GROWTH
According to national income calculation method renewed
by Turkish Statistical Institution, the contribution of expenditures, export and net export to the growth are no longer
calculated. Instead, growth data related to main expense
items announced are evaluated.
FIGURE.8 GROWTH OF GENERAL ECONOMY AND COMMODITY
AND SERVICES EXPORT AND IMPORT PERCENTAGE
7,00
6,00
TABLE.5 GROWTH FROM THE ASPECT OF EXPENDITURES
AND EXPORT’S CONTRIBUTION TO GROWTH
6,1
5,00
4,2
4,00
3,9
3,00
GROWTH ITEMS
2015
PERCENTAGE
2016
PERCENTAGE
GROWTH OF GDP
6,1
2,9
HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES
5,5
2,3
PUBLIC CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES
4,1
7,3
0,00
INVESTMENT EXPENDITURES
9,2
3,0
-1,00
COMMODITY AND SERVICES EXPORT
4,2
-2,0
-2,00
COMMODITY AND SERVICES IMPORT
1,7
3,9
-3,00
2,9
2,00
1,7
1,00
GDP
COMODITY AND
SERVICES EXPORT
COMODITY AND
SERVICES IMPORT
-2,0
2015
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
2016
TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
When economic growth in 2016 was evaluated regarding its
sources, it was concluded that the growth was, to a large
extent, covered by public and private sectors’ consumption
expenditures. Household consumption expenditures and
public consumption expenditures increased by 2.3 and 7.3
percent respectively. Increase rate of investment expenditures in 2016 was 3.0 percent.
Commodity and services export decreased by 2.0 in 2016.
Thus, commodity and services export negatively contributed to the growth. Commodity and service import increased
by 3.9 percent. The economic growth rate was 2.9 percent
in 2016. Growth was achieved by public consumption expenditures and investment expenditures in part. Export negatively contributed to the growth.
II.6 CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCE AND COMMODITY TRADE
Current account balance is composed of commodity
trade, services trade, other incomes, and expenses as
well as incomes and expenses of current transfer. Foreign currency incomes included in Turkey’s current account balance decreased by 4.8 percent and amounted to
USD 195.4 billion in 2016. Commodity export included
in foreign currency incomes and revenues from services
are less than the previous year’s. With 1.2 percent decrease, commodity export fell to USD 150.2 billion. Commodity export’s share in total revenues increased from
74.2 percent to 76.9 percent. Effect of tourism resulted
in 19.9 percent decrease in revenues from services. Total
foreign currency expenditures decreased by 3.9 percent
and amounted to USD 228.0 billion in 2016. Commodity
import included in the foreign currency expenditures
decreased by 4.5 percent and amounted to USD 191.0
billion in 2016, while expenditures of service declined by
2.1 percent. Commodity import’s share in total foreign
TABLE.6 COMMODITY TRADE IN CURRENT
ACCOUNT BALANCE MILLION DOLLAR
A. CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCE (I-II)
I. TOTAL INCOMES
2015
2016
-43.597
-32.118
-32.602
227.970
205.124
195.364
1. COMMODITY EXPORT
168.926
151.970
150.187
2. REVENUES FROM SERVICE
51.657
46.480
37.226
3. OTHER INCOMES
4.874
4.471
5.311
2.513
2.203
2.640
4. REVENUES FROM CURRENT
TRANSFER
II. TOTAL EXPENDITURES
271.567
237.242
227.966
1. COMMODITY IMPORT
232.523
200.084
191.014
2. EXPENDITURES OF SERVICES
24.889
22.272
21.801
3. OTHER EXPENDITURES
13.049
14.113
14.300
4. EXPENDITURES FROM
CURRENT TRANSFER
1.106
773
851
SOURCE: T.R. CENTRAL BANK
30
2014
TABLE.7 COMMODITY TRADE IN CURRENT
ACCOUNT BALANCE MILLION DOLLAR
FIGURE.9 DEVELOPMENTS IN ITEMS COMPOSING
CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCE
ELEMENTS OF CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCE, MILLION DOLLARS
2014
2015
2016
A. CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCE (I+II+III+IV)
-43.597
-32.118
-32.602
1.407
I. COMMODITY BALANCE
-63.597
-48.114
-40.827
26.768
I.1. COMMODITY EXPORT
168.926
151.970
150.187
I.2 COMMODITY IMPORT
232.523
200.084
191.014
26.768
24.208
15.425
II.1 REVENUES FROM SERVICE
51.657
46.480
37.226
II.2 EXPENDITURES OF SERVICES
24.889
22.272
21.801
-8.175
-9.642
-8.989
III.1 OTHER INCOMES
4.874
4.471
5.311
III.2 OTHER EXPENDITURES
13.049
14.113
14.300
1.407
1.430
1.789
2.513
2.203
2.640
1.106
773
851
II. SERVICES BALANCE
III. OTHER INCOME BALANCE
IV. CURRENT TRANSFERS BALANCE
IV.1 REVENUES FROM CURRENT
TRANSFER
IV.2 EXPENDITURES FROM CURRENT
TRANSFER
SOURCE: T.R. CENTRAL BANK
currency expenditures was realized 83.8 percent. Among
current account balance items of Turkey, commodity trade
and other income-expenditure had a deficit, while services
and current transfers had a surplus. In 2016, the deficit in
commodity trade balance decreased from USD 48.1 billion
to USD 40.8 billion and ensured a significant improvement
-63.597
-8.175
2014
1.430
1.789
24.208
15.425
-48.114
-40.827
-9.642
-8.989
2015
2016
COMMODITY BALANCE
SERVICES BALANCE
OTHER INCOME - EXPENDIATURE
BALANCE
CURRENT TRANSFERS
BALANCE
SOURCE: T.R. CENTRAL BANK
in current account balance. On the contrary, the surplus in
services balance decreased by 36.3 percent and amounted
to USD 15.43 billion in 2015. The deficit in the other income-expenditures balance decreased by 6.8 percent and
amounted to USD 9.0 billion. Although commodity balance
maintained its weight in the current account balance, the
importance of revenues from incomes and surplus in services balance were further noticed in 2016. Hence, despite
the deficit in commodity balance substantially decreased in
2016, the surplus in service balance declined in parallel with
the decrease in tourism revenues, and current account balance increased, though limited.
II.7 DEVELOPMENTS IN ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES AND EXPORT-IMPORT RELATIONSHIP
The relationship between the development achieved
in import and export in 2016 regarding commodity
groups and the performance of economic activities
has been evaluated. In 2016 when both import and
II 7.1 EXPORT AND ECONOMIC
ACTIVITIES
Export of investment commodity increased by 3.2 percent
in 2016. As international demand decreased due to the
global slowdown and global supply surplus in many fields,
export of investment commodities excluding vehicles decreased by 3.7 percent, and machinery manufacturers turned towards domestic market. Industrial vehicles and equipment that lead to an increase in the export of investment
commodity focused on international markets.
Export of intermediate goods of agriculture, mining and industry sectors decreased by 2.3 percent in 2016. Export of
non-processed industrial raw materials that mainly consist
of minerals and ores decreased by 2.6 percent. 1.8 percent
export decreased, economic activities had to focus
mainly on the domestic market. However, due to the
problems in the domestic market, economic activities
weakened.
shrinking in mining sector indicates that domestic activities
of this sector decreased as well.
Export of processed industrial raw materials shrank by 1.9
percent. Manufacturing industry grew 3.9 percent in 2016.
When the two data are compared, it is concluded that processed industrial raw materials are mainly used in domestic
industry.
The increase in the export of components and parts of
transportation vehicles confirms the high increase in the
manufacturing activities of the automotive industry.
Recession in the export of processed and non-processed
raw materials that are based on food corresponds to agriculture sector’s shrinking by 4.1 percent. However, due
to market problems experienced while exporting some of
the products, it is preferred to supply products to the doECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 31
2
TURKISH ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENTS IN
FOREIGN TRADE
mestic food industry as well as exporting. Export of consumption goods decreased by 0.5 percent in 2016.
Decreases in the export of durable, semi-durable and
non-durable consumer goods as well as processed and
non-processed raw materials that are based on food
and drink constituted the basis for the slowdown of manufacturing industry. Among these product groups, do-
mestic special consumption expenditures did not also
support the manufacturing in the industries. Export of
automobiles substantially increased. The increase in the
export also significantly raised manufacturing activities
of road vehicles industry. The increase in the manufacture of road motor vehicles supported the increase across the whole manufacturing industry.
TABLE.8 EXPORT (MILLION DOLLAR) AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
2014
2015
2016
Total
157 620
143.935
142.557
1
Investment (capital) commodities
16 107
15.402
15.897
41
Investment (capital) commodities (excluding vehicles)
9 230
8.507
8.190
521
Industrial vehicles and equipment
6 877
6.895
7.707
2
Raw material (intermediate goods)
75 175
68.476
66.902
21
Non-processed industrial raw materials
4 719
3.761
3.665
22
Processed industrial raw materials
50 216
47.382
46.459
31
Processed fuel and oil
234
182
139
42
Components and parts of investment commodities
5 253
4.537
4.300
53
Components and parts of vehicles
9 288
8.598
8.928
111
Non-processed raw materials based on food and drink
293
240
384
121
Processed raw materials based on food and drink
1 696
1.619
1.790
322
Non-processed other types of fuel and oil
3 472
2.157
1.236
399
Confidential data
3
Consumables
65 092
59.186
58.887
51
Automobiles
7 255
6.897
8.355
61
Durable consumer goods
14 984
13.148
12.809
62
Semi-durable consumer goods
15 947
14.637
14.653
63
Non-durable consumer goods
10 000
8.701
8.566
112
Non-processed consumer goods based on food and drink
6 297
6.189
5.690
122
Processed consumer goods based on food and drink
8 125
7.411
6.926
321
Motor gasoline and other light oils
2 299
2.058
1.721
522
Non-industrial vehicles and equipment
182
146
166
4
Others
1 243
869
871
7
Other goods not specified anywhere
1 243
869
871
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
32
II 7.2 IMPORT AND ECONOMIC
ACTIVITIES
Import of investment commodity increased by 2.9 percent
in 2016. While the import of industrial vehicles and
equipment decreased by 3.7, import of manufacturing
machines increased by 4.4. Despite the steady state
of investment expenditures, demand for major public
investment projects had an impact on the increase
in the import of investment commodities. Import of
intermediate goods decreased by 6.3 percent. Import of
non-processed industrial raw materials and processed
industrial raw materials decreased by 6.6 and 1.9 percent
respectively.When the growth rate of 3.9 percent in the
manufacturing industry was compared with the decrease
in the import of processed intermediate goods, it was
concluded that domestic intermediate goods were mainly
preferred in industrial manufacture activities of 2016.
The sharp drop in the import of non-processed industrial
raw materials mainly resulted from the price decreases.
Import of processed fuel and oil, as well as petroleum
and natural gas, significantly decreased. The decrease in
petroleum and natural gas prices played an important role
in 2016. Slow growth of manufacturing industry, as well
as transportation and energy sectors, limited the growth
in energy consumption in 2016. A decrease of only 2.3
percent in the import of consumables corresponds to
the slowdown in domestic consumption expenditures.
Furthermore, increase in the domestic sales of automobile
corresponds to increase in the automobile import. The
decrease in the import of semi-durable and non-durable
consumer goods corresponds to the fact that growth in
the modern retail industry was below the expectations.
TABLE.9 IMPORT (MILLION DOLLAR) AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
2014
2015
2016
Total
242 176
207.203
198.610
1
Investment (capital) commodities
35 995
34.897
35.917
41
Investment (capital) commodities (excluding vehicles)
30 437
28.509
29.764
521
Industrial vehicles and equipment
5 558
6.388
6.153
2
Raw material (intermediate goods)
176 721
143.293
134.316
21
Non-processed industrial raw materials
13 298
9.329
8.712
22
Processed industrial raw materials
78 849
67.932
66.621
31
Processed fuel and oil
847
2.976
2.646
42
Components and parts of investment commodities
12 152
11.421
13.873
53
Components and parts of vehicles
12 187
12.088
13.198
111
Non-processed raw materials based on food and drink
4 289
3.456
3.349
121
Processed raw materials based on food and drink
2 628
2.389
2.299
322
Non-processed other types of fuel and oil
17 702
10.277
8.333
399
Petroleum and Natural Gas
34 765
23.425
15.285
3
Consumables
29 006
28.587
27.941
51
Automobiles
7 717
9.223
9.840
61
Durable consumer goods
4 663
3.766
3.268
62
Semi-durable consumer goods
6 912
6.279
5.710
63
Non-durable consumer goods
5 642
5.267
5.232
112
Non-processed consumer goods based on food and drink
978
1.025
1.107
122
Processed consumer goods based on food and drink
1 778
1.903
1.728
321
Motor gasoline and other light oils
1 048
814
710
522
Non-industrial vehicles and equipment
263
309
345
4
Others
453
426
437
7
Other goods not specified anywhere
453
426
437
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 33
3
EXPORT
3
export
III.1 MAIN EXPORT INDICATORS
III.1.1 TOTAL EXPORT AND
OUR PLACE IN WORLD
COMMODITY EXPORT
below world’s decrease rate of 3.2 percent. Turkey’s exporting performance has been better that world’s exporting
performance for the last three years.
Export Decreased by 0.9 percent in 2016
Export decreased by 0.9 percent and amounted to USD
142.5 billion in 2016. Following the substantial recession in
2015, export kept decreasing in a more limited manner in
2016. The recession of world commodity trade also continued in 2016. In this respect, Turkey’s export witnessed a
TABLE.1 EXPORT
2012
2013
2014
EXPORT BILLION DOLLAR
152,5
151,8
157,6
CHANGE ON VALUE BASIS %
13,0
-0,4
3,8
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
Our Share in World Commodity
Export Increased to 0.89 Percent
Turkey’s share in world commodity trade increased to 0.89
percent in 2016. Turkey’s share in the world export has
been increasing for the four consecutive years. This share
which was 0.83 percent in 2013 increased to 0.85 percent
in 2014 and 0.87 in 2015. Although our export decreased in
2016, our share in world export increased to 0.89 percent.
Despite geopolitical developments and conflicts in Turkey,
distress with peripheral and neighboring countries and political and social developments in the country, Turkey has
managed to increase its share in the world export.
FIGURE.1 EXPORT AND ANNUAL GROWTH
160
155
EXPORT IN BILLION DOLLARS AND % OF GROWTH
3.8
150
145
140
135
-0.9
-8.7
2014
2015
2016
EXPORT BILLION DOLLAR ANNUAL
GROWTH
TABLE.3 OUR SHARE IN WORLD COMMODITY TRADE
6,0
4,0
2,0
0,0
-2,0
-4,0
-6,0
-8,0
-10,0
2015
2016
TURKEY’S EXPORT BILLION DOLLAR
157.6
143.9
142.5
WORLD COMMODITY EXPORT BILLION DOLLAR
18.494
16.482
15.955
0,85
0,87
0,89
TURKEY'S SHARE %
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION, WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
FIGURE.2 OUR SHARE IN THE WORLD
COMMODITY EXPORT
ANNUAL
GROWTH %
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
decrease in parallel with the developments in global trade. .
Decrease in Export Is Less Than
Decrease in World Export Level
0,9
OUR SHARE IN THE WORLD EXPORT PERCENTAGE
0,89
0,89
0,88
Our value-based progress achieved in the last three years is compared with the value-based progress in global
commodity export. Turkey’s value-based export increase in
2014, which was 3.8 percent, was above the value increase
of world import, which was 1.2 percent. With 8.7 percent,
Turkey’s value-based export decrease in 2015 was below
value-based shrinking of world export, which was 10.9 in
the same year.
Export in Turkey and across the world also decreased in
2016. However, Turkey’s decrease rate of 0.9 percent was
TABLE.2 GROWTH COMPARISON
WITH WORLD COMMODITY EXPORT
2014
2015
2016
% OF VALUE-BASED GROWTH OF WORLD COMMODITY EXPORT
1,2
-10,9
-3,2
% OF VALUE-BASED GROWTH OF TURKEY’S COMMODITY EXPORT
3,8
-8,7
-0,9
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION, WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
36
2014
0,87
0,87
0,86
0,85
0,85
0,84
0,83
2014
2015
2016
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION, WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATIOn
Our Rank Number 31 in World Export
Did Not Change in 2016
With an export amounting to USD 142.5 (143) billion, Turkey
maintained its rank as the 31st country in the world export,
and the rank did not change in 2016. Turkey has ranked
31st in world export for the last three years.
Out of the first 30 exporters, 13 countries increased their
exports in 2016. Export of 1 country remained unchanged
16 countries, on the other hand, decreased their exports.
Comparing with the first 30 major exporters’ performances, Turkey was among the ones with decreasing export
levels. The export decrease of Turkey was similar with
other 29 countries whose exports decreased in 2015.
However, such countries as Vietnam, Poland, Czech
Republic and Thailand whose export patterns are similar to Turkey’s as well as the countries we have a lot in
common such as Spain and Italy increased their export
levels in 2016.
TABLE.4 OUR RANK IN WORLD COMMODITY EXPORT
EXPORT BILLION DOLLAR
2015
2015/2016
CHANGE %
2016
SHARE %
RANK
IN 2015
RANK
COUNTRY
2016
1
CHINA
2.275
2.098
-7,8
13,06
1
2
USA
1.505
1.455
-3,4
9,05
2
3
GERMANY
1.329
1.340
0,8
8,33
3
4
JAPAN
625
645
3,2
4,01
4
5
THE NETHERLANDS
567
570
0,4
3,54
5
6
HONG KONG
511
517
1,2
3,22
7
7
FRANCE
506
501
-1,0
3,12
8
8
SOUTH KOREA
527
495
-6,1
3,08
6
9
ITALY
459
462
0,7
2,88
10
10
ENGLAND
460
409
-11,1
2,55
9
11
BELGIUM
398
396
-0,5
2,46
12
12
CANADA
408
390
-4,4
2,43
11
13
MEXICO
381
374
-1,8
2,33
13
14
SINGAPORE
347
330
-4,9
2,05
14
15
SWITZERLAND
290
303
4,5
1,89
16
16
SPAIN
282
288
2,1
1,79
18
17
RUSSIA
340
282
-17,1
1,76
15
18
TAIWAN
285
280
-1,8
1,74
17
19
UAE
265
266
0,4
1,67
20
20
INDIA
267
264
-1,1
1,64
19
21
THAILAND
214
215
0,5
1,34
21
22
POLAND
198
203
2,5
1,26
24
23
AUSTRALIA
188
190
1,1
1,18
26
24
MALAYSIA
200
189
-5,5
1,18
23
25
BRAZIL
191
185
-3,1
1,15
25
26
VIETNAM
162
177
9,3
1,10
27
27
SAUDI ARABIA
202
175
-13,4
1,10
22
28
CZECH REPUBLIC
158
163
3,2
1,01
28
29
AUSTRALIA
152
152
0,0
0,95
29
30
INDONESIA
150
144
-4,0
0,90
30
31
TURKEY
144
143
-0,8
0,89
31
SOURCE: WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 37
3
export
III.1.2 EXPORT IN RESPECT
TO ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
AND LARGE ECONOMIC
GROUPS
TABLE.6 EXPORT IN RESPECT TO LARGE
ECONOMIC GROUPS’ CLASSIFICATION T
2014
Turkey’s export performance is evaluated in detail basing
on three different international commodity classifications.
Manufacturing Industry Still Covers
The Largest Place in Export
According to the export distribution based on economic
activities, export of manufacturing industry products decreased by 0.7 percent in 2016, and share of manufacturing
industry products in total export was realized 93.7 percent.
Manufacturing industry still maintains its huge significance
TABLE 5. EXPORT IN RESPECT TO ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
2014
2015
SHARE
%
EXPORT
BILLION
DOLLAR
PAY
%
INVESTMENT
COMMODITIES
16.1
10.2
15.4
10.7
15.9
11.2
3.2
INVESTMENT
COMMODITIES
75.2
47.7
68.5
47.6
66.9
46.9
-2.3
CONSUMABLES
65.1
41.3
59.2
41.1
58.9
41.3
-1.7
OTHER GOODS
1.2
0.8
0.9
0.6
0.9
0.6
-
GRAND TOTAL
157.6 100.0 143.9 100.0 142.5 100.0
-0.9
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
2016
EXPORT
BILLION
DOLLAR
SHARE
%
EXPORT
BILLION
DOLLAR
SHARE
%
AGRICULTURE
AND FORESTRY
6.0
3.7
5.8
4.0
5.4
3.8
-6.9
FISHING
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.3
-
MINING AND
QUARRYING
3.4
2.6
2.8
1.9
2.7
1.9
-3.6
50
147.1
93.1
134.5
93.5
133.6
93.7
-0.7
40
0.8
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.3
-
157.6
100.0
143.9
100.0
142.5
100.0
-0.9
FIGURE.3 DISTRIBUTION OF COMMODITY
GROUPS IN EXPORT
60
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
in export. While the export of agricultural and forestry products decreased by 6.9 percent in 2016, export of mining
and quarrying products dropped by 3.6 percent.
While Share of Consumables in Export Remained Unchanged, Share of
Investment Commodities Increased
When the distribution of export was evaluated basing on the
classification of large economic groups, it was concluded
that the share of consumables in the total export remained
almost unchanged in 2016. The share which was 41.1 percent in 2015 was realized 41.3 percent in 2016. While the
share of intermediate goods in the total commodity export
was 47.6 percent in 2015, it decreased to 46.9 percent in
2016. The only commodity group with an increasing export
rate is investment commodities. Export of investment commodities increased by 3.2 percent in 2016. In parallel, the
share of investment commodities increased from 10.7 percent to 11.2 percent. In 2016 when the export decreased,
intermediate goods and consumables performed under the
average, while investment commodities performed above
the average.
38
EXPORT
BILLION
DOLLAR
SHARE
%
GRAND TOTAL
2015/2016
CHANGE
%
SHARE
%
EXPORT
BILLION
DOLLAR
OTHER
2016
EXPORT
BILLION
DOLLAR
CHANGE
2015/2016
%
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
2015
PERCENTAGE OF SHARES OF COMMODITY GROUPS
47,7 47,6 46,9
41,3 41,1 41,3
30
20
10
0
10,2 10,7 11,2
İIVESTMENT
COMMODITIES
2014
INTERMEDIATE
CONSUMABLES
GOODS
2015
2016
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
Machinery and Vehicles Maintained
Their Places in Export
When the distribution of export was evaluated basing on the
international trade classification (SITC Rev.3), machinery
and vehicles that ranked the first last year became the most
exported product group in 2016 with an export increasing
to USD 41.1 billion and share increasing to 28.8 percent.
Export of processed goods that mainly consist of intermediate goods and are classified under main categories decreased and the share of these goods fell to 24.1 percent in
2016. The share of manufactured goods that mainly consist
of semi-durable consumer goods ranked the third in 2016
with 18.9 percent.
TABLE.7 EXPORT IN RESPECT TO INTERNATIONAL
TRADE CLASSIFICATION (SITC REV.3)
2014
2015
2016
CHANGE
2015/2016 %
EXPORT
BILLION
DOLLAR
PAY
%
EXPORT
BILLION
DOLLAR
PAY
%
EXPORT
BILLION
DOLLAR
PAY
%
LIVESTOCK AND FOODSTUFF
15.2
9.6
14.3
9.9
13.5
9.5
-5.6
ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND TOBACCO
1.4
0.9
1.2
0.8
1.3
0.9
8.3
NON-EDIBLE RAW MATERIALS (EXCLUDING FUEL OIL)
4.9
3.1
4.0
2.7
4.0
2.8
-
SOLID AND LIQUID ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE FATS
1.0
0.6
0.9
0.6
0.9
0.6
-
MINERAL FUELS AND OILS
6.1
3.9
4.5
3.1
3.2
2.2
-28.9
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND RELATED PRODUCTS
10.1
6.4
9.2
6.4
8.5
6.0
-7.6
PROCESSED GOODS UNDER MAJOR CATEGORIES
42.3
26.8
35.6
24.7
34.4
24.1
-3.4
MACHINERY AND VEHICLES
42.7
27.1
39.3
27.3
41.1
28.8
4.6
VARIOUS MANUFACTURED GOODS
30.1
19.1
27.3
19.0
27.0
18.9
1.1
BYS GOODS*
3.8
2.4
6.9
4.8
8.6
6.0
24.6
GRAND TOTAL
157.6
100.0
143.9
100.0
142.5
10.0
-0.9
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION, *Including Gold,
III.1.3 EXPORT IN RESPECT TO FOREIGN CURRENCIES AND PERFORMED IN TRY
Export in Euro Surpassed Export in USD
When the distribution of Turkey’s export was evaluated
basing foreign currencies, it was concluded that USD and
EUR still prevailed. After many years, however, export in
EUR surpassed export in USD for the first time in 2016. Recession in the markets to which export is performed in USD
and expansion in EU market were effective. While the share
of export in EUR increased by 48.2 in 2016, the share of
export in USD dropped by 4.7 points and decreased to 42.6
percent. With an increasing share of 5.5 percent in 2016,
Turkish Lira maintained its rank as the third most preferred
currency used in export. While the share of pound sterling
was 3.2, export in Ruble was quite low.
TABLE 8. EXPORT IN RESPECT TO FOREIGN CURRENCIES
2014
2015
2016
BILLION
DOLLAR
%
SHARE
BILLION
DOLLAR
%
SHARE
BILLION
DOLLAR
%
SHARE
US DOLLAR
74.7
47.4
68.0
47.3
60.7
42.6
EURO
70.0
44.4
64.3
44.7
68.7
48.2
POUND STERLING
5.1
3.2
4.9
3.4
4.5
3.2
RUBLE
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.1
TRY
6.7
4.3
6.1
4.2
7.9
5.5
OTHER
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.6
0.4
TOTAL
157.6
100.0
143.9
100.0
142.5
100.0
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
FIGURE 4. EXPORT IN RESPECT TO FOREIGN CURRENCIES
PERCENTAGE OF EXPORT BASED ON CURRENCY
60
50
47,4
47,3
42,6
44,4
44,7
48,2
2014
40
2015
2016
30
20
10
0
3,2
US DOLLAR
EURO
3,4
POUND STERLİNG
3,2
4,3
4,2
5,5
TRY
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 39
3
export
III.1.4 EXPORT IN RESPECT
TO PAYMENT METHODS AND
TRANSPORTATION MEANS
Among the Payment Methods Share
of Cash Against Goods Still Increases
When the distribution of payment methods in export was
evaluated, it was concluded that cash on delivery method’s
share increased, while shares of cash against document
and letter of credit decreased. The share of cash against
goods, which was 61.8 percent in 2013, increased to 66.5
percent in 2016. Export amounting to USD 94.9 billion was
performed on cash against goods terms in 2016. While the
share of payment by letter of credit was 9.68 percent in
2013, it decreased to 6.9 percent in 2016.
Export by Seaway and
Road Still The Highest
When the distribution of export was evaluated basing on
transportation means, it was concluded that export by seaway and road maintain their top rank. While the share
of export by seaway was 55.0 in 2016, the share of
the road transportation decreased to 31.4 percent.
The share of railways was still limited to 0.4 percent.
With a high level of gold export in 2016, the share of
airways was realized 12.4 percent.
TABLE.10 EXPORT IN RESPECT TO
TRANSPORTATION MEANS
TABLE.9 EXPORT IN RESPECT TO PAYMENT
METHODS
2014
2015
2014
2016
2015
2016
BILLION
DOLLAR
%
SHARE
BILLION
DOLLAR
%
SHARE
BILLION
DOLLAR
%
SHARE
SEAWAY
86.3
54.8
78.1
54.3
78.4
55.0
RAILWAY
0.9
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
BILLION
DOLLAR
SHARE
%
BILLION
DOLLAR
SHARE
%
BILLION
DOLLAR
SHARE
%
CASH AGAINST GOODS
102.8
65.23
95.0
66.02
94.9
66.5
ROAD
55.3
35.0
46.7
32.5
44.8
31.4
ADVANCE PAYMENT
14.9
9.45
14.0
9.73
15.5
10.9
AIRWAY
14.1
8.9
17.3
12.0
17.7
12.4
CASH AGAINST DOCUMENT
24.2
15.36
21.4
14.87
20.6
14.4
OTHER
1.0
0.7
1.0
0.7
1.0
0.7
TOTAL
157.6
100.0
143.9
100.0
142.5
100.0
DEFERRED PAYMENT
LETTER OF CREDIT
2.5
1.59
2.1
1.46
1.6
1.10
FREE OF CHARGE
1.4
0.89
1.4
0.97
1.4
1.00
PRIVATE BARTER
0.2
0.13
0.1
0.07
0.01
-
LETTER OF CREDIT
11.2
7.11
9.7
6.74
8.2
5.80
COUNTER PURCHASE
0.1
0.06
0.01
0.00
0.01
-
ACCEPTANCE CREDIT
0.05
0.03
0.04
0.02
0.02
-
ACCEPTANCE CREDIT
- CASH AGAINST DOCUMENT
0.14
0.09
0.14
0.10
0.16
0.10
ACCEPTANCE CREDIT CASH AGAINST GOODS
0.11
0.07
0.08
0.06
0.10
0.07
PRIVATE ACCOUNT
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
-
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
FIGURE.5 EXPORT IN RESPECT TO
TRANSPORTATION MEANS 2016
PERCENTAGE OF SHARES OF TRANSPORTATION
METHODS IN EXPORT
0,70%
12,41%
31,43%
SEAWAY
55,06%
AIRWAY
0,40%
GRAND TOTAL
ROAD
157.6
100.00
143.9
100.00
142.5
100.00
TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
RAILWAY
OTHER
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
III.2 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY EXPORT IN RESPECT TO TECHNOLOGICAL DENSITY
The Most Limited Decrease in Export
Was Realized in Products With High
Technological Density
Classification and evaluation of exported products in terms
of technological density indicate not only to the industrial
40
development but also to the technology and added value
content of the export.
Exported products with technological density are composed of manufacturing industry products. Manufacturing
industry products are divided into four main categories in
terms of technological density. The products are classified
from high technological density to low technological density.
Turkey’s export of manufacturing industry products in 2016
amounted to USD 133.65 billion. Compared with 2015, export of manufacturing industry decreased by 0.6 percent.
With 35.1 percent, the highest share in the manufacturing
industry export still belongs to products with low technological density. Export of products with low technological
density dropped only by 0.5 percent in 2016. In parallel,
by increasing 0.1 points compared with the previous year,
products with low technological density in total export maintained the highest share.
The share of products with medium-low technological products in export dropped by 1.2 points and decreased to
28.3 percent in 2016.
In respect to technological groups, the only group that increased its export in 2016 is the products with medium-high
technological density. Export of products with medium-high
technological density increased by 3.5 percent in 2016, and
its share reached to 33.1 percent. Products with mediumhigh technological density are the second largest product
group in export.
Export of products with high technological density dropped
by 3.8 percent in 2016, and its share decreased from 3.6 to
3.5 percent.
TABLE. 11 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY EXPORT IN
RESPECT TO TECHNOLOGICAL DENSITY
FIGURE.6 SHARES OF TECHNOLOGY GROUPS IN EXPORT
PERCENTAGE OF SHARES OF TECHNOLOGY GROUPS IN EXPORT
CLASSIFICATION
2014
2015
2016
MILLION
DOLLAR
%
SGARE
MILLION
DOLLAR
%
SHARE
MILLION
DOLLAR
%
SHARE
HIGH-TECHNOLOGY
PRODUCTS
5,020
3.4
4,869
3.6
4,683
3.5
MEDIUM-HIGH
TECHNOLOGY PRODUCTS
46,517
31.6
42,725
31.8
44,240
33.1
MEDIUM LOW
TECHNOLOGY PRODUCTS
42,984
29.2
39,696
29.5
37,878
28.3
LOW TECHNOLOGY
PRODUCTS
52,636
35.8
47,070
35.0
46,853
35.1
TOTAL MANUFACTURING
INDUSTRY EXPORT
147,158
100.0
134,482
100.0
133,654
100.0
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
33,1
31,6 31,8
2014
2015
35,8
35
35,1
29,2 29,5 28,3
2016
3,4
3,7
3,5
HIHG
TECHNOLOGY
PRODUCTS
MEDIUM-HIGH
TECHNOLOGY
PRODUCTS
MEDIUM-LOW
TECHNOLOGY
PRODUCTS
LOW
TECHNOLOGY
PRODUCTS
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
III.3 PRICE AND AMOUNT RELATED DEVELOPMENTS IN EXPORT
While Export Increased in Amount,
Unit Values Substantially
Decreased in 2016
Amount and unit value related developments in Turkish export determine the total export performance. The total amount and unit values of export, calculated basing on 2010
data, indicate to fluctuations by years. Unit values of export
substantially decreased in parallel with global decreases in
energy and commodity prices in 2016.
Export of Turkey increased in amount by 3.7 percent in
2016. Thus, export of Turkey has been increasing in amount
for the last three years.
The unit value of total export also substantially decreased
in 2016. Drop in unit export value was realized 4.6 percent.
Hence, the unit value of export has been decreasing for the
last three years in parallel with the global developments.
Along with the decrease in 2016, the unit value dropped
7.7 percent below the unit values of 2010 when the index
started to be calculated. Thanks to amount-based increa-
ses, Turkey limits the unfavorable effects of decreases in
unit values.
TABLE.12 EXPORT AMOUNT AND UNIT VALUE
INDEX 2010=100
YEARS
EXPORT AMOUNT INDEX
2010=100
EXPORT UNIT VALUE
INDEX 2010=100
INDEX
% CHANGE
INDEX
% CHANGE
2010
100.0
-
100.0
-
2011
106.2
6.2
111.6
11.6
2012
123.9
16.7
108.1
-3.1
2013
122.6
-1.0
108.7
0.6
2014
129.4
5.5
107.0
-1.6
2015
130.7
2.0
96.7
-10.0
2016
135.6
3.7
92.3
-4.6
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 41
3
export
FIGURE.7 AMOUNT AND UNIT VALUE RELATED DEVELOPMENTS IN EXPORT
140,0
130,0
120,0
110,0
100,0
90,0
135,6
EXPORT UNIT VALUE AND AMOUNT INDEX 2010=100
123,9
129,4
130,7
107,0
96,7
122,6
111,6
100,0
108,1
108,7
106,2
2010
2011
2012
2013
EXPORT UNIT VALUE INDEX
92,3
2014
2015
2016
EXPORT AMOUNT INDEX
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
Decrease in Turkey’s Unit Export Value
Is Higher Than The Decrease in World’s
Unit Export Value
Amount and unit value related developments in Turkey’s
export are compared with the amount and unit value trends
in world commodity trade.
It has been observed that total export unit value of world
commodity trade has been decreasing for the last three years. Export unit value decreased by 1.2 percent in 2014, by
15.5 percent in 2015 and by 4.5 percent in 2016. The world
has been witnessing a decrease in energy and all commo-
TABLE.13 AMOUNT AND UNIT VALUE RELATED
DEVELOPMENTS IN WORLD’S AND TURKEY’S EXPORT
2014
2015
2016
WORLD (AMOUNT)
2,8
2,8
1,3
TURKEY (AMOUNT)
5,5
2,0
3,7
WORLD (UNIT VALUE)
-1,2
-15,5
-4,5
TURKEY (UNIT VALUE)
-1,6
-10,0
-4,6
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION AND WORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATION
dity prices for the last three years.
Although developments in Turkey’s export unit values have
parallels with developments in world commodity trade’s
export unit values, decrease in Turkey’s export unit values were higher than the decreases experienced across the
world in 2016.
The most important reason is that the prices of manufacturing industry products, which Turkey mainly exported in
2016, also decreased in 2016.
Amount and unit value related developments in export are
evaluated basing on commodity groups of international trade classification.
Increase in Amount Resulted from
Mineral Fuels and Oils As Well As
Machinery and Vehicle Products in 2016
Out of 9 main commodity group of international trade classification, 7 commodity groups increased their export amount in 2016. Export of mineral fuels and oils and related
products of chemical industry decreased in amount. The
highest level of increase in amount belongs to the export
TABLE.14 AMOUNT RELATED DEVELOPMENTS IN EXPORT (EXPORT AMOUNT INDEX (2010=100) IN
RESPECT TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE CLASSIFICATION (SITC REV.3)
2014
2015
2016
2015/2016 CHANGE %
LIVESTOCK AND FOODSTUFF
112,5
124,7
127,8
10,8
ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND TOBACCO
112,2
103,5
122,4
-4,5
NON-EDIBLE RAW MATERIALS (EXCLUDING FUEL OIL)
111,3
124,4
119,3
11,8
SOLID AND LIQUID ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE FATS
276,7
340,4
260,9
23,0
MINERAL FUELS AND OILS
123,7
113,1
113,6
-8,6
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND RELATED PRODUCTS
114,5
120,8
130,3
5,5
PROCESSED GOODS UNDER MAJOR CATEGORIES
115,4
117,7
121,2
2,0
MACHINERY AND VEHICLES
117,6
124,6
131,9
6,0
VARIOUS MANUFACTURED GOODS
113,3
123,2
138,7
8,7
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
42
of machinery and vehicle with 6.0 percent and to the export
of solid and liquid animal and vegetable fats. Increases in
other groups also supported the increase of Turkey’s total
export in amount.
Export Unit Values Decreased In
Majority of Commodity Groups
Considering the development of export unit value in respect to commodity groups, export unit value decreased in
all commodity groups excluding alcoholic beverages and
tobacco in 2016. The export unit value of mineral oils and
fuels faced the highest level of decrease in parallel with the
drop in petroleum prices. Price decreases in manufacturing
industry products were sharper in 2016.
TABLE.15 UNIT VALUE RELATED DEVELOPMENTS IN EXPORT (EXPORT UNIT VALUE INDEX
(2010=100) IN RESPECT TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE CLASSIFICATION (SITC REV.3)
2014
2015
2016
2015/2016 CHANGE %
LIVESTOCK AND FOODSTUFF
113,0
111,4
99,6
-10,6
ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND TOBACCO
126,3
117,7
119,4
1,4
NON-EDIBLE RAW MATERIALS (EXCLUDING FUEL OIL)
106,6
95,2
91,2
-4,2
SOLID AND LIQUID ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE FATS
111,7
106,2
102,0
-4,0
MINERAL FUELS AND OILS
120,4
72,3
59,0
-18,4
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND RELATED PRODUCTS
113,9
104,7
98,8
-5,6
PROCESSED GOODS UNDER MAJOR CATEGORIES
105,2
92,5
86,8
-6,2
MACHINERY AND VEHICLES
101,9
92,0
91,1
-1,0
VARIOUS MANUFACTURED GOODS
110,0
100,6
97,8
-2,8
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
III.4 EXPORT IN PROVINCES
Share of The Largest 20 Exporting
Province is 86.0 Percent
Along with regional diversification and deepening in
Turkey’s export, the share of the first 20 provinces in export
continues to decrease gradually. While the share of the first
twenty provinces in total export was 86.8 percent in 2015,
this share was realized 86.0 percent in 2016.
adversely affect the exports of our southern provinces in
2016. While the decreases in Gaziantep, Adana, and Hatay
were limited, export in Mersin, Kahramanmaraş, and Mardin
increased.
TABLE.16 EXPORT BY PROVINCES
RANK
Performances of Exporting Provinces
Differed in 2016
In 2016, export of the first 20 provinces dropped by 1.4 percent in comparison with the previous year and decreased
from USD 125.1 billion to USD 123.4 billion. Besides, the
export performances of the first 20 provinces differed. Out
of the first 20 provinces, 7 of them increased their exports.
Export of 13 provinces, on the other hand, decreased in
2016. Export increased in the provinces where the automotive industry is predominant. Export of Istanbul, the largest
exporting province, dropped by 4.4 percent and decreased
to 40.3 percent. While export decreased in important exporting provinces İzmir, Kocaeli, Ankara, Manisa and Konya, it
increased in such provinces as Bursa, Denizli, Mersin, and
Tekirdağ.
Negative Effect of Regional
Developments on The Export of
Southern Provinces Diminished
Developments in Iraq and Syria decreasingly continued to
2016
CITY
2015
MILLION US DOLLAR
%SHARE
MILLION US DOLLAR
%SHARE
2015/2016
CHANGE %
1
İSTANBUL
57.423
40,3
59.453
41,3
-4,4
2
BURSA
12.960
9,1
11.669
8,1
10,2
3
KOCAELI
10.170
7,1
11.118
7,7
-9,6
4
İZMİR
7.931
5,6
7.996
5,6
-1,8
5
GAZİANTEP
6.258
4,4
6.270
4,4
-1,2
6
ANKARA
6.237
4,4
6.717
4,7
-8,2
7
MANİSA
3.772
2,6
3.916
2,7
-4,7
8
DENİZLİ
2.767
1,9
2.524
1,8
8,7
9
SAKARYA
2.523
1,8
1.922
1,3
30,5
10
HATAY
1.745
1,2
1.794
1,2
-3,8
11
ADANA
1.615
1,1
1.679
1,2
-4,9
12
KAYSERİ
1.509
1,1
1.582
1,1
-5,7
13
MERSİN
1.495
1,0
1.435
1,0
3,2
14
TRABZON
1.341
0,9
1.539
1,1
-14,0
15
KONYA
1.333
0,9
1.373
1,0
-3,9
16
ANTALYA
985
0,7
1.006
0,7
-3,1
17
MARDİN
905
0,6
866
0,6
3,5
18
ESKİŞEHİR
856
0,6
845
0,6
0,3
19
K.MARAŞ
850
0,6
777
0,5
8,5
20
TEKİRDAĞ
723
0,5
660
0,5
8,6
SOURCE: TURKISH EXPORTERS ASSEMBLY
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 43
3
export
FIGURE.8 EXPORT DEVELOPMENTS OF FIRST 20 PROVINCES IN 2016
GROWTH IN EXPORT %
35,0
30,5
30,0
25,0
20,0
8,5
-4,9
-5,7
KAYSERİ
-8,2
-9,6
-14,0
TRABZON
-4,7
KOCAELİ
-4,4
ANKARA
-3,8 -3,9
ADANA
-3,1
MANİSA
-1,8
İSTANBUL
-1,2
ESKİŞEHİR
MERSİN
MARDİN
K.MARAŞ
DENİZLİ
TEKİRDAĞ
-10,0
BURSA
-5,0
0,3
SAKARYA
0,0
3,2
KONYA
3,5
5,0
HATAY
8,6
ANTALYA
8,7
İZMİR
10,2
10,0
GAZİANTEP
15,0
-15,0
-20,0
SOURCE: TURKISH EXPORTERS ASSEMBLY
III.5 EXPORT BY COUNTRY GROUPS AND COUNTRIES
III.5.1 EXPORT BY COUNTRY
GROUPS
Export to the European Union and
North America Increased
When the distribution of Turkey’s export was evaluated in
terms of country groups, it was concluded that export to
North America and European Union markets substantially
increased in 2016. Though limited, export to Near and
Middle East markets also increased. In parallel with economic recovery and import increase in the USA and the
European Union, Turkey’s export to these regions were
also favorable affected. Export to European Union and
North America markets increased by 6.8 and 4.7 percent
respectively. Turkey’s export to other regions decreased.
Export to other European countries decreased by 31.2
percent in 2016. Export to African countries and North
American countries decreased by 7.2 and 9.1 percent
respectively. Substantial losses were caused in terms of
export to Africa, a recently developing privileged market
for Turkey. Export to South America, a recently developing
and one of the target markets, decreased by 16.4 percent.
Developed Countries’ Markets Pulled
Export Forward
Despite global trade contraction in 2016, Turkey’s export
performance was pulled forward by EU and USA markets.
Increases in the exports to these two regions limited the
decrease in total export. Substantial export losses were
44
TABLE.17 EXPORT CHANGE BY COUNTRY GROUPS
PERCENTAGE
COUNTRY GROUP
2014
2015
2016
TOTAL
3,8
-8,7
-1,0
A-EUROPEAN UNION (EU28)
8,7
-6,5
6,8
B- TURKEY'S FREE ZONES
-5,9
-16,0
-4,5
C- OTHER COUNTRIES
0,6
-10,2
-7,2
1- OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
6,8
-6,8
-31,2
-2,8
-12,5
-9,1
(EXCLUDING EU)
2-NORTH AMERICA
3- OTHER AFRICAN COUNTRIES
-2,6
-1,6
-7,2
4-NORTH AMERICA
10,8
-3,1
4,7
5-CENTRAL AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN
-6,6
-9,5
-0,4
6. SOUTH AMERICA
-12,9
-29,3
-16,4
7-NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST
-0,5
-12,0
0,7
8-OTHER ASIAN COUNTRIES
-3,5
-11,0
-6,1
9-AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND
11,4
3,3
18,7
10- OTHER COUNTRIES AND REGIONS
54,5
-54,0
43,4
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
experienced in the markets of all developing countries.
Export To European Union Reached 70
Million USD Once Again
Within the framework of developments in export by co-
untry groups in 2016, export to EU-28 countries increased
to 68.4 percent. Recovery in the European Union positively
affected Turkey’s export. The negative effect of a decrease
in EUR-USD parity for the last a few years on the export to
TABLE.18 EXPORT BY COUNTRY
GROUPS MILLION DOLLAR
TABLE.19 DISTRIBUTION OF EXPORT
BY COUNTRY GROUPS PERCENTAGE
COUNTRY GROUP
2014
2015
2016
TOTAL
100,0
100,0
100,0
A-EUROPEAN UNION (EU28)
43,5
44,5
48,0
B- TURKEY'S FREE ZONES
1,4
1,3
1,3
C- OTHER COUNTRIES
55,1
54,2
50,8
1- OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
9,6
9,8
6,8
TOTAL
2014
2015
2016
A-EUROPEAN UNION (EU28)
157 620
143.935
142.557
(EXCLUDING EU)
B- TURKEY'S FREE ZONES
68 519
64.034
68.357
2-NORTH AMERICA
6,2
5,9
5,4
C- OTHER COUNTRIES
2 270
1.907
1.822
3- OTHER AFRICAN COUNTRIES
2,5
2,7
2,6
1- OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
86 832
77.993
72.379
4-NORTH AMERICA
4,6
4,9
5,2
5-CENTRAL AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN
0,6
0,6
0,6
2-NORTH AMERICA
15 185
14.150
9.738
6. SOUTH AMERICA
1,2
0,9
0,8
3- OTHER AFRICAN COUNTRIES
9 758
8.535
7.756
7-NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST
22,4
21,6
22,0
4-NORTH AMERICA
3 997
3.934
3.652
8-OTHER ASIAN COUNTRIES
7,4
7,2
6,8
5-CENTRAL AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN
7 293
7.070
7.405
9-AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND
0,4
0,4
0,5
938
849
846
10- OTHER COUNTRIES AND REGIONS
0,1
0,1
0,1
7-NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST
1 852
1.310
1.095
8-OTHER ASIAN COUNTRIES
35 386
31.106
31.312
9-AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND
11 592
10.312
9.686
600
620
736
(EXCLUDING EU)
6. SOUTH AMERICA
10- OTHER COUNTRIES AND REGIONS
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
FIGURE.9 DISTRIBUTION OF EXPORT BY
COUNTRY GROUPS PERCENTAGE
SHARE OF REGIONS IN
EXPORT PERCENTAGE
0,5 0,1
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
6,8
EUROPEAN UNION
European Union countries also disappeared. Export to the
European Countries including Russia and Africa decreased
absolutely.
OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
48
22
NORTH AFRICA
OTHER AFRICA
Share of EU Countries Increased to
48.0 Percent
The share of EU countries in country groups kept increasing in 2016 and reached to 48.0 percent. The share of
North American countries increased from 4.9 percent to
5.2 percent. The share of Near and Middle Eastern countries was realized 22.0 percent. The share of other European
Countries decreased from 9.8 percent to 6.8 percent. With
6.8 percent, the share of Asian countries is still under the
potential.
Our Share in The First 30 Export
Markets Decreased By 0.3 Point
Turkey’s first 30 export markets remained almost unchanged over the years. Upon the classification of 30 markets
as groups of 10 countries, three significant export market
groups were created. The share of the first 10 countries
in our export was realized almost 50 percent and increased to 50.9 percent in 2016. The share of the second 10
markets in our export is approximately 20 percent and
decreased to 18.1 percent in 2016. The share of the third
10 countries dropped by 0.9 points in 2016 and decreased
to 9.2 percent. Shares of these three groups in our total
0,8
0,6
NORTH AMERICA
5,2
MIDDLE AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN
2,6 5,4
SOUTH AMRICA
6,8
NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
export have increased for the last three years and decreased in 2016. Both the increase and the decrease were limited. The share of the first 30 countries in our total export in
2016 dropped by 0.3 point and decreased to 78.2 percent.
It was concluded that Turkey’s export was dependent
and sensitive to the same markets, and the need for new
markets still continues.
FIGURE.10 SHARE OF EXPORT
MARKETS IN EXPORT
48,9
47,7
19,5
19,1
11,1
2014
10,1
2015
THE FIRST
10 MARKETS
THE SECOND
10 MARKETS
50,9
PERCENTAGE OF
SHARE OF EXPORT
MARKETS IN
EXPORT
18,1
9,2
2016
THE THIRD
10 MARKETS
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 45
3
export
TABLE.20 SHARE OF TURKEY’S FIRST 30 EXPORT MARKETS IN OUR EXPORT BY GROUPS
2014
MARKETS
2015
2016
EXPORT
MILLION DOLLAR
SHARE
%
EXPORT
MILLION DOLLAR
SHARE
%
EXPORT
MILLION DOLLAR
SHARE
%
THE FIRST 10 MARKETS
75.123
47,7
70.456
48,9
72.512
50,9
THE SECOND 10 MARKETS
30.049
19,1
28.071
19,5
25.861
18,1
THE THIRD 10 MARKETS
17.649
11,1
14.466
10,1
13.172
9,2
THE FIRST 30 MARKETS
122.821
77,9
112.993
78,5
111.545
78,2
TOTAL
157.620
100.0
143.935
100,0
142.557
100,0
SOURCE: CALCULATED BASING ON THE DATA OF TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
İThe First 10 Countries; Germany, England, Iraq, Italy, USA, France, UAE, Spain, Iran, The Netherlands
The Second 10 Countries; S. Arabia, Israel, Egypt, Switzerland, Romania, Poland, Belgium, Bulgaria, China, Algeria
The Third 10 Countries; Russia, Morocco, Greece, Syria, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Turkmenistan, Sweden, Georgia, Austria
III.5.2 EXPORT
BY COUNTRIES
Compared with 2014, two countries changed among
Turkey’s first 20 export markets in 2016. Russia and Azerbaijan were replaced by Bulgaria and the Czech Republic.
While total export decreased by 0.9 percent, export to the
first 20 countries increased by 1.9 percent and amounted
to USD 98.37 billion in 2016.
In 2016, export to 12 countries included in the first 20
markets increased. Four of the countries to which export
increased were Germany, USA, England, and Italy, whose
economic growths accelerated. Due to a decrease in gold
export, export to Switzerland experienced the maximum
decrease. Iraq, UAE, and S. Arabia were among the countries to which export decreased.
TABLE.21 EXPORT BY COUNTRY MILLION DOLLAR
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
RANK
COUNTRIES
1
GERMANY
14.001
13.417
2
England
11.687
10.556
3
Iraq
7.638
4
Italy
7.582
5
USA
2016
2014
% 2015/2016
Change
2016
2015
2014
13.147
9,8
9,3
8,3
4,4
9.903
8,2
7,3
6,3
10,7
8.550
10.888
5,4
5,9
6,9
-10,7
6.887
7.141
5,3
4,8
4,5
10,1
6.624
6.396
6.342
4,6
4,4
4,0
3,6
6
France
6.024
5.845
6.464
4,2
4,1
4,1
3,1
7
UAE
5.408
4.681
4.656
3,8
3,3
3,0
15,5
8
Spain
4.991
4.742
4.750
3,5
3,3
3,0
5,3
9
Iran
4.967
3.664
3.886
3,5
2,5
2,5
35,6
10
The Netherlands
3.590
3.155
3.459
2,5
2,2
2,2
13,8
11
S. Arabia
3.174
3.473
3.047
2,2
2,4
1,9
-8,6
12
Israel
2.956
2.698
2.951
2,1
1,9
1,9
9,6
13
Egypt
2.734
3.125
3.298
1,9
2,2
2,1
-12,5
14
Switzerland
2.676
5.675
3.208
1,9
3,9
2,0
-52,8
15
Romania
2.671
2.816
3.008
1,9
2,0
1,9
-5,1
16
Poland
2.651
2.329
2.402
1,9
1,6
1,5
13,8
17
Belgium
2.548
2.558
2.939
1,8
1,8
1,9
-0,4
18
Bulgaria
2.384
1.676
2.040
1,7
1,2
1,3
42,2
19
China
2.329
2.415
2.861
1,6
1,7
1,8
-3,6
20
Algeria
1.736
1.826
2.079
1,2
1,3
1,3
-4,9
47.355
57.142
31,0
32,9
36,3
-6,7
143.935
157.620
9,8
9,3
8,3
-0,9
Others
44.185
TOTAL
142.557
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
46
2015
EXPORT SHARE %
III.6 EXPORT BY COMPANY SCALES AND EXPORT CONCENTRATION
Concentration of Export in
Large-Scale Companies Increased
Distribution of export basing on company scales yields
important results for Turkish exporters. Company scales
are categorized based on the number of employees. In
this respect, the share of companies with 250+ employees, which are regarded as large-scale for Turkey, in
the export increased by 2.8 points and reached to 43.5
percent in 2014. The concentration of Turkish export
in large-scale companies continues to increase. The
share of companies with 250 and more employees to be
regarded as large-scale for Turkey in the export increased from 43.5 to 45.0 in 2015. The share of small-scale
companies with 1-9 employees in the total export increased from 17.4 percent to 17.7 percent in 2015. The share
of small-scale companies with 10-49 employees in the
total export decreased to 20.3 percent. Export share of
companies with 50-249 employees decreased from 18.4
percent to 16.5 percent in 2015.
TABLE.22 EXPORT SHARES BY COMPANY SCALES
2013
EMPLOYEE
NUMBER
1-9
2014
2015
EXPORT
MILLION
DOLLAR
SHARE
%
EXPORT
MILLION
DOLLAR
SHARE
%
EXPORT
MILLION
DOLLAR
SHARE
%
151 570
100,0
156.900
100,0
143.823
100,0
27 050
17,9
27.224
17,4
25.432
17,7
10-49
36 458
24,1
32.496
20,7
29.207
20,3
50-249
26 243
17,3
28.854
18,4
24.587
16,9
250+
61 731
40,7
68.300
43,5
64.597
45,0
136 to 123. Total 132 companies with an export amount
of more than USD 100 million performs 37.6 percent of
the whole export.The number of companies with an export
amount of over 1 million USD is 11,450 in total. These
companies perform 93.3 percent of Turkey’s whole export.
The total number of companies with an export amount of
less than 1 million USD decreased to 53,065 in total. These
companies perform 6.7 percent of our whole export.
TABLE.23 EXPORT CONCENTRATION
2015
2014
ENTERPRISES
EXPORT
MILLION US
SHARE
EXPORT
MILLION US
SHARE
%
EXPORT
MILLION US
SHARE
%
All enterprises
143.824
100,0
156.900
100,0
113.391
100,0
The first 5 Ent.
25.837
18,0
23.980
15,3
19.235
17,0
The first 10 Ent.
33.580
23,4
33.564
21,4
26.749
23,6
The first 20 Ent.
42.186
29,3
42.338
27,0
34.261
30,2
The first 5 0 Ent.
54.054
37,6
54.647
34,8
44.630
39,4
The first 100 Ent.
64.737
45,0
66.096
42,1
53.326
47,0
The first 500 Ent.
93.527
65,0
99.702
63,5
77.409
68,3
The first 1000 Ent.
107.340
74,6
115.739
73,8
88.638
78,2
FIGURE.11 DISTRIBUTION OF COMPANY GROUPS
BASED ON SELECT EXPORT VOLUMES
IN TOTAL EXPORT 2016
SHARE IN EXPORT %
6,7
Export Concentration Gradually
Decreases, But A Limited Increase
Was Experienced in 2016
Number of Companies with Export Amount
of Over 1 Billion US Dollars in 2016 Is 9
The number of companies that performed export at an
amount of over 1 billion USD was 9 both in 2015 and 2016.
The number of companies, whose export amount is between USD 100 million and USD 1 billion decreased from
%
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
It has been observed that export concentration gradually
decreases. The share of the first 1000 exporters in the
export which was 78.2 percent in 2010 decreased to 73.8
percent in 2014. However, concentration increased in 2016
along with the first 10 companies effect. Performances of
automotive, home appliances, petroleum chemical industries, which include companies that perform the large-scale
export, were determinative of the increase in 2015.
2010
16,1
55,7
21,5
COMPANIES WITH AN EXPORT AMOUNT OF OVER 1 BILLION USD
COMPANIES WITH AN EXPORT AMOUNT OF BETWEEN 100 MILLION AND 1 BILLION USD
COMPANIES WITH AN EXPORT AMOUNT OF BETWEEN 1 MILLION AND 100 MILLION USD
SOURCE: TURKISH EXPORTERS ASSEMBLY
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 47
3
export
TABLE.24 COMPANY DIVISIONS BASED ON
SELECT EXPORT VOLUMES 2015
GROUP
COMPANY
(NUMBER)
SHARE
%
EXPORT
MILLION
DOLLAR
OVER 1 BILLION USD
TABLE.25 COMPANY DIVISIONS BASED ON
SELECT EXPORT VOLUMES 2016
SHARE
GRUP
%
COMPANY
(NUMBER)
SHARE
%
EXPORT
MILLION
DOLLAR
SHARE
%
9
0,014
20.142
15,1
OVER 1 BILLION USD
9
0,014
21.192
BETWEEN 100 MILLION AND 1 BILLION USD
136
0,216
30.718
23,0
BETWEEN 100 MILLION AND 1 BILLION USD
123
0,190
28.277
21,5
BETWEEN 1 MILLION AND 100 MILLION USD
11.559
18,424
74.076
55,4
BETWEEN 1 MILLION AND 100 MILLION USD
11.450
17,712
73.329
55,7
LESS THAN 1 MILLION USD
51.954
81,346
8.706
6,5
LESS THAN 1 MILLION USD
53.065
82,084
8.857
6,7
TOTAL
62.749
100,00
133.642
100,0
TOTAL
64.647
100,00
131.654
100,0
SOURCE: TURKISH EXPORTERS ASSEMBLY
16,1
SOURCE: TURKISH EXPORTERS ASSEMBLY
TABLE.26 DETAILED EXPORTING COMPANY DIVISIONS ON 18 DIFFERENT EXPORT SCALE 2015
GROUP MILLION DOLLAR
COMPANY NUMBER
COMPANY NUMBER 1
SHARE %
SHARE % (1)
MILLION US DOLLAR
MILLION US DOLLAR 1
SHARE %
SHARE % (1)
1
>= 1.000
9
9
0,014
0,014
20.142
20.142
15,1%
15,1%
2
>= 500 - < 1.000
9
18
0,014
0,029
6.888
27.029
5,2%
20,2%
3
>= 250 - < 500
25
43
0,040
0,069
8.639
35.668
6,5%
26,7%
4
>= 100 - < 250
102
145
0,16
0,23
15.192
50.860
11,4%
38,1%
5
>= 50 - < 100
174
319
0,28
0,51
11.731
62.591
8,8%
46,8%
6
>= 25 - < 50
407
726
0,65
1,16
14.207
76.798
10,6%
57,5%
7
>= 10 - < 25
1.150
1.876
1,84
2,99
17.877
94.675
13,4%
70,8%
8
>= 5 - < 10
1.719
3.595
2,75
5,73
12.000
106.674
9,0%
79,8%
9
>= 3 - < 5
1.960
5.555
3,14
8,85
7.602
114.276
5,7%
85,5%
10
>= 2 - < 3
1.895
7.450
3,03
11,87
4.659
118.935
3,5%
89,0%
11
>= 1 - < 2
4.245
11.695
6,79
18,64
6.001
124.936
4,5%
93,5%
12
>= 0,5 - < 1
5.458
17.153
8,74
27,34
3.893
128.829
2,9%
96,4%
13
>= 0,25 - < 0,5
6.506
23.659
10,41
37,70
2.329
131.158
1,7%
98,1%
14
>= 0,10 - < 0,25
9.520
33.179
15,24
52,88
1.549
132.706
1,2%
99,3%
15
>= 0,05 - < 0,10
7.308
40.487
11,70
64,52
527
133.233
0,4%
99,7%
16
>= 0,025 - < 0,05
6.838
47.325
10,94
75,42
248
133.481
0,2%
99,9%
17
>= 0,010 - < 0,025
7.245
54.570
11,60
86,97
121
133.603
0,1%
100,0%
18
< 0,010
8.179
62.749
13,09
100,00
40
133.642
0,0%
100,0%
TIM Total
62.749
133.642
133.642
100,0%
100,0%
143.996
143.996
100,0
TIM Total
TABLE.27 DETAILED EXPORTING COMPANY DIVISIONS ON 18 DIFFERENT EXPORT SCALE 2016
GROUP MILLION DOLLAR
COMPANY NUMBER
COMPANY NUMBER 1
SHARE %
SHARE % (1)
MILLION US DOLLAR
MILLION US DOLLAR 1
SHARE %
SHARE % (1)
1
>= 1.000
9
9
0,014%
0,014%
21.192
21.192
16,1%
16,1%
2
>= 500 - < 1.000
10
19
0,015%
0,029%
7.445
28.637
5,7%
21,8%
3
>= 250 - < 500
16
35
0,025%
0,054%
5.562
34.199
4,2%
26,0%
4
>= 100 - < 250
97
132
0,15%
0,20%
15.269
49.468
11,6%
37,6%
5
>= 50 - < 100
185
317
0,29%
0,49%
12.388
61.856
9,4%
47,0%
6
>= 25 - < 50
383
700
0,59%
1,08%
13.179
75.035
10,0%
57,0%
7
>= 10 - < 25
1.165
1.865
1,80%
2,89%
17.913
92.948
13,6%
70,6%
8
>= 5 - < 10
1.703
3.568
2,63%
5,52%
11.965
104.913
9,1%
79,7%
9
>= 3 - < 5
1.888
5.456
2,92%
8,44%
7.274
112.187
5,5%
85,2%
10
>= 2 - < 3
1.884
7.340
2,91%
11,35%
4.604
116.791
3,5%
88,7%
11
>= 1 - < 2
4.242
11.582
6,56%
17,91%
6.006
122.797
4,6%
93,3%
12
>= 0,5 - < 1
5.521
17.103
8,54%
26,45%
3.942
126.739
3,0%
96,3%
13
>= 0,25 - < 0,5
6.566
23.669
10,15%
36,61%
2.345
129.084
1,8%
98,0%
14
>= 0,10 - < 0,25
9.828
33.497
15,20%
51,81%
1.600
130.684
1,2%
99,3%
15
>= 0,05 - < 0,10
7.511
41.008
11,62%
63,43%
540
131.224
0,4%
99,7%
16
>= 0,025 - < 0,05
7.155
48.163
11,07%
74,50%
260
131.484
0,2%
99,9%
17
>= 0,010 - < 0,025
7.666
55.829
11,86%
86,36%
128
131.612
0,1%
100,0%
18
< 0,010
8.818
64.647
13,64%
100,00%
42
131.654
0,0%
100,0%
TİM Total
64.647
100,00%
100,00%
131.654
131.654
100,0%
100,0%
142.557
142.557
TUİK Total
SOURCE: TURKISH EXPORTERS ASSEMBLY (1) CumulatIve
48
III.7 EXPORT BY MAIN AND SUBSECTION GROUPS
In this section, export developments of Turkey on sector
basis are reviewed and evaluated in detail. While evaluating
the export developments by sector, sectors are grouped according to Harmonized System section classification. Section
III.7.1 EXPORT BY MAIN
SECTION GROUPS
Share of The First 20 Sectors Did Not Change
According to section classification, export in the first 20
sectors with the highest export levels dropped by 0.8 percent in 2016 and decreased to USD 108.4 billion. Although
total exports of the first 20 sectors decreased, their shares
remained unchanged in 2016 at 76 percent.
The Number of Subsections With
Growing Export Increased To 7,
However, Increase Rates Are Still Low
Road Motor Vehicles, Machinery and Precious Stones
(Gold) and Metals were among the first three in Turkey’s
export in 2015. Ranking of the first three did not change
in 2016 either. Out of the most exported 20 sections in
2015, export of only three sections increased. Export
of the remaining 17 sections decreased. The number of
sections whose exports grew in 2016 increased from 3 to
7. However, the rates of increases were limited and low.
The maximum increase in export belongs to road motor
vehicle, the most exported section. With an increase of
13.4 percent, export of Road Motor Vehicles reached to
USD 19.8 billion. Besides, its share in the total export
increased from 12.1 to 13.9 percent. The second section
with the most increasing export level were Precious Stones
(Gold) and Metals. Export of Precious Stones (Gold) and
Metals increased by 8.1 percent and reached to USD
12.18 billion. Its share in the total export increased from
7.8 percent to 8.5 percent. With an increase of 0.1 percent,
machinery export increased from USD 12.33 billion to USD
12.34 billion. Among the first 20 sections, sections with the
most decreasing exports were Mineral Oils and Fuels in
2016. The decrease in the export of Mineral Fuels is 28.9
percent. Other subsections with the most decreasing export levels are Fruit and Vegetable Preparations and Fruits.
Maximum Decrease Was in Mineral
Fuel and Oils
The slowdown in commodity demand and a decrease
in commodity metal prices in the world economy were
weaker in 2016. However economic growth performances
were below the foreseen level, excluding USA’s performance. Also, positive leading indicators were observed in
the world economy and foreign trade in the last quarter of
classifications in harmonized system categorize 2-digit main
sections and 4-digit detailed sections. Within this framework,
export developments on sector basis are evaluated with
respect to main section groups.
2016. The most decreasing subsection was Mineral Fuels
and Oils in 2016. As a result of the conflicts among OPEC
countries throughout the year, the penetration of Iran into
the markets with the removal of the ban, low demand
despite supply surplus, Mineral Fuels and Oil export closed
2016 with a decrease of 28.9 percent.
Export of Vegetable and Fruit Preparations and Fruits, which were among the subsections with the most
decreasing export levels, substantially decreased due to
the problems experienced in the traditional markets of
these products. Problems faced with Russia in fruit export
affected export performance quite adversely. Export to
Germany, our largest export market regarding Vegetable
and Fruit Preparations export, substantially decreased.
Export of Iron and Steel-Ware become the fourth most
decreasing subsection with a drop by 9.1 percent. The
capacity surplus in particularly iron and steel production,
which was caused by the recent slowdown in the economic growth of China, exposed all countries manufacturing iron and steel across the world, under competitive
pressure. Due to such competitive pressure, Turkey could
achieve the desired performance in Iron and Steel-Ware
export.
TABLE.26 DISTRIBUTION OF EXPORT BY 2-DIGIT
MAIN SECTIONS THE FIRST 20 PRODUCTS
2015
NO
SECTIONS
87
84
Road motor vehicles
Machinery
Export
Million
Dollar
17.463
2016
%
SHARE
12.333
12,1
8,6
SHARE
2015/2016
Change
%
12.341
13,9
8,7
13,4
0,1
Export
Million
Dollar
19.804
%
71
Precious or semiprecious stones
11.264
7,8
12.177
8,5
8,1
61
Knitted Apparel
8.926
6,2
8.852
6,2
-0,8
85
Electrical machinery and equipment
8.278
5,8
7.832
5,5
-5,4
72
Iron and steel
6.556
4,6
6.182
4,3
-5,7
62
Non-Knitted (Woven) Apparel
5.916
4,1
5.927
4,2
0,2
39
Plastics and Plasticsware
5.358
3,7
5.027
3,5
-6,2
73
Ironware or steelware
5.465
3,8
4.966
3,5
-9,1
8
27
Fruits and edible nuts
Mineral fuels and mineral oils
4.355
4.518
3,0
3,1
3.873
3.212
2,7
2,3
-11,1
-28,9
94
Furniture
2.753
1,9
2.659
1,9
-3,4
76
Aluminium and aluminiumware
2.370
1,6
2.238
1,6
-5,6
40
Rubber and rubber-ware
2.165
1,5
2.203
1,5
1,7
25
Marble Cement, Salt, Sulfur
2.253
1,6
2.175
1,5
-3,4
63
Woven garment
1.899
1,3
1.954
1,4
2,9
57
Carpets
2.009
1,4
1.913
1,3
-4,8
20
Vegetables, fruit preparations
2.187
1,5
1.849
1,3
-15,5
52
Cotton, cotton yarn and cotton fabric
1.703
1,2
1.720
1,2
1,0
19
Grains, flour, pastry products
1.506
1,0
1.501
1,1
-0,3
109.280
76,0
108.402
76,0
-0,8
The First 20 Sections
REFERENCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 49
3
export
FIGURE.12 THE MOST EXPORTED FIRST 20 SECTIONS 2016
Road motor vehicles
Machinery
Precious or semiprecious stones
Knitted Apparel
Electrical machinery and equipment
Iron and steel
Non-Knitted (Woven) Apparel
Plastics and Plasticsware
Ironware or steelware
Fruits and edible nuts
Mineral fuels and mineral oils
Furniture
Aluminium and aluminiumware
Rubber and rubber-ware
Marble Cement, Salt, Sulfur
Woven garment
Carpets
Vegetables, fruit preparations
Cotton, cotton yarn and cotton fabric
Grains, flour, pastry products
5.027
4.966
3.873
3.212
2.659
2.238
2.175
1.954
1.913
1.849
1.720
1.501
0
8.852
7.832
6.182
5.927
5.000
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
19.804
12.341
12.177
10.000
15.000
20.000
25.000
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
III.7.2 EXPORT BY
SUBSECTION GROUPS
1- ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES
Export Accelerated Again, Sector
Strengthened Its Top Rank
With a relatively much better performance in 2016 in comparison with its general export performance, major and
subsidiary industries of road motor vehicles strengthened
its top rank in export. Export of road motor vehicles increased by 13.9 percent and reached to USD 19.8 billion in
2016. The most exported products are Automobiles. Export
of personal automobiles raised to 8.35 billion with an increase of USD 21.1 percent. Subsection with the maximum
increase in export is Tractors with an increase of 53.7 percent. Export of Tractors which was USD 428 million in 2015
increased to USD 657 million in 2016. Exports of minibus
and bus increased from USD 1.2 billion to USD 1.5 billion
with an increase of 25.4 percent.
Subsection with the most decreasing export level is the
most imported Special Purpose Motor Vehicles. Export
dropped by 32.3 percent in 2016 and decreased to USD
105 million. Another decrease was witnessed in the export
of components and parts of road motor vehicles with 14.7
percent. The decrease of 23.5 percent in export unit prices
of road motor vehicles’ components and parts is the most
important factor in the decrease of export.
FIGURE.13 SUBSECTIONS WITH
THE MOST EXPORT IN 2016
9.000
8.000
7.000
6.000
5.000
4.000
3.000
2.000
1.000
0
8.356
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
4.579
3.868
1.503
Automobiles
Truck
Components and
Parts for Road
SOURCE:
TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION Vehicles
657
Minibus,
Bus
Tractors
TABLE.27 SUBSECTIONS IN THE EXPORT OF ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million Dollar
2015 Million Dollar
2016 Million Dollar
15/16 Change Rate %
2015 Unit Price $/kg
2016 Unit Price $/kg
8703
Automobiles
7.256
6.900
8.356
21,1
8,31
8,70
8704
Truck
4.139
4.249
4.579
7,8
6,89
7,28
8708
Components and Parts for Road Vehicles
4.134
3.803
3.868
1,7
4,37
4,38
8702
Minibus, Bus
1.119
1.199
1.503
25,4
11,64
11,08
8701
Tractors
479
428
657
53,7
6,11
7,14
8716
Trailers
385
381
428
12,2
2,77
2,83
8700
Components and Parts of Road Motor
Vehicles
196
224
191
-14,7
61,95
47,41
8705
Tow Trucks, Fire Truck, Street Sweeper,
Asphalt Distributor
175
155
105
-32,3
7,95
7,32
REFERENCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
50
FIGURE.14 THE MOST EXPORTED
SUBSECTIONS 2016
2-MACHINERY
Export Sustained Its Level in
The Previous Year
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
Having the maximum number of subsections, machinery export amounted to USD 12.34 billion dollars
with a very limited increase in 2016. Out of 10 the
most exported subsection of machinery, export increased in 7 subsections and decreased in 3 subsections. The most exported subsections are Industrial
Refrigerators and Coolers and Engine Parts with
USD 1.74 billion and USD 1.55 billion respectively.
The export level of the last year was maintained for
the products in the first two ranks. The subsection
with the maximum increase in export is Washing,
Ironing and Drying Machines of Yarn and Fabric with
21 percent. Turbojets and Gas Turbines ranked the
second with an increase of 8.7 percent. Subsection
2,000
1.740
1.555
1,500
959
1,000
553
500
0
Industrial
Refrigerators
and coolers
Engine
Parts
Industrial
Washing
Machiines
Industrial
Dishwashers
445
417
Taps and
Valves
Heavy and
Building
Machinery
Parts
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
with the most decreasing export level is Heavy and
Building Machinery with a decrease of 12 percent.
Export of Tap and Valve decreased by 9.6 percent
and amounted to USD 445 million.
TABLE.28 SUBSECTIONS IN MACHINERY EXPORT
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million Dollar 2015 Million Dollar
2016 Million Dollar
15/16 Change Rate %
2015 Unit Price $/kg
2016 Unit Price $/kg
8418
Industrial Refrigerators and Coolers
2.019
1.721
1.740
1,1
3,96
3,86
8409
Engine Parts
1.733
1.546
1.555
0,6
17,99
18,25
8450
Industrial Washing Machines
925
922
959
4,0
2,49
2,44
8422
Industrial Dishwashers，
591
534
553
3,6
5,31
5,06
8481
Taps and Valves
599
492
445
-9,6
9,07
8,80
8431
Heavy and Building Machinery Parts
597
474
417
-12,0
4,11
3,99
8451
Washing, Ironing and Drying Machines of Yarn
and Fabric
267
322
390
21,0
5,60
5,57
8403
Central Heating Boilers
418
378
387
2,4
8,68
9,23
8413
Pump for Liquids
472
384
365
-4,9
8,60
8,24
8411
Turbojets, Gas Turbines
306
327
356
8,7
174,98
283,43
REFERENCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
3- PRECIOUS STONES AND METALS
Gold Export Increased, Jewel Export
Remained Unchanged
As in 2015, export of precious stones and metals continued increasing in 2016. Export of precious stones and
metals, which increased by 46 percent in 2015, also grew
by 8.1 percent and amounted to USD 12.2 billion in 2016,
though the growth rate was slower. The export of nonprocessed or semi-processed gold, which increased by
129.8 percent in 2015, grew by 11.8 percent in 2016 and
amounted to USD 8.25 billion in 2016. The unit price of the
gold increased by 4.6 percent. The performance of jewel
export remained same as the last year and was realized
USD 3.76 billion.
FIGURE.15 THE MOST EXPORTED SUBSECTIONS 2016
9.000
8.000
7.000
6.000
5.000
4.000
3.000
2.000
1.000
0
8.249
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
3.761
Non-Processed or
Semi-Processed Gold
Jewels
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 51
3
export
TABLE.29 SUBSECTIONS IN THE EXPORT OF PRECIOUS STONES AND METALS
CODE
PRODUCT
2013 Million Dollar
2014 Million Dollar
2016 Million Dollar
15/16 Change Rate %
2015 Unit Price $/kg
2016 Unit Price $/kg
7108
Non-Processed or Semi-Processed Gold
3.212
7.381
8.249
11,8
38.301
40.068
7113
Jewels
4.348
3.757
3.761
0,1
15.378
17.066
7106
Non-Processed or Semi-Processed Silver
66
61
99
62,4
505
560
REFERENCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
4-KNITTED APPAREL
Decrease That Started in Export Last
Year Continues, Though Limited
Export of knitted apparel decreased by 0.8 percent and
amounted to USD 8.85 billion in 2016. Although knitted apparel that passed USD 10 billion threshold in 2014 was favorably affected by the recovery in European Union market,
it decreased by 10.9 percent in 2015. Although the problems in the peripheral and neighboring markets, especially
in Russia alleviated in 2016 and recovery in EU markets
continued, export performance was low. The most exported subsection in 2016 was T-Shirt, Undershirt, and Singlets with USD 2.93 billion. Among the other, most exported
subsections include Pullover, Jumper, and Cardigan with
USD 1.6 billion, Dresses and Jackets for Women with USD
1.2 billion and Pantyhose with USD 1 billion.
Last year, unit prices remarkably and substantially decreased in women suit, jacket, blouse and shirt subsections.
FIGURE.16 THE MOST EXPORTED
SUBSECTIONS 2016
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
3,500
3,000
2.929
2,500
2,000
1.625
1,500
1.213
1.037
1,000
512
500
0
T-shirts,
Undershirts,
Singlets
Pullover,
Jumper,
Cardigan
Women Suit, Jacket,
Blazer, Skirt
Pantyhose
347
Women Blouses, Man Suits, Jackets,
Shirts
Trousers
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
The decrease was more limited this year but continued in
all subsections.
TABLE.30 SUBSECTIONS IN THE EXPORT OF KNITTED APPAREL
CODE
product
2014 Million Dollar
2015 Million Dollar 2016 Million Dollar
15/16 Change Rate%
2015 Unite Price $/kg 2016 Unit Price $/kg
6109
T-shirts, Undershirts, Singlets
3.566
2.979
2.929
-1,7
22,39
22,04
6110
Pullover, Jumper, Cardigan
1.754
1.614
1.625
0,7
20,53
19,28
6104
Women Suit, Jacket, Blazer, Skirt
1.370
1.273
1.213
-4,7
20,57
20,45
6115
Pantyhose
1.217
1.025
1.037
1,2
15,27
14,47
6106
Women Blouses, Shirts
573
541
512
-5,4
21,25
20,55
6103
Men Suits, Jackets, Trousers
374
339
347
2,4
16,90
14,88
6108
Women Slip, Nightgowns, Pyjamas
320
312
275
-11,9
14,75
12,73
6105
Men Shirts
259
237
255
7,6
28,96
27,32
6111
Baby Clothes
146
144
176
21,6
16,91
15,75
6107
Men Panties, Pyjamas, Bathrobes
151
165
162
-1,9
15,29
10,77
REFERENCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
5-ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AND
EQUIPMENT
Export Continued To Decrease in 2016
Export of the Electrical Machinery and Equipment section
that covers two different product groups such as invest-
52
ment commodity and consumer electronics decreased by
5.4 percent in 2016. Among the most exported subsection
groups, Insulated Cables and Wires ranks the first with USD
1.77 billion. Export of Insulated Cables and Wires decreased by 9.2 percent compared to the previous year. Export unit price also decreased by 8.9 percent. The second
and Switches, Power Sockets, Plugs and Fuses with
decreases of 10 percent and 7.7 percent respectively. The subsection with the most increasing export
level is Telephone Equipment with an increase rate
of 25.2 percent.
most exported subsection products are TV Receivers and
Monitors. Export of TV and Monitor dropped by 13
percent in 2016 and decreased to USD 1.4 billion.
Other subsections with decreasing export levels include Electric Control and Distribution Switchboard
FIGURE.17 THE MOST EXPORTED SUBSECTIONS 2016
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
2.000
1.767
1.800
1.600
1.413
1.400
1.200
1000
873
851
800
600
447
424
400
200
0
Insulated Wires,
Cables
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
Televisions,
Moniyors and
Projectors
Electric
Transformers
Electirical
Heaters
Switches,
Relays, Switches
Electric Control And
Distribution Switcboards,
Panels
TABLE.31 SUBSECTIONS IN ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT EXPORT
CODE
ITEM NAME
2014 Million Dollar
2015 Million Dollar
2016 Million Dollar
15/16 Change Rate %
2015 Unit Price $/kg
2016 Unit Price $/kg
8544
Insulated Wires, Cables
2.421
1.947
1.767
-9,2
5,01
4,47
8528
Televisions, Monitors and Projectors
1.905
1.624
1.413
-13,0
27,51
24,29
8504
Electric Transformers
769
836
873
4,5
6,57
6,72
8516
Electrical Heaters
1.071
873
851
-2,5
4,12
3,97
8536
Switches, Relays, Switches，
569
485
447
-7,7
13,33
13,08
8537
Electric Control and Distribution Switchboards,
Panels
665
471
424
-10,0
14,22
13,81
8502
Rotary Converters
259
250
283
12,9
8,61
9,25
8507
Batteries
288
222
226
2,0
2,47
2,36
8512
Lighting and Signaling Equipment for Motor
Vehicles
171
179
224
25,2
59,21
172,50
8517
Telephone Equipment
222
212
223
4,9
14,31
14,51
REFERENCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
6-IRON-STEEL
The Decrease In The Export of Long
and Flat Products Accelerated
Export of iron-steel decreased by 29 percent in 2015. Although decrease slowed down, export dropped by 5.7 percent
and decreased to USD 6.18 billion in 2016. Export unit prices of the subsections continued to decrease. The amount
of exported Steel-Iron increased by 3.4 percent and reached to 13.67 million tons.
The slowdown and recession in the economic performances of all world countries, excluding the USA, in 2015 led to
unused capacities in the iron-steel manufacturing facilities
in many countries, especially in China. As in 2015, problems caused by unused capacities in the iron-steel sector
continued, and other manufacturing countries affected by
China’s substantially low export prices took protection measures and tried to solve problems through additional taxes
in 2016. Turkey’s iron-steel export was adversely affected
by all these circumstances not only in 2015 but also in 2016.
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 53
3
export
Among subcategories of products, the most exported
product group of Turkey was Rods and Bars that include
reinforcing bars. The export of this subsection kept going
down with a decrease of 13.4 percent. Export of reinforcing
bars to the peripheral and neighboring countries recessed
basing on both the conflicts in these countries and the recession in incomes and construction expenses caused by
a decrease in oil prices. Such decrease had a substantially
negative effect on Turkey’s export. As the share of Reinforcing Bars is substantially high in the total iron-steel export,
performance in the reinforcing bars has a considerably determining role in the total Iron Steel export.
The second most exported subgroup products are Uncoated Rolled Flat Products. Export of Uncoated Rolled Flat
Products increased by 7 percent and reached to USD 832
million. The subsection with the maximum increase in export is Stainless Steel Rolled Flat products with an increase
of 70.3 percent. Export of Ferro Alliage increased by 62.3
and amounted to USD 197 million. Export of Coated Rolled Flat Products increased by 13.7 percent and reached to
FIGURE.18 THE MOST EXPORTED
SUBSECTIONS 2016
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
3.000
2.500
2.000
1.500
1.000
500
0
2.664
832
Rods
678
Uncoated Rolled
Flat Products
Profiles
372
Wire Rod
309
Coated Rolled
Flat Products
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
USD 309 million.
Subsection with the most decreasing export level is ColdRolled Flat Products with a drop of 22 percent. Profile export dropped by 15.1 percent and decreased to USD 678
million.
TABLE.32 SUBSECTIONS IN THE EXPORT OF IRON AND STEEL
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million Dollar
2015 Million Dollar 2016 Million Dollar 15/16 Change Rate%
2015 Unite Price $/kg 2016 Unit Price $/kg
7214
Rods
4.341
3.078
2.664
-13,4
0,42
0,38
7208
Uncoated Rolled Flat Products
995
778
832
7,0
0,43
0,40
7216
Profiles
1.171
798
678
-15,1
0,53
0,47
7213
Wire Rod
556
342
372
8,8
0,44
0,40
7210
Coated Rolled Flat Products
396
272
309
13,7
0,77
0,69
7202
Ferro Alliage
163
122
197
62,3
1,51
1,43
7219
Stainless Steel Rolled Flat Products
122
97
165
70,3
0,56
0,52
7209
Cold-Rolled Flat Products (Width>600 mm)
218
232
181
-22,0
2,13
1,84
7204
Scrap
235
147
147
0,3
1,01
0,95
7228
Other Alloy Steel Rods and Profiles
164
141
129
-8,9
0,65
0,55
REFERENCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
7- WOVEN APPAREL
Export of Woven Apparel Maintained
The Previous Year’s Level
Export of woven apparel was realized USD 5.93 billion with
a very limited increase of 0.2 percent in 2016.
Export increased in the most exported two subsections
of Woven apparel subsection. The increase rates are very
low. Exports of Women Dress and Jacket subsection and
Men Suit and Jacket subsection increased by 3.3 and 1.1
percent respectively. Export unit prices of the both product
groups decreased. Another subsection with an increase in
export is the group of Scarves, Shawls, and Neckerchief.
The maximum decrease is in the export of Women Nightgown, Slip, Pyjamas product group. The export dropped
by 10.6 percent and decreased to USD 196 million. With
a decrease of 5.4 percent, export of Men Shirts amounted
to USD 574 million. Unit prices of the products kept decreasing.
FIGURE.19 THE MOST EXPORTED SUBSECTIONS 2016
2.500
2.000
1.500
1.000
500
0
2.269
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
1.509
722
196
Women Suit,
Jacket, Blazer, Skirt
Men Suits,
Jackets,
Trousers
Women Blouses,
Shirts
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
54
574
Men Shirts
Women Corset,
Slip, Nightgowns,
Pyjamas
TABLE.33 SUBSECTIONS IN THE EXPORT OF WOVEN APPAREL
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million Dollar 2015 Million Dollar 2016 Million Dollar 15/16 Change Rate%
2015 Unite Price $/kg 2016 Unit Price $/kg
6204
Women Suit, Jacket, Blazer, Skirt
2.417
2.195
2.269
3,3
26,85
25,27
6203
Men Suits, Jackets, Trousers，
1.566
1.493
1.509
1,1
22,17
20,65
6206
Women Blouses, Shirts
733
736
722
-1,9
33,98
33,23
6205
Men Shirts
630
607
574
-5,4
27,46
26,21
6208
Women Corset, Slip, Nightgowns, Pyjamas
217
220
196
-10,6
9,95
9,33
6211
Sports, Ski and Swim Wear
130
134
132
-1,4
16,26
15,80
6202
Women Cloak, Coat and Anoraks
142
111
108
-3,0
20,79
18,68
6214
Scarf, Shawl and Neckerchief
69
91
101
10,5
13,31
11,06
REFERENCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
FIGURE.20 THE MOST EXPORTED
SUBSECTIONS 2016
8-PLASTICS AND PLASTICWARE
Export Unit Prices Continued
Dropping, and Export Kept
Decreasing
As in 2015, export of plasticware continued decreasing in
2016. Export decreased by 11.9 percent in 2015 and by 6.2
in 2016 and amounted to USD 5 billion. Although export
decreased in all of the most exported 10 product subcategories in 2015, this number decreased to 5 in 2016. However, the increase rates of the subsections with increasing
export levels were very limited. The most exported subsection is Non-Porous Plate, Sheet, and Foils. Maximum decrease was observed in plastic rods and profiles subsection
as well as hoses and pipes. As in 2015, decrease exceeded 20 percent level and was realized 21.9 percent. Export
dropped from USD 925 million level in 2014 to USD 553
million. The decrease in the export of Plastic Construction
Materials and Profiles as well as Rod groups exceeded 15
1000
800
600
400
200
0
923
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
809
553
Non-Porous
Plate, Sheet,
Foil
Transport
Hoses
Packaging and Pipes
Materials
402
Other Plates,
Cut Sheets,
Foils, Strips
359
356
322
Other
Tableware, Polyacetals,
Plastics- Kitchenware, Polyethers
ware Household Goods,
Sanitaryware a
nd Toiletries
250
217
Rods Construction
and Materials
Profiles
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
percent. Export performance of the Plastic Packing Materials amounting to USD 809 million remained the same as
the previous year. Among the most exported ten subsections, only Hose and Pipe subsection’s export unit prices
increased in a very limited manner. Prices of the other nine
subsections decreased by approximately 9 percent.
TABLE.34 SUBSECTIONS IN THE EXPORT OF PLASTICS AND PLASTICSWARE
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million Dollar
2015 Million Dollar 2016 Million Dollar 15/16 Change Rate%
2015 Unite Price $/kg 2016 Unit Price $/kg
3920
Non-Porous Plate, Sheet, Foil
967
914
923
1,0
2,70
2,50
3923
Transport Packaging Materials
816
809
809
0,0
2,50
2,42
3917
Hoses and Pipes
925
707
553
-21,9
2,53
2,57
3921
Other Plates, Cut Sheets, Foils, Strips
420
386
402
4,2
3,00
2,87
3926
Other Plasticsware
402
351
359
2,4
5,10
4,88
3924
Tableware, Kitchenware, Household Goods,
Sanitaryware and Toiletries
396
346
356
2,9
3,11
2,94
3907
Polyacetals, Polyethers
410
330
322
-2,5
1,64
1,49
3916
Rods and Profiles
407
296
250
-15,5
1,90
1,72
3925
Construction Materials
326
264
217
-17,8
2,48
2,30
3906
Acrylic Polymers
229
199
186
-6,6
1,19
1,07
REFERENCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 55
3
export
9-IRONWARE AND STEELWARE
FIGURE.21 THE MOST EXPORTED
SUBSECTIONS 2016
Export Markets of Ironware and
Steelware Are Shrinking
Export of ironware and steelware decreased by 9.1 percent
and amounted to USD 5 billion in 2016. Export amount decreased by 4.7 percent, and export that was 3.58 million tons
in amount and USD 4.97 billion in value was realized.
Out of the first most exported ten subsections of ironware
and steel ware, export of 3 subsections increased in 2016.
The subsection with a maximum increase in export level is
Other Steelware with 15.6 percent. The export of this subsection increased from USD 588 million to USD 680 million.
Export of screws, bolts, and nuts increased by 7.4 percent
and amounted to USD 309 million.
The most exported product group is sheet metal, profile,
and components that are used in construction industry. Export dropped by 15.4 percent and decreased to USD 1.25
billion in 2015, and dropped by 19.6 percent and decreased
to USD 1 billion in 2016. Contracting services that substantially decreased recently had a considerably adverse
effect on the export of this product. The second most
exported product group with the most decreasing export
1.200
1.000
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
1.001
831
800
680
600
400
200
0
366
309
Sheet Metal, Rods,
Pipes and
Profiles for Construction Hollow
Section
Other
Ironware or
Steelware:
Radiators
Screws, Nuts,
Bolts
305
225
Stove, Oven, Kitchenware and
Barbecue
Tableware
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
level is Steel Pipes. Import of Steel Pipe dropped by 18.4
percent in value and decreased to USD 831 million. The
decrease in amount is at 7.4 percent. The total amount of
export in 2016 was 1.44 million tons. Half of all the steel
pipes is exported to 5 countries: Iraq, England, Romania,
the USA, and Germany.
.
TABLE.35 SUBSECTIONS IN THE EXPORT OF IRONWARE AND STEELWARE
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million Dollar
2015 Million Dollar 2016 Million Dollar 15/16 Change Rate%
2015 Unite Price $/kg 2016 Unit Price $/kg
7308
Sheet Metal, Rods, Profiles for Construction
1.473
1.245
1.001
-19,6
1,88
1,75
7306
Pipes and Hollow Section
1.353
1.019
831
-18,4
0,65
0,58
7326
Other Ironware or Steelware:
645
588
680
15,6
2,34
2,40
7322
Radiators
451
388
366
-5,5
1,44
1,31
7318
Screws, Nuts, Bolts
308
287
309
7,4
3,15
3,32
7321
Stove, Oven, Barbecue
385
327
305
-6,5
3,62
3,48
7323
Kitchenware and Tableware
298
255
225
-11,6
4,74
4,41
7305
Other Thin and Thick Pipes
141
194
180
-7,2
0,98
0,89
7325
Other Castware
211
161
172
6,9
2,07
2,11
7311
Containers
143
141
130
-7,4
2,09
2,11
REFERENCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
10-FRUITS
Export Decreased When Russia
Market Could Not Be Replaced
Export of nuts increased by 9 percent and 0.7 percent in
2014 and 2015 respectively and reached to USD 4.36 billion
in 2015. In addition to the ban imposed as a result of the
financial problems with Russia in 2015, a decrease in the
export to Italy and France caused a drop in total Fruit export
by 11.1 percent in 2016, and export amounted to USD 3.87
billion. Out of 482 million USD, 255 million USD was the
total value of export to Russia.
56
FIGURE.22 THE MOST
EXPORTED SUBSECTIONS 2016
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
1.200
1.000
1.375
894
531
500
0
OTHER NUTS CITRUT FRUITS
GRAPES
311
OTHER NUT
MIXTURES
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
259
247
DATE, FIG,
ANANAS,
AVOCADO,
MANGO
APRICOT,
CHERRY, PEACH,
PALM, BULLACE
Among the most exported seven subsections, export increased in two subsections and decreased in other five
subsections. The most exported subsection is Other Nuts.
Compared to the previous year, the export in this section
decreased by 26.5 percent and amounted to 1.37 percent.
Exports of Apricot, Cherry, Plum and Citrus Fruits also
increased. Export of subsection that consists of Apricot,
Cherry, Peach, and Plum increased by 14.3 percent and
reached to USD 247 million. Citrus export also increased
by 7.7 percent and amounted to USD 894 million. Unit prices of the products in the most exported seven subsections
decreased by approximately 17 percent.
TABLE.36 SUBSECTIONS IN THE EXPORT OF FRUIT
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million Dollar
2015 Million Dollar 2016 Million Dollar 15/16 Change Rate%
2015 Unite Price $/kg 2016 Unit Price $/kg
0802
Other Nuts
1.560
1.872
1.375
-26,5
11,54
8,78
0805
Citrus Fruits
932
830
894
7,7
0,55
0,52
0806
Grapes
679
570
531
-7,0
1,43
1,30
0813
Other Nut Mixtures
380
328
311
-5,0
4,50
3,58
0804
Date, Fig, Ananas, Avocado, Mango
288
261
259
-0,7
3,62
3,45
0809
Apricot, Cherry, Peach, Palm, Bullace
219
217
247
14,3
1,04
1,16
0810
Other Fresh Fruits
126
119
112
-5,8
0,72
0,58
REFERENCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
11- MINERAL FUEL AND OILS
FIGURE.23 THE MOST EXPORTED
SUBSECTIONS 2016
Steady Petroleum Prices and Low
Demand Continued Adversely
Affecting Export
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
Export of Mineral Fuel and Oils which decreased by 26
percent in 2015 dropped by 28.9 percent and amounted to
USD 3.2 billion in 2016. Crude oil prices that decreased to
USD 25 in 2015 remained at the USD 40-55 USD level in
2016. Long-lasting conflicts among OPEC countries were
settled at the end of the year. Uncertainties throughout
the year and penetration of Iran in the petroleum markets
caused the prices to keep going down. As established in
the report of 2016, Turkey’s export of Mineral Fuel and
Oils was far below its performance in the previous year.
It is expected that crude oil prices will remain at the level
of approximately USD 50-55 and crude oil demand will
sustain its steady course in 2017. There are two important
export items in mineral fuels and oils. Out of these two
items, export of petroleum oils dropped by 29.7 percent
3.000
2.789
2.500
2.000
1.500
1.000
500
190
0
Petroleum Oils
81
Mineral Fuel, Mineral Oils
and Related Products
Petroleum
Gases
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
and average export unit price decreased by 14.9 percent
in 2015. Due to data confidentiality, we could not evaluate
export and unit prices in detail.
TABLE.37 SUBSECTIONS IN THE EXPORT OF MINERAL FUEL AND OILS
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million Dollar
2015 Million Dollar 2016 Million Dollar 15/16 Change Rate%
2015 Unite Price $/kg 2016 Unit Price $/kg
2710
Petroleum Oils
5.480
3.966
2.789
-29,7
0,47
0,40
2700
Mineral Fuel, Mineral Oils and Related
Products
226
220
190
-13,7
Hidden Data
Hidden Data
2711
Petroleum Gases
184
105
81
-22,1
0,42
0,37
REFERENCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 57
3
export
12-FURNITURE
Distant Markets compensate losses in
The Neighbouring Markets
FIGURE.24 THE MOST EXPORTED
SUBSECTIONS 2016
Furniture export continuously increased from 2009 to 2014
and amounted to USD 2.97 billion. Furniture export was 1.400
1.281
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
adversely affected by the problems having arisen in Tur- 1.200
key and neighboring countries in 2015 and 2016. Export to 1.000
Iraq, having served as our the largest market for years, has
800
been decreasing for the last three years. Export to Libya
788
and Azerbaijan, our the second and third markets, resul- 600
ted in substantial losses. According to the performances in 400
256
furniture subsection performances, Prefabricated Structu163
200
133
res subsection is the one with the most decreasing export
0
level. Export of Prefabricated Structures dropped by 32.3
Other
Seating Prefabricated Lighting
Bedding
percent and decreased from USD 249 million to USD 169
Furniture
Furniture Structures Equipment
Sets
million. Another subsection with decreasing export level is SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
Furniture Parts and Components with a decrease of 5.1 Equipment and Beds was very limited. While the unit prices
percent. Increase in the export of Seating Group, Lighting of Lighting Equipment and Prefabricated Structures increased, the unit prices of other subsections decreased.
TABLE.38 SUBSECTIONS IN FURNITURE EXPORT
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million Dollar 2015 Million Dollar 2016 Million Dollar 15/16 Change Rate%
2015 Unite Price $/kg 2016 Unit Price $/kg
9403
Other Furniture
1.457
2,65
2,44
1.351
1.281
-5,1
9401
Seating Furniture
788
746
788
5,6
4,49
4,50
9406
Prefabricated Structures
315
248
256
3,4
10,39
10,87
9405
Lighting Equipment
235
249
169
-32,3
1,95
2,12
9404
Bedding Sets
133
130
133
2,4
4,70
4,27
REFERENCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
FIGURE.25 THE MOST EXPORTED
SUBSECTIONS 2016
13-ALUMINIUM AND ALUMINIUMWARE
Export Unit Prices Decreased Along
With The Recession in Export
Aluminiumware export dropped by 5.6 percent and decreased to USD 2.24 billion in 2016. As in the previous year,
export unit prices of aluminiumware kept decreasing. The
amount of Aluminiumware exported in 2016 is 669 thousand tons. Export decreased by 1.5 percent. The main reason for the decrease of export was the drop in export unit
prices. Out of the most exported six subsections, export
increased in 2 subsections and decreased in 4 subsections.
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
577
493
271
251
217
116
Rods and
Profiles
Sheet Metals,
Cut Sheets
Aluminium- Construction Tableware
Plates, Strips
and Strips
ware
Components Kitchenware
Thickness > Thickness <= 0.2mm
and Household Goods
0.2mm
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
TABLE.39 SUBSECTIONS IN THE EXPORT OF ALUMINIUM AND ALUMINIUMWARE
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million Dollar
2015 Million Dollar
2016 Million Dollar
15/16 Change Rate%
2015 Unite Price $/kg
2016 Unit Price $/kg
7604
Rods and Profiles
657
606
577
-4,8
3,92
3,71
7606
Sheet Metals, Plates, Strips Thickness > 0.2mm
531
504
493
-2,2
2,66
2,46
7607
Cut Sheets and Strips Thickness <= 0.2mm
242
260
271
4,2
3,28
3,05
7616
Aluminiumware
243
236
251
6,4
6,26
5,93
7610
Construction Components
284
233
217
-6,8
5,22
5,16
7615
Tableware, Kitchenware, and Household Goods
116
118
116
-1,5
5,51
5,09
REFERENCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
58
14-RUBBER AND RUBBERWARE
Export of Rubberware Increased in
Amount
Export of Rubber and Rubberware increased both in value
and amount in 2016. Reaching to USD 2.2 billion with an
increase of 1.7 percent, export also raised in amount from
507 thousand tons to 539 thousand tons. We have been exporting Germany for years. Germany’s share in total rubber
export is approximately 20 percent.
Export of the New Rubber Outer Tyre, which is the most important export item among the most exported subsections,
increased by 1.2 percent, Tempered Vulcanized Rubberware by 3.6 percent and Vulcanized Rubber Hose and Pipes
by 0.2 percent.
FIGURE.26 THE MOST EXPORTED
SUBSECTIONS 2016
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
1200
1000
991
800
635
600
400
345
200
0
Rubber New Outer Tyre
Non-Tempered Vulcanized
Rubberware
Vulcanized Rubber Hose
and Pipes
TABLE.40 SUBSECTIONS IN THE EXPORT OF RUBBER AND RUBBERWARE
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million Dollar
2015 Million Dollar 2016 Million Dollar 15/16 Change Rate%
2015 Unite Price $/kg 2016 Unit Price $/kg
4011
Rubber New Outer Tyre
1.161
979
991
1,2
3,80
3,48
4016
Non-Tempered Vulcanized Rubberware
705
613
635
3,6
6,62
6,80
4009
Vulcanized Rubber Hose and Pipes
432
345
345
0,2
5,44
5,40
REFERENCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
FIGURE.27 THE MOST EXPORTED
SUBSECTIONS 2016
15-MARBLE CEMENT AND MINERALS
Export of Marble and Cement
Continued To Decrease
Export of marble, cement, and minerals dropped by
3.4 percent and decreased to USD 2.18 billion in 2016.
Export of Marble and Travertine dropped by 1.4 percent
and decreased to USD 859 million. Cement export
dropped by 10.1 percent and decreased from USD 549
million to USD 494 million. The slowdown and recession
of construction and infrastructure investments in the
neighboring markets and domestic price competition
in the marble export are the most important reasons
leading decreases in the export.
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
859
494
224
157
Cement
Natural
Marble and
Borates
Traverten
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
Feldspars
Fluorite
TABLE.41 SUBSECTIONS IN THE EXPORT OF MARBLE AND CEMENT
CODE PRODUCT
2014 Million Dollar
2015 Million Dollar 2016 Million Dollar 15/16 Change Rate%
2015 Unite Price $/kg 2016 Unit Price $/kg
2515
Marble and Traverten
976
872
859
-1,4
0,20
0,20
2523
Cement
640
549
494
-10,1
0,05
0,04
2528
Natural Borates
266
232
224
-3,2
0,33
0,33
2529
Feldspars, Fluorite
156
146
157
7,6
0,03
0,03
REFERENCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 59
3
export
FIGURE.28 THE MOST EXPORTED
SUBSECTIONS 2016
16- WOVEN GOODS
Export Increased Though Limited
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
1400
Export of Woven goods, a significant branch of the textile
industry and consisting of home textile products, increased
by 2.9 percent and reached to USD 1.95 billion in 2016.
10-20 percent increase in the export to the USA and the
Netherlands played a significant role in the export increase.
Export of linens, cloth covers, and fabrics which have a significant place in the export of woven goods increased by 5
percent. Export of package bags and sacks decreased by
4.1 percent, other furnishing products by 3.6 percent and
curtain by 9.2 percent. Though limited, the export unit prices of subsection products continued decreasing in 2016.
1200
1000
1.205
800
600
400
317
200
0
119
Linens, Cloth Cover,
Fabrics
Package Bags
and Sacks
110
Other Furnishing Goods
Curtains
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
TABLE.42 SUBSECTIONS IN THE EXPORT OF WOVEN GOODS
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million Dollar 2015 Million Dollar 2016 Million Dollar 15/16 Change Rate%
2015 Unite Price $/kg 2016 Unit Price $/kg
6302
Linens, Cloth Cover, Fabrics
1.371
1.148
1.205
5,0
8,34
8,07
6305
Package Bags and Sacks
381
330
317
-4,1
3,53
3,50
6304
Other Furnishing Goods
134
123
119
-3,6
9,77
8,73
6303
Curtains
128
121
110
-9,2
12,68
11,87
REFERENCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
FIGURE.29 THE MOST EXPORTED
SUBSECTIONS 2016
17-CARPET
Export of Carpet Continued To Decrease
Carpet export decreased by 4.8 percent and amounted to
USD 1.9 billion in 2016. With a 5.2 percent decline, export of
woven carpet subsection decreased to USD 1.6 billion. Export of Carpet and Tufted Flooring increased by 8.6 percent
and reached to USD 225 million. Export unit prices of all subsection products decrease by approximately 5-7 percent.
2.000
1.500
1.000
500
0
1.624
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
225
Woven Carpet and Flooring
Carpets and Tufted Flooring
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
TABLE.43 SUBSECTIONS IN THE EXPORT OF CARPET AND FLOORING
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million Dollar 2015 Million Dollar 2016 Million Dollar 15/16 Change Rate%
2015 Unite Price $/kg 2016 Unit Price $/kg
5702
Woven Carpet and Flooring
2.012
1.712
1.624
-5,2
3,19
3,02
5703
Carpets and Tufted Flooring
206
208
225
8,6
3,05
2,81
REFERENCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
FIGURE.30 THE MOST EXPORTED
SUBSECTIONS 2016
18- VEGETABLE AND FRUIT PREPARATIONS
The Second Most Decreasing
Subsection regarding Export in 2016
Among the most exported 20 sections in 2015, Vegetable and Fruit Preparations subsection was one of the three
sections with the most decreasing export levels. Its export
dropped by 15.5 percent in 2016 and reached to USD 1.85
billion. The most important reason of the recession is USD
196 millions of decrease in the export to Germany.
The most exported product among the subsections was
Other Canned Fruit and Vegetables. With a decline of 25.6
percent, export of this product decreased to USD 745 milli-
800
745
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
700
600
500
400
281
300
228
193
200
183
100
0
Other Canned
Fruit and
Vegetable
Jam, Jelly,
Marmalde,
Fruit Mash
Canned
Vegetable
and Fruit
Canned
Tomato
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
60
186
Other
Canned
Vegetables
Fruit and
Vegetable
Juices
on in 2016. Export of Jam, Marmalade and Fruit Mash dropped by 28.3 percent and decreased to USD 281 million in
2016. Export unit prices of these products decreased by
24-26 percent. Export of these two subsections decreased
both in amount and in value. Export of Canned Fruit and
Vegetable increased by 5.9 percent and reached to USD
228 million. Export of Canned Tomato (Paste) increased by
4.5 percent and amounted to USD 193 million.
TABLE.44 SUBSECTIONS IN THE EXPORT OF VEGETABLE AND FRUIT PREPARATIONS
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million Dollar
2015 Million Dollar 2016 Million Dollar 15/16 Change Rate%
2015 Unite Price $/kg 2016 Unit Price $/kg
2008
Other Canned Fruit and Vegetable
875
1.001
745
-25,6
7,73
5,69
2007
Jam, Jelly, Marmalade, Fruit Mash
325
392
281
-28,3
6,68
5,04
2001
Canned Vegetable and Fruit
241
216
228
5,9
1,15
1,13
2002
Canned Tomato
229
184
193
4,5
1,41
1,21
2005
Other Canned Vegetables
205
197
186
-5,3
1,77
1,89
2009
Fruit and Vegetable Juices
200
186
183
-1,7
1,41
1,47
REFERENCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
FIGURE.31 THE MOST EXPORTED SUBSECTIONS 2016
19- COTTON AND COTTON FABRIC
A Limited Increase replaced
decrease In Cotton Export
While the export of Cotton and Cotton Fabric dropped by
9.1 percent and decreased to USD 1.7 billion in 2015, it
increased by 1 percent and amounted to USD 1.72 billion
in 2016. The export amount increased by 7.8 percent and
reached 415 thousand tons. The most exported subsection is Fabric (Over 200 grams/m2.) Export increased by 2.3
percent and reached to USD 484 million. Another subsection whose export increased level is Cotton with an upward
trend of 62.8 percent. Cotton (Non-Carded ) export increa-
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
484
382
281
220
124
Fabric M2 More
Than 200 gr. .
Cotton Yarn
Fabric M2 Less
Than 200 gr
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
Mixed With
Synthetic
of Artificial
Fiber2>200 Gr
Cotton (NonCarded)
sed to USD 124 million in 2016. Subsections with the most
decreasing export levels are Cotton Yarn, Products With
Maximum 200 Grams of Fabric Weight and Mixed Fabrics
with Synthetic or Artificial Fibers.
TABLE.45 SUBSECTIONS IN THE COTTON AND COTTON FABRIC EXPORT
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million Dollar
2015 Million Dollar 2016 Million Dollar 15/16 Change Rate%
2015 Unite Price $/kg 2016 Unit Price $/kg
5209
Fabric (More Than 200 gr/m2 )
560
473
484
2,3
9,08
8,71
5205
Cotton Yarn
384
385
382
-0,9
3,00
3,07
5208
Fabric (Less Than 200 gr/m2)
314
294
281
-4,3
9,20
7,57
232
235
220
-6,4
11,95
11,53
88
76
124
62,8
1,61
1,63
5211
5201
Mixed With Synthetic of Artificial
Fiber m2>200 Gr
Cotton (Non-Carded)
REFERENCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
20- GRAINS, FLOUR, AND PASTRY PRODUCTS
Share of Grains and Flour In The Total
Export Increases
The share of Grains, Flour, and Pastry Products, included in
the most exported 20 subsections in 2016, in the total export still increases. Export in 2016 dropped by 0.3 percent
and amounted to USD 1.5 billion. The amount of the exported product raised by 19.5 percent and increased from 1.31
million tons to 1.57 million tons. The decrease in the export
unit prices prevented the increase of export in value.
FIGURE.32 THE MOST EXPORTED
SUBSECTIONS 2016
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
1000
800
600
400
200
0
887
422
Bread, cake, muffin, biscuits
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
Pastas and Kuskus
TABLE.46 SUBSECTIONS IN THE EXPORT OF GRAINS, FLOUR, AND PASTRY PRODUCTS
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million Dollar
2015 Million Dollar 2016 Million Dollar 15/16 Change Rate%
2015 Unite Price $/kg 2016 Unit Price $/kg
1905
Bread, cake, muffin, biscuits
939
915
887
-3,1
2,27
2,17
1902
Pastas and Kuskus
507
418
422
1,0
0,62
0,51
1904
Raised, Roasted Grains
173
145
165
14,3
0,63
0,52
REFERENCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 61
3
export
III.8 EXPORT BY COUNTRIES AND SECTIONS
FIGURE.33 EXPORT TO GERMANY AND GERMANY’S
SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
1-GERMANY
Germany continued to be the largest
export market
EXPORT AND SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
14.500
TABLE 47. SECTIONS IN THE EXPORT TO GERMANY
CODE
87
84
61
85
10
9,3
14.000
Export to Germany increased by 4.4 percent and reached
13.500
to USD 14.0 billion in 2016. The share of Germany in our
total export increased from 9.3 percent to 9.8 percent. Our 13.000
export kept its upward trend and Germany continued to be 12.500
our largest export market.
While some of the sections exported to Germany increased,
the others decreased in 2016. For the two sections most
exported to Germany, road motor vehicles outperformed
the machinery. Knitted apparel ranks the third. The highest
increase in the export to Germany was achieved by road
9,8
9
8,3
14.001
13.147
2014
13.417
2014
2015
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
2016
8
7
SHARE IN OUR EXPORT %
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
motor vehicles with 29.5 percent. Maximum decrease, on
the other hand, was in vegetables and fruits with 28.6 percent. Export of home textile products and woven apparel
also recessed. Export of road motor vehicles to Germany
continued to increase in 2016.
PRODUCT
Road motor vehicles, tractors, bicycles, motorcycles and other road vehicles, and their
components, parts, and accessories
Boilers, machinery, mechanical equipment and tools, nuclear reactors, and their
components and parts
Knitted apparel and accessories
Electrical machinery and equipment, devices audio recording-transmitting, TV, audio-video
2014 Million Dollar
2015 Million Dollar
2016 Million Dollar 15/16 Change Rate %
2.142
2.012
2.605
29,5
2.352
2.084
2.144
2,9
2.384
1.886
1.891
0,3
995
898
878
-2,2
62
recorders-transmitters, and their components, parts, and accessories
Non-knitted apparel and accessories
937
798
797
-0,1
73
Ironware or steelware
553
498
491
-1,4
20
Vegetables, fruits, nuts and preparations obtained from other parts of plants
555
687
490
-28,6
63
Garments made of knitting materials, suits, used garments and other woven goods, rags
550
472
450
-4,6
40
8
Rubber and rubberware
Edible fruits and edible nuts
514
478
421
459
425
421
0,9
-8,3
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
2-ENGLAND
FIGURE.34 EXPORT TO ENGLAND AND ENGLAND’S
SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
EXPORT AND SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
England strengthened its second rank
15.000
in our export
6,3
7,3
8,2
10
Outperforming Iraq, England became our second largest 10.000
2014
11.687
market in 2015. Our export to England increased by 10.7
9.903
10.556
5.000
0
percent in 2016 and amounted to USD 11.69 billion. Eng2014
2015
2016
land strengthened its second rank in our export markets in
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
SHARE IN OUR EXPORT %
2016. The share of England in our export increased from SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
7.3 percent to 8.2 percent. In 2016, increase in the export to
England, going through the Brexit process, may be regar- down to rank the second decreased by 16.8 percent in
ded as a success. However, for a more sound evaluation, 2016. Other products were also less exported. Export of
exports of sections should also be taken into consideration. knitted apparel decreased by 9.4 percent, woven apparel
Export of precious and semi-precious stones to England by 4.4 and electrical machinery and equipment by 13.4 persubstantially increased and leaped to USD 3.15 billion. Ex- cent. The decrease in the GBP-USD parity had an impact
port of precious and semi-precious stones moved up and on such recession. The increase in the export to England
ranked the first. Export of road motor vehicles that moved was achieved by the leap of only one sector.
62
TABLE.48 SECTIONS IN THE EXPORT TO ENGLAND
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million Dollar
2015 Million Dollar
2016 Million Dollar 15/16 Change Rate %
71
Precious and semi-precious stones, precious metals, pearls, imitation jewelry, coins
135
1.261
3.147
149,6
87
Road motor vehicles, tractors, bicycles, motorcycles and other road vehicles, and their
components, parts, and accessories
2.220
2.456
2.043
-16,8
61
Knitted apparel and accessories
1.641
1.457
1.320
-9,4
85
Electrical machinery and equipment, devices audio recording-transmitting, TV, audio-video
recorders-transmitters, and their components, parts, and accessories
1.170
1.085
939
-13,5
892
779
766
-1,7
Boilers, machinery, mechanical equipment and tools, nuclear reactors, and their components
84
and parts
62
Non-knitted apparel and accessories
713
633
605
-4,4
73
Ironware or steelware
449
389
390
0,1
39
Plastics and Plasticsware
239
226
206
-8,6
8
Edible fruits and edible nuts
212
210
187
-10,8
27
Mineral fuel, mineral oils, and their distillate products, bitumen materials, ozocerites
157
103
155
50,9
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
3-IRAQ
Losses in Iraq market
continued in 2016
FIGURE.35 EXPORT TO IRAQ AND
IRAQ’S SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
EXPORT AND SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
After 2015, our commercial loss in Iraq further continued 15.000
6,9
8
5,9
5,4
in 2016. Among our largest export markets, Iraq ranks the
6
10.000
third. In 2016, export dropped by 10.7 percent and decrea4
sed to USD 7.64 billion. Iraq’s share in our total export dec- 5.000
10.888
7.638
8.550
2
reased from 5.9 percent to 5.4 percent. The loss amounted
0
0
2014
2015
2016
to 2.5 points in three years.
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
SHARE IN OUR EXPORT %
Export to Iraq by almost all important sections decreased.
Maximum decrease corresponds to electrical machinery SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
and equipment with 34.2 percent. Export of knitted apparel
and ironware-steelware decreased by 30.4 and 21.5 per- cious and semi-precious stones, grain mill products and
cent respectively. Export increased in the sectors of pre- dairies. Political and safety problems with Iraq adversely
affected our export in 2016.
TABLE 49. SECTIONS IN THE EXPORT TO IRAQ
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million Dollar
2015 Million Dollar
2016 Million Dollar 15/16 Change Rate %
71
Precious and semi-precious stones, precious metals, pearls, imitation jewelry, coins
493
464
597
28,6
11
Grain-mill products, malt, starch, inulin, wheat gluten
550
486
548
12,8
15
Solid and liquid animal and vegetable fats, cooking solid fat, animal, and candles made of
606
animal and vegetable fats
503
494
-1,9
94
Furniture, bedding sets, lighting equipment, advertisement light box, flashing signs, etc. prefabricated structures
564
482
451
-6,5
39
Plastics and Plasticsware
588
493
402
-18,4
73
Ironware or steelware
793
471
370
-21,5
19
Grains, flour, starch or dairy, pastry products
361
327
366
12,0
85
Electrical machinery and equipment, devices audio recording-transmitting, TV, audio-video
recorders-transmitters, and their components, parts, and accessories
759
477
314
-34,2
61
Knitted apparel and accessories
408
440
306
-30,4
4
Dairy, eggs, natural honey, other edible products of animal origin
406
263
302
14,8
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 63
3
export
4-ITALY
Our export to Italy
increased once again
Export to Italy, one of our traditional and significant export market, increased again in 2016. The Recent economic growth of Italy also contributed to the increase in our
export. Italy remained as our fourth largest export market.
Export to Italy increased by 10.1 percent and amounted to
USD 7.58 billion in 2016. Italy’s share in our export increased to 5.3 percent.
In 2015, five important sections exported to Italy increased.
Export of road motor vehicles increased by 54.4 percent.
Furthermore, export of machinery, woven apparel, ironware
and steel ware, as well as plastics and plasticware, increased. Export of other sections also decreased. With 13.1
percent, the maximum decrease in export to Italy was in the
TABLE 50. SECTIONS IN THE EXPORT TO ITALY
FIGURE.36 EXPORT TO ITALY AND
ITALY’S SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
7.800
EXPORT AND SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
7.600
5,3
7.400
7.200
6.800
6.400
5
4,6
4,5
6.600
5,2
4,8
4,8
7.000
5,4
7.141
6.887
2014
2015
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
7.582
2016
4,4
4,2
4
SHARE IN OUR EXPORT %
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
group of fruits.
Italy sustained economic recovery in 2016. This recovery
supported the export increase of our sectors, road motor
vehicles in particular.
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million Dollar
2015 Million Dollar
2016 Million Dollar
15/16 Change Rate %
87
Road motor vehicles, tractors, bicycles, motorcycles and other road vehicles, and their
components, parts, and accessories
1.566
1.655
2.555
54,4
84
Boilers, machinery, mechanical equipment and tools, nuclear reactors, and their
components and parts
520
529
566
7,1
8
Edible fruits and edible nuts
663
647
563
-13,1
61
Knitted apparel and accessories
372
323
327
1,2
85
Electrical machinery and equipment, devices audio recording-transmitting, TV, audio-video
recorders-transmitters, and their components, parts, and accessories
240
315
266
-15,4
60
Woven garment
329
260
251
-3,5
52
Cotton, cotton yarn, and cotton fabric
289
250
240
-4,4
72
Iron and steel
196
200
225
12,5
39
Plastics and Plasticsware
228
202
210
3,8
62
Non-knitted apparel and accessories
228
191
186
-2,6
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
5-USA
Export to the USA increased gradually
and steadily
Our export to the USA goes through a period of gradual
and steady increase. The USA that became our fifth largest
export market in 2015 sustained their place in 2016. Export
to the USA increased by 3.6 percent and amounted to 6.62
billion in 2016. USA’s export market share increased from
4.4 percent to 4.6 percent.
Export to the USA increased in a large number of important
product groups. Steelware and ironware, the most exported product group, indicated to a 0.9 percent increase. The
maximum increase in export corresponds to precious or semi-precious stones with 32 percent. Export of home textile
products increased by 10.3 percent. Export of road motor
vehicles, which substantially increased in many markets,
decreased by 9.7 percent in USA market. Economic growth
of USA continued in 2016. Import demand also increases in
parallel with this growth. It may be concluded that Turkey
benefits from the recovery in USA market.
FIGURE.37 EXPORT TO USA AND
USA’S SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
6.700
6.600
EXPORT AND SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
4,4
6.500
6.400
4
6.300
6.342
6.396
2014
2015
6.200
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
64
4,6
6.624
2016
SHARE IN OUR EXPORT %
4,8
4,6
4,4
4,2
4
3,8
3,6
TABLE 51. SECTIONS IN THE EXPORT TO USA
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million Dollar
2015 Million Dollar
2016 Million Dollar
15/16 Change Rate %
72
Iron and steel
1.141
912
921
0,9
84
Boilers, machinery, mechanical equipment and tools, nuclear reactors, and their
components and parts
711
679
712
4,8
87
Road motor vehicles, tractors, bicycles, motorcycles and other road vehicles, and their
components, parts, and accessories
458
762
689
-9,7
57
Carpets and other woven floorings
272
274
328
19,9
68
Goods made of stone, gypsum, rock wool, mica or similar materials
346
348
315
-9,5
88
Air crafts, space crafts and their components and parts
254
281
276
-1,9
63
Garments made of knitting materials, suits, used garments and other woven goods, rags
226
220
242
10,3
73
Ironware or steelware
341
334
239
-28,3
71
Precious and semi-precious stones, precious metals, pearls, imitation jewelry, coins
153
165
218
32,0
24
Tobacco and tobacco substitutes
189
148
160
7,9
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
FIGURE.38 EXPORT TO FRANCE AND FRANCE’S
SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
6-FRANCE
France to which our export increased
is our sixth greatest market
Export to France increased by 3.1 percent and reached
to USD 6.03 billion in 2016. Our share in export to France
amounts to 4.2 percent. France moved down to rank our
sixth largest export market last year and sustained their place in 2016.
Many subsections exported to France decreased. Increased in the road motor vehicles also ensured an increase in
the export in general. Export of road motor vehicles increased by 21.5 percent in 2016. Notwithstanding, export of
electrical machinery and equipment decreased by 2.4 percent, machinery by 2.2 percent, knitted apparel by 3.9 and
home textile products by 3.0 percent. Another sub-sector
6.600
6.400
EXPORT AND SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
4,2
6.200
6.000
4,25
4,2
4,15
5.800
4,1
4,1
5.600
6.464
5.845
2014
2015
5.400
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
4,1
6.024
2016
SHARE IN OUR EXPORT %
4,05
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
export of which increased is furniture.
France achieved a slight economic growth in 2015, and Turkey export performance was limited in many sub-sectors.
TABLE 52. SECTIONS IN THE EXPORT TO FRANCE
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million Dollar
2015 Million Dollar
2016 Million Dollar
15/16 Change Rate %
87
Road motor vehicles, tractors, bicycles, motorcycles and other road vehicles, and their
components, parts, and accessories
2.068
1.822
2.214
21,5
85
Electrical machinery and equipment, devices audio recording-transmitting, TV, audiovideo recorders-transmitters, and their components, parts, and accessories
704
630
615
-2,4
84
Boilers, machinery, mechanical equipment and tools, nuclear reactors, and their
components and parts
594
523
512
-2,2
61
Knitted apparel and accessories
603
462
444
-3,9
62
Non-knitted apparel and accessories
328
261
249
-4,6
8
Edible fruits and edible nuts
247
325
243
-25,3
39
Plastics and Plasticsware
191
176
173
-2,1
73
Ironware or steelware
181
177
163
-8,0
63
Garments made of knitting materials, suits, used garments and other woven goods, rags
182
148
144
-3,0
94
Furniture, bedding sets, lighting equipment, advertisement light box, flashing signs, etc.
prefabricated structures
125
131
137
4,9
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 65
3
export
7- THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
With an increase in gold export, our
export to UAE moved up again
Our export to the United Arab Emirates increased by 15.5
percent in 2016 and amounted to USD 5.40 billion. The share of UAE in our export markets reached to 3.8 percent.
Gold export was determinative in our export to UAE. Export
of precious and semi-precious stones (gold) increased by
50.6 and approximately USD 1 billion in 2016. However, export of iron and steel as well as mineral fuel and oil, which
are among other important export items, decreased. Export
of machinery, as well as electrical machinery and equipment, also increased.
Our export to UAE market, which focused on more limited import due to the drop in petroleum prices, increased
thanks to the increase in gold trade. Other sectors differed
regarding export performances.
FIGURE.39 EXPORT TO UAE AND
UAE’S SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
EXPORT AND SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
5.600
5.400
5.200
3,8
3,3
3
4,2
5.000
4
3
2
4.800
4.600
1
4.400
4.200
4.656
4.681
2014
2015
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
5.408
2016
SHARE IN OUR EXPORT %
0
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
TABLE 53. SECTIONS IN THE EXPORT TO UAE
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million Dollar
2015 Million Dollar
2016 Million Dollar
15/16 Change Rate %
71
Precious and semi-precious stones, precious metals, pearls, imitation jewelry, coins
1.947
2.036
3.067
50,6
72
Iron and steel
777
587
458
-21,9
27
Mineral fuel, mineral oils, and their distillate products, bitumen materials, ozocerites
498
575
358
-37,7
85
Electrical machinery and equipment, devices audio recording-transmitting, TV, audio-video
recorders-transmitters, and their components, parts, and accessories
113
136
200
47,7
84
Boilers, machinery, mechanical equipment and tools, nuclear reactors, and their components
and parts
192
176
139
-21,0
79
89
85
-4,8
94
Furniture, bedding sets, lighting equipment, advertisement light box, flashing signs, etc. prefabricated structures
57
Carpets and other woven floorings
75
71
76
7,6
87
Road motor vehicles, tractors, bicycles, motorcycles and other road vehicles, and their components, parts, and accessories
44
54
76
41,9
61
Knitted apparel and accessories
64
68
70
2,9
62
Non-knitted apparel and accessories
72
70
63
-9,5
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
8-SPAIN
Recovery in Spain Led To
Increase in Our Export
Export to Spain started to increase again in 2016. Export
increased by 5.3 percent and amounted to USD 4.99 billion.
Spain’s share in our export increased to 3,5 percent.
Export of all important sections to Spain increased. Export
of road motor vehicles’ components and parts increased by
23.9 percent, woven apparel by 5.2 percent, knitted apparel
by 2.5 percent, machinery by 14.4 percent, and iron and
steel by 41.1 percent.
Spanish economy achieved a relatively rapid growth in
2016. Economic growth that accelerated in Spain has a favorable impact on Turkish export.
FIGURE.40 EXPORT TO SPAIN AND
SPAIN’S SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
EXPORT AND SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
5.100
3,5
5.000
4.900
4.800
4.700
4.600
3,3
3,2
3,0
3,0
4.750
4.742
4.991
2014
2015
2016
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
66
3,6
3,4
SHARE IN OUR EXPORT %
2,8
2,6
TABLE 54. SECTIONS IN THE EXPORT TO SPAIN
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million Dollar
2015 Million Dollar
2016 Million Dollar
15/16 Change Rate %
87
Road motor vehicles, tractors, bicycles, motorcycles and other road vehicles, and their
components, parts, and accessories
819
942
1.167
23,9
62
Non-knitted apparel and accessories
823
874
920
5,2
61
Knitted apparel and accessories
766
753
772
2,5
84
Boilers, machinery, mechanical equipment and tools, nuclear reactors, and their components
and parts
353
357
408
14,4
72
Iron and steel
155
140
198
41,1
184
156
161
3,1
Electrical machinery and equipment, devices audio recording-transmitting, TV, audio-video
85
recorders-transmitters, and their components, parts, and accessories
39
Plastics and Plasticsware
114
124
127
1,8
52
Cotton, cotton yarn, and cotton fabric
78
87
99
14,6
40
Rubber and rubberware
107
93
87
-6,4
55
Synthetic and artificial discontinuous fibers
78
76
87
13,7
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
9-IRAN
FIGURE.41 EXPORT TO IRAN AND IRAN’S
SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
Export to Iran leaped, and gold again
takes the stage
Export to Iran increased by 35 percent and reached to USD
4.99 billion in 2016. The share of Iran in our export markets
reached to 3.8 percent again.
Leap in the export to Iran caused by a 91.5 percent increase
in the gold export. Besides, export of knitted and woven
apparels and road motor vehicles substantially increased.
Exports of other sections excluding plastics and plasticware also moved upwards. 2016 was the first year when the
embargo in Iran was lifted. Recovery of petroleum prices
also supported Iran. Preferential trade agreement executed
with Turkey also started to be effective. Export of important
sections to Iran continues to increase. Iran moved up to
rank Turkey’s ninth largest market.
EXPORT AND SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
6.000
4
5.000
3,5
4.000
3,3
3.000
2
3,0
2.000
3
1
1.000
0
3.886
3.664
4.967
2014
2015
2016
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
0
SHARE IN OUR EXPORT %
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
TABLE 55. SECTIONS IN THE EXPORT TO IRAN
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million Dollar
2015 Million Dollar
2016 Million Dollar
15/16 Change Rate %
71
Precious and semi-precious stones, precious metals, pearls, imitation jewelry, coins
820
890
1.704
91,5
84
Boilers, machinery, mechanical equipment and tools, nuclear reactors, and their
components and parts
484
423
446
5,6
61
Knitted apparel and accessories
33
71
193
173,0
39
Plastics and Plasticsware
244
186
181
-2,6
44
Wood and woodenware, charcoal
209
169
170
0,7
87
Road motor vehicles, tractors, bicycles, motorcycles and other road vehicles, and their components, parts, and accessories
108
99
170
70,9
85
Electrical machinery and equipment, devices audio recording-transmitting, TV, audio-video
recorders-transmitters, and their components, parts, and accessories
164
158
169
7,3
55
Synthetic and artificial discontinuous fibers
95
120
156
29,6
24
Tobacco and tobacco substitutes
133
133
149
11,6
62
Non-knitted apparel and accessories
18
36
146
301,9
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 67
3
export
10-THE NETHERLANDS
A two-digit increase
in export to the Netherlands
Export to the Netherlands increased by 13.8 percent and
reached to USD 3.59 billion in 2016. The Netherlands’ share
in our export increased by 2.5 percent and moved one level
up. Export of road motor vehicles to the Netherlands increased by 58.0 percent in 2016. Export in some of the other
important sections also improved. Export of iron and steel
increased by 36.8, mineral fuel and oils by 40.0 percent and
electricity machinery and equipment by 34.9 percent. On
the other hand, export of knitted and woven decreased.
The Netherlands achieved a better economic growth in
2016. Such economic growth returned Turkey as an increase in the export of road motor vehicles and other important
sections.
FIGURE.42 EXPORT TO THE NETHERLANDS AND THE
NETHERLANDS’ SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
3.700
2,6
EXPORT AND SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
3.600
3.500
2,5
2,5
3.400
3.300
2,4
4,2
2,2
3.200
2,3
2,2
2,2
3.100
3.000
2.900
3.459
3.155
2014
2015
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
3.590
2016
SHARE IN OUR EXPORT %
2,1
2
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
TABLE 56. SECTIONS IN THE EXPORT TO THE NETHERLANDS
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million Dollar
2015 Million Dollar
2016 Million Dollar
15/16 Change Rate %
87
Road motor vehicles, tractors, bicycles, motorcycles and other road vehicles, and their
components, parts, and accessories
417
421
665
58,0
61
Knitted apparel and accessories
452
393
387
-1,4
62
Non-knitted apparel and accessories
361
308
266
-13,5
84
Boilers, machinery, mechanical equipment and tools, nuclear reactors, and their components
and parts
165
175
177
1,1
72
Iron and steel
228
123
168
36,8
27
Mineral fuel, mineral oils, and their distillate products, bitumen materials, ozocerites
111
114
160
40,0
3
Fish, crustacean, molluscs and invertebrate animals living in water
132
144
159
10,4
85
Electrical machinery and equipment, devices audio recording-transmitting, TV, audio-video
recorders-transmitters, and their components, parts, and accessories
104
110
149
34,9
20
Vegetables, fruits, nuts and preparations obtained from other parts of plants
131
135
131
-3,2
8
Edible fruits and edible nuts
140
127
126
-1,5
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
11-S. ARABIA
Decrease In The Export To Saudi Arabia
Export to S. Arabia dropped by 8.9 percent and decreased
to 3.17 billion in 2016. The share of S. Arabia in our export
also decreased by 2.2 percent.
Export of almost all sections to S. Arabia showed a downward trend. Export to electrical machinery and equipment,
the biggest export item, decreased by 4.7 percent. Export
of carpet, mineral fuel, machinery, furniture and road motor
vehicles also went down. Export increased in knitted apparel section. Furthermore, export of fruits and vegetables as
well as mineral products moved upward.
As S. Arabia’s revenues from petroleum decreased, economic growth slowed down and total import decreased. Thus,
export of many important sections by Turkey weakened.
FIGURE.43 EXPORT TO S. ARABIA
AND S. ARABIA’S SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
EXPORT AND SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
3.600
3.500
3.400
3.300
3.200
2,2
1,9
1,5
3.100
1
3.000
0,5
2.900
2.800
2,5
2
2014
2015
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
68
3
2,4
2016
SHARE IN OUR EXPORT %
0
TABLE 57. SECTIONS IN THE EXPORT TO S. ARABIA
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million Dollar
2015 Million Dollar
2016 Million Dollar
15/16 Change Rate %
85
Electrical machinery and equipment, devices audio recording-transmitting, TV, audiovideo recorders-transmitters, and their components, parts, and accessories
269
417
397
-4,7
57
Carpets and other woven flooring
370
388
322
-17,0
27
Mineral fuel, mineral oils, and their distillate products, bitumen materials, ozocerites
197
280
235
-15,9
84
Boilers, machinery, mechanical equipment and tools, nuclear reactors, and their components
and parts
233
271
208
-23,4
94
Furniture, bedding sets, lighting equipment, advertisement light box, flashing signs, etc. prefabricated structures
135
196
182
-7,0
61
Knitted apparel and accessories
109
111
138
24,1
87
Road motor vehicles, tractors, bicycles, motorcycles and other road vehicles, and their components, parts, and accessories
103
141
135
-4,0
62
Non-knitted apparel and accessories
135
130
129
-0,8
8
Edible fruits and edible nuts
66
79
121
52,7
68
Goods made of stone, gypsum, rock wool, mica or similar materials
111
115
121
5,0
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
12-ISRAEL
FIGURE.44 EXPORT TO ISRAEL
AND ISRAEL’S SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
Export to Israel Increased Again
After a recession in 2015, export to Israel increased by 9.6
percent and amounted to USD 2.96 billion in 2016. The share of Israel in our export increased to 2.1 percent.
Export of road motor vehicles, as well as electrical machinery and equipment to Israel, decreased while all other important sections indicated an increase in export. Export of
iron and steel increased by 27.3 percent, plastics and Plasticware by 8.9 percent, woven apparel 14.5 percent, machinery by 22.9 percent and knitted apparel by 30.7 percent.
As the relationship with Israel improved, export started to
speed up.
EXPORT AND SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
3.000
2,1
2.900
2.800
1,9
2.700
2.600
1,9
2.500
2.951
2.698
2014
2015
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
2.956
2016
2,15
2,1
2,05
2
1,95
1,9
1,85
1,8
SHARE IN OUR EXPORT %
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
TABLE 58. SECTIONS IN THE EXPORT TO ISRAEL
CODE PRODUCT
2014 Million Dollar
2015 Million Dollar 2016 Million Dollar 15/16 Change Rate %
87
Road motor vehicles, tractors, bicycles, motorcycles and other road vehicles, and their
components, parts, and accessories
507
465
428
-7,9
72
Iron and steel
508
325
413
27,3
39
Plastics and Plasticsware
172
181
197
8,9
62
Non-knitted apparel and accessories
140
156
179
14,5
84
Boilers, machinery, mechanical equipment and tools, nuclear reactors, and their components
and parts
154
144
177
22,9
85
Electrical machinery and equipment, devices audio recording-transmitting, TV, audio-video
recorders-transmitters, and their components, parts, and accessories
193
182
173
-4,7
61
Knitted apparel and accessories
60
67
87
30,7
71
Precious and semi-precious stones, precious metals, pearls, imitation jewelry, coins
67
72
86
19,6
25
Salt, sulphur, soils and stones, gypsum, lime and cement
69
76
86
13,0
48
Paper and cardboard and goods made of paper and cardboard, papier-mache
69
66
80
22,0
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 69
3
export
FIGURE.45 EXPORT TO EGYPT
AND EGYPT’S SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
13-EGYPT
Decrease in Export to Egypt Continues
Export to Egypt decreased both in 2015 and 2016. With a
drop of 12.3 percent, export decreased to USD 2.73 billion
in 2016. The share of Egypt in Turkey’s export markets recessed to 1.9 percent.
The rate of decrease in the export of many important subsections to Egypt is two-digit. Export of mineral fuel and oil,
the most important export item to Egypt, recessed by 15.7
percent. Such recession mainly resulted from the decrease in petroleum prices. While machinery export decreased
by 11.7 percent, plastics and plasticware decreased by 9.4
percent, and ironware and steelware decreased by 26.4
percent. However, export of iron and steel and road motor
TABLE 59. SECTIONS IN THE EXPORT TO EGYPT
CODE
EXPORT AND SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
4.000
2,2
2,1
3.000
2.000
3,5
1.000
0
3.298
3.125
2014
2015
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
2.734
2,3
2,2
2,1
2
1,9
1,8
1,7
2016
SHARE IN OUR EXPORT %
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
vehicles increased by 1.5 and 1.2 percent respectively.
Problems related to diplomatic relationships with Egypt
continue to be one of the most important causes of the
decrease in export.
PRODUCT
2014 Million Dollar
2015 Million Dollar
2016 Million Dollar
15/16 Change Rate %
27
Mineral fuel, mineral oils, and their distillate products, bitumen materials, ozocerites
859
619
522
-15,7
72
Iron and steel
329
481
488
1,5
84
Boilers, machinery, mechanical equipment and tools, nuclear reactors, and their
components and parts
202
227
201
-11,7
87
Road motor vehicles, tractors, bicycles, motorcycles and other road vehicles, and their components, parts, and accessories
200
139
141
1,2
39
Plastics and Plasticsware
141
138
125
-9,4
73
Ironware or steelware
124
151
111
-26,4
85
Electrical machinery and equipment, devices audio recording-transmitting, TV, audio-video
recorders-transmitters, and their components, parts, and accessories
117
110
101
-7,8
48
Paper and cardboard and goods made of paper and cardboard, papier-mache
40
68
79
15,4
28
Inorganic chemicals, precious metal, radioactive element, organic-inorganic compounds of
metal and isotopes
88
77
68
-11,3
52
Cotton, cotton yarn, and cotton fabric
77
68
68
-0,8
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
14-SWITZERLAND
Gold Export Is Determinative in
Switzerland Market Again
Export to Switzerland decreased by 52.8 percent and
USD 2.68 billion in 2016. The share of Switzerland in
Turkey’s export market dropped 2 points at a time and
decreased to 1.9 percent.
Gold export is still determinative in the export to Switzerland. Gold export to Switzerland recessed 60.9 percent and amounted to USD 2.91 billion in 2016. On the
other hand, export of road motor vehicles, mineral oils,
and fuel, as well as knitted apparel, increased.
Export to Switzerland shall keep fluctuating basing on
the direction of gold trade.
FIGURE.46 EXPORT TO SWITZERLAND AND
SWITZERLAND’S SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
EXPORT AND SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
6.000
5.000
4
4.000
3.000
3
2
1,9
2.000
1.000
0
3.208
2014
5.675
2.676
2015
2016
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
70
5
3,3
SHARE IN OUR EXPORT %
2
1
0
TABLE 60. SECTIONS IN THE EXPORT TO SWITZERLAND
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million Dollar
2015 Million Dollar
2016 Million Dollar
15/16 Change Rate %
71
Precious and semi-precious stones, precious metals, pearls, imitation jewelry, coins
2.342
4.889
1.911
-60,9
149
121
124
2,2
Road motor vehicles, tractors, bicycles, motorcycles and other road vehicles, and their
87
components, parts, and accessories
8
Edible fruits and edible nuts
88
115
88
-23,4
27
Mineral fuel, mineral oils, and their distillate products, bitumen materials, ozocerites
13
48
69
43,9
76
Aluminium and aluminiumware
68
65
66
1,5
61
Knitted apparel and accessories
68
58
61
4,9
30
Pharmaceuticals
60
47
60
26,5
105
62
44
-29,4
38
34
32
-3,8
28
24
24
-2,8
Electrical machinery and equipment, devices audio recording-transmitting, TV, audio-video
85
recorders-transmitters, and their components, parts, and accessories
63
Garments made of knitting materials, suits, used garments and other woven goods, rags
Boilers, machinery, mechanical equipment and tools, nuclear reactors, and their components
84
and parts
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
15-ROMANIA
FIGURE.47 EXPORT TO ROMANIA AND ROMANIA’S
SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
Our Export to Romania Decreases
Export to Romania decreased both in 2015 and 2016. Export decreased by 5.1 percent and amounted to USD 2.67
billion in 2016. Romania’s share in our total export also
decreased to 1.9 percent. The rapid and recent increase
in export to Romania has become reversed for the last two
years. While export of many sections to Romania decreased in 2015, export of machinery increased by 3.6 percent,
woven apparel by 11.9 and ironware and steelware by 1.6
percent. Export of road motor vehicles decreased by 11.7
percent. Export of iron and steel dropped by 18.8 percent.
Despite the recession in 2015, there is still a potential of
export increase thanks to the economic growth of Romania and increasing commercial integration between the two
countries.
EXPORT AND SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
3.100
2,05
2,0
3.000
2
2.900
2.800
1,95
2.700
1,9
2.600
2.500
1,9
3.098
2.816
2.671
2014
2015
2016
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
1,9
1,85
SHARE IN OUR EXPORT %
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
TABLE 61. SECTIONS IN THE EXPORT TO ROMANIA
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million Dollar
2015 Million Dollar
2016 Million Dollar
15/16 Change Rate %
84
Boilers, machinery, mechanical equipment and tools, nuclear reactors, and their
components and parts
336
348
439
26,0
87
Road motor vehicles, tractors, bicycles, motorcycles and other road vehicles, and their
components, parts, and accessories
305
269
298
10,7
73
Ironware or steelware
189
192
215
11,9
72
Iron and steel
225
183
197
7,9
39
Plastics and Plasticsware
185
163
167
2,3
85
Electrical machinery and equipment, devices audio recording-transmitting, TV, audio-video
recorders-transmitters, and their components, parts, and accessories
103
97
118
22,2
60
Woven garment
95
71
71
1,1
94
Furniture, bedding sets, lighting equipment, advertisement light box, flashing signs, etc. prefabricated
structures
53
51
63
24,1
8
Edible fruits and edible nuts
46
45
61
34,9
40
Rubber and rubberware
64
50
57
14,2
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 71
3
export
FIGURE.48 EXPORT TO POLAND AND
POLAND’S SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
16-POLAND
Rapid Growth in Poland
Supports Our Export
Export to Poland increased by 13.8 percent and reached to
USD 2.65 billion in 2016. The share of Poland in our export
increased to 1.9 percent. Among our first 20 markets, Poland rank the third country to which our export increased
the most rapidly in 2016.
Export of all sections to Poland substantially increased,
road motor vehicles in particular. Export of road motor vehicles increased by 47.7 percent. Export of knitted apparel
and woven apparel are the most increasing sections with
23.1 and 30.3 percent respectively. While export of electrical machinery and equipment increased by 3.4 percent,
machinery export decreased by 3.0 percent.
Among EU-28 countries, Poland is one of the most rapidly
TABLE 62. SECTIONS IN THE EXPORT TO POLAND
EXPORT AND SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
2.700
1,9
2.600
2,05
1,9
1,8
2.500
1,7
2.400
2.300
2.200
2.100
1,6
1,6
2.402
2.309
2.651
2014
2015
2016
1,6
1,5
1,4
SHARE IN OUR EXPORT %
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
growing economies in 2016. The rapid growth of Poland
also considerably supports the increase in our export.
CODE PRODUCT
2014 Million Dollar
2015 Million Dollar
2016 Million Dollar 15/16 Change Rate %
87
Road motor vehicles, tractors, bicycles, motorcycles and other road vehicles, and their
components, parts, and accessories
396
371
549
47,7
61
Knitted apparel and accessories
253
254
313
23,1
84
Boilers, machinery, mechanical equipment and tools, nuclear reactors, and their
components and parts
252
246
239
-3,0
62
Non-knitted apparel and accessories
151
162
211
30,3
85
Electrical machinery and equipment, devices audio recording-transmitting, TV, audio-video
recorders-transmitters, and their components, parts, and accessories
226
132
137
3,4
8
Edible fruits and edible nuts
96
166
128
-22,9
39
Plastics and Plasticsware
103
101
108
7,1
76
Aluminium and aluminiumware
77
87
89
2,2
73
Ironware or steelware
78
71
84
18,8
40
Rubber and rubberware
73
62
81
31,6
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
17-BELGIUM
Export to Belgium remained
almost unchanged
FIGURE.49 EXPORT TO BELGIUM AND
BELGIUM’S SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
Export to Belgium dropped by 0.4 percent and decreased 3.000
to USD 2.55 billion in 2016. The share of Belgium in our total 2.900
export also maintained its level as 1.8 percent. Belgium is 2.800
one of the European Union countries to which our export 2.700
decreased in 2016.
Belgium is still a market to which we continue the export
of many sections. In 2016, while the export of road motor
vehicles, woven apparel, plastics and plasticware decreased, export of knitted apparel, machinery, mineral fuel and
ores increased. Despite the recovery in Benelux region, our
export to Belgium decreased in 2016.
EXPORT AND SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
1,9
1,9
1,85
2.600
1,8
1,8
2.939
2.558
2.548
2014
2015
2.500
2.400
2.300
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
72
1,95
2016
SHARE IN OUR EXPORT %
1,8
1,75
TABLE 63. SECTIONS IN THE EXPORT TO BELGIUM
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million Dollar
2015 Million Dollar
2016 Million Dollar
15/16 Change Rate %
87
Road motor vehicles, tractors, bicycles, motorcycles and other road vehicles, and their
components, parts, and accessories
916
872
817
-6,3
61
Knitted apparel and accessories
247
207
214
3,7
84
Boilers, machinery, mechanical equipment and tools, nuclear reactors, and their
components and parts
184
178
194
8,9
54
Synthetic and artificial filaments, strips and similar synthetic and artificial knitting materials
124
129
134
3,8
26
Metal ores, slag, and ash
119
70
107
51,5
85
Electrical machinery and equipment, devices audio recording-transmitting, TV, audio-video
recorders-transmitters, and their components, parts, and accessories
106
84
84
0,1
27
Mineral fuel, mineral oils, and their distillate products, bitumen materials, ozocerites
104
57
84
47,9
71
Precious and semi-precious stones, precious metals, pearls, imitation jewelry, coins
88
78
77
-1,6
39
Plastics and Plasticsware
72
76
73
-3,0
62
Non-knitted apparel and accessories
126
84
66
-21,5
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
FIGURE.50 EXPORT TO BULGARIA
AND BULGARIA’S SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
18-BULGARIA
Bulgaria’s increase qualified it among 3.000
2.500
our first 20 export market
Export to Bulgaria increased by 42.4 percent and amounted
to USD 2.38 billion in 2016. Bulgaria is one of the countries to which our export increased the most rapidly in 2016.
As a result, their share in our total export increased to 1.7
percent.
Various sections are exported to Bulgaria. In 2016, a substantial increase of export was observed in the most exported sections. Knitted garment increased export by 83.7 percent, road motor vehicles export by 45.6 percent, knitted
apparel export by 291.6 percent, woven apparel export by
370.4 percent.
EXPORT AND SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
1,3
2.000
2
4,2
1,5
1,2
1.500
1
1.000
0,5
500
0
2.040
1.676
2014
2015
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
2.384
2016
SHARE IN OUR EXPORT %
0
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
Bulgaria is gradually becoming an important market for the
export of our branded products.
TABLE 64. SECTIONS IN THE EXPORT TO BULGARIA
PRODUCT
2014 Million Dollar
2015 Million Dollar
60
Woven garment
122
131
241
83,7
39
Plastics and Plasticsware
190
163
160
-1,4
87
Road motor vehicles, tractors, bicycles, motorcycles and other road vehicles, and their
components, parts, and accessories
119
109
159
45,6
84
Boilers, machinery, mechanical equipment and tools, nuclear reactors, and their components
and parts
162
126
148
17,6
61
Knitted apparel and accessories
46
36
140
291,6
85
Electrical machinery and equipment, devices audio recording-transmitting, TV, audio-video
recorders-transmitters, and their components, parts, and accessories
147
101
125
23,3
62
Non-knitted apparel and accessories
30
23
108
370,4
55
Synthetic and artificial discontinuous fibers
55
53
102
90,7
74
Copper and copperware
144
91
95
4,5
72
Iron and steel
90
61
94
53,6
CODE
2016 Million Dollar 15/16 Change Rate %
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 73
3
export
19-CHINA
Economic Transformation in China
Decreases Our Export
Export to China decreases for the last three years. Export
dropped by 3.6 percent and decreased to USD 2.33 billion
in 2016. China goes down in the first 20 exporters ranking. China’s share in our export decreased to 1.6 percent.
Marble export, which covers a huge place in export to China, remained unchanged in 2016. However, export of metal
ores decreased and inorganic chemicals by 11.7 and 29.8
percent respectively. Export of machinery, knitted apparel,
as well as ironware and steelware, increased. Investment
FIGURE.51 EXPORT TO CHINA
AND CHINA’S SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
3.500
3.000
1,8
EXPORT AND SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
1,7
2.500
2.000
1,75
1.500
1,6
1.000
500
0
2014
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
2015
1,85
1,8
2016
growth of infrastructure, construction, and industrial investment, as well as economic growth, have been slowing down
in China. China’s metal, mineral and raw material import
weaken in parallel with such slowdown. Turkey’s export to
China which mainly includes these products was adversely
affected in 2016.
TABLE 65. SECTIONS IN THE EXPORT TO CHINA
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million
Dollar
2015 Million
Dollar
2016
Million
Dollar
15/16
Change
Rate %
25
Salt, sulphur, soils and stones,
gypsum, lime and cement
952
840
840
0,0
26
Metal ores, slag and ash
842
550
485
-11,7
28
Inorganic chemicals, precious
metal, radioactive element, organicinorganic compounds of metal and
isotopes
268
227
160
-29,8
84
Boilers, machinery, mechanical equipment and tools, nuclear reactors, and
their components and parts
117
124
129
4,4
90
Tools and equipment for optics,
photography, movie, measurement,
checking, tuning, medical and surgical
purposes, and their components, parts,
and accessories
31
35
46
30,3
1,7
73
Ironware or steelware
41
36
43
17,6
1,65
72
Iron and steel
27
3
42
1.286,2
1,6
52
Cotton, cotton yarn, and cotton fabric
40
34
41
20,8
1,55
1,5
32
Extracts, tannin, dyes, pigments,
varnishes, pastes, inks used in tanning
and dyeing
34
37
36
-2,4
61
Knitted apparel and accessories
20
25
33
35,5
SHARE IN OUR EXPORT %
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
20-ALGERIA
Despite a decrease in export, Algeria
now is among our first 20 export markets
Our export to Algeria has been decreasing in the last two
years. Export dropped by 4.9 percent and decreased to
USD 1.74 billion in 2016. Algeria’s share in our export amounted to 1.2 percent. Besides, due to countries to which
our export decreased more rapidly, Algeria become one of
our first 20 export markets. Various sections are exported
to Algeria. Export of machinery, the most exported section
in 2016, increased by 4.1 percent. Plastics and plasticware,
FIGURE.52 EXPORT TO ALGERIA
AND ALGERIA’S SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
2.200
2.100
1,3
EXPORT AND SHARE IN OUR EXPORT
1,3
1,3
2.000
1.900
1,25
1.800
1,2
1.700
1.600
1.500
2.079
2014
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
1.826
2015
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
74
1,35
1.736
2016
SHARE IN OUR EXPORT %
knitted apparel and iron and steel export also increased.
However, exports of ironware and steelware and electrical
machinery and equipment decreased. Maximum decrease
was observed in road motor vehicles with 38.1 percent.
TABLE 66. SECTIONS IN THE EXPORT TO ALGERIA
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million
Dollar
2015 Million
Dollar
2016
Million
Dollar
15/16
Change
Rate %
84
Boilers, machinery, mechanical
equipment and tools, nuclear
reactors, and their components
and parts
952
840
840
0,0
73
Ironware or steelware
842
550
485
-11,7
85
Electrical machinery and equipment,
devices audio recording-transmitting,
TV, audio-video recorders-transmitters, and their components, parts,
and accessories
268
227
160
-29,8
39
Plastics and Plasticsware
117
124
129
4,4
87
Road motor vehicles, tractors, bicycles,
motorcycles and other road vehicles,
and their components, parts, and
accessories
31
35
46
30,3
62
Non-knitted apparel and accessories
41
36
43
17,6
61
Knitted apparel and accessories
27
3
42
1.286,2
72
Iron and steel
40
34
41
20,8
94
Furniture, bedding sets, lighting
equipment, advertisement light box,
flashing signs, etc. prefabricated
structures
34
37
36
-2,4
76
Aluminium and aluminiumware
20
25
33
35,5
1,2
1,15
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
4
IMPORT
4
IMPORT
IV.1 MAIN IMPORT INDICATORS
IV.1.1 TOTAL IMPORT AND OUR
PLACE IN WORLD COMMODITY
IMPORT
Import Decreased As a Result of
Global Developments, Recession of
Commodity Prices, Economy Policies,
Economic Slowdown and Increase in
Foreign Exchange Rates
Import of Turkey dropped by 4.2 percent and decreased to
USD 198.6 billion in 2016. The total decrease in import in
2016 amounts to USD 8.6 billion. Hence, import has been
decreasing since 2013. In 2016, five significant factors led
to decreased in import. The primary factor is the decrease in the oil and natural gas prices and other commodity
prices in 2016. Energy import of Turkey that is dependent
on foreign energy sources noticeably decreased in 2016.
Among the global developments, the economic slowdown
in the world economy was effective. The third factor is the
protective measures in import that were gradually expanded through economy policies adopted. The fourth factor is
the shrinking and slowdown of Turkish economy that broke
out in the second half of 2016. Finally, considerable depreciation of Turkish Lira after July had an impact on the import
recession.
TABLE.1 IMPORT
2014
2015
2016
IMPORT BILLION DOLLAR
242.2
207.2
198.6
CHANGE ON VALUE BASIS %
-3.8
-14.5
-4.2
250
200
-3,8
198,6
0,0
-2,0
-4,0
-6,0
-8,0
-10,0
-12,0
100
50
-14,0
-14,5
2014
2015
IMPORT BILLION DOLLAR
2016
-16,0
ANNUAL GROWTH %
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
Turkey’s Import Experienced A More
Rapid Slowdown
The progress of Turkey’s import and world commodity import are compared. World commodity import decreased
by 3.2 percent in USD value in 2016. Turkey’s commodity
import, on the other hand, dropped by 4.2 percent in 2016.
The decrease in the Turkey’s commodity import was more
76
% OF VALUE-BASED GROWTH OF TURKEY'S COMMODITY IMPORT
2015
2016
1,2
-10,9
-3,2
-3,8
-14,5
-4,2
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION, WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
Turkey’s Share In World Commodity
Import Decreased to 1.21 Percent
While the share of Turkey’s commodity import in
world commodity import amounted to 1.24 percent in
2015, it decreased to 1.21 percent in 2016. The share
of Turkey in world import decreased by 0.14 points in
the last three years.
TABLE.3 OUR SHARE IN WORLD COMMODITY IMPORT
2014
2015
2016
TURKEY'S IMPORT BILLION DOLLAR
242,2
207,2
WORLD COMMODITY IMPORT BILLION DOLLAR
18.711
16.766
16.345
TURKEY'S SHARE %
1,29
1,24
1,21
1,29
1,28
150
0
COMMODITY IMPORT
1,3
IMPORT IN BILLION DOLLARS AND
PERCENTAGE OF GROWTH
207,2
2014
% OF VALUE-BASED GROWTH OF WORLD
198,6
FIGURE.2 OUR SHARE IN WORLD COMMODITY IMPORT
FIGURE.1 DEVELOPMENTS IN IMPORT
242,2
TABLE.2 GROWTH COMPARISON WITH WORLD
COMMODITY IMPORT
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION, WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
300
than the decrease in world commodity import in 2016. It
was caused by Turkey’s high-level of dependency on
energy import where prices substantially went down.
1,26
PERCENTAGE OF OUR SHARE IN WORLD IMPORT
1,24
1,24
1,21
1,22
1,2
1,18
1,16
2014
2015
2016
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION, WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
Turkey Became The 20th Largest
Importer of The World
Recently, Turkey has been one the first twenty countries
among the world’s most important commodity importers
and moved down to rank 21st with an import of USD 207
billion in 2015. Despite the decrease in its import in 2016,
Turkey ranked the 20th largest importer of the world with
USD 198 billion. Among the first thirty importers, import
performances of the countries differed from each other, and
the increase in the imports of 8 countries was limited.
TABLE.4 OUR RANK IN WORLD COMMODITY IMPORT
IMPORT BILLION DOLLAR
2015
2016
2015/2016
CHANGE
%
2016
SHARE %
RANK
IN 2015
RANK
COUNTRY
1
USA
2.308
2.251
-2,5
13,8
1
2
CHINA
1.682
1.587
-5,6
9,7
2
3
GERMANY
1.050
1.056
0,6
6,5
3
4
ENGLAND
626
636
1,6
3,9
5
5
JAPAN
648
608
-6,2
3,7
4
6
FRANCE
573
573
0,0
3,5
6
7
HONG KONG
559
547
-2,1
3,3
7
8
THE NETHERLANDS
506
504
-0,4
3,1
8
9
SOUTH KOREA
436
406
-6,9
2,5
9
10
ITALY
409
405
-1,0
2,5
11
11
CANADA
436
403
-7,6
2,5
10
12
MEXICO
405
398
-1,7
2,4
12
13
BELGIUM
375
367
-2,1
2,2
14
14
INDIA
392
359
-8,4
2,2
13
15
SPAIN
309
310
0,3
1,9
15
16
SINGAPORE
297
283
-4,7
1,7
16
17
SWITZERLAND
252
270
7,1
1,7
17
18
TAIWAN
238
231
-2,9
1,4
18
19
UAE
230
225
-2,0
1,3
19
20
TURKEY
207
198
-4,3
1,2
21
21
POLAND
193
197
2,1
1,2
24
22
THAILAND
203
195
-3,9
1,2
22
23
RUSSIA
194
191
-1,5
1,2
23
24
AUSTRALIA
208
189
-9,1
1,2
20
25
VIETNAM
166
174
4,8
1,1
28
26
MALAYSIA
176
168
-4,5
1,0
26
27
AUSTRALIA
155
158
1,9
1,0
29
28
BRAZIL
179
143
-20,1
0,9
25
29
CZECH REPUBLIC
140
142
1,4
0,9
31
30
SWEDEN
138
140
1,0
0,9
32
SOURCE: WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 77
4
IMPORT
IV.1.2 IMPORT IN RESPECT TO
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES AND
LARGE ECONOMIC GROUPS
Sector distribution and development of Turkey’s commodity import are evaluated by using three different international commodity classifications.
economic slowdown and increase in exchange rates in the
second half of the year, import of consumables amounted
to USD 27.9 billion and its share decreased to 14.1 percent.
Import of investment commodities increased by 2.9 percent
and reached to USD 35.9 billion. The share of investment
commodities’ import increased from 16.8 percent to 18.1
percent in 2016. Investment commodity import’s share raised bu 3.3 points in 2015-2016. The overall decrease in
import in 2016 was not equal in all commodity groups. Ongoing investments and major public investments were effective in the increase of import.
TABLE.6 IMPORT IN RESPECT TO LARGE
ECONOMIC GROUPS’ CLASSIFICATION
The Highest Share in Import Belongs
To Manufacturing Industry Products
Based on the classification by economic activities, manufacturing industry products has the highest share in Turkey’s
import. Manufacturing industry products group is the only
product group with an upward import trend in 2016. Thus,
while the share of manufacturing industry products was
80.5 percent in 2015, it increased to 84.2 percent in 2016.
Mining and quarrying products constitute the second largest import group. However, import of mining and quarrying
products dropped by 31.2 percent in 2016. Its share in total
import decreased from 13.3 percent to 9.6 percent. Import
of agricultural, forestry, fishing and other products has still a
very limited share in the total import.
TABLE 5. IMPORT IN RESPECT TO ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
2014
2015
2016
IMPORT
MILLION
DOLLAR
SHARE
%
3,5
7.178
69
0,1
MINING AND
QUARRYING
37.126
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
AGRICULTURE
AND FORESTRY
FISHING
OTHER
GRAND TOTAL
CHANGE
2015/2016
%
35.917
18,1
+2,9
73,0
143.293
69,2
134.316
67,6
-6,1
29.006
12,0
28.587
13,8
27.941
14,1
-2,3
453
0,2
426
0,2
436
0,2
+2,3
242.177
100,0
207.203
100,0
198.610
100,0
-4,2
CONSUMABLES
OTHER GOODS
GRAND TOTAL
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
FIGURE.3 DISTRIBUTION OF IMPORT BY COMMODITY GROUPS
PERCENTAGE OF SHARES OF COMMODITY GROUPS
0,1
56
0,1
-36,4
20,0
15,3
27.610
13,3
19.008
9,6
-31,2
0
187.742
77,5
166.788
80,5
167.235
84,2
0,3
8.652
3,6
5.539
2,7
5.268
2,7
-4,9
198.610
16,8
176.722
88
100,0
34.897
INTERMEDIATE
GOODS
-1,9
207.203
CHANGE
2014/2015
%
14,8
3,5
100,0
SHARE
%
35.996
7.042
242.177
SHARE
%
INVESTMENT
COMMODITIES
3,5
8.588
80,0
73
60,0
100,0
-4,2
While Import of Intermediate Goods
and Consumables Decreased, Import
of Investment Commodities Increased
Import distribution based on the classification of large economic groups consists of investment commodities, intermediate goods, and consumables. Intermediate goods have
the highest share in Turkey’s import. Intermediate goods
also cover energy products including petroleum and natural
gas and their derivatives. Import of intermediate goods decreased both in 2015 and 2016. Import of intermediate goods decreased by 6.1 percent and amounted to USD 134.3
billion in 2016. Its share decreased to 67.6 percent. The
decrease in energy prices had an impact on this recession. Import of consumables dropped by 2.3 percent. Due to
2016
IMPORT
MILLION
DOLLAR
SHARE
%
SHARE
%
SHARE
%
2015
IMPORT
MILLION
DOLLAR
IMPORT
MILLION
DOLLAR
IMPORT
MILLION
DOLLAR
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
78
2014
IMPORT
MILLION
DOLLAR
69,2 67,6
40,0
14,8
16,8 18,1
INVESTMENT
CIMMODETIES
2014
12
INTERMEDIATE
GOODS
2015
13,8
14,1
CPNSUMABLES
2016
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
International trade classification categorizes the product
groups in more detail. Machinery and vehicles continue
to constitute the most important import products of Turkey together. While the total import of Turkey decreased
in 2016, machinery and vehicles group is one of the two
sectors where import increased. Import of machinery and
vehicles increased by 7.6 percent in 2016 and amounted to USD 70.4 billion in 2016. While its share in
total import was 27.2 in 2014, this share increased to
35.4 percent in 2016.
Mineral fuel and oils constitute the second largest
group of import products. Due to the drop in petroleum prices, import of mineral fuel and oils substantially decreased in value both in 2015 and 2016. Import
of mineral fuel and oils dropped by 28.2 percent and
amounted to USD 27.2 billion in 2016. Its share in total import decreased to 13.7 percent.
Processed goods that are divided into main categories consist of durable and semi-durable consumer
goods. This category corresponds to the third largest
import item. Import of these goods dropped by 7.7
percent and decreased to USD 32.9 billion in 2016.
The share in total import amounted 16.5 percent.
TABLE.7 IMPORT IN RESPECT TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE CLASSIFICATION (SITC REV.3)
2014
2015
2016
IMPORT MILLION
DOLLAR
SHARE
IMPORT MILLION
DOLLAR
SHARE%
IMPORT MILLION
DOLLAR
SHARE%
CHANGE
2013/2014 %
%
IMPORT MILLION DOLLAR
SHARE %
IMPORT MILLION DOLLAR
SHARE %
3,2
-0,9
LIVESTOCK AND FOODSTUFF
ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND TOBACCO
792
0,3
759
0,4
780
0,4
2,8
NON-EDIBLE RAW MATERIALS EXCLUDING FUEL OIL)
16.975
7,0
12.595
6,1
11.871
6,0
-5,7
SOLID AND LIQUID ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE FATS
2.187
0,9
1.899
0,9
1.801
0,9
-5,2
MINERAL FUELS AND OILS
8.652
3,6
5.539
2,7
5.268
2,7
-4,9
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND RELATED PRODUCTS
54.889
22,7
37.842
18,3
27.161
13,7
-28,2
PROCESSED GOODS UNDER MAJOR CATEGORIES
33.211
13,7
28.960
14,0
27.545
13,9
-4,9
MACHINERY AND
38.447
15,9
35.608
17,2
32.869
16,5
-7,7
VEHICLES
65.809
27,2
65.422
31,6
70.372
35,4
7,6
VARIOUS MANUFACTURED GOODS
15.498
6,4
13.922
6,7
13.031
6,6
-6,4
BYS GOODS*
7.398
3,1
3.686
1,8
6.729
3,4
82,6
GRAND TOTAL
242.177
100,0
207.203
100,0
198.610
100,0
-4,2
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION, *Including Gold
IV.1.3 IMPORT IN RESPECT TO
FOREIGN CURRENCIES AND
PERFORMED IN TRY
TABLE 8. IMPORT IN RESPECT TO FOREIGN CURRENCIES
2014
Usage Share of Turkish Lira In Import
Increases
Foreign currencies used in the import and their usage shares
in total import are given below. In this respect, the share of
US Dollar, which is the most used foreign currency in import,
decreases in total import, and the share was realized 56.0
percent in 2016. The share of Euro, on the other hand, increased by 2.5 points and amounted to 35.4 percent in 2016.
Turkish Lira’s share in import still increases. In 2016, import
equal to USD 14.3 billion was in TRY. The import share of
Turkish Lira increased from 6.5 to 7.2 percent in 2016.
70,0
60,0
63,5
59,0
2015
2016
MILLION
DOLLAR
SHARE
%
MILLION
DOLLAR
SHARE
%
MILLION
DOLLAR
SHARE
%%
US DOLLAR
153.751
63,5
122.327
59,0
111.262
56,0
EURO
72.592
30,0
68.218
32,9
70.275
35,4
POUND STERLING
1.208
0,5
1.003
0,5
691
0,3
36
0,0
17
0,0
14
0,0
12.422
5,1
13.557
6,5
14.274
7,2
SWISS FRANC
924
0,4
784
0,4
914
0,5
JAPANESE YEN
837
0,3
877
0,5
830
0,4
RUBLE
TRY
OTHER
406
0,2
420
0,2
350
0,2
TOTAL
242.176
100,0
207.203
100,0
198.610
100,0
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
FIGURE.4 DISTRIBUTION OF IMPORT BY FOREIGN
CURRENCIES USED
56,0
50,0
PERCENTAGE OF IMPORT BY CURRENCY
40,0
30,0
30,0
32,9
35,4
2014
2015
2016
20,0
10,0
0
5,1
US DOLLAR
EURO
6,5
7,2
TRY
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 79
4
IMPORT
IV.1.4 IMPORT IN RESPECT
TO PAYMENT METHODS AND
TRANSPORTATION MEANS
Share of Import By Seaway Continues
To Increase
Share of Cash Against Goods
Surpassed The Share of Advance
Payment in Import
When the distribution of import was evaluated basing on
payment methods, it was concluded that two payment methods prevailed. These methods are advance payment and
cash against goods. However, while import through advance payment substantially decreased, import through cash
against goods considerably increased in 2016.
The amount of import through advance payment and its
share in total import increased in the 2012-2014 period and
decreased in 2015. The amount and share of import through advance payment decreased to USD 77.5 billion and
39.0 percent respectively in 2016. On the other hand, the
share of cash against goods remained almost unchanged
in the 2012-2014 period and substantially increased in 2015
and 2016. The share increased to 41.0 percent in 2016 and
surpassed the import through advance payment. As a result
of a slowdown in global commodity demand and a decrease in global trade, cash against good was preferred as a
payment method instead of advance payment. This preference led to an increase in this payment method. Two other
payment methods with a decreasing share are payment by
letter of credit and cash against documents.
TABLE.9 IMPORT IN RESPECT TO PAYMENT
METHODS
2014
MILLION
DOLLAR
2015
%
SHARE
MILLION
DOLLAR
2015
2016
MILLION
DOLLAR
SHARE
%
MILLION
DOLLAR
SHARE
%
MILLION
DOLLAR
SHARE
%
SEAWAY
141.381
58,4
124.436
60,0
120.369
60,6
RAILWAY
1.207
0,5
1.170
0,6
1.428
0,7
ROAD
37.301
15,4
34.364
16,6
34.307
17,3
AIRWAY
24.697
10,2
19.976
9,6
22.970
11,6
FIGURE.5 DISTRIBUTION OF IMPORT WITH
RESPECT TO TRANSPORTATION MEANS IN 2016
% OF SHARES FOR TRANSPORATION MEANS IN 2016
71.529
29,5
68.789
33,2
81.520
41,0
ADVANCE PAYMENT
119.326
49,3
95.345
46,0
77.472
39,0
CASH AGAINST
DOCUMENT
14.920
6,2
10.692
5,2
9.031
4,5
DEFERRED PAYMENT
LETTER OF CREDIT
10.543
4,4
9.978
4,8
9.691
4,9
FREE OF CHARGE
6.243
2,6
6.845
3,3
8.814
4,4
PRIVATE BARTER
33
0,0
19
0,0
16
0,0
LETTER OF CREDIT
18.442
7,6
14.661
7,1
11.237
5,7
COUNTER PURCHASE
13
0,0
12
0,0
16
0,0
ACCEPTANCE CREDIT
118
0,1
77
0,0
118
0,0
ACCEPTANCE CREDIT
- CASH AGAINST
DOCUMENT
493
0,2
473
0,2
637
0,3
ACCEPTANCE CREDIT
- CASH AGAINST
GOODS
516
0,2
312
0,2
57
0,0
PRIVATE ACCOUNT
0,1
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
242.177
100,0
207.203
100,0
198.610
100,0
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
2014
%
SHARE
CASH AGAINST GOODS
GRAND TOTAL
80
MILLION
DOLLAR
TABLE.10 IMPORT IN RESPECT TO
TRANSPORTATION MEANS
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
2016
%
SHARE
Five import channels are used for the distribution of import
with respect to means of transportation. These channels are
seaway, railway, road as well as pipelines which are used
for importing natural gas.
The share of transportation by seaway in import has been
increasing for the last five years. Although import by seaway decreased to USD 120.4 billion, its share in total import
increased to 60.6 percent in 2016. The share of import by
airway exceeded 11.0 percent for the first time. Shares of
import by road and railway also increased, though limited.
The share of import through pipelines changes depending
on the petroleum and natural gas prices. Due to decreases
in prices for the last four years, amount and share of import
through pipelines also moved down. It substantially led to
an increase in the shares of other means of transportation.
10%
11 %
61%
17%
1%
SEAWAY
ROAD
RAILWAY
AIRWAY
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
PIPELINES
IV.2 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IMPORT IN RESPECT TO TECHNOLOGICAL DENSITY
Medium-High Technology Products
Have The Highest Share in Turkey’s
Total Import
Imports of sectors and their shares in total import are
evaluated regarding technological density. Medium-high
technology products have the highest share in Turkey’s total import. Import of medium-high technology products
increased by 1.5 percent and amounted to USD 75.0
billion in 2016. Its share in total import reached 44.9
percent.
The share of medium-low technology products in
Turkey’s import decreased to 25.6 percent. Medium-
FIGURE.6 DISTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRIAL GOODS’
IMPORT IN RESPECT TO TECHNOLOGICAL DENSITY
TABLE. 11 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IMPORT
IN RESPECT TO TECHNOLOGICAL DENSITY
2014
2015
technology products’ import, which dropped by 3.1
percent, amounted to USD 42.8 billion in 2016. Import
of main metal industry and metalware industry products, which are covered by medium-low technology
products group, decreased due to recession in metal
prices. High-technology products have a considerable
share in import. Import of high-technology products,
consisting of products a great part of which is not manufactured in Turkey, increased by 8.1 percent and
amounted to USD 28.36 billion in 2016. Its share in total import reached 17.0 percent. Despite the overall recession in
import, import of high-technology products still continues.
2016
MILLION
DOLLAR
SHARE
%
MILLION
DOLLAR
SHARE
%
MILLION
DOLLAR
SHARE
%
HIGH TECHNOLOGY
PRODUCTS
26.365
14,1
26.246
15,7
28.359
17,0
MEDIUM-HIGH
TECHNOLOGY
PRODUCTS
79.121
42,1
73.904
44,3
75.028
44,9
MEDIUM LOW
TECHNOLOGY
PRODUCTS
56.961
30,3
44.215
26,5
42.834
25,6
LOW TECHNOLOGY
PRODUCTS
25.344
13,5
22.456
13,5
21.013
12,6
TOTAL
MANUFACTURING
INDUSTRY IMPORT
187.790
100,0
166.821
100,0
167.234
100,0
PERCENTAGE OF SHARE OF TECHNOLOGY GROUPS
2015
2014
44,9
42,1 44,3
14,1 15,7
2016
30,3 26,5
25,6
17
HIGHTECHNOLOGY
PRODUCTS
13,5 13,5 12,6
MEDIUM-HIGH MEDIUM-LOW
TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY
PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
LOW
TECHNOLOGY
PRODUCTS
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
IV.3 PRICE AND AMOUNT RELATED DEVELOPMENTS IN IMPORT
While Import Decreased by 9.1
Percent in Unit Value, It Increased
By 3.9 Percent in Amount in 2016
Improvement of import regarding total value depends on
the amount and unit value of the import.
Turkey’s import dropped by 4.2 percent in value and decreased to USD 198.6 in 2016. However, in 2016 Turkey’s
import increased by 3.9 percent in amount.
The value-based decrease of import is caused by a 9.1
percent decrease in import unit value.
Despite economic slowdown and precautions, import
has not experienced any decrease in amount for the last
five years. The increase in foreign exchange rates did not
also lead to an amount-based decrease in import.
Unit values of import have been going down for the last
five years. Decrease having been observed in energy,
metal, commodity and raw material prices across the
world for the last four years caused Turkey’s import unit
price to move down.
Thus, a value-based decrease in Turkey’s import resulted
mainly from the decrease in global prices. Developments
related to amount and unit prices of world import and
TABLE.12 IMPORT AMOUNT AND
UNIT VALUE INDEX 2010=100
YEARS
IMPORT AMOUNT INDEX
2010=100
IMPORT UNIT VALUE INDEX
2010=100
INDEX
% CHANGE
INDEX
% CHANGE
2010
100,0
-
100,0
-
2011
112,9
12,9
115,1
15,1
2012
114,1
1,1
111,8
-2,9
2013
122,6
7,4
110,6
-1,1
2014
122,4
-0,2
106,7
-3,5
2015
124,6
1,7
90,3
-15,9
2016
129,5
3,9
82,0
-9,1
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 81
4
IMPORT
FIGURE.7 AMOUNT AND UNIT VALUE RELATED DEVELOPMENTS IN IMPORT
IMPORT UNIT VALUE AND AMOUNT INDEX 2010=100
140,0
130,0
120,0
110,0
100,0
90,0
80,0
115,1
100,0
129,5
124,6
122,4
122,6
114,1
111,8
112,9
110,6
106,7
90,3
82,0
2010
2011
2012
2013
IMPORT UNIT VALUE INDEX
2014
2015
2016
IMPORT AMOUNT INDEX
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
Turkey’s import are compared basing on the last three
year’s data.
In the last three years, world commodity import and Turkey’s
import increased in amount by 7.1 percent and 5.5 percent
respectively.
While the unit value of world commodity import decreased
by 22.0 percent, Turkey’s import unit value dropped by 30.9
percent in the last three years.
In 2016, on the other hand, Turkey’s import increased in
amount to exceed world average 2.6 points, import unit value decreased 4.6 points more than the world average.
TABLE.13 AMOUNT AND UNIT VALUE RELATED
DEVELOPMENTS IN WORLD’S AND TURKEY’S
IMPORT
2014
2015
2016
WORLD (AMOUNT)
2,8
2,8
1,3
TURKEY (AMOUNT)
-0,2
1,7
3,9
WORLD (UNIT VALUE)
-1,2
-15,4
-4,5
TURKEY (UNIT VALUE)
-3,5
-15,9
-9,1
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION AND WORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATION
Increase in The Amount of Import
Caused By The Increase in Machinery
and Vehicles’ Import
In 2016, total import increased in amount. Despite, import
of many subsectors decreased in amount. Import of mineral
oils and fuel decreased by 0.8, solid and liquid animal and
vegetable fats by 4.7 percent, processed goods under major categories by 0.5 percent and various manufactured goods by 7.0 percent. Import of machinery and vehicles increased by 7.3 percent in amount in 2016. Import of chemical
industry and related products also increased in amount.
These two sectors were determinative in the amount-based
increase in Turkey’s import.
82
TABLE.14 AMOUNT RELATED DEVELOPMENTS IN IMPORT
(IMPORT AMOUNT INDEX (2010=100) IN RESPECT TO
INTERNATIONAL TRADE CLASSIFICATION (SITC REV.3)
2012
2013
2014
2014/2015
%
DEĞİŞİM
2015/2016
%
DEĞİŞİM
LIVESTOCK AND
FOODSTUFF
144,5
148,1
155,3
2,5
4,9
ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND TOBACCO
150,0
157,8
168,1
5,2
6,5
NON-EDIBLE
RAW MATERIALS
(EXCLUDING FUEL
OIL)
107,4
101,3
106,3
-5,7
4,9
SOLID AND LIQUID
ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE FATS
175,1
168,7
160,8
-4,4
-4,7
MINERAL FUEL AND
OILS
119,9
130,3
129,2
8,7
-0,8
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND RELATED
PRODUCTS
125,6
124,8
129,7
-0,6
3,9
PROCESSED GOODS
UNDER MAJOR
CATEGORIES
122,2
129,6
129,0
6,1
-0,5
MACHINERY AND
VEHICLES
115,7
121,7
130,6
5,0
7,3
VARIOUS MANUFACTURED GOODS
113,0
103,2
96,0
-8,8
-7,0
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
Import Prices Decrease Along With
Recession in Global Prices
Within the scope of sector-based developments in import
unit prices, import unit prices of mineral fuel and oils experienced the maximum decrease with 27.6 percent, in parallel with the decrease in petroleum prices in 2016. Import
unit prices of other important products also went down.
Import unit prices of the chemical industry and related products dropped, and processed goods under major categories dropped by 8.4 and 7.4 percent respectively. However,
import unit prices of machinery and vehicles as well as various manufactured goods increased, though limited.
TABLE.15 UNIT VALUE RELATED DEVELOPMENTS IN IMPORT (IMPORT UNIT VALUE INDEX
(2010=100) IN RESPECT TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE CLASSIFICATION (SITC REV.3)
2012
2013
2015/2016
CHANGE %
2014
2015/2016
CHANGE %
LIVESTOCK AND FOODSTUFF
144,5
148,1
155,3
2,5
4,9
ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND TOBACCO
150,0
157,8
168,1
5,2
6,5
NON-EDIBLE RAW MATERIALS (EXCLUDING FUEL OIL)
107,4
101,3
106,3
-5,7
4,9
SOLID AND LIQUID ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE FATS
175,1
168,7
160,8
-4,4
-4,7
-0,8
MINERAL FUEL AND OILS
119,9
130,3
129,2
8,7
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND RELATED PRODUCTS
125,6
124,8
129,7
-0,6
3,9
PROCESSED GOODS UNDER MAJOR CATEGORIES
122,2
129,6
129,0
6,1
-0,5
MACHINERY AND VEHICLES
115,7
121,7
130,6
5,0
7,3
VARIOUS MANUFACTURED GOODS
113,0
103,2
96,0
-8,8
-7,0
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
IV.4 IMPORT IN PROVINCES
Out of the first 20 Largest Importing
Provinces, 13 Provinces Witnessed
Decrease in Import
While overall import decreased in 2016, import performances of provinces differed from each other. Out of the first
largest 20 provinces, import decreased in 13 provinces and
increased in 7 provinces in 2016. Import of Istanbul, with
the highest import level, dropped by 1.5 percent and decreased to USD 116.0 billion in 2016. Istanbul’s share in total
import amounted to 58.4 percent.
Among the other largest five importing provinces following
Istanbul, import increased in Ankara and Bursa and decreased in Kocaeli, Gaziantep, and İzmir. Import increase in
Bursa and Ankara was high. Import decrease in Kocaeli,
on the other hand, was considerable. Three provinces with
the most decreasing import levels in 2016 were Zongludak,
Hatay, and Osmaniye. Out of the first 20 provinces with
the highest level of import in 2016, two provinces which
experienced an increase in import were Sakarya and Kahramanmaraş by 33.0 and 24.6 percent respectively.
FIGURE.8 IMPORT DEVELOPMENT OF THE FIRST 20 LARGEST IMPORTING PROVINCES IN 2016
40,0
33,3
30,0
PERCENTAGE OF GROWTH IN IMPORT
24,6
20,0
10,8
-10,2
-18,2
-18,2
-18,4
-20,5
HATAY
KAYSERİ
?
MANİSA
GAZİANTEP
?
KOCAELİ
?
ADANA
?
KONYA
?
DENİZLİ
?
-23,7
ZONGULDAK
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
?
OSMANİYE
-30,0
ESKİŞEHİR
BURSA
ANKARA
ANTALYA
KAHRAMANMARAŞ
-20,0
SAKARYA
-10,0
TEKİRDAĞ
1,0
İSTANBUL
6,9
MERSİN
8,7
0,0
İZMİR
13,8
10,0
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 83
4
IMPORT
TABLE.16 IMPORT BY PROVINCES
RANK
CITY
1
2
2016
2017
2015/2016 CHANGE %
MILLION DOLLAR
% SHARE
MILLION DOLLAR
% SHARE
İSTANBUL
116.009
58,4
117.785
56,9
-1,5
ANKARA
10.876
5,5
9.812
4,7
10,8
3
İZMİR
8.808
4,4
8.847
4,3
-0,4
4
BURSA
8.708
4,4
8.066
3,9
8,0
-18,2
5
KOCAELİ
8.090
4,1
9.894
4,8
6
GAZİANTEP
4.806
2,4
4.877
2,4
-1,5
7
MANİSA
2.688
1,4
3.286
1,6
-18,2
8
HATAY
2.571
1,3
3.232
1,6
-20,5
9
SAKARYA
2.013
1,0
1.513
0,73
33,0
10
ADANA
1.888
1,0
2.102
1,01
-10,2
11
DENİZLİ
1.668
0,8
1.771
0,85
-5,8
12
KAYSERİ
1.441
0,7
1.470
0,71
-2,0
13
KAHRAMANMARAŞ
1.300
0,7
1.043
0,50
24,6
14
MERSİN
1.175
0,6
1.181
0,57
-0,5
15
ANTALYA
1.112
0,6
977
0,47
13,8
16
KONYA
1.062
0,5
1.168
0,56
-9,1
17
TEKİRDAĞ
899
0,5
890
0,43
1,0
18
ZONGULDAK
758
0,4
994
0,48
-23,7
19
ESKİŞEHİR
756
0,4
707
0,34
6,9
20
OSMANİYE
614
0,3
752
0,36
-18,4
THE FIRST 20 PROVINCES (TOTAL)
177.242
89,2
180.367
86,9
-1,7
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
IV.5 IMPORT BY COUNTRY GROUPS AND COUNTRIES
IV.5.1 IMPORT BY COUNTRY
GROUPS
Maximum Decrease of Import Is in
Other European Countries Including
Russia
Import of Turkey witnessed different developments in all
country groups in 2016. Import of energy, commodity and
manufacturing industry products was determinative in this
variation. Hence, import from Other European Countries,
including Russia from which we import petroleum and natural gas, decreased by 22.1 percent.
Import from the European Union and North American countries decreased by 1.5 and 1.0 percent respectively. Import from Central American countries also decreased.
However, import from some of the country groups increased. In 2016, import from North African and South American
countries increased by 6.5 and 11.7 percent respectively.
Though more limited, import from Asian countries as well as
Near and Middle Eastern countries also increased.
84
III.17 IMPORT INCREASE BY COUNTRY GROUPS
COUNTRY GROUP
2014
2015
2016
TOTAL
-3,8
-14,5
-4,2
A-EUROPEAN UNION (EU28)
-4,0
-11,4
-1,5
B- TURKEY'S FREE ZONES
-0,6
-2,7
17,0
C- OTHER COUNTRIES
-3,7
-16,3
-6,0
1- OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
-12,0
-22,7
-22,1
2-NORTH AMERICA
-2,1
-12,5
6,5
3- OTHER AFRICAN COUNTRIES
-0,8
-16,3
3,0
4-NORTH AMERICA
-0,8
-12,9
-1,0
5-CENTRAL AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN
(EXCLUDING EU)
-17,5
-7,5
-7,0
6. SOUTH AMERICA
7,3
-6,9
11,7
7-NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST
-7,8
-33,7
1,4
1,7
8-OTHER ASIAN COUNTRIES
9-AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND
2,8
-5,0
-51,6
-4,5
7,6
1,7
-28,0
-31,2
10- OTHER COUNTRIES AND REGIONS
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
The Highest Import from the European
Union Again
Basing on the developments above in import from country
groups in 2016, import from the European Union amounted to USD 77.5 billion. Import from Asian countries
increased to USD 54.3 billion. While import from Other
European Countries, including Russia, decreased to
USD 21.9 USD, import from Near and Middle Eastern
countries increased to USD 13.7 billion.
FIGURE.9 DISTRIBUTION OF IMPORT BY
COUNTRY GROUPS 2016
IMPORT SHARES BY REGIONS
3,4
0,3
EUROPEAN UNION
OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
NORTH AMERICA
OTHER AFRICAN COUNTRIES
TABLE.18 IMPORT BY COUNTRY GROUPS
2014
MILLION
DOLLAR
2015
MILLION
DOLLAR
2016
MILLION
DOLLAR
TOTAL
242.177
207.203
198.610
A-EUROPEAN UNION (EU28)
88.784
78.670
77.496
COUNTRY GROUP
B- TURKEY'S FREE ZONES
1.261
1.227
1.435
C- OTHER COUNTRIES
152.133
127.307
119.680
1- OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
36.367
28.110
21.905
3.436
3.007
3.201
39,0
CENTRAL AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN
SOUTH AMERICA
27,3
NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST
3- OTHER AFRICAN COUNTRIES
2.502
2.093
2.155
4-NORTH AMERICA
13.835
12.057
11.931
5-CENTRAL AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN
1.124
1.040
967
6. SOUTH AMERICA
3.935
3.664
4.092
7-NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST
20.481
13.575
13.761
8-OTHER ASIAN COUNTRIES
56.162
53.331
54.256
638
609
655
13.653
9.821
6.757
9-AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND
10- OTHER COUNTRIES AND REGIONS
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
Share of Import from Other Asian
Countries and the European Union
Increased
Under these developments in import, European Union countries continued to hold the highest share in our total import with 39.0 percent in 2016. The share of European Union countries increased by 1.0 point in 2016. While the share
of Other European countries dropped by 11.0 percent, Russia played an effective role in the recession. The share of
Asian countries continues to increase gradually. The share
of import from Asia in total import increased to 27.3 percent
in 2016. On the other hand share of import from Near and
Middle Eastern countries raised to 6.9 percent. The share of
import from North America increased to 6.0 percent.
OTHER ASIAN COUNTRIES
0
11,
6,9
6,0
2,1 0,5
(EXCLUDING EU)
2-NORTH AMERICA
NORTH AMERICA
1,1
AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND
OTHER COUNTRIES AND REGIONS
1,6
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
TABLE.19 DISTRIBUTION OF IMPORT
BY COUNTRY GROUPS
COUNTRY GROUP
2014
2015
2016
TOTAL
100,0
100,0
100,0
A-EUROPEAN UNION (EU28)
36,7
38,0
39,0
B- TURKEY'S FREE ZONES
0,5
0,6
0,7
C- OTHER COUNTRIES
62,8
61,4
60,3
1- OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
(EXCLUDING EU)
15,0
13,6
11,0
2-NORTH AMERICA
1,4
1,5
1,6
3- OTHER AFRICAN COUNTRIES
1,0
1,0
1,1
4-NORTH AMERICA
5,7
5,8
6,0
5-CENTRAL AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN
0,5
0,5
0,5
6. SOUTH AMERICA
1,6
1,8
2,1
7-NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST
8,5
6,6
6,9
8-OTHER ASIAN COUNTRIES
23,2
25,7
27,3
9-AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND
0,3
0,3
0,3
10- OTHER COUNTRIES AND REGIONS
5,6
4,7
3,4
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
IV.5.2 IMPORT BY COUNTRY GROUPS
One country changed among the first 20 countries from
which Turkey imported most in 2016. In 2015, Bulgaria was
replaced by UAW to rank among the first 20. While the total
import of Turkey decreased by 4.2 percent, import from the
first 20 countries dropped by 12.8 percent and amounted to
USD 151.0 billion in 2015.
Out of the first 20 countries from which Turkey imports
most, import from 11 of these countries increased. However, import from 9 countries decreased in 2016. The maximum decrease in import pertains to Russian, Iranian and
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 85
4
IMPORT
Ukrainian imports. Depending on the decrease in natural
gas, petroleum, and ore prices, import decreased nu
25.7 percent, 22.9 percent, and 26.1 percent respectively. Import from China, Germany, Japan, Poland,
Czech Republic and India, on the other hand, incre-
ased. The maximum increase in import corresponds
to UAE with 84.3 percent.
While import from countries that import energy and
raw materials decreased, import from countries that
import industrial commodity increased in 2016.
TABLE.20 IMPORT BY COUNTRIES
IMPORT MILLION DOLLAR
RANK
COUNTRY
2016
2015
2014
2016
2015
2014
2015/2016
CHANGE
PERCENTAGE
1
CHINA
25 440
24 873
24 918
12,8
12,0
10,3
2,3
2
GERMANY
21 474
21 352
22 369
10,8
10,3
9,2
0,6
3
RUSSIA
15 161
20 402
25 289
7,6
9,8
10,4
-25,7
4
USA
10 868
11 141
12 728
5,5
5,4
5,3
-2,5
5
ITALY
10 219
10 639
12 056
5,1
5,1
5,0
-3,9
6
FRANCE
7 365
7 598
8 123
3,7
3,7
3,4
-3,1
7
SOUTH KOREA
6 384
7 057
7 548
3,2
3,4
3,1
-9,5
8
INDIA
5 757
5 614
6 899
2,9
2,7
2,8
2,6
9
SPAIN
5 679
5 588
6 076
2,9
2,7
2,5
1,6
10
ENGLAND
5 321
5 541
5 932
2,7
2,7
2,4
-4,0
11
IRAN
4 700
6 096
9 833
2,4
2,9
4,1
-22,9
12
JAPAN
3 944
3 140
3 200
2,0
1,5
1,3
25,6
13
UAE
3 701
2 009
3 253
1,9
1,0
1,3
84,3
14
POLAND
3 244
2 978
3 082
1,6
1,4
1,3
9,0
15
BELGIUM
3 201
3 147
3 864
1,6
1,5
1,6
1,7
16
THE NETHERLANDS
3 000
2 914
3 517
1,5
1,4
1,5
2,9
17
CZECH REPUBLIC
2 562
2 218
2 420
1,3
1,1
1,0
15,5
18
UKRAINE
2 548
3 448
4 243
1,3
1,7
1,8
-26,1
19
SWITZERLAND
2 503
2 446
4 821
1,3
1,2
2,0
2,3
20
ROMANIA
2 196
2 599
3 363
1,1
1,3
1,4
-15,5
THE FIRST 20 COUNTRIES
145.265
150.770
173.534
73,1
72,8
71,7
-3,7
OTHER COUNTRIES
53.345
56.433
68.643
26,9
27,2
28,3
-5,5
TOTAL
198.610
207.203
242.177
100,0
100,0
100,0
-4,2
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
86
IMPORT SHARE %
IV.6 IMPORT BY COMPANY SCALES AND IMPORT CONCENTRATION
A Considerable Part of Import Is By
Large-Scale Companies
A considerable part of import pertains to large-scale companies. The share of companies with 250 and more emplo-
yees in total import was 62.2 percent in 2014 and remained
62.2 percent in 2015. The share of medium-scale companies with 50-249 employees in import decreased from 18 to
18.2 percent.
TABLE.21 IMPORT SHARES BY COMPANY SCALES
2013
2014
2015
IMPORT MILLION
DOLLAR
% SHARE
IMPORT MILLION
DOLLAR
% SHARE
IMPORT
MILLION
DOLLAR
% SHARE
251.358
100,0
241.406
100,0
207.190
100,0
1-9
14.292
5,7
15.038
6,2
13.188
6,4
10-49
40.849
16,3
31.773
13,2
27.133
13,1
50-249
45.035
17,9
44.400
18,4
37.803
18,2
250+
151.001
60,1
150.116
62,2
128.914
62,2
EMPLOYEE
NUMBER
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
A Limited Decrease In Concentration Rates
of The First 100 Companies In Import
The share of the first importing companies in total import
was 84.1 in 2010, and it amounted to 82.5 in 2015. In respect to the first 1000 countries, import concentration has
been experiencing a limited and gradual decrease in the last
five years. Basing on the indicators where the number of
enterprises is fewer, import concentration progresses in the
same manner. From 2010 to 2015, concentration increased
by 0.2 points for the first five importing companies, remained unchanged for the first ten companies, and decreased
by 1.5 and 3.0 points for the first 20 and first 50 companies respectively. Import share started to increase beginning
from the first 50 companies.
TABLE.22 IMPORT CONCENTRATION
2015
2014
2010
% SHARE
IMPORT
MILLION
DOLLAR
% SHARE
241.406
100,0
184.977
100,0
22,2
59.223
24,5
40.677
22,0
58.749
28,5
73.596
30,5
52.764
28,5
The first 20
enterprises
73.285
35,4
92.258
38,2
68.295
36,9
The first 50
enterprises
94.147
45,4
117.068
48,5
89.442
48,4
The first 100
enterprises
112.490
65,8
137.322
56,9
105.892
57,2
The first 500
enterprises
154.417
74,6
183.185
75,9
141.587
76,5
The first 1,000
enterprises
170.917
82,5
201.364
83,4
155.527
84,1
ENTERPRISES
IMPORT MILLION
DOLLAR
% SHARE
IMPORT MILLION
DOLLAR
100,0
% SHARE
All enterprises
The first 5
enterprises
The first 10
enterprises
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 87
4
IMPORT
IV.7 IMPORT BY MAIN AND SUBSECTION GROUPS
In this section, import developments of Turkey on sector
basis are reviewed and evaluated in detail. While evaluating
the import developments on a sector basis, sectors are grouped according to Harmonized System section classification as in the export. Section classifications in harmonized
system categorize 2-digit main sections and 4-digit detailed sections. Within this framework, import developments
on sector basis are evaluated with respect to main section
groups.
2015
NO
SECTIONS
Import
Million
Dollar
2016
%
Share
Import
Million
Dollar
%
Share
2015/2016
Change
%
84
Machinery
25.587
12,3
27.296
13,7
6,7
27
Mineral fuels
and oils
37.843
18,3
27.163
13,7
-28,2
85
Electrical
machinery and
equipment
17.638
8,5
20.135
10,1
14,2
87
Road motor
vehicles
17.544
8,5
17.841
9,0
1,7
72
Iron and steel
14.775
7,1
12.575
6,3
-14,9
According to section classification, import in the first 20
sectors with the highest import levels dropped by 3.7 percent in 2016 and decreased to USD 163.6 billion. While the
share of the first 20 sectors in total import was 82.0 percent
in 2015, this share increased to 82.4 percent in 2016.
39
Plastics and
Plasticsware
12.268
5,9
11.628
5,9
-5,2
71
Precious or
semiprecious
stones
4.183
2,0
7.204
3,6
72,2
90
Precise optical,
scaling and
tuning devices
4.621
2,2
4.632
2,3
0,2
After Many Years Most Imported Product
Changed in 2016, Machinery Import
Ranks The First
29
Organic chemical
products
4.716
2,3
4.359
2,2
-7,6
88
Air and space
crafts
3.830
1,8
4.310
2,2
12,5
30
Pharmaceuticals
4.296
2,1
4.217
2,1
-1,8
73
Ironware or
steelware
2.742
1,3
2.982
1,5
8,7
76
Aluminium and
aluminiumware
3.334
1,6
2.866
1,4
-14,0
74
Copper and copperware
2.985
1,4
2.724
1,4
-8,7
48
Paper and
cardboard and
related goods
2.684
1,3
2.685
1,4
0,0
40
Rubber and
rubberware
2.525
1,2
2.561
1,3
1,4
52
Cotton, cotton
yarn and cotton
fabric
2.265
1,1
2.297
1,2
1,4
54
Synthetic and
artificial filaments
2.097
1,0
2.133
1,1
1,8
38
Various chemical
materials
2.050
1,0
2.024
1,0
-1,2
55
Synthetic and
artificial discontinuous fibers
1.966
0,9
1.954
1,0
-0,6
The First 20
Sections in
Total
145.265
150.770
73,1
72,8
-3,7
IV.7.1 IMPORT BY MAIN SECTION
GROUPS
Share of The First 20 Sectors In Total Import
Increased By 82.4 Percent
With an increase of 6.7 percent in 2016, machinery import
became the most imported section amounting to USD
27.3 billion. Its share in total import increased from 12.3
to 13.7 percent. Mineral Fuel and Oils that ranked the first
in Turkey’s total import for many years moved one level
down and ranked the second after Machinery along with
the decrease in crude oil prices. The share of Mineral Fuel
and Oils in total import decreased from 18.3 percent to
13.7 percent.
Gold Import Increased Again
Import of Precious and Semi-Precious Stones including
Gold dropped by 50 percent and decreased from USD
16.23 billion to USD 8.12 billion in 2014. In 2015, import
experiencing a high drop rate with 48.5 percent once again
decreased to USD 4.18 billion. However, import increased
by 72.2 percent and amounted to USD 7.2 billion in 2016
Import in Ironware and Steelware
Continued To Increase
Decreases in import unit prices of Ironware and Steelware
and extreme price competition among the countries, import
of ironware and steelware increased by 8.7 percent and
amounted to USD 2.98 billion in 2016. Import of construction components used in bridges, pipe fittings, reservoirs and
various goods played a crucial role in the increase.
88
TABLE.23 DISTRIBUTION OF IMPORT BY 2-DIGIT
MAIN SECTIONS THE FIRST 20 PRODUCTS
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
Among The First Most Imported 20
Sections, Import of 9 Sections Decreased
As in 2015, import increased in 11 sections and decreased
in 9 sections among the first most imported 20 sections of
nium and Aluminiumware with a decrease of 14.9 and 14
percent respectively. Other sections import of which decreased include Copper and Copperware, Organic Chemical
Products, Plastics and Plasticware, Pharmaceuticals and
Various Chemical Materials.
Import unit prices continued to decrease in 2016, though
not as much as in 2015.
Although their ranks changed, the first most imported 20
sections were same both in 2015 and 2016.
2016. In 2016, products with the most increasing import level were Precious Stones (Gold), Electrical Machinery and
Devices and Air and Space Crafts with an increase of 72.2,
14.2 and 12.5 percent respectively. Other products import
of which increased most are Ironware and Steelware as
well as Machinery. The products import of which decreased most are Mineral Fuel and Oils with a decrease of 28.2
percent. After Mineral Fuels and Oils, the products with the
most decreasing import level are Iron and Steel and Alumi-
FIGURE.10 THE MOST IMPORTED FIRST 20 SECTIONS 2016
Machinery
Mineral fuels and oils
Electrical machinery and equipment
Road motor vehicles
Iron and steel
Plastics and Plasticsware
Precious or semiprecious stones
Precise optical, scaling and tuning devices
Organic chemical products
Air and space crafts
Pharmaceuticals
Ironware or steelware
Aluminium and aluminiumware
Copper and copperware
Paper and cardboard and related goods
Rubber and rubberware
Cotton, cotton yarn and cotton fabric
Synthetic and artificial filaments
Various chemical materials
Synthetic and artificial discontinuous fibersr
17.841
4.632
4.359
4.310
2.982
2.866
2.724
2.685
2.561
2.297
2.133
2.024
1.954
0
5.000
27.296
27.163
20.135
12.575
11.628
7.204
ımport mıllıon dollar
10.000
15.000
20.000
25.000
30.000
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
IV.7.2 IMPORT BY SUBSECTION
GROUPS
1-MACHINERY
Machinery Import Ranked The First
Although import of machinery, the leading investment commodity, decreased in 2014 and 2015, it increased by 6.7
percent and amounted to USD 27.3 billion, and became the
most imported section in 2016.
In respect to subsections, Turkey imports any type of machinery at high amounts. Import increased in 9 product groups out of the first most imported ten subsections. Subsec-
TABLE.24 SUBSECTIONS IN MACHINERY IMPORT
PRODUCT
code
2014
Million
Dollar
2015 Million
2016 Million
Dollar
15/16
Change
Rate %
2015 Unit
Price $/kg
2016 Unit
Price $/kg
8408
Piston Engines
2.278
2.265
2.274
0,4
13,50
14,51
8471
Automatic Information Processing
Machinery
2.716
2.200
1.895
-13,9
130,89
120,70
8479
Other Special Machinery and Mechanical
Equipment
1.151
1.059
1.509
42,5
12,99
13,31
8481
Taps and Valves
1.057
1.005
1.132
12,6
19,69
18,51
8411
Turbojets and Other Gas Turbines
773
813
1.105
35,9
174,10
140,32
8414
Air Pumps and Compressors
1.166
999
1.105
10,6
7,72
7,78
8429
Heavy Machinery
1.028
996
1.068
7,2
6,41
6,20
8421
Centrifuges
959
1.012
1.016
0,4
14,80
16,95
8409
Engine Components and Parts
817
850
931
9,5
11,18
11,29
8413
Pump for Liquids
881
852
889
4,4
14,35
15,81
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 89
4
IMPORT
tion with a maximum increase in import was Other Special
Machinery and Mechanical Equipment with an increase of
42.5 percent. Achieving an increasing by 35.9 percent, Turbojet and Gas Turbine became the second most imported
subsection in 2016. Imports of Taps and Valves, as well as
Pumps and Compressors, increased by more than 10 percent. As in 2015, the subsection import of which decreased most was automatic information processing machinery
(computers) with a decrease of 13.9 percent. Import unit
prices of Computer and Turbojet decreased, and unit prices
of products in other sub-items increased, though very limited. Depreciation of Turkish Lira and installment limitations
imposed on the credit card payments in retail markets for
these products had an impact on the recession of Automatic Information Processing Machinery (Computer) import.
FIGURE.11 THE MOST IMPORTED
SUBSECTIONS 2016
2.500
2.265
2.200
ımport mıllıon dollar
2.000
1.500
1.059
1.000
1.012
1.005
999
500
0
Pistonlu
Motorlar
Otomatik Bilgi Diğer Özel Santrifüjler
Makineler ve
İşlem
Makineleri Mekanik Cihazlar
Musluklar,
Vanalar
ve Benzeri
Cihazlar
Hava
Pompaları
ve
Kompresörleri
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
2- MINERAL FUEL AND MINERAL OILS
FIGURE.12 THE MOST IMPORTED
SUBSECTIONS 2016
Rapid Recession in Import Continued
This Year, Share in Total Import
Decreased To 14 Percent
IMPORT MILLION DOLLAR
Import of mineral fuel and oils dropped by 28.2 percent in 20.000
15.285
2016, and its share in total import decreased from 18.3 per15.000
7.336
cent of 2015 to 13.7 percent. Import, amounting to USD
37.8 billion in 2015 decreased to USD 27.16 billion in 2016. 10.000
This recession resulted from the fact that crude oil prices 5.000
2.628
1.218
experienced a sharp fell in 2015 and remained at the level
0
USD 50 in 2016. Although crude oil and natural gas could
Solid fuels from
Petroleum
Petroleum and
Petroleum
hard coals
gases and
natural gas
oils
not be clearly distinguished as information related to crude
other gas
hydrocarbons
oil subsection with code 2709 was included in the informaSOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
tion related to subsection with code 2799, import of crude
oil and natural gas dropped by 34.7 percent and decreased 7.3 billion in 2015. Import of hard coals, which increased
to USD 15.3 billion in 2016. The second most imported sub- by 257.9 percent in 2015, decreased by 11.1 percent and
section is petroleum oils. Import of petroleum oils dropped amounted to USD 2.6 billion in 2016. Electric energy import
by 18.7 percent and decreased from USD 9 billion to USD experienced a 34.3 percent decrease.
TABLE.25 SUBSECTIONS IN THE IMPORT OF MINERAL FUEL AND OILS
PRODUCT
CODE
2015 Million
Dollar
2016 Million
Dollar
15/16
Change
Rate %
2015 Unit
Price $/kg
2016 Unit
Price $/kg
2799
Petroleum and Natural Gas
34.766
23.425
15.285
-34,7
2710
Petroleum oils
15.369
9.026
7.336
-18,7
0,54
0,42
2701
Solid fuels from hard coals
826
2.957
2.628
-11,1
0,09
0,07
2711
Petroleum gases and other gas hydrocarbons
2.677
1.455
1.218
-16,3
0,42
0,36
2713
Petroleum coke and petroleum bitumen
587
396
269
-32,1
0,09
0,06
2716
Electric energy
439
325
214
-34,3
2704
Hard coal, Lignite
73
110
101
-8,9
0,19
0,17
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
90
2014 Million Dollar
3-ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT
Import Increased Rapidly This Year
Import of electrical machinery and equipment increased by
14.2 percent and amounted to USD 20.1 billion in 2016. Its
share in total import increased and reached to 10.1 percent.
Communication devices (mobile phones) rank on the top
among the most imported first ten sections. Import of mobile phones increased by 1.6 percent and amounted to USD
4.75 billion in 2016. The unit price remained unchanged.
The increase in the foreign exchange rates made the rapid increase of mobile phone import stable. The second
largest subsection is Diodes and Transistors with a 370
percent increase in import. Import of diodes and transistors which was USD 630 million in 2015 reached to
USD 2,964 million in 2016. This upward trend was caused as the unit price increased from USD 14.3 to USD
37.8. Import increased in electric energy generation groups increased by 56.2 percent, in insulated cables and
wires by 14 percent and Electric Control and Distribution
Switchboards by 11.2 percent. The subsection with the
most decreasing import level was Components and Parts
FIGURE.13 THE MOST IMPORTED
SUBSECTIONS 2016
Import mıllıon dollar
5.000
4.751
4.000
2.964
3.000
2.000
1.457
1.000
1.030
997
868
816
Television
Insulated
Electric
0
Commınication
Gadgets
Diodes
Electric
energy
Electirical
of Monitors and TV Receivers. Along with the decrease
in import unit price, import dropped by 23 percent and
increased from USD 1.3 billion and USD 997 million. Import of TV receivers also moved down by 9.6 percent and
amounted to USD 799 million.
TABLE.26 SUBSECTIONS IN ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT IMPORT
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million
Dollar
2015 Million
Dollar
4.420
4.675
411
630
2016 Million
Dollar
15/16 Change
Rate %
2015 Unit
Price $/kg
2016 Unit
Price $/kg
4.751
1,6
250,28
251,21
2.964
370,1
14,34
37,85
8517
Communication devices
8541
Diodes, Transistors
8502
Electric energy generation groups
861
933
1.457
56,2
10,00
11,32
8536
Electrical circuit installation
1.094
1.074
1.030
-4,1
29,21
29,73
8529
Television components and parts
1.408
1.294
997
-23,0
72,37
58,17
8544
Insulated cables and wires
754
762
868
14,0
12,08
11,21
8537
Electric control and distribution switchboards
777
734
816
11,2
49,17
45,60
8528
Television receivers
1.106
884
799
-9,6
42,30
42,38
8504
Electric transformers
728
731
776
6,2
19,83
20,96
8501
Electric motors and generators
778
731
737
0,8
8,06
8,00
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
4- ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES
Import Witnessed A Very Limited
Increase This Year
Import of road motor vehicles increased by 1.7 percent and
reached to USD 17.84 billion in 2016. Its share in total import increased from 8.5 percent to 9 percent.
The most imported subsection is Automobiles with USD
9.8 billion. Import of automobiles increased by 6.7 percent
compared with the previous year. With USD 5.2 billion, the
second most imported subsection is Components and
Parts for Road Vehicles. Subsection with the most increasing import level is the Special Purpose Motor Vehicles with
an increase of 78.3 percent. This group includes the fire
trucks, cranes, tow trucks, cement mixers, street sweepers
and asphalt distributors. In 2016, Special Purpose Motor
Vehicles of amount USD 175 million were imported.
Subsections with decreasing import levels include Trac-
FIGURE.14 THE MOST
IMPORTED SUBSECTIONS 2016
12.000
10.000
ımport mıllıon dollar
9.842
8.000
6.000
5.185
4.000
2.000
0
Automobilies
Componenets and
parts for road vehicles
1.154
681
Truck
Tractors
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
tors, Minibus-Bus, Trucks, Trailers and Motorcycle Parts.
Dropping by 34.5 percent, the subsection with a maximum
decrease in import was Tractors. Import of Minibus and Bus
also decreased by 26.4 percent.
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 91
4
IMPORT
TABLE.27 SUBSECTIONS IN THE IMPORT OF ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million
Dollar
2015 Million
Dollar
2016 Million
Dollar
15/16 Change
Rate %
2015 Unit
Price $/kg
2016 Unit
Price $/kg
8703
Automobiles
7.721
9.227
9.842
6,7
11,05
11,21
8708
Components and parts for road vehicles
4.951
4.966
5.185
4,4
8,85
9,25
8704
Truck
1.133
1.323
1.154
-12,8
8,36
8,70
8701
Tractors
875
1.039
681
-34,5
8,13
7,60
8711
Motorcycles
178
204
241
17,9
12,60
14,32
8702
Minibus, Bus
269
253
186
-26,4
10,25
10,44
8705
Tow Trucks, Fire Truck, Street Sweeper,
Asphalt Distributor
150
98
175
78,3
9,93
16,54
8716
Trailers
197
162
143
-11,8
4,31
4,29
8714
8711-8713 Components and Parts
141
149
130
-12,7
5,02
4,97
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
5- IRON AND STEEL
FIGURE.15 THE MOST
IMPORTED SUBSECTIONS 2016
Unit Prices Continued To Decrease;
Import Recessed Rapidly
Unit prices of ironware and steelware decreased by approximately 15 percent in all subsections in 2016. Thus, import
of iron and steel dropped by 14.9 percent and decreased to
USD 12.6 billion in 2016. The import of section with number
72 amounts to 36.1 million ton.
Import was subject to value decrease in all of the most
imported ten subsections. The most imported subsection
product was Ingot iron (Scrap Iron) with USD 3.96 billion.
Although import of Ingot iron (Scrap Iron) decreased by 7.6
percent in value compared with the previous year, it increased by 9 percent in amount.
In comparison with 2015, sub-items import of which decreased most in value include Semi-finished iron and non-alloy
products (31.1 percent), cast iron (20.1 percent), Ferro Al-
5.000
3.962
IMPORT MILLION DOLLAR
4.000
3.000
1.977
2.000
1.553
1.000
1.186
771
741
0
Ingot iron Semi-finished Iron and non- Rolled flat Stainless steel Rolled flat
rolled flat products, width
(Scrap Iron) iron and non- alloy rolled flat products
600 mm or
alloy products products (width 600 mm products
more
or more)
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
liage (18.3 percent), and stainless steel rolled flat products
(17.3 percent).
TABLE.28 SUBSECTIONS IN IRON-STEEL IMPORT
CODE
PRODUCT
2015 Million
Dollar
2016 Million
Dollar
15/16 Change
Rate %
2015 Unit
Price $/kg
2016 Unit
Price $/kg
7204
Ingot iron (Scrap Iron)
7.150
4.288
3.962
-7,6
0,26
0,22
7207
Semi-finished iron and non-alloy products
2.515
2.869
1.977
-31,1
0,37
0,32
7208
Iron and non-alloy rolled flat products
1.997
1.824
1.553
-14,9
0,44
0,38
7225
Rolled flat products (width 600 mm or more)
764
1.318
1.186
-10,0
0,67
0,63
7219
Stainless steel rolled flat products
1.044
932
771
-17,3
1,96
1,62
7210
Rolled flat products, width 600 mm or more
893
781
741
-5,2
0,73
0,63
7202
Ferro alliage
572
455
372
-18,3
1,14
0,93
7209
Rolled Flat Products (width > 600 mm, coldrolled, uncoated)
495
365
354
-3,1
0,54
0,46
7201
Cast iron and mirrored iron
392
343
274
-20,1
0,29
0,25
7216
Iron and non-alloy profiles
253
256
252
-1,8
0,60
0,50
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
92
2014 Million
Dollar
6-PLASTICS AND PLASTICWARE
Import of Plastics
Continued To Decrease
Import of plastics and plasticware dropped by 5.2 percent
and decreased to USD 11.6 billion in 2016.
In 2015, substantial decreases in petroleum prices reduced
the import unit prices of plastic raw materials. Although
the decrease of unit prices relatively slowed down in 2016
compared with 2015, unit prices of 8 subsection products
among the most imported ten subsections also moved
down this year.
The most imported polymers of propylene or other olefins
experienced a drop of 11.5 percent in import and decreased from USA 2.65 billion to USD 2.35 billion. The subsection, import of which decreased most in value, was Acrylic
Polymers with 18.6 percent. Import of vinyl chloride and
polystyrene decreased by 13.6 and 12.2 percent.
Subsection products, import of which increased in comparison with the previous year, include Self-adhesive tape
sheets and strips and other plasticware.
FIGURE.16 THE MOST
EXPORTED SUBSECTIONS 2016
ımport mıllıon dollar
2.500
2.346
2.341
2.000
1.500
1.134
1.000
907
705
698
668
Polystyrene
Other
Plasticsware
500
0
Polymers of Polymers of Polyacetals, Other Rubber
Propylene or of Ethylene Other Polyethers Sheet, Plate,
Strips
Other Olefins
Vinyl
Chloride
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
TABLE.29 SUBSECTIONS IN THE IMPORT OF PLASTICS AND PLASTICSWARE
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million
Dollar
2015 Million
Dollar
2016 Million
Dollar
15/16 Change
Rate %
2015 Unit
Price $/kg
2016 Unit
Price $/kg
3902
Polymers of Propylene or of Other Olefins
3.314
2.650
2.346
-11,5
1,36
1,16
3901
Polymers of Ethylene
2.618
2.406
2.341
-2,7
1,50
1,37
3907
Polyacetals, Other Polyethers
1.280
1.174
1.134
-3,4
1,87
1,65
3920
Other Rubber Sheet, Plate, Strips
1.004
922
907
-1,6
3,60
3,64
3904
Vinyl Chloride
1.022
816
705
-13,6
0,98
0,93
3903
Polystyrene
974
795
698
-12,2
1,55
1,37
3926
Other Plasticsware
703
658
668
1,5
9,66
9,45
3909
Amino Resines, Phenolic Resines
534
447
411
-8,2
2,06
1,89
3919
Self-Adhesive Sheets, Plates, Tape
339
323
331
2,6
5,62
5,75
3906
Acrylic Polymers
452
370
302
-18,6
1,87
1,45
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
7- PRECIOUS AND
SEMI-PRECIOUS STONES
Gold Import Increased Again
Import increase reached the highest level in Precious and
Semi-Precious Stones in 2016. In comparison with the previous year, import raised by 72.2 percent and increased
from USD 4.2 billion to USD 7.2 billion. Gold prices were
considerably stable in 2015 and increased by approximately 10 percent in 2016. In respect to subsections, Gold import increased by 88.5 percent and amounted to USD 6.46
billion. Jewelry import slightly decreased in comparison
with the previous year and amounted to USD 405 million.
Silver import increased by 1.2 percent.
FIGURE.17 THE MOST
IMPORTED SUBSECTIONS 2016
7.000
6.459
ımport mıllıon dollar
6.000
5.000
4.000
3.000
2.000
1.000
405
0
Gold
.Jewerly and
Components
164
Silver
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 93
4
IMPORT
TABLE.30 SUBSECTIONS IN THE IMPORT OF PRECIOUS STONES AND METALS
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million
Dollar
2015 Million
Dollar
2016 Million
Dollar
15/16
Change
Rate %
2015 Unit
Price $/kg
2016 Unit
Price $/kg
7108
Gold
7.107
3.426
6.459
88,5
32.780
36.313
7113
Jewelry and Components
659
409
405
-1,1
5.461
6.353
7106
Silver
175
162
164
1,2
488,15
491,93
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
8-PRECISE OPTICAL MEASUREMENT AND MEDICAL DEVICES
Import of Precise Measurement-Optical and Medical Devices Remained
Same As The Previous Year
Import of precise measurement, optical and medical devices, which are of vital importance and included in the
highest-technology product group, amounted to USD 4.63
billion in 2016. Compared with 2015, import increased by
0.2 percent. Import of medical tools and equipment, one
of the most imported subsection product, increased bu 2.3
percent and amounted to USD 946 million. Subsection with
a maximum increase in import is Tachometer, Speedometer, and Taximeter, which increased by 14.4 percent. Import
of Automatic Checking and Tuning Tolls increased by 13.4
percent and amounted to USD 639 million, and import of
Tools-Equipment for Physical-Chemical Analysis increased
by 10 percent and reached to USD 339 million.
Subsections, import of which decreased, include Other
FIGURE.18 THE MOST IMPORTED
SUBSECTIONS 2016
946
1.000
ımport mıllıon dollar
800
639
600
443
400
339
200
326
0
Other Measurement
Toolsand Examination
Equipment
for Physical- Tools, Equipment
and Machinery
Chemical
Analysis
Orthopedic
Medical Tools and
Automatic
Equipment
Equipment
Checking and
Tuning Tools
and Equipment
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
Measurement and Examination Tools, X-Ray, Alpha-Ray,
Beta-Ray and Gama-Ray Equipment and Liquid Crystal
Mechanism, Lasers and X-Ray Equipment.
TABLE.31 SUBSECTIONS IN THE IMPORT OF PRECISE MEASUREMENT, OPTICAL AND MEDICAL DEVICES
CODE
PRODUCT
2015 Million
Dollar
2016 Million
Dollar
15/16 Change
Rate %
2015 Unit
Price $/kg
2016 Unit
Price $/kg
9018
Medical Tools and Equipment
1.113
925
946
2,3
40,71
40,00
9032
Automatic Checking and Tuning Tools and
Equipment
586
564
639
13,4
27,14
27,63
9021
Orthopedic Equipment
493
424
443
4,4
495,87
467,96
9027
Tools-Equipment for Physical-Chemical Analysis
335
308
339
10,0
101,88
107,74
9031
Other Measurement and Examination Tools, Equipment
and Machinery
370
359
326
-9,3
67,36
75,74
9013
Liquid Crystal Mechanism, Lasers, Other Optical
Equipment and Tools
290
327
306
-6,6
101,50
99,74
9022
X-Ray, Alpha-Ray, Beta-Ray and Gama-Ray Equipment
250
270
249
-8,0
98,66
90,36
9026
Equipment for Measuring Flow, Level, and Pressure of
Liquid and Gases
212
226
235
4,0
71,87
65,43
9001
Optical Fibers, Beams, Cables
187
170
166
-2,4
11,41
13,13
9029
Tachometers, Taximeters and Speedometers
113
133
153
14,4
37,36
35,13
9004
Glasses and Such
156
153
147
-4,4
91,45
80,40
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
94
2014 Million
Dollar
9-ORGANIC CHEMICAL MATERIALS
Import of Foreign-Dependent Organic
Chemicals Continued To Increase
FIGURE.19 THE MOST IMPORTED
SUBSECTIONS 2016
700
While the import of organic chemicals increased by 9.8 percent and reached USD 5.83 billion in 2014, import in 2015
dropped by 19.1 percent and decreased to USD 4.71 billion. Import kept decreasing in 2016 and amounted to USD
4.36 billion. Although Turkey is considerably foreign-dependent regarding organic chemical products, decreases
in unit prices reduced import in value.The most imported
subsection is Acyclic Alcohols and Their Derivatives with
USD 590 million. Among the subsections, the one with a
maximum increase in import is Nitrogenous Heterocyclic
and Nitrogen Family Compounds with an increase of 6.8
percent. Subsections, import of which decreased most,
include Unsaturated Acyclic Monocarboxylic Acids, Organic Chemical Products, and Saturated Acyclic Monocarboxylic Acids.
600
ımport mıllıon dollar
590
489
500
457
400
409
300
247
243
200
100
0
Cyclic
Only Saturated acyclic Unsaturated
Acyclic alcohols Polycarboxylic
acyclic
acids and their hydrocarbons nitrogenous monocarboxylic
and their
heterocyclic
monocarboxylic
acids
derivatives
derivatives
compounds
acids
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
TABLE.32 SUBSECTIONS IN THE IMPORT OF ORGANIC CHEMICAL PRODUCTS
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million
Dollar
2015 Million
Dollar
2016 Million
Dollar
15/16
Change
Rate %
2015 Unit
Price $/kg
2016 Unit
Price $/kg
2905
Acyclic alcohols and their derivatives
850
674
590
-12,5
0,68
0,54
2917
Polycarboxylic acids and their derivatives
746
538
489
-9,1
0,85
0,79
2902
Cyclic hydrocarbons
579
486
457
-6,0
1,08
0,92
2933
Only nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds
426
383
409
6,8
4,63
4,60
2915
Saturated acyclic monocarboxylic acids
347
292
247
-15,5
1,02
0,86
2916
Unsaturated acyclic monocarboxylic acids
356
300
243
-18,9
1,66
1,30
2900
Organic Chemical Products
421
282
229
-18,7
1,35
1,11
2941
Antibiotics
179
188
170
-9,7
95,60
90,57
2929
Other Nitrogen Family Compounds
186
157
168
6,8
1,91
1,94
2922
Oxygen Family Amino Compounds
152
163
160
-1,5
3,17
3,11
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
10- AIR AND SPACE CRAFTS
Import of Air and Space Crafts
Continue To Increase
Import of Air and Space Crafts increased by 12.5 percent and amounted to USD 4.3 billion in 2016. Despite
decreases in import unit prices, import in this section
continues to increase both on amount and value basis.
Import increased in all the subsections. The maximum
increase was 69.8 percent in Undercarriage and Ejection Gun.
FIGURE.20 THE MOST
IMPORTED SUBSECTIONS 2016
4.500
4.000
3.869
ımport mıllıon dollar
3.500
3.000
2.500
2.000
1.500
1.000
500
381
0
Air and Space
Crafts
Components and
Parts of Air and
Space Crafts
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 95
4
IMPORT
TABLE.33 SUBSECTIONS IN THE IMPORT OF AIR AND SPACE CRAFTS
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million
Dollar
2015 Million
Dollar
2016 Million
Dollar
15/16
Change
Rate %
2015 Unit
Price $/kg
2016 Unit
Price $/kg
8802
Air and Space Crafts
2.677
3.442
3.869
12,4
927,10
826,75
8803
Components and Parts of Air and Space
Crafts
313
351
381
8,6
493,83
473,80
8805
Undercarriage and Ejection Gun of Air
Crafts
29
33
57
69,8
384,39
242,46
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
FIGURE.21 THE MOST IMPORTED
SUBSECTIONS 2016
11-PHARMACEUTICALS
3.000
Increase in The Pharmaceuticals
Import Stopped, and Started to
Decrease
2.611
2.500
Import of pharmaceuticals dropped by 1 percent and decreased to USD 4.2 billion in 2016. Import that rapidly increased until 2014 started to decrease in 2015 and 2016 due to
the downward trend in import unit prices. The most imported sub-item is medicine. In 2016, medicine import amounted to USD 2.6 billion. The second most imported product
is Blood, Serum, and Vaccine. Comparing with the previous
year, import of Blood, Serum, and Vaccine dropped by 4.6
percent and decreased to USD 1.32 billion in 2016.
ımport mıllıon dollar
2.000
1.320
1.500
1.000
500
128
109
0
Medicines
Human Blood,
Animal Blood,
Serum, Vaccine
Mixed Medicines
Other
Pharmaceuticals and For Treatment
Preparations
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
TABLE.34 SUBSECTIONS IN THE IMPORT OF PHARMACEUTICALS
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million
Dollar
2015 Million
Dollar
2016 Million
Dollar
15/16
Change
Rate %
2015 Unit
Price $/kg
3004
Medicines
2.875
2.643
2.611
-1,2
62,98
59,63
3002
Human Blood, Animal Blood, Serum,
Vaccine
1.268
1.384
1.320
-4,6
471,05
301,78
3006
Other Pharmaceuticals and Preparations
139
120
128
6,8
72,93
76,88
3003
Mixed Medicines For Treatment
97
103
109
5,7
105,37
102,51
12-IRONWARE AND STEELWARE
Increase in Import Continued
As in 2015, import of ironware and steelware continued
its upward trend in 2016. Import increased by 8.7 percent
and reached USD 2.98 billion in 2016. Both in 2015 and
2016, stability in iron and steel raw material prices and a
steady trend in demand caused an extreme price competition among the countries exporting these products to world
markets. The unused capacity problem in Chinese iron and
steel sector continued to grow in 2016. Besides, many countries put world iron and steel trade in a very problematic
position by adopting protective measures and imposing
compensatory taxes. Net exporting countries turned out to
be net importer countries. Although Turkey maintained its
position as a net exporter, net surplus, which was USD 2.72
billion in 2015, dropped by 27 percent and decreased to
FIGURE.22 THE MOST
IMPORTED SUBSECTIONS 2016
800
700
ımport mıllıon dollar
704
600
500
448
392
400
255
300
193
200
202
100
0
Screws,
Nuts, Bolts
Other
Ironware or
Steelware
Building and Thin and
Construction Thick Pipes
Components and Hollow
Section
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
96
2016 Unit
Price $/kg
Pipe Fittings Other Thin and
Thick Pipes and
Hollow Section
USD 1.98 billion in 2016.
In respect to subsections, the most imported product section is Screws, Nuts, and Bolts with USD 704 million.
Import of other ironware and steelware increased by
43.7 percent in 2016 and became the second most
imported item. Subsection with a maximum increase
in import was Reservoirs and Tanks with 299 percent
increase.
The products in the subsection with a maximum decrease in import were Pipes Wider Than 40.6cm and
Construction Components, which dropped by 17.9 percent and 16.4 percent respectively.
TABLE.35 SUBSECTIONS IN THE IMPORT OF IRONWARE AND STEELWARE
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million
Dollar
2015 Million
Dollar
2016 Million
Dollar
15/16
Change
Rate %
2015 Unit
Price $/kg
2016 Unit
Price $/kg
7318
Screws, Nuts, Bolts
626
664
704
6,0
6,83
7,73
7326
Other Ironware or Steelware
294
311
448
43,7
3,50
3,40
7308
Building and Construction Components
391
306
255
-16,4
1,12
1,01
7304
Thin and Thick Pipes and Hollow
Section
263
291
392
34,6
3,16
3,01
7307
Pipe Fittings
244
213
193
-9,7
1,87
1,76
7306
Other Thin and Thick Pipes and Hollow
Section
166
187
202
8,0
5,48
5,13
7305
Other Thin and Thick Pipes (Welded,
Rivet > 406.4mm)
11
152
125
-17,9
1,16
1,11
7309
Reservoirs, Tanks and Containers
(Volume > 300 Lt)
31
29
115
298,9
3,30
6,01
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
13-ALUMINIUM AND ALUMINIUMWARE
Import of Aluminium Continued To
Decrease
Import of aluminum and aluminumware dropped by 14 percent and decreased to USD 2.87 billion in 2016. Regarding
amount, aluminum import decreased from 1.40 million tons
to 1.35 million tons.
In respect to subsections, maximum decrease belongs to
Non-Processed Aluminium. While non-processed aluminum amounting to USD 2.49 billion was imported in 2014,
this amount decreased to USD 2.33 billion in 2015 Maintaining its downward trend in 2016, aluminum import dropped
by 20.3 percent and decreased to USD 1.85 million.
Aluminum unit prices also decreased in 2016.
FIGURE.23 THE MOST
IMPORTED SUBSECTIONS 2016
2.000
1.800
1.600
1.400
1.200
1.000
800
600
400
200
0
1.854
IMPORT IN MILLION DOLLARS
419
NonProcessed
Aluminium
158
Aluminium Sheet Metals, Sheets, Aluminium Cut Sheets and Strips
Strips (Thickness > 0.2mm)
(Thickness <= 0.2mm)
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
TABLE.36 SUBSECTIONS IN THE IMPORT OF ALUMINIUM AND ALUMINIUMWARE
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million
Dollar
2015
Million
Dollar
2016
Million
Dollar
15/16
Change
Rate %
2015 Unit
Price $/kg
2016 Unit
Price $/kg
7601
Non-Processed Aluminium
2.491
2.327
1.854
-20,3
2,06
1,76
7606
Aluminium Sheet Metals, Sheets, Strips (Thickness
> 0.2mm)
395
417
419
0,5
3,31
3,01
7607
Aluminium Cut Sheets and Strips (Thickness <=
0.2mm)
153
155
158
2,0
4,38
4,03
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 97
4
IMPORT
14. COPPER AND COPPERWARE
Copper Import Has Been Decreasing
For The Last Three Years
Import of copper and copperware continued to decrease for
the last three consecutive years and decreased to USD 2.7
billion in 2016. On the other hand, import of copper and copperware increased on amount basis for the last three consecutive years and reached 533 thousand tons. Copper import,
which decreased by 8.7 percent in value, increased in 4.3
percent in amount. Import unit prices of copper decreased
by 8.5 percent in all subsections. The most imported subsection is Refined Copper and Copper Alloys. Import of Refined
Copper dropped by 9.5 percent and decreased to USD 2.0
billion in 2016. The subsection with a maximum decrease in
import is Copper Pipes subsection with 14.4 percent.
FIGURE.24 THE MOST IMPORTED
SUBSECTIONS 2016
IMPORT IN MILLION DOLLARS
2.500
1.999
2.000
1.500
1.000
500
292
124
0
Refined Copper and Copper Alloys
Thin and Thick Copper Pipes
Copper
Wires
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
TABLE.37 SUBSECTIONS IN THE IMPORT OF COPPER AND COPPERWARE
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million
Dollar
2015 Million
Dollar
2016 Million
Dollar
15/16 Change
Rate %
2015 Unit
Price $/kg
2016 Unit
Price $/kg
7403
Refined Copper and Copper Alloys
2.577
2.208
1.999
-9,5
5,69
4,93
7408
Copper Wires
575
304
292
-3,9
6,19
5,24
7411
Thin and Thick Copper Pipes
144
145
124
-14,4
6,90
6,08
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
15- PAPER AND CARDBOARD AND
RELATED GOODS
FIGURE.25 THE MOST
IMPORTED SUBSECTIONS 2016
800
Import of Paper and Cardboard and
Related Goods Remained Unchanged
700
In 2016, import of paper and cardboard and related goods
maintained its level in 2015. Import amounted to USD 2.68
billion in 2016. Out of the most imported six subsections,
import of 5 subsections decreased. The most imported
subsection with increasing import level was Non-Plastered
Paper and Cardboard with an increase of 34.3 percent. Import of Non-Plastered Paper and Cardboard was USD 686
million in 2016. Subsection with a maximum decrease in
import was Newsprint Paper. Its import dropped by 23.8
percent and decreased to USD 132 million in 2016.
PRODUCT
500
400
333
321
300
204
200
132
100
0
Non-Plastered Plastered Layers Made of Primary Other Paper
and
Paper and Paper, Cardboard Fiber (Craft)
Paper and
Cardboard and Cellulose Paper and Cardboard
Cardboard
Cardboard
Fiber
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
2014 Million
Dollar
2015 Million
Dollar
2016 Million
Dollar
15/16 Change
Rate %
2015 Unit
Price $/kg
Newsprint
Paper
2016 Unit
Price $/kg
4802
Non-Plastered Paper and Cardboard
500
511
686
34,3
0,97
1,25
4810
Plastered Paper and Cardboard
778
622
618
-0,7
0,76
0,74
4811
Layers Made of Paper, Cardboard and
Cellulose Fiber
384
342
333
-2,8
2,01
2,08
4804
Primary Fiber (Craft) Paper and Cardboard
421
344
321
-6,7
0,69
0,63
4805
Other Paper and Cardboard
279
209
204
-2,3
0,64
0,60
4801
Newsprint Paper
244
173
132
-23,8
0,50
0,50
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
98
618
600
TABLE.38 SUBSECTIONS IN THE IMPORT OF
PAPER, CARDBOARD AND RELATED GOODS
CODE
IMPORT IN MILLION DOLLARS
686
16-RUBBER AND RUBBERWARE
FIGURE.26 THE MOST
IMPORTED SUBSECTIONS 2016
Stall in Rubber and
Rubberware Import
Import of rubber and rubberware increased by 1.4 percent
in 2016. Import of rubber and rubberware amounted to
USD 2.56 billion.
Imports of Rubber New Outer Tyre that plays a significant
role in subsections and Vulcanized Rubber Garment increased by 11.3 and 11.4 percent respectively. New Outer
Tyre, the most imported subsection, increased to USD 917
million in 2016. Subsections with a maximum decrease in
import are Natural Rubber and Imitation Rubber with 11.1
and 9.3 percent respectively.
1.000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
917
475
338
Rubber New
Outer Tyre
Imitation Rubber
228
Non-Tempered Vulcanized
Rubberware
Natural
Rubber
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
TABLE.39 SUBSECTIONS IN THE IMPORT OF RUBBER AND RUBBERWARE
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million
Dollar
2015 Million
Dollar
2016 Million
Dollar
15/16 Change
Rate %
2015 Unit
Price $/kg
2016 Unit
Price $/kg
4011
Rubber New Outer Tyre
936
824
917
11,3
4,12
4,13
4002
Immitation Rubber
631
524
475
-9,3
1,78
1,59
4016
Non-Tempered Vulcanized Rubberware
360
344
338
-1,7
10,27
10,34
4001
Natural Rubber
326
257
228
-11,1
1,56
1,37
4009
Vulcanized Rubber Hose and Pipes
132
125
139
11,4
10,41
10,74
4015
Any Garment Made of Vulcanized Rubber
110
126
136
7,7
5,59
5,56
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
17-COTTON, COTTON YARN AND COTTON FABRIC
Cotton Import Is Stable
Though very limited, import of cotton, cotton yarn, and
cotton fabric increased by 1.4 percent and amounted to
USD 2.30 billion in 2016. Amounts of imported raw cotton and other cotton yarn and fabric were 821.217 tons
and 260.399 tons respectively. The amount of imported
Cotton, Cotton Yarn, and Cotton Fabric increased by 4.58
percent. Cotton import sustained its position and was realized USD 1.24 million in 2016. Import of cotton yarn increased by 15.8 percent and amounted to USD 444 million,
while import of cotton fabric (less than 200 gr./m2) dropped bu 26.5 percent and decreased to USD 175 million.
FIGURE.27 THE MOST
IMPORTED SUBSECTIONS 2016
1.400
1.239
1.200
IMPORT IN MILLION DOLLARS
1.000
800
600
444
400
272
175
200
0
Cotton
Cotton Yarn
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
Cotton Fabric (More
Than 200 gr/m2 )
Cotton Fabric
(Less Than 200
gr/m2)
TABLE.40 SUBSECTIONS IN THE IMPORT OF COTTON, COTTON YARN AND COTTON FABRIC
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million
Dollar
2015 Million
Dollar
2016 Million
Dollar
15/16 Change
Rate %
2015 Unit
Price $/kg
2016 Unit
Price $/kg
5201
Cotton
1.750
1.232
1.239
0,5
1,54
1,51
5205
Cotton Yarn
440
384
444
15,8
2,96
2,85
5209
Cotton Fabric (More Than 200 gr/m2 ) .
w
257
272
5,9
7,00
6,71
5208
Cotton Fabric (Less Than 200 gr/m2)
340
238
175
-26,5
8,26
8,45
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 99
4
IMPORT
18- SYNTHETIC AND ARTIFICIAL
FILAMENTS
FIGURE.28 THE MOST
IMPORTED SUBSECTIONS 2016
Speed of Yarn and Fabric
Import Reduced
Import of synthetic and artificial filaments achieved a limited increase by 1.8 percent and reached USD 2.13 billion
in 2016. The amount of Synthetic and Artificial Filaments
imported raised by 6.41 percent and amounted to 795,521
tons. 695,504 tons of total import corresponds to Synthetic Filament Yarns. The most imported products among the
subsections are Synthetic Filament Yarns and Fabric Made
of Synthetic Filament Yarn with USD 1.56 billion and USD
430 million respectively.
1.800
1.600
1.400
1.200
1.000
800
600
400
200
0
1.562
430
Syntetic
Filament Yarns
Fabric Made of Synthetic
Filament Yarns
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
TABLE.41 SUBSECTIONS IN THE IMPORT OF SYNTHETIC AND ARTIFICIAL FILAMENT
PRODUCT
CODE
2014
Million
Dollar
2015
Million
Dollar
2016
Million
Dollar
15/16
Change
Rate %
2015 Unit
Price $/kg
2016 Unit
Price $/kg
5402
Synthetic Filament Yarns
1.615
1.482
1.562
5,4
2,29
2,24
5407
Fabric Made of Synthetic Filament Yarns
549
463
430
-7,1
5,89
5,58
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
FIGURE.29 THE MOST IMPORTED
SUBSECTIONS 2016
19- VARIOUS CHEMICAL PRODUCTS
700
Import of Various Chemicals
Was Also Steady
600
With a limited recession, import of various chemical materials dropped by 1.2 percent and decreased to USD 2.02 billion in 2016. Import unit prices, which dropped by almost 35
percent for some of the products in 2015, witnessed a more
limited decrease in 2016. The most imported subsection
was Other Chemicals in Chemistry and Associated Industries with USD 573 million. The product with the maximum
increase in import was Industrial Monocarboxylic Fatty Acid
with 7.4 percent and the product with the maximum decrease in import was Mixed Alkyl Benzene with 6.5 percent.
.
IMPORT IN MILLION DOLLARS
573
500
400
356
300
244
177
200
100
100
0
Reactive Agents
Used in Labs for
Diagnosis
Other Chemicals in Pesticides
Chemistry and Associated
Industries
Antiknock
Preparations
Industrial
Monocarboxylic
Fatty Acid
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
TABLE.42 SUBSECTIONS IN THE IMPORT OF VARIOUS CHEMICAL PRODUCTS
CODE
PRODUCT
2015 Million
Dollar
2016 Million
Dollar
15/16
Change
Rate %
2015 Unit
Price $/kg
2016 Unit
Price $/kg
3824
Other Chemicals in Chemistry and Associated
Industries
622
557
573
2,9
2,12
2,11
3808
Pesticides
330
363
356
-1,8
6,88
6,49
3822
Reactive Agents Used in Labs for Diagnosis
255
239
244
2,3
26,19
25,64
3811
Antiknock Preparations
207
187
177
-5,6
3,48
3,34
3823
Industrial Monocarboxylic Fatty Acid
115
93
100
7,4
0,95
0,92
3817
Mixed Alkyl Benzene, Alkyl Naphthalene
148
106
99
-6,5
1,25
1,01
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
100
2014 Million
Dollar
FIGURE.30 THE MOST IMPORTED
SUBSECTIONS 2016
20-SYNTHETIC AND ARTIFICIAL
DISCONTINUOUS FIBERS
600
Import Remained Unchanged
Import of synthetic and artificial discontinuous fibers achieved a very limited decrease by 0.6 percent and amounted
to USD 1.95 billion in 2016.
Among the subsections, the most imported product with
the maximum increase in import level was Non-Processed
Artificial Discontinuous Fibers subsection. Import increased
by 12.9 percent and reached USD 541 million in 2016.
The product with the maximum decrease in import Fabrics
Woven With Artificial Discontinuous Fibers. Import dropped
by 11.3 percent and decreased to USD 98 million.
541
IMPORT IN MILLION DOLLARS
500
401
400
300
351
200
143
100
PRODUCT
98
0
Artificial Discontinuous Synthetic
Fibers (Non-Processed) Discontinuous Fiber
Yarn
TABLE.43 SUBSECTIONS IN THE IMPORT OF SYNTHETIC AND
ARTIFICIAL DISCONTINUOUS FIBERS
CODE
100
103
Artificial
Filament
Beams
Synthetic
Artificial
Discontinuous Discontinuous
Fibers (NonFibers
Processed)
(Excluding
Sewing Yarn)
Synthetic
Filament
Beams
Fabric Woven
With Artificial
Discontinuous
Fibers
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
2014
Million
Dollar
2015
Million
Dollar
2016
Million
Dollar
15/16 Change
Rate %
2015 Unit
Price $/kg
2016 Unit
Price $/kg
5504
Artificial Discontinuous Fibers (Non-Processed)
485
479
541
12,9
1,83
2,03
5509
Synthetic Discontinuous Fiber Yarn
449
390
401
2,8
3,19
3,00
5503
Synthetic Discontinuous Fibers (Non-Processed)
390
377
351
-6,7
1,76
1,74
5510
Artificial Discontinuous Fibers (Excluding Sewing Yarn)
150
148
143
-3,3
3,16
3,19
5502
Artificial Filament Beams
111
112
103
-7,7
5,62
5,32
5501
Synthetic Filament Beams
145
99
100
1,4
2,10
1,90
5516
Fabric Woven with Artificial Discontinuous Fibers
125
111
98
-11,3
6,91
7,07
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
IV.8 IMPORT BY COUNTRIES AND SECTIONS
1. CHINA
FIGURE.31 IMPORT FROM CHINA
AND DEVELOPMENT OF IMPORT
While overall import decreased,
import from China increased
Turkey’s total import recessed in 2016. However, import
from China continued to increase in 2016. Import from
China increased by 2.3 percent and was realized USD
25.44 billion in 2016. The share of import from China increased to 12.8 percent. Thus, in 2016, China strengthened
its position as the country from which we import most.
Many important sections are imported from China. Import
of electrical equipment and machinery, the most imported
section, increased by 23.5 percent in 2016. Import also
increased in many other product groups. Import of iron
and steel raised by 103.0 percent. Import decreased in
iron and steel, ironware and steelware, road motor vehicles and woven apparel.
IMPORT AND SHARE IN IMPORT
25.600
25.400
9,6
25.200
25.000
24.800
24.600
24.400
14,0
12,0
10,0
8,0
7,9
6,0
8,6
4,0
24.918
24.873
25.440
2014
2015
2016
IMPORT MILLION DOLLAR
2,0
0
SHARE IN OUR IMPORT %
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 101
4
IMPORT
TABLE 44. SECTIONS IN THE IMPORT FROM CHINA
PRODUCT
2014 Million
Dollar
2015 Million
Dollar
2016 Million
Dollar
15/16 Change
Rate %
85
Electrical machinery and equipment, devices audio recording-transmitting, TV, audio-video
recorders-transmitters, and their components, parts, and accessories
6.483
6.953
8.589
23,5
84
Boilers, machinery, mechanical equipment and tools, nuclear reactors, and their components and parts
5.249
5.235
5.722
9,3
72
Iron and steel
649
1.317
886
-32,8
39
Plastics and Plasticsware
994
889
831
-6,6
29
Organic chemical products
719
741
742
0,1
73
Ironware or steelware
695
804
703
-12,5
54
Synthetic and artificial filaments, strips and similar synthetic and artificial knitting
materials
578
535
635
18,8
87
Road motor vehicles, tractors, bicycles, motorcycles and other road vehicles, and their
components, parts, and accessories
604
665
620
-6,8
90
Tools and equipment for optics, photography, movie, measurement, checking, tuning, medical
and surgical purposes, and their components, parts, and accessories
625
584
598
2,3
62
Non-knitted apparel and accessories
561
524
513
-2,0
CODE
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
2. GERMANY
FIGURE.32 IMPORT FROM GERMANY AND
DEVELOPMENT OF IMPORT
Increase in The Import from Germany
Import from Germany increased by 0.6 percent and reached USD 21.47 billion in 2016. Germany’s share in our
import increased to 10,8 percent. Import of road motor
vehicles from Germany dropped by 8.7 percent. Despite
an upward trend in domestic sales of automobile, import
decreased. Machinery import also went 1.0 percent down.
However, import of electrical machinery and equipment
increased by 20.4 percent, ironware, and steelware by
19.5 percent and air crafts by 9.9 percent. Due to fleet
expansions of airlines, plane import also moved up.
IMPORT AND SHARE IN IMPORT
10,8
22.500
22.000
21.500
21.000
20.500
11,0
10,5
10,0
9,5
9,0
8,5
8,0
10,3
9,2
22.369
21.352
21.474
2014
2015
2016
IMPORT MILLION DOLLAR
SHARE IN OUR IMPORT %
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
TABLE 45. SECTIONS IN THE IMPORT FROM GERMANY
PRODUCT
CODE
2015 Million
Dollar
2016 Million
Dollar
15/16 Change
Rate %
87
Road motor vehicles, tractors, bicycles, motorcycles and other road vehicles, and their
components, parts, and accessories
5,223
5,706
5,210
-8.7
84
Boilers, machinery, mechanical equipment and tools, nuclear reactors, and their components and parts
5,428
4,541
4,495
-1.0
85
Electrical machinery and equipment, devices audio recording-transmitting, TV, audio-video
recorders-transmitters, and their components, parts, and accessories
1,709
1,645
1,979
20.4
39
Plastics and Plasticsware
1,612
1,420
1,400
-1.4
90
Tools and equipment for optics, photography, movie, measurement, checking, tuning, medical and surgical purposes, and their components, parts, and accessories
861
830
842
1.4
30
Pharmaceuticals
857
794
822
3.5
88
Air crafts, space crafts and their components and parts
50
580
638
9.9
72
Iron and steel
719
608
563
-7.4
73
Ironware or steelware
444
385
460
19.5
38
Various chemical materials (bio-diesel, fire extinguishing materials, disinfectants, pesticides, etc.)
455
454
451
-0.7
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
102
2014 Million
Dollar
3. RUSSIA
FIGURE.33 IMPORT FROM RUSSIA AND
DEVELOPMENT OF IMPORT
Sharp Fall in Import from Russia Kept
Decreasing
IMPORT AND IMPORT SHARE
30.000
Import from Russia dropped by 25.7 percent and decreased to USD 15.16 billion in 2016. With its share that declined to 7.6 percent, Russia ceased to be our top importer
country and ranked third.
Recession in the import from Russia mainly caused by the
decrease in the prices of such products as mineral fuel and
oils, grain, iron and steel, copper and aluminum. Most of
these products were imported less. Import of many other
products also decreased. Import of copper and copperware witnessed a considerable increase.
10,4
12,0
9,8
25.000
10,0
7,6
20.000
8,0
15.000
6,0
10.000
4,0
5.000
2,0
0
0
2014
2015
2016
IMPORT MILLION DOLLAR
SHARE IN OUR IMPORT %
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
TABLE 46. SECTIONS IN THE IMPORT FROM RUSSIA
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million
Dollar
2015 Million
Dollar
2016 Million
Dollar
15/16 Change
Rate %
27
Mineral fuel, mineral oils and their distillate products, bitumen materials,
ozocerites
16,493
12,940
8,449
-34.7
72
Iron and steel
2,689
2,744
2,235
-18.5
15
Solid and liquid animal and vegetable fats, cooking solid fat, animal, and
candles made of animal and vegetable fats
876
798
729
-8.6
76
Aluminium and aluminiumware
1,109
868
627
-27.8
10
Grains
1,451
883
598
-32.2
74
Copper and copperware
301
179
511
186.2
31
Fertilizers
363
217
272
25.3
23
Residuals and rubbish from good industry, roughage for animals
288
264
271
2.3
44
Wood and woodenware, charcoal
179
213
221
3.5
48
Paper and cardboard and goods made of paper and cardboard, papier-mache
201
152
159
5.1
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
4. USA
Effect of Air and Space Crafts on
Import from the USA
Import from the USA dropped by 2.5 percent and decreased to USD 10.87 billion in 2016. The share of the USA in
our import was realized 5.5 percent.
The two most imported items from the USA witnessed
significant developments in 2015. While iron and steel
import dropped by 27.8 percent, import of air and space
crafts increased by 31.7 percent. Import of mineral fuel
and oils, cotton as well as plastics and plasticware also
decreased.
FIGURE.34 IMPORT FROM USA
AND DEVELOPMENT OF IMPORT
13.000
IMPORT AND SHARE IN IMPORT
5,5
5,5
12.500
12.000
5,5
5,4
5,4
11.500
11.000
10.500
10.000
9.500
5,6
5,4
5,3
5,3
12.728
11.141
10.868
2014
2015
2016
IMPORT MILLION DOLLAR
5,3
5,2
SHARE IN OUR IMPORT %
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 103
4
IMPORT
TABLE 47. SECTIONS IN THE IMPORT FROM USA
PRODUCT
CODE
2014 Million
Dollar
2015 Million
Dollar
2016 Million
Dollar
15/16 Change
Rate %
88
Air crafts, space crafts and their components and parts
1,398
1,699
2,238
31.7
84
Boilers, machinery, mechanical equipment and tools, nuclear reactors, and their components and parts
1,258
1,237
1,395
12.7
72
Iron and steel
1,555
1,047
756
-27.8
90
Tools and equipment for optics, photography, movie, measurement, checking, tuning, medical and surgical purposes, and their components, parts, and accessories
833
730
691
-5.3
30
Pharmaceuticals
598
557
560
0.5
27
Mineral fuel, mineral oils, and their distillate products, bitumen materials, ozocerites
1,075
689
534
-22.5
52
Cotton, cotton yarn and cotton fabric
918
532
523
-1.8
85
Electrical machinery and equipment, devices audio recording-transmitting, TV, audiovideo recorders-transmitters, and their components, parts, and accessories
484
478
511
6.7
39
Plastics and Plasticsware
532
433
380
-12.2
87
Road motor vehicles, tractors, bicycles, motorcycles and other road vehicles, and their components, parts, and accessories
312
362
278
-23.1
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
5. ITALY
Import from Italy Decreased
TDue To Mineral Fuel
Import from Italy dropped by 3.9 percent and amounted to
USD 10.29 billion in 2016. The share of Italy in our import
remained as 5.1 percent. Considering the import from Italy
in 2016, import in mineral fuel and oils and iron and steel
decreased by 60.6 and 20.0 percent respectively. However, import machinery increased by 13.6 percent, ironware, and steelware by 11.8 percent and electrical machinery
and equipment by 5.2 percent. Basing on the import from
Italy in 2016, import of components and parts for road motor vehicles decreased by 3.5 percent.
FIGURE.35 IMPORT FROM ITALY AND
DEVELOPMENT OF IMPORT
12.500
12.000
5,4
5,1
11.000
10.500
10.000
5,1
5,3
5,0
9.500
9.000
2014
2015
IMPORT MILLION DOLLAR
5,0
2016
SHARE IN OUR IMPORT %
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
PRODUCT
2014 Million
Dollar
2015 Million
Dollar
2016 Million
Dollar
15/16 Change
Rate %
84
Boilers, machinery, mechanical equipment and tools, nuclear reactors, and their components
and parts
3,215
2,829
3,214
13.6
87
Road motor vehicles, tractors, bicycles, motorcycles and other road vehicles, and their components, parts, and accessories
969
1,021
985
-3.5
85
Electrical machinery and equipment, devices audio recording-transmitting, TV, audio-video
recorders-transmitters, and their components, parts, and accessories
666
635
668
5.2
39
Plastics and Plasticsware
796
674
663
-1.7
27
Mineral fuel, mineral oils and their distillate products, bitumen materials, ozocerites
1,442
1,045
411
-60.6
72
Iron and steel
471
449
360
-20.0
73
Ironware or steelware
298
310
346
11.8
30
Pharmaceuticals
306
277
273
-1.3
90
Tools and equipment for optics, photography, movie, measurement, checking, tuning, medical and
surgical purposes, and their components, parts, and accessories
305
275
258
-6.2
71
Precious and semi-precious stones, precious metals, pearls, imitation jewelry, coins
249
216
207
-4.1
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
104
5,4
11.500
TABLE 48. SECTIONS IN THE IMPORT FROM ITALY
CODE
5,2
IMPORT AND SHARE IN IMPORT
FIGURE.36 IMPORT FROM FRANCE AND DEVELOPMENT
OF IMPORT
IMPORT AND SHARE IN IMPORT
6. FRANCE
8.200
3,7
Limited Decrease in Import from France 8.000
Import from Italy dropped by 3.1 percent and decreased to
USD 7.37 billion in 2016. France’s share in total import did
not change and remained at 3.7 percent. Import from Italy
dropped below the average. Import from France decreased in air crafts by 1.4 percent, in machinery by 3.2 percent
and road motor vehicles by 3.1 percent. As for the other
most important four items, import of plastics and plasticware increased by 2.2 percent, electrical machinery, and
equipment by 0.6 percent, iron, and steel by 4.7 percent
and pharmaceuticals by 7.4 percent.
3,8
3,7
3,7
7.800
3,6
7.600
3,5
3,4
7.400
3,4
7.200
3,3
7.000
6.800
2014
2015
IMPORT MILLION DOLLAR
3,2
2016
SHARE IN OUR IMPORT %
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
TABLE 49. SECTIONS IN THE IMPORT FROM FRANCE
PRODUCT
CODE
2014 Million
Dollar
2015 Million
Dollar
2016 Million
Dollar
15/16 Change
Rate %
88
Air crafts, space crafts and their components and parts
1,060
1,154
1,137
-1.4
84
Boilers, machinery, mechanical equipment and tools, nuclear reactors, and their components and parts
1,178
1,162
1,125
-3.2
87
Road motor vehicles, tractors, bicycles, motorcycles and other road vehicles, and their
components, parts, and accessories
939
1,075
1,042
-3.1
39
Plastics and Plasticsware
702
560
572
2.2
85
Electrical machinery and equipment, devices audio recording-transmitting, TV, audio-video
recorders-transmitters, and their components, parts, and accessories
636
559
555
-0.6
72
Iron and steel
899
528
503
-4.7
30
Pharmaceuticals
439
382
354
-7.4
90
Tools and equipment for optics, photography, movie, measurement, checking, tuning,
medical and surgical purposes, and their components, parts, and accessories
249
242
232
-4.0
38
Various chemical materials (biodiesel, fire extinguishing materials, disinfectants, pesticides, etc.)
239
235
228
-2.8
33
Volatile oils and resinoids and perfumery, cosmetics and toiletry preparations
169
157
169
8.0
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
7. SOUTH KOREA
Import from South Korea Decreased
By 9.5 Percent
After the execution of free trade agreement, import from
South Korea rapidly increased, and then decreased by 6.5
percent in 2015. The decrease in import in 2016, on the
other hand, was higher with 9.5 percent. Import from South
Korea decreased to USD 6.38 billion in 2016, the share of
South Korea in our import declined to 3.2 percent. Trade
with South Korea was affected by the overall slowdown in
import. Import of all sections other than machinery, road
motor vehicles and synthetic and artificial filaments decreased. Maximum decrease was observed in the import
of precise measurement tools with 37.9 percent. Import of
electrical machinery and equipment dropped by 30 percent. The maximum increase in import was achieved in
machinery with 13.0 percent.
FIGURE.37 IMPORT FROM SOUTH KOREA AND
DEVELOPMENT OF IMPORT
IMPORT AND SHARE IN IMPORT
8.000
3,5
3,4
3,4
7.500
3,2
7.000
6.500
3,1
6.000
5.500
2014
2015
IMPORT MILLION DOLLAR
2016
3,3
3,2
3,1
3,0
2,9
SHARE IN OUR IMPORT %
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 105
4
IMPORT
TABLE 50. SECTIONS IN THE IMPORT FROM SOUTH KOREA
PRODUCT
CODE
2014 Million
Dollar
2015 Million
Dollar
2016 Million
Dollar
15/16 Change
Rate %
39
Plastics and Plasticsware
1,340
1,161
1,077
-7.2
85
Electrical machinery and equipment, devices audio recording-transmitting, TV, audio-video
recorders-transmitters, and their components, parts and accessories
1,861
1,505
1,053
-30.0
84
Boilers, machinery, mechanical equipment and tools, nuclear reactors, and their components and parts
1,073
795
898
13.0
72
Iron and steel
694
893
871
-2.4
87
Road motor vehicles, tractors, bicycles, motorcycles and other road vehicles, and their
components, parts, and accessories
604
661
720
8.9
29
Organic chemical products
380
359
309
-14.1
90
Tools and equipment for optics, photography, movie, measurement, checking, tuning,
medical and surgical purposes, and their components, parts, and accessories
291
361
224
-37.9
30
Pharmaceuticals
133
219
210
-4.2
54
Synthetic and artificial filaments, strips and similar synthetic and artificial knitting materials
168
163
172
5.6
40
Rubber and rubberware
205
166
159
-4.4
FIGURE.38 IMPORT FROM INDIA AND
DEVELOPMENT OF IMPORT
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
8. INDIA
Increase in import from India is
related to three sectors
Although the increase in the import from India accelerated in recent years, it dropped rapidly in 2015. However,
import increased again by 2.6 percent in 2016, though limited. Import from India increased to USD 5.76 billion in
2016. India’s share in our import amounted to 2.9 in 2016.
Increase in the imports of mineral oils and fuel (10.0 percent), road motor vehicles (9.8 percent) and machinery
(4.1 percent) was determinative in the import from India in
2016. Import of synthetic and artificial filament dropped by
8.000
IMPORT AND SHARE IN IMPORT
6.000
2,8
4.000
2,7
2.000
0
3,0
2,9
2,9
2,8
2,8
2,7
2,7
2,6
2,9
2014
2015
IMPORT MILLION DOLLAR
2016
SHARE IN OUR IMPORT %
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
3.1 percent, and organic chemical products decreased by
2.8 percent.
TABLE 51. SECTIONS IN THE IMPORT FROM INDIA
PRODUCT
CODE
27
87
84
Mineral fuel, mineral oils and their distillate products, bitumen materials, ozocerites
Road motor vehicles, tractors, bicycles, motorcycles and other road vehicles, and their
components, parts, and accessories
Boilers, machinery, mechanical equipment and tools, nuclear reactors, and their components and parts
2015 Million
2016 Million
15/16 Change
Dollar
Dollar
Dollar
Rate %
2,663
1,786
1,964
10.0
461
509
559
9.8
428
433
451
4.1
54
Synthetic and artificial filaments, strips and similar synthetic and artificial knitting materials
379
355
345
-3.1
29
Organic chemical products
292
284
276
-2.8
39
Plastics and Plasticsware
315
230
234
1.7
55
Synthetic and artificial discontinuous fibers
235
229
220
-3.9
239
186
182
-2.1
85
Electrical machinery and equipment, devices audio recording-transmitting, TV, audiovideo recorders-transmitters, and their components, parts, and accessories
32
Extracts, tannin, dyes, pigments, varnishes, pastes, inks used in tanning and dyeing
229
179
163
-9.0
72
Iron and steel
173
147
133
-9.0
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
106
2014 Million
9. SPAIN
A considerable increase in the
import of road motor vehicles from
Spain
Import from Spain increased by 1.6 percent and reached
USD 5.68 billion in 2016. Spain’s share in our total import
was 2.9 percent. Despite the limited increase in overall import from Spain, import of road motor vehicles showed an
upward trend by 14.1 percent and electrical machinery and
equipment’s import increased by 23.7 percent in 2016.
Machinery import also raised by 3.8 percent. However,
import of plastics and plasticware, iron-steel import, and
pharmaceuticals decreased in 2016.
FIGURE.39 IMPORT FROM SPAIN AND
DEVELOPMENT OF IMPORT
6.200
IMPORT AND SHARE IN IMPORT
6.000
3,0
2,9
2,8
2,7
2,6
2,5
2,4
2,3
2,9
2,7
5.800
5.600
2,5
5.400
5.200
2014
2015
IMPORT MILLION DOLLAR
2016
SHARE IN OUR IMPORT %
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
TABLE 52. SECTIONS IN THE IMPORT FROM SPAIN
PRODUCT
2014 Million
Dollar
2015 Million
Dollar
2016 Million
Dollar
15/16 Change
Rate %
87
Road motor vehicles, tractors, bicycles, motorcycles and other road vehicles, and
their components, parts, and accessories
1,314
1,635
1,865
14.1
84
Boilers, machinery, mechanical equipment and tools, nuclear reactors, and their
components and parts
533
448
465
3.8
85
Electrical machinery and equipment, devices audio recording-transmitting, TV,
audio-video recorders-transmitters, and their components, parts, and accessories
400
373
461
23.7
39
Plastics and Plasticsware
560
464
430
-7.4
72
Iron and steel
441
377
343
-9.1
27
Mineral fuel, mineral oils, and their distillate products, bitumen materials,
ozocerites
163
166
279
67.8
29
Organic chemical products
314
288
255
-11.7
30
Pharmaceuticals
119
141
129
-8.8
74
Copper and copperware
389
231
127
-44.9
32
Extracts, tannin, dyes, pigments, varnishes, pastes, inks used in tanning and dyeing
106
90
94
3.9
CODE
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
10. ENGLAND
Import from England Dropped
By 4.0 Percent
Import from England dropped by 4.0 percent and decreased to USD 5.32 billion in 2016. England’s share in our
overall import did not change and remained 2.7 percent.
The decrease in the import from England was mainly caused by 34.2 percent drop in iron and steel import. Import
of plastics and plasticware also decreased by 8.8 percent.
However, import increased in machinery by 9.8 percent, in
road motor vehicles by 8.9 percent, in pharmaceuticals by
2.2 percent and in electrical machinery and equipment by
1.0 percent in 2016.
FIGURE.40 IMPORT FROM ENGLAND AND
DEVELOPMENT OF IMPORT
6.000
IMPORT AND SHARE IN IMPORT
5.800
2,7
2,7
5.600
5.400
2014
2,6
2,5
2,4
5.200
5.000
2,8
2,7
2015
IMPORT MILLION DOLLAR
2016
2,4
2,3
2,2
SHARE IN OUR IMPORT %
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 107
4
IMPORT
TABLE 53. SECTIONS IN THE IMPORT FROM ENGLAND
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million
Dollar
2015 Million
Dollar
2016 Million
Dollar
15/16 Change
Rate %
1,418
1,348
1,480
9.8
722
903
984
8.9
1,456
1,151
758
-34.2
84
Boilers, machinery, mechanical equipment and tools, nuclear reactors, and their
components and parts
87
Road motor vehicles, tractors, bicycles, motorcycles and other road vehicles, and their
components, parts, and accessories
72
Iron and steel
30
Pharmaceuticals
296
304
311
2.2
85
Electrical machinery and equipment, devices audio recording-transmitting, TV, audiovideo recorders-transmitters, and their components, parts, and accessories
204
218
220
1.0
29
Organic chemical products
286
190
188
-0.9
39
Plastics and Plasticsware
243
193
176
-8.8
90
Tools and equipment for optics, photography, movie, measurement, checking, tuning, medical and surgical purposes, and their components, parts, and accessories
168
158
157
-0.2
38
Various chemical materials (bio-diesel, fire extinguishing materials, disinfectants, pesticides, etc.)
107
93
87
-6.7
32
Extracts, tannin, dyes, pigments, varnishes, pastes, inks used in tanning and dyeing
98
82
84
2.4
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
11. IRAN
Sharp Fall of Import from Iran
Continued; Effect of Petroleum and
Natural Gas
FIGURE.41 IMPORT FROM IRAN AND
DEVELOPMENT OF IMPORT
IMPORT AND SHARE IN IMPORT
Import from Iran has been decreasing for the last three ye- 12.000
4,1
ars. Extreme decrease continued both in 2015 and 2016.
10.000
Import dropped by 22.9 percent and decreased to USD 4.7
2,9
billion in 2016. 90% of the import from Iran corresponds 8.000
to petroleum and natural gas. Petroleum and natural gas
6.000
import is determinative on import. In 2016, import of petroleum and natural gas dropped by 21.7 percent. The dec- 4.000
rease in petroleum and natural gas prices had an impact 2.000
on this recession. Import of chemicals-based products
0
also decreased due to drops in prices. However, imports
2014
2015
of copper and copperware, zinc, and zincware, aluminum,
IMPORT MILLION DOLLAR
and aluminiumware, as well as iron and steel, increased.
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
5,0
4,0
3,0
2,4
2,0
1,0
0,0
2016
SHARE IN OUR IMPORT %
TABLE 54. SECTIONS IN THE IMPORT FROM IRAN
PRODUCT
CODE
2015 Million
Dollar
2016 Million
Dollar
15/16 Change
Rate %
8,420
4,901
3,570
-27.1
27
Mineral fuel, mineral oils and their distillate products, bitumen materials, ozocerites
39
Plastics and Plasticsware
516
464
405
-12.7
74
Copper and copperware
225
194
202
3.9
79
Zinc and zincware
77
89
94
6.5
72
Iron and steel
24
30
83
177.5
76
Aluminium and aluminiumware
108
45
73
61.8
29
Organic chemical products
125
91
73
-19.8
31
Fertilizers
133
100
41
-58.7
8
Edible fruits and edible nuts
16
19
32
70.2
38
Various chemical materials (bio-diesel, fire extinguishing materials, disinfectants, pesticides, etc.)
10
14
15
7.6
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
108
2014 Million
Dollar
FIGURE.42 IMPORT FROM JAPAN AND
DEVELOPMENT OF IMPORT
12. JAPAN
Leap in Import from Japan
Despite an overall recession, import from Japan increased
by 25.6 percent in 2016, and thus Japan became the second country with the most increasing import level among
the first 20 exporters. Import amounted to 3.94 billion in
2016. Japan’s share in our total import increased to 2.0
percent. Among the significant products imported in 2016,
high-level of increases were observed in machinery, road
motor vehicles, electrical machinery and equipment and
precise measurement tools. Out of the ten most imported sections, only import of rubber and rubberware section
decreased.
5.000
IMPORT AND SHARE IN IMPORT
4.000
3.000
2,5
2,0
2,0
1,5
1,5
1,3
2.000
1,0
1.000
0,5
0
2014
2015
IMPORT MILLION DOLLAR
0,0
2016
SHARE IN OUR IMPORT %
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
TABLE 55. SECTIONS IN THE IMPORT FROM JAPAN
PRODUCT
2014 Million
Dollar
2015 Million
Dollar
2016 Million
Dollar
15/16 Change
Rate %
84
Boilers, machinery, mechanical equipment and tools, nuclear reactors, and their components and parts
1,286
1,206
1,667
38.2
87
Road motor vehicles, tractors, bicycles, motorcycles and other road vehicles, and their
components, parts, and accessories
404
486
579
19.1
85
Electrical machinery and equipment, devices audio recording-transmitting, TV, audiovideo recorders-transmitters, and their components, parts, and accessories
278
275
475
72.9
90
Tools and equipment for optics, photography, movie, measurement, checking, tuning,
medical and surgical purposes, and their components, parts, and accessories
246
228
246
8.0
72
Iron and steel
174
198
207
4.5
39
Plastics and Plasticsware
111
110
130
18.5
40
Rubber and rubberware
164
128
118
-7.7
73
Ironware or steelware
65
77
100
29.7
29
Organic chemical products
44
44
45
0.7
82
Base-metal tools, cutlery, tableware and their components and parts made of base
metals
26
16
44
164.7
CODE
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
13. The UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Gold caused a leap in the import of
United Arab Emirates
The highest increase in import corresponds to UAE in
2016. Import from UAE increased by 84.3 percent and reached USD 3.70 billion in 2016. UAE’S share in our total
import increased to 1.9 percent. Leap in the import from
UAE in 2016 was caused by gold import. Gold import
increased by 102.1 percent and was realized USD 3.25
billion in 2016. Imports of other sections are not considerable when compared with gold import.
FIGURE.43 IMPORT FROM UAE AND
DEVELOPMENT OF IMPORT
4.000
3.000
1,9
2,0
IMPORT AND SHARE IN IMPORT
1,3
2.000
1,5
1,0
1,0
1.000
0
0,5
2014
2015
IMPORT MILLION DOLLAR
2016
0,0
SHARE IN OUR IMPORT %
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 109
4
IMPORT
TABLE 56. SECTIONS IN THE IMPORT FROM UAE
PRODUCT
CODE
2014 Million
Dollar
2015 Million
Dollar
2016 Million
Dollar
15/16 Change
Rate %
2,750
1,608
3,249
102.1
71
Precious and semi-precious stones, precious metals, pearls, imitation jewelry,
coins
39
Plastics and Plasticsware
87
151
170
12.3
76
Aluminium and aluminiumware
165
183
140
-23.5
27
Mineral fuel, mineral oils, and their distillate products, bitumen materials, ozocerites
0
0
59
60,614.8
84
Boilers, machinery, mechanical equipment and tools, nuclear reactors, and their
components and parts
9
5
15
216.4
72
Iron and steel
1
6
10
61.8
54
Synthetic and artificial filaments, strips and similar synthetic and artificial
knitting materials
12
12
9
-30.7
73
Ironware or steelware
1
1
6
340.1
90
Tools and equipment for optics, photography, movie, measurement, checking, tuning,
medical and surgical purposes, and their components, parts, and accessories
0
1
5
668.9
85
Electrical machinery and equipment, devices audio recording-transmitting, TV, audiovideo recorders-transmitters, and their components, parts, and accessories
4
5
5
-6.8
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
14. POLAND
Our import from Poland
moved one level up
Import from Poland increased by 9.0 percent and reached
USD 3.24 billion in 2016. Thus, Poland ranked 14th among
the first 20 importers in 2016. Poland’s share in our import increased by 1.6 percent in 2016. It is of substantial
importance that import from Poland, which is among the
developing countries in EU and our competitor in respect
of many products, increased. It is observed that different
sections are imported from Poland. Import from Poland
increased by 7.2 percent in machinery, by 9.6 percent in
road motor vehicles and by 7.7 percent in electrical machinery and equipment in 2016. However, imports of rubber
and rubberware and plastics and plasticware dropped by
0.7 and 4.0 percent respectively. Import of goods made of
paper and cardboard increased by 4.6 percent
FIGURE.44 IMPORT FROM POLAND AND
DEVELOPMENT OF IMPORT
IMPORT AND SHARE IN IMPORT
3.300
3.200
2,0
1,6
1,4
1,3
1,5
3.100
1,0
3.000
0,5
2.900
2.800
2014
2015
IMPORT MILLION DOLLAR
0,0
2016
SHARE IN OUR IMPORT %
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
TABLE 57. SECTIONS IN THE IMPORT FROM POLAND
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million
Dollar
2015 Million
Dollar
2016 Million
Dollar
15/16 Change
Rate %
84
Boilers, machinery, mechanical equipment and tools, nuclear reactors, and their components
and parts
868
817
876
7.2
87
Road motor vehicles, tractors, bicycles, motorcycles and other road vehicles, and their components, parts, and accessories
679
728
870
19.6
85
Electrical machinery and equipment, devices audio recording-transmitting, TV, audio-video
recorders-transmitters, and their components, parts, and accessories
342
402
433
7.7
40
Rubber and rubberware
99
88
87
-0.7
90
Tools and equipment for optics, photography, movie, measurement, checking, tuning, medical
and surgical purposes, and their components, parts, and accessories
38
55
80
43.8
39
Plastics and Plasticsware
83
81
78
-4.0
48
Paper and cardboard and goods made of paper and cardboard, papier-mache
86
72
76
4.6
33
Volatile oils and resinoids and perfumery, cosmetics and toiletry preparations
83
71
68
-4.1
34
Soaps, surface-active organic materials, washing and lubrication preparations, candles, care
preparations, dentistry preparations
73
63
60
-4.8
94
Furniture, bedding sets, lighting equipment, advertisement light box, flashing signs, etc. prefabricated structures
73
61
58
-4.1
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
110
15. BELGIUM
Limited increase in the
import from Belgium
Import from Belgium increased by 1.7 percent and reached
USD 3.2 billion in 2016. Belgium’s share in our import is
1.6 percent. In 2016, imports from Belgium increased in
iron and steel, and machinery by 12.3 and 3.4 percent
respectively. Import of precious stones leaped with 83.0
percent. However, import decreased by 9.4 percent in
plastics and plasticware, by 36.2 in road motor vehicles
and by 4.4 percent in pharmaceuticals.
FIGURE.45 IMPORT FROM BELGIUM AND
DEVELOPMENT OF IMPORT
5.000
1,6
4.000
IMPORT AND SHARE IN IMPORT
1,7
1,6
1,6
3.000
1,6
1,5
2.000
1,5
1.000
0
2014
2015
IMPORT MILLION DOLLAR
1,5
2016
SHARE IN OUR IMPORT %
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
TABLE 58. SECTIONS IN THE IMPORT FROM BELGIUM
CODE
PRODUCT
2014 Million
Dollar
2015 Million
Dollar
2016 Million
Dollar
15/16 Change
Rate %
72
Iron and steel
870
623
699
12.3
39
Plastics and Plasticsware
831
687
622
-9.4
84
Boilers, machinery, mechanical equipment and tools, nuclear reactors, and
their components and parts
487
312
322
3.4
71
Precious and semi-precious stones, precious metals, pearls, imitation jewelry,
coins
57
104
191
83.0
29
Organic chemical products
251
152
167
9.7
30
Pharmaceuticals
165
160
153
-4.4
27
Mineral fuel, mineral oils, and their distillate products, bitumen materials,
ozocerites
130
123
144
17.6
87
Road motor vehicles, tractors, bicycles, motorcycles and other road vehicles, and their components, parts, and accessories
205
196
125
-36.2
38
Various chemical materials (bio-diesel, fire extinguishing materials, disinfectants,
pesticides, etc.)
114
106
107
0.6
32
Extracts, tannin, dyes, pigments, varnishes, pastes, inks used in tanning and dyeing
93
83
92
11.2
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
16. THE NETHERLANDS
Import from the Netherlands
increased by 2.9 percent
Import from the Netherlands increased by 2.9 percent and
reached USD 3.00 billion in 2016. The Netherlands’ share
in our total import increased to 1.5 percent.
While import increased in some of the important products
important from the Netherlands, it decreased in some of
the others. Import of iron and steel, the most imported item,
increased by 48.1 percent. Import of mineral fuels also
considerably increased. However, among the significant
import products, sections with the most decreasing import
levels include organic chemical products and road motor
vehicles by 7.8 and 39.4 percent respectively.
FIGURE.46 IMPORT FROM THE NETHERLANDS
AND DEVELOPMENT OF IMPORT
IMPORT AND SHARE IN IMPORT
4.000
3.000
1,5
2.000
2014
2015
IMPORT MILLION DOLLAR
1,6
1,5
1,5
1,4
1.000
0
1,5
1,4
2016
1,4
SHARE IN OUR IMPORT %
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 111
4
IMPORT
TABLE 59. SECTIONS IN THE IMPORT FROM THE NETHERLANDS
PRODUCT
CODE
2014 Million
Dollar
2015 Million
Dollar
2016 Million
Dollar
15/16
Change
Rate %
72
Iron and steel
688
449
665
48.1
39
Plastics and Plasticsware
521
453
416
-8.2
84
Boilers, machinery, mechanical equipment and tools, nuclear reactors, and
their components and parts
320
266
269
1.2
29
Organic chemical products
351
239
220
-7.8
87
Road motor vehicles, tractors, bicycles, motorcycles and other road vehicles,
and their components, parts, and accessories
239
317
191
-39.6
27
Mineral fuel, mineral oils, and their distillate products, bitumen materials,
ozocerites
143
53
156
192.4
21
Various renewed food preparations (coffee extracts, tea extracts, yeast,
sauces, diet foods, etc.)
107
103
101
-2.6
30
Pharmaceuticals
71
68
75
10.4
32
Extracts, tannin, dyes, pigments, varnishes, pastes, inks used in tanning and
dyeing
86
84
72
-14.7
24
Tobacco and tobacco substitutes
61
54
66
22.8
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
17. THE CZECH REPUBLIC
A High Increase in The Import from
the Czech Republic, One of The First
20 Countries Last Year
The Czech Republic joined among the first 20 importers in
2015 as the 20th country. Import from the Czech Republic
increased by 15.5 percent and reached USD 2.56 billion in
2016. Thus, Czech Republic moved up to rank 17th among
the first 20 importer countries of Turkey with its share of
1.3 percent in 2016. Import from the Czech Republic
considerably increased in many product groups. Import of
road motor vehicles, the most imported product, showed
an upward trend by 21.0 in 2016. Imports of machinery,
electrical machinery and equipment, precise measurement
tools and rubberware also increased.
FIGURE.47 IMPORT FROM CZECH REPUBLIC AND
DEVELOPMENT OF IMPORT
IMPORT AND SHARE IN IMPORT
1,3
2.600
2.500
1,4
1,1
1,2
1,0
1,0
2.400
0,8
2.300
0,6
2.200
0,4
2.100
2.000
2014
2015
IMPORT MILLION DOLLAR
0,2
0,0
2016
SHARE IN OUR IMPORT %
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
TABLE 60. SECTIONS IN THE IMPORT FROM CZECH REPUBLIC
CODE
PRODUCT
2015 Million
Dollar
2016 Million
Dollar
15/16 Change
Rate %
87
Road motor vehicles, tractors, bicycles, motorcycles and other road vehicles, and
their components, parts, and accessories
693
765
926
21.0
84
Boilers, machinery, mechanical equipment and tools, nuclear reactors, and their
components and parts
617
548
627
14.4
85
Electrical machinery and equipment, devices audio recording-transmitting, TV,
audio-video recorders-transmitters, and their components, parts, and accessories
309
280
336
19.8
90
Tools and equipment for optics, photography, movie, measurement, checking, tuning, medical and surgical purposes, and their components, parts, and accessories
74
71
89
26.0
40
Rubber and rubberware
56
58
74
26.6
39
Plastics and Plasticsware
92
86
70
-18.3
83
Various base metal goods (lock, safe, furniture fittings, etc.)
64
60
54
-10.3
1
Livestock
9
22
47
117.4
73
Ironware or steelware
31
28
43
51.8
72
Iron and steel
40
48
42
-12.0
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
112
2014 Million
Dollar
18. UKRAINE
Strong decrease in the import from
Ukraine continued in 2016
Turkey’s import from Ukraine dropped by 18.7 percent in
2015. Import decreased more rapidly and by 26.1 percent,
and amounted to USD 2.55 billion in 2016. While Ukraine
was our 12th largest importer in 2015, its share decreased
to 1.32 percent, and she ranked our 18th largest importer
in 2016. With 29.5 percent, maximum decrease was
observed in ironware and steelware, the most imported
product section. Import decreased by 26.3 percent in oil
seeds and fruits, by 7.5 percent in animal and vegetable
fats, by 15.3 percent in forestry products and by 47.7
percent in fertilizers. Imports of metal ore and inorganic
chemicals also decreased.
FIGURE.48 IMPORT FROM UKRAINE AND
DEVELOPMENT OF IMPORT
5.000
1,8
1,7
4.000
1,3
1,0
2.000
0,5
1.000
0
2,0
1,5
3.000
2014
2015
IMPORT MILLION DOLLAR
0,0
2016
SHARE IN OUR IMPORT %
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
TABLE 61. SECTIONS IN THE IMPORT FROM UKRAINE
PRODUCT
CODE
IMPORT AND SHARE IN IMPORT
2014 Million
Dollar
2015 Million
Dollar
2016 Million
Dollar
15/16 Change
Rate %
2,349
1,623
1,144
-29.5
72
Iron and steel
12
Oily seeds and fruits, various beans, seeds and fruits, plants used in industry and
medicine, hay and roughage
213
393
289
-26.3
44
Wood and woodenware, charcoal
204
261
221
-15.3
15
Solid and liquid animal and vegetable fats, cooking solid fat, animal, and candles
made of animal and vegetable fats
252
219
203
-7.5
23
Residuals and rubbish from good industry, roughage for animals
190
204
177
-13.1
31
Fertilizers
215
241
126
-47.7
26
Metal ores, slag and ash
155
119
87
-26.8
28
Inorganic chemicals, precious metal, radioactive element, organic-inorganic
compounds of metal and isotopes
92
75
53
-29.6
74
Copper and copperware
26
34
45
32.8
27
Mineral fuel, mineral oils, and their distillate products, bitumen materials, ozocerites
229
33
35
3.8
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
19. SWITZERLAND
A limited increase in import from
Switzerland
Import from Switzerland increased by 2.3 percent and
reached USD 2.50 billion in 2016. Switzerland’s share in
our total import increased to 1.3 percent.
Gold import became less determinative in import from
Switzerland in 2016. Gold import increased by 27.8 percent
and amounted to USD 932 million in 2016. However,
among other items, excluding gold, import decreased bu
19.6 percent in machinery, by 10.0 in pharmaceuticals
and by 6.5 percent in clocks. Decreases in these items
balanced the increase in gold import.
FIGURE.49 IMPORT FROM SWITZERLAND AND
DEVELOPMENT OF IMPORT
6.000
5.000
2,0
2,5
IMPORT AND SHARE IN IMPORT
2,0
4.000
1,2
3.000
1,3
1,0
2.000
0,5
1.000
0
1,5
2014
2015
IMPORT MILLION DOLLAR
2016
0,0
SHARE IN OUR IMPORT %
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 113
4
IMPORT
TABLE 62. SECTIONS IN THE IMPORT FROM SWITZERLAND
CODE
71
PRODUCT
Precious and semi-precious stones, precious metals, pearls, imitation jewelry,
coins
2014 Million
Dollar
2015 Million
Dollar
2016 Million
Dollar
15/16 Change
Rate %
2,784
730
932
27.8
30
Pharmaceuticals
410
403
363
-10.0
84
Boilers, machinery, mechanical equipment and tools, nuclear reactors, and their
components and parts
597
431
346
-19.6
90
Tools and equipment for optics, photography, movie, measurement, checking, tuning, medical and surgical purposes, and their components, parts, and accessories
134
125
126
0.8
91
Clocks and their components and parts
139
124
116
-6.5
85
Electrical machinery and equipment, devices audio recording-transmitting,
TV, audio-video recorders-transmitters, and their components, parts, and
accessories
108
83
101
21.7
29
Organic chemical products
103
90
92
2.6
33
Volatile oils and resinoids and perfumery, cosmetics and toiletry preparations
78
65
61
-5.7
39
Plastics and Plasticsware
50
48
59
23.6
32
Extracts, tannin, dyes, pigments, varnishes, pastes, inks used in tanning and dyeing
61
54
47
-11.8
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
20. ROMANIA
Import from Romania keeps
decreasing
Although import from Romania increased in the recent
years, it dropped in 2014 and 2015. Import continued to
recess in 2016 and decreased to USD 2.2 billion by with
15.5 percent decrease. Despite such decrease, product
range still continues in the import from Romania.
Increasing number of significant products are imported
from Romania. Among the important products, import of
motor road motor vehicles, iron and steel, mineral oils and
fuel and forestry products decreased in 2016. However,
imports of machinery, electrical machinery and equipment
as well as rubber and rubberware increased.
FIGURE.50 IMPORT FROM ROMANIA AND
DEVELOPMENT OF IMPORT
4.000
IMPORT AND SHARE IN IMPORT
1,4
1,3
3.000
1,0
2.000
0,5
1.000
0
2014
PRODUCT
0,0
2016
SHARE IN OUR IMPORT %
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
2014 Million
Dollar
2015 Million
Dollar
2016 Million
Dollar
15/16 Change
Rate %
87
Road motor vehicles, tractors, bicycles, motorcycles and other road vehicles, and
their components, parts, and accessories
470
508
425
-16.3
72
Iron and steel
764
456
372
-18.2
84
Boilers, machinery, mechanical equipment and tools, nuclear reactors, and their
components and parts
237
241
276
14.8
85
Electrical machinery and equipment, devices audio recording-transmitting, TV,
audio-video recorders-transmitters, and their components, parts, and accessories
164
158
170
7.5
40
Rubber and rubberware
147
128
148
16.2
27
Mineral fuel, mineral oils, and their distillate products, bitumen materials,
ozocerites
526
231
98
-57.6
12
Oily seeds and fruits, various beans, seeds and fruits, plants used in industry
and medicine, hay and roughage
173
94
97
3.8
44
Wood and woodenware, charcoal
175
142
96
-32.2
71
Precious and semi-precious stones, precious metals, pearls, imitation jewelry, coins
71
86
70
-19.5
33
Volatile oils and resinoids and perfumery, cosmetics and toiletry preparations
73
66
68
3.5
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
114
2015
IMPORT MILLION DOLLAR
TABLE 63. SECTIONS IN THE IMPORT FROM ROMANIA
CODE
1,5
1,1
5
NET EXPORT
5
NET EXPORT
SECTION V NET EXPORT
After export and import realizations are reviewed separately
and in detail, net export is evaluated on the basis of both
countries and sectors.
Net export is calculated basing on the difference between
total import for countries and sections and the total export
values.Evaluation of net export in respect to countries and
sections makes foreign trade analysis deeper and constitutes a set of information especially for prospective improvement decisions.
In 2016, Turkey had a foreign trade deficit of USD 56.0 billion in total and qualified as a net importer. In 2015, the foreign trade deficit was USD 63.3 billion, and Turkey became a
net importer. Thus, foreign trade deficit or net export deficit
dropped by 11.5 percent in 2016.
Turkey holds an important position in world commodity trade as a major net importer. Net export analysis and evaluations will contribute to transforming Turkey into a country
that has a net export surplus.
V.1 NET EXPORT BY COUNTRIES
Net export by countries section covers the countries
which she has the maximum net export surplus and
the countries which she has the maximum net export
surplus, taking Turkey’s all foreign trade partners into
consideration. In this respect, 26 countries were specified by adding other important trade partners to the
first 20 countries which Turkey conducts most of its
export and import activities. In this section, Turkey’s
net export in 2016 is evaluated basing on 26 leading
countries.
Out of 26 Selected Countries, Turkey
Was Qualified As Net Exporter of
Twelve Countries
Turkey became the net exporter of twelve of 26 countries selected in 2016. This number was 7 and ten
countries in 2014 and 2015 respectively. The number
of countries to which Turkey serves as a net exporter
has been increasing for the last three years. Nine countries Turkey had a net export surplus in 2015 also
remained unchanged in 2016. One country was not
included in the category. Iran, Algeria, and Bulgaria were qualified as countries that Turkey has a net
export surplus in 2016. In this respect, the results of
three years indicate that Iraq, UAE, Israel, S. Arabia,
Egypt, and Algeria are important and permanent countries in Turkey’s net export activities. Turkey achieved an advantageous position in respect of foreign
trade with these countries.
Our net export to 12 countries to which we served as
a net exporter decreased to USD 22.1 in 2016. Total net export to 10 countries amounted to USD 25.6
billion in 2015. Net export dropped by 13.7 percent.
Out of 9 countries, Turkey had a surplus in 2015, net
export to 4 countries increased in 2016. These countries include England, Israel, the Netherlands, and
Romania. However, surplus to such countries as Iraq,
Switzerland, Egypt and S. Arabia that Turkey has net
export surplus decreased in 2016 when compared
with the previous year.
Net Import Decreased By 10.8 Percent
Turkey served as a net importer to 14 countries out of
the 26 selected countries in 2016. This number was
16 in 2015. In 2016, Turkey had a surplus to Iran and
Bulgaria, two of the 16 countries Turkey had a deficit in the previous year. Out of 16 countries for which
Turkey had a deficit in the previous year, 14 countries
did not change, and Turkey had a deficit for these countries in 2016.
Total net import to 14 countries Turkey served as net
importer decreased to USD 71.78 billion in 2016. Total net import to 16 countries Turkey served as net
importer was USD 80.52 billion in 2015. Thus, total
net import to 14 countries dropped by 10.8 percent
in 2016.
Out of 14 countries that Turkey served as a net importer, deficit to 5 countries increased in 2016, when
compared with 2015. Deficit to 9 countries, on the other hand, decreased.
Among the countries Turkey served as net imported,
Russia was the country to which deficit decreased rapidly in 2016. While net deficit to Iran was high, Turkey had a surplus to Iran in 2016. Decreases in petroleum and natural gas prices had an impact on this
development. Volumes of net import to EU countries
were below the last year’s level. Net import from India
and China increased by 2.9 percent.
V.2 NET EXPORT BY SECTIONS
Net export by sections states the sectors where Turkey serves as net exporter or importer, and evaluations are carried
out in this framework.
In this respect, not only countries are evaluated, but also the
first 20 sections in the export and import lists of Turkey are
116
taken as a basis. By merging these two sets, 29 sections
with the highest export and import levels are specified.
Thus, Turkey’s net export in 2016 is reviewed and evaluated
in detail within the framework of 29 leading foreign trade
sections.
TABLE.2 EXPORT AND IMPORT CONTRIBUTION
TO NET EXPORT IN COUNTRIES 2016
TABLE.1 COUNTRIES AND NET EXPORT 2016
Countries
Net Export
Value Million
Dollar
Rank in
Export
Export
Value Million
Dollar
Rank in
Import
Import
Value Million
Dollar
% Change Rate of
Net Export
Countries
Net Export Value
Million Dollar
Net Export
Change Million
Dollar
Our Export's
Contribution Million
Dollar
Our Import's
Contribution Million
Dollar
Iraq
6.802
3
7.639
45
836
-17,6
Iraq
6,802
-1,451
-911
-540
England
6.367
2
11.687
11
5.321
27,0
England
6,367
1,352
1,131
221
UAE
1.706
7
5.408
14
3.701
-36,2
UAE
1,706
-966
726
-1,692
Israel
1.570
12
2.956
33
1.386
53,1
Israel
1,570
545
258
287
S. Arabia
1.339
11
3.174
24
1.835
-1,2
S. Arabia
1,339
-16
-298
282
Egypt
1.290
13
2.734
31
1.443
-32,4
Egypt
1,290
-619
-391
-228
Algeria
1.273
20
1.736
52
464
17,3
Algeria
1,273
187
-89
277
The Netherlands
590
10
3.590
17
3.000
145,1
The Netherlands
590
349
435
-86
Romania
476
15
2.671
21
2.196
119,7
Romania
476
259
-144
403
Iran
268
9
4.967
12
4.700
-111,0
Iran
268
2,700
1,304
1,396
Bulgaria
244
18
2.384
22
2.140
-142,2
Bulgaria
244
822
708
114
Switzerland
173
14
2.676
20
2.503
-94,6
Switzerland
173
-3,056
-2,999
-57
Poland
-593
16
2.651
15
3.244
-8,6
Poland
-593
56
322
-267
Belgium
-652
17
2.548
16
3.201
10,7
Belgium
-652
-63
-9
-54
Spain
-688
8
4.991
10
5.679
-18,7
Spain
-688
159
249
-90
Ukraine
-1.294
26
1.254
19
2.548
-44,4
Ukraine
-1,294
1,033
132
901
France
-1.341
6
6.024
6
7.365
-23,5
France
-1,341
412
178
233
Czech Republic
-1.757
37
804
18
2.562
21,2
Czech Republic
-1,757
-308
36
-343
Italy
-2.637
4
7.582
5
10.219
-29,7
Italy
-2,637
1,114
694
420
Japan
-3.589
63
354
13
3.944
27,9
Japan
-3,589
-784
20
-804
USA
-4.244
5
6.624
4
10.868
-10,6
USA
-4,244
502
228
274
India
-5.105
41
652
9
5.757
2,9
India
-5,105
-142
1
-144
South Korea
-5.865
49
519
8
6.384
-9,6
South Korea
-5,865
624
-50
673
GERMANY
-7.473
1
14.001
2
21.474
-5,8
GERMANY
-7,473
462
584
-122
Russia
-13.428
21
1.733
3
15.161
-20,1
Russia
-13,428
3,386
-1,855
5,241
China
-23.112
19
2.329
1
25.440
2,9
China
-23,112
-653
-86
-567
SOURCE: CALCULATED BASING ON THE DATA OF TURKISH STATISTICAL
INSTITUTION
The Number of Sections Turkey Serves
As Net Exporter Increased To 12
Out of 29 foreign trade sections specified as of
2016, Turkey is the net exporter of 12 sections.
Among 28 foreign trade section groups created in
2015, Turkey became a net exporter of 10 sections.
12 sections which Turkey was qualified as a
net exporter in 2016 consisted of 10 sections in
which Turkey served as a net exporter in 2015.
Grains, flour and pastry products and road motor
vehicles were included in these sections in 2016.
The highest net export in 2016 was again knitted
apparel section with USD 8.06 billion. Precious
stones ranked the second. Woven apparel ranked
SOURCE: CALCULATED BASING ON THE DATA OF TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
*Import increase is stated as (-) and import decrease is stated as (+).
the third, fruits and nuts ranked the fourth and
ironware and steelware ranked the fifth. While road
motor vehicles had deficit last year, it became the
6th section to have a surplus in 2016.
Among the sections qualified as a net exporter, net
export increased in 5 sections and decreased in 7
sections in 2016 compared with 2015.
Compared with 2015, Total net exports of the
sections Turkey was qualified as net exporter
dropped by 0.4 percent and decreased to USD
34.65 billion in 2016. The increase in net export
mainly caused by too much decrease in import and
by the contribution of road motor vehicles export.
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 117
5
NET EXPORT
Deficit in 17 Sections Decreased By
7.9 Percent
17 sections, for which Turkey was qualified as net importer in 2016, were specified. Only 1 section is less than the
sections in 2015. Compared with 2015, total net import or
deficit of these sections dropped by 7.9 percent and decreased to 93.6 percent to USD 86.2 billion. Recession in net
import mainly caused by decreases in import. 17 sections
for which Turkey was qualified as net importer in 2015 remained unchanged in 2016. Only road motor vehicles section that Turkey had a deficit in 2015 was improved to rank
in the surplus group in 2016. Out of 17 sections Turkey was
qualified as a net importer or had a deficit in 2016, the deficit increased in 7 sections and decreased in 10 sections.
Among the sections for which Turkey became a net importer, the section in which deficit decreased most in 2016 was
mineral fuel and oils section that covers petroleum and natural gas, with 28.0 percent or USD 9.37 billion. Net deficit
of machinery section increased by 13.2 percent and USD
1.75 billion. The net deficit of electrical machinery moved
up to 24.0 percent and USD 2.95 billion. The first sections,
which Turkey served as a net importer or had a net deficit,
TABLE.3 SECTIONS AND NET EXPORT 2016
CODES
SECTIONS
Net Export Value
Million Dollar
Rank in Export
Export Value Million
Dollar
Rank in
Import
Import Value
Million Dollar
61
Knitted apparel and accessories
8.062
4
8.852
34
790
-0,1
71
Precious or semiprecious stones
4.972
3
12.177
7
7.204
-29,8
62
Non-knitted apparel and accessories
4.233
7
5.927
24
1.694
2,6
8
Fruits and edible nuts
3.332
10
3.873
47
541
-14,3
73
Ironware or steelware
1.984
9
4.966
12
2.982
-27,1
87
Road motor vehicles
1.963
1
19.804
4
17.841
2525,3
57
Carpets
1.848
17
1.913
81
65
-3,0
25
Mineral products
1.797
15
2.175
53
379
-3,4
20
Vegetables and fruits
1.770
18
1.849
80
79
-14,6
63
Woven garment
1.747
16
1.954
68
207
2,6
94
Furniture
1.652
12
2.659
31
1.007
20,0
19
Grains, flour, pastry products
1.294
19
1.501
69
207
0,1
40
Rubber and rubberware
-358
14
2.203
16
2.561
0,5
52
Cotton, cotton yarn and cotton fabric
-577
19
1.720
17
2.297
-2,8
76
Aluminium and aluminiumware
-628
13
2.238
13
2.866
34,8
55
Synthetic and artificial discontinuous fibers
-637
24
1.317
20
1.954
-3,0
54
Synthetic and artificial filaments
-646
22
1.487
18
2.133
-21,4
48
Paper and cardboard and related goods
-1.331
23
1.354
15
2.685
11,2
38
Various chemical materials
-1.461
50
563
19
2.024
2,8
74
Copper and copperware
-1.609
27
1.115
14
2.724
11,4
30
Pharmaceuticals
-3.390
37
827
11
4.217
0,8
88
Components and parts of air and space crafts
-3.593
41
718
10
4.310
-14,4
29
Organic chemical products
-3.887
54
473
9
4.359
8,4
90
Tools and equipment for optics, photography, movie,
measurement
-3.923
42
709
8
4.632
-0,7
72
Iron and steel
-6.394
6
6.182
5
12.575
22,2
39
Plastics and Plasticsware
-6.601
8
5.027
6
11.628
4,5
85
Electrical machinery and equipment
-12.303
5
7.832
3
20.135
-31,5
84
Machinery
-14.955
2
12.341
1
27.296
-12,8
27
Mineral fuels and mineral oils
-23.951
11
3.212
2
27.163
28,1
SOURCE: CALCULATED BASING ON THE DATA OF TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
118
% Change Rate
of Net Export
did not change in 2016. The products with the highest deficit are mineral fuel and oils, machinery, electrical machinery
and equipment, iron and steel, and plastics and plasticware
respectively.
TABLE.4 EXPORT AND IMPORT CONTRIBUTION
TO NET EXPORT IN SECTIONS 2016
CODES
SECTIONS
Net Export
Value Million
Dollar
Net Export
Change Million Dollar
Export Contribution Million
Dollar
Import
Contribution
Million
Dollar
TABLE.5 THE NUMBER OF COUNTRIES TURKEY HAD NET
SURPLUS AND DEFICIT BY SELECTED SECTIONS 2016
CODES
SECTIONS
Net Export
Value
Number of Countries
Turkey Had Surplus
Number of
Countries
Turkey Had
Deficit
61
Knitted apparel and accessories
8.062
-5
-75
70
61
Knitted apparel and accessories
8.062
24
2
71
Precious or semiprecious stones
4.972
-2.108
913
-3.021
71
Precious or semiprecious stones
4.972
15
11
62
Non-knitted apparel and accessories
4.233
107
10
97
62
Non-knitted apparel and accessories
4.233
23
3
8
Fruits and edible nuts
3.332
-558
-482
-76
8
Fruits and edible nuts
3.332
23
3
73
Ironware or steelware
1.984
-739
-499
-240
73
Ironware or steelware
1.984
19
7
87
Road motor vehicles
1.963
2.044
2.341
-297
87
Road motor vehicles
1.963
17
9
57
Carpets
1.848
-58
-96
38
57
Carpets
1.848
25
1
25
Mineral products
1.797
-64
-77
13
25
Mineral products
1.797
22
4
20
Vegetables and fruits
1.770
-303
-339
35
20
Vegetables and fruits
1.770
26
0
63
Woven garment
1.747
44
55
-11
63
Woven garment
1.747
23
3
94
Furniture
1.652
275
-95
369
94
Furniture
1.652
19
7
19
Grains, flour, pastry products
1.294
1
-5
6
19
Grains, flour, pastry products
1.294
21
5
40
Rubber and rubberware
-358
2
38
-36
40
Rubber and rubberware
-358
15
11
52
Cotton, cotton yarn and cotton fabric
-577
-16
17
-33
52
Cotton, cotton yarn, and cotton fabric
-577
22
4
76
Aluminium and aluminiumware
-628
336
-132
468
76
Aluminium and aluminiumware
-628
17
9
55
Synthetic and artificial discontinuous fibers
-637
-19
-31
12
55
Synthetic and artificial discontinuous fibers
-637
19
7
54
Synthetic and artificial filaments
-646
-114
-77
-37
54
Synthetic and artificial filaments
-646
20
6
48
Paper and cardboard and related
goods
-1.331
167
168
-1
48
Paper and cardboard and related goods
-1.331
11
15
38
Various chemical materials
-1.461
9
17
74
Copper and copperware
-1.609
16
10
30
Pharmaceuticals
-3.390
12
14
88
Components and parts of air and space crafts
-3.593
18
8
29
Organic chemical products
-3.887
4
22
90
Tools and equipment for optics, photography,
movie, measurement
-3.923
8
18
72
Iron and steel
-6.394
10
16
39
Plastics and Plasticsware
-6.601
9
17
85
Electrical machinery and equipment
-12.303
13
13
84
Machinery
-14.955
11
15
27
Mineral fuels and mineral oils
-23.951
7
19
38
Various chemical materials
-1.461
42
16
25
74
Copper and copperware
-1.609
207
-54
261
30
Pharmaceuticals
-3.390
28
-51
79
88
Components and parts of air and
space crafts
-3.593
-452
29
-480
29
Organic chemical products
-3.887
355
-1
356
90
Tools and equipment for optics,
photography, movie, measurement
-3.923
-27
-15
-11
72
Iron and steel
-6.394
1.825
-375
2.200
39
Plastics and Plasticsware
-6.601
309
-331
640
85
Electrical machinery and equipment
-12.303
-2.944
-447
-2.497
84
Machinery
-14.955
-1.701
8
-1.710
27
Mineral fuels and mineral oils
-23.951
9.374
-1.307
10.681
SOURCE: CALCULATED BASING ON THE DATA OF TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
*Import increase is stated as (-) and import decrease is stated as (+).
SOURCE: CALCULATED BASING ON THE DATA OF TURKISH STATISTICAL
INSTITUTION
V.3 NET EXPORT ANALYSIS IN THE CONTEXT OF COMPANIES AND SECTIONS
Through a net export analysis based on countries and sections, the countries Turkey serves as net exporter or importer
are specified based on sections and the sections for which
Turkey is qualified as net exporter or importer are specified
on the basis of countries. In this respect, a net export matrix
which includes 26 countries and 29 sections was drawn up
.
V.3.1 EVALUATION OF COUNTRIES ON THE BASIS OF SECTIONS
Five important results were obtained from the evaluation of
countries on the basis of sections.
1. Turkey’s surplus and deficit to the countries on the
basis of sections in 2016 were similar to those in 2015.
It indicates that product-market diversification of foreign
trade is still stable.
2. The major factor that affected surplus and deficit to
countries on the basis of sections in 2016 includes the
fluctuations in energy, metal and commodity prices and
the problems experienced with important markets.
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 119
5
NET EXPORT
3. In 2016, Turkey continued to have a surplus to many
countries in sections for which she was qualified as a
net exporter. It shows that market diversification and
competitive capacity of the sections Turkey served as a
net exporter are still sustained.
4. In 6 sections for which Turkey was qualified as a net
exporter, the number of countries to which Turkey is a net
exporter is higher than the number of countries for which
Turkey was qualified as a net importer. These numbers are
equal in 1 section. Turkey also proved to be a significant
manufacturer and exporter in these sections.
5. In 10 other sections for which Turkey was qualified as
a net importer, the number of countries for which Turkey
was qualified as a net importer is higher. Among these
sections, the highest import level of Turkey corresponds
to the technological and other products for which she is
foreign-dependent. These sections include mineral fuel
and oils, machinery, electrical machinery and equipment,
iron and steel, plastics and plasticware, organic
chemical products, precise-optical-measurement and
medical equipment, parts and components of air crafts,
pharmaceuticals, various chemical materials, copper and
copperware and products made of paper and cardboard.
V.3.2 EVALUATION OF SECTIONS
ON THE BASIS OF COUNTRIES
Six important results were obtained from the evaluation of
sections on the basis of countries.
1. The number of sections for which Turkey was qualified as
a net exporter is quite high in 12 countries. In this respect,
in order for Turkey to be a net exporter to countries, she still
needs to be a net exporter in a great part of the products.
Turkey is qualified as a net exporter to countries on the basis of not only a few sections but also product diversity.
2. Turkey serves as a net exporter of 22 sections to England
and 21 sections to the Netherlands. The success achieved
in England and the Netherlands markets sets an example
for the European Union countries.
3. Turkey is the net importer of 14 countries. In 7 out of
these 14 countries, the number of sections Turkey has a
surplus is higher than the sections she has a deficit. For
instance, Turkey has a surplus in 15 sections exported to
the USA. In other seven countries, the number of sections
Turkey has a deficit is higher.
4. Russia and Ukraine are two countries for which Turkey
is a net importer. However, the number of sections Turkey
had surplus are the highest in these two countries with 24
and 22 respectively. Despite natural gas and commodity
import, Turkey tries to achieve a trade balance by serving
as a net exporter in many sections.
5. Although Turkey is a net importer for Germany, France,
Belgium, Poland, the number of sections for which she serves as a net exporter is higher. The number of sections for
which Turkey serves as a net exporter in such countries as
Spain, Italy and Czech Republic, where product pattern is
120
more similar, gradually draws on the number of sections for
which Turkey is a net importer. It is a success that the number of sections that have a surplus to the USA is higher.
6. The number of sections for which Turkey is a net exporter
to China, South Korea, India and partly Japan, for which
Turkey is a high-level net importer, remains limited. Potential of export to these countries is far below the potential. Turkey became a high-level net importer at almost all sectors.
For a more balanced trade with these four countries, Turkey
needs to be a net exporter of more sections.
TABLE.6 THE NUMBER OF SECTIONS TURKEY
HAD NET SURPLUS AND DEFICIT ON THE BASIS
OF COUNTRIES 2016
Number of
Sections
Turkey Had
Surplus
Number of
Sections
Turkey Had
Deficit
Countries
Net Export Value
Million Dollar
Iraq
6.802
28
1
England
6.367
22
7
UAE
1.706
26
3
Israel
1.570
23
6
S. Arabia
1.339
26
3
Egypt
1.290
21
8
Algeria
1.273
28
1
The Netherlands
590
21
8
Romania
476
21
8
Iran
268
21
8
Bulgaria
244
23
6
Switzerland
173
18
11
Poland
-593
18
11
Belgium
-652
17
12
Spain
-688
14
15
Ukraine
-1.294
24
5
France
-1.341
16
13
Czech Republic
-1.757
14
15
Italy
-2.637
13
16
Japan
-3.589
10
19
USA
-4.244
15
14
India
-5.105
5
24
South Korea
-5.865
9
20
GERMANY
-7.473
15
14
Russia
-13.428
22
7
China
-23.112
6
23
SOURCE: CALCULATED BASING ON THE DATA OF TURKISH STATISTICAL
INSTITUTION
TABLE.7 NET EXPORT MATRIX OF COUNTRY-SECTION 2015 MILLION DOLLAR
CODE
SECTIONS
IRAQ
ENG
UAE
ISR
S.AR
EGY
CZE
NET
ROM
IRA
BUL
SWI
POL
61
Knitted apparel and accessories
306
1.315
70
87
138
41
71
383
48
193
134
60
311
71
Precious or semiprecious stones
-172
3.101
-182
70
8
-83
16
8
-35
1.704
-14
979
28
62
Non-knitted apparel and accessories
197
598
63
178
129
-62
108
264
19
146
84
19
207
8
Fruits and edible nuts
299
185
41
15
112
28
15
124
59
-16
23
86
126
73
Ironware or steelware
369
350
47
77
106
104
173
67
179
110
52
1
27
87
Road motor vehicles
68
1.059
75
427
135
141
113
474
-128
162
156
116
-321
57
Carpets
113
77
76
38
322
40
27
9
26
50
13
3
30
25
Mineral products
22
-7
10
53
12
8
7
19
11
-2
-2
2
8
20
Vegetables and fruits
154
88
12
12
30
10
4
127
21
3
19
23
18
63
Woven garment
56
85
14
35
38
8
22
121
20
23
29
32
31
94
Furniture
451
72
84
57
182
15
56
47
40
47
3
10
-42
19
Grains, flour, pastry products
366
18
21
37
78
6
16
0
15
13
3
-1
-46
40
Rubber and rubberware
22
37
17
17
28
40
22
27
-91
39
64
11
-6
52
Cotton, cotton yarn and cotton fab.
0
29
0
2
4
-49
8
17
47
28
62
6
73
76
Aluminium and aluminiumware
103
103
-130
46
-36
46
33
34
9
-31
39
57
81
55
Synthetic and artificial discontinuous fibers
5
50
0
3
13
-39
7
13
36
154
97
0
29
54
Synthetic and artificial filaments
13
79
3
-2
12
-27
11
93
54
61
89
-8
43
48
Paper and cardboard and related goods
105
100
13
56
17
76
10
-30
24
81
31
-7
-70
38
Various chemical materials
36
-82
7
-1
22
-16
4
-33
9
25
2
-38
-3
74
Copper and copperware
5
55
5
26
10
4
7
6
45
-192
-148
5
2
30
Pharmaceuticals
49
-294
10
-24
10
2
12
-72
8
26
3
-303
5
88
Components and parts of air and
space crafts
1
16
3
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
29
Organic chemical products
2
-182
3
-76
-351
-23
4
-207
-4
-61
6
-91
-20
90
Tools and equipment for optics,
photography, movie, measurement
15
-136
10
-53
18
8
7
-37
-14
18
-2
-119
-69
72
Iron and steel
271
-644
449
388
96
445
69
-497
-175
-32
30
-17
7
39
Plastics and Plasticsware
387
30
-121
80
-1.161
-186
115
-310
130
-224
111
-50
30
85
Electrical machinery and equipment
314
718
196
105
397
76
148
83
-52
167
-115
-57
-297
84
Machinery
269
-714
124
93
205
186
342
-92
162
438
89
-322
-638
27
Mineral fuels and mineral oils
12
132
299
-586
128
484
-407
4
-74
-3.567
-624
69
-30
Other Sections
2.964
124
488
410
637
5
251
-60
88
903
12
-294
-107
Total
6.802
6.367
1.706
1.570
1.339
1.290
1.273
590
476
268
244
173
-593
SOURCE: CALCULATED BASING ON THE DATA OF TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 121
5
NET EXPORT
TABLE.7 NET EXPORT MATRIX OF COUNTRY-SECTION 2016 MILLION DOLLAR
122
CODE
SECTIONS
BEL
SPA
UKR
FRA
CZE
ITA
JAP
USA
IND
SKO
GER
RUS
CHINA
Other
Net
Export
Deficit
61
Knitted apparel and accessories
206
746
185
441
43
285
12
142
-23
4
1.881
44
-175
1.113
8.062
71
Precious or semiprecious stones
-115
14
9
5
26
-157
4
106
-22
-1
-128
0
-82
-116
4.972
62
Non-knitted apparel and accessories
66
882
111
243
50
95
9
138
-45
9
783
57
-492
378
4.233
8
Fruits and edible nuts
36
39
97
239
14
560
19
-56
-6
2
412
341
13
526
3.332
73
Ironware or steelware
44
-22
19
8
-15
-183
-98
133
-52
-125
31
43
-661
1.200
1.984
87
Road motor vehicles
692
-698
81
1.172
-768
1.571
-540
411
-546
-706
-2.605
166
-609
1.865
1.963
57
Carpets
23
11
11
18
6
21
6
326
-3
1
112
4
13
476
1.848
25
Mineral products
14
50
-2
3
0
78
4
112
75
9
19
33
810
452
1.797
20
Vegetables and fruits
62
38
10
77
11
58
19
121
2
9
478
9
26
330
1.770
63
Woven garment
19
43
12
139
11
90
2
238
-11
-1
442
5
-89
332
1.747
94
Furniture
31
17
10
95
-12
-58
-4
80
-6
-56
101
17
-312
726
1.652
19
Grains, flour, pastry products
3
-11
0
-5
0
-12
46
20
1
5
6
1
13
698
1.294
40
Rubber and rubberware
17
8
11
-21
-41
-12
-116
-2
-49
-155
169
-34
-114
-250
-358
52
Cotton, cotton yarn and cotton fabric
10
61
30
37
10
162
3
-489
-89
4
110
11
-74
-590
-577
76
Aluminium and aluminiumware
6
60
7
64
29
28
-5
-15
-112
-23
174
-612
-142
-440
-628
55
Synthetic and artificial discontinuous fibers
3
57
10
14
-5
78
-35
47
-216
-26
-156
6
-255
-527
-637
54
Synthetic and artificial filaments
128
23
15
8
4
6
-7
59
-341
-170
16
9
-625
-192
-646
48
Paper and cardboard and related goods
-8
-68
6
-38
-8
-129
-8
-144
-8
-29
-348
-150
-342
-466
-1.331
38
Various chemical materials
-104
-76
11
-217
-2
-171
-30
-161
-29
-16
-428
2
-116
-56
-1.461
74
Copper and copperware
-10
-109
-43
-10
13
140
-5
22
2
-5
19
-498
-22
-933
-1.609
30
Pharmaceuticals
-150
-127
6
-347
0
-269
-23
-558
-53
-46
-799
8
-46
-419
-3.390
88
Components and parts of air and
space crafts
-5
-13
0
-1.121
-1
-68
-1
-1.963
3
9
-469
0
0
8
-3.593
29
Organic chemical products
-163
-235
-1
-145
-4
-45
-41
-174
-254
-308
-331
-135
-728
-323
-3.887
90
Tools and equipment for optics,
photography, movie, measurement
-10
-76
3
-200
-84
-229
-244
-669
-37
-221
-777
3
-552
-475
-3.923
72
Iron and steel
-638
-145
-1.114
-456
-31
-135
-203
164
-86
-864
-434
-2.219
-843
219
-6.394
39
Plastics and Plasticsware
-549
-303
62
-399
-26
-453
-127
-287
-209
-1.072
-1.015
25
-805
-275
-6.601
85
Electrical machinery and equipment
37
-300
27
60
-287
-402
-472
-441
-158
-1.015
-1.101
78
-8.561
-1.452
-12.303
84
Machinery
-128
-57
86
-613
-545
-2.648
-1.649
-683
-333
-831
-2.351
147
-5.593
102
-14.955
27
Mineral fuels and mineral oils
-60
-228
-16
-39
-1
-387
-1
-451
-1.956
-4
-17
-8.433
-26
-8.173
-23.951
Other Sections
-109
-268
-937
-352
-145
-452
-107
-270
-542
-241
-1.268
-2.356
-2.722
-112
-4.461
Total
-652
-688
-1.294
-1.341
-1.757
-2.637
-3.589
-4.244
-5.105
-5.865
-7.473
-13.428
-23.112
-6.372
-56.053
CODE
SECTIONS
SPA
CZE
FRA
UKR
IRA
JAP
ITA
USA
IND
SKO
GER
RUS
CHINA
Other
TOTAL
61
Knitted apparel and accessories
730
24
460
165
71
12
280
146
-32
4
1.876
76
-205
1.090
8.075
71
Precious or semiprecious stones
-47
12
4
13
890
5
-163
104
111
-1
-139
-7
-114
305
7.080
62
Non-knitted apparel and accessories
837
51
252
105
36
7
91
115
-59
5
782
81
-507
364
4.130
8
Fruits and edible nuts
38
15
321
82
17
21
643
-22
-4
2
448
599
30
508
3.893
73
Ironware or steelware
-2
-3
53
12
89
-75
-173
187
-39
-129
114
85
-768
1.684
2.729
20
Vegetables and fruits
29
12
88
11
8
23
71
117
1
9
668
19
15
373
2.073
57
Carpets
9
9
16
9
9
12
22
271
-16
0
115
23
6
505
1.906
25
Mineral products
36
0
0
-11
-5
6
65
74
78
9
12
51
813
580
1.862
63
Woven garment
38
12
146
12
17
2
74
216
-9
-1
465
24
-81
336
1.704
94
Furniture
1
-10
90
7
46
-5
-67
68
-10
-25
73
40
-668
770
1.379
87
Road motor vehicles
-693
-633
747
42
87
-456
634
402
-494
-648
-3.694
209
-654
2.146
-79
40
Rubber and rubberware
26
-24
-29
7
32
-124
-4
5
-47
-162
178
-32
-128
-242
-359
54
Synthetic and artificial filaments
15
4
6
31
57
-7
3
73
-352
-162
18
85
-523
-221
-532
52
Cotton, cotton yarn and cotton fabric
60
12
41
42
22
3
162
-499
-55
6
112
32
-105
-550
-561
55
Synthetic and artificial discontinuous fibers
55
-1
14
12
114
-29
68
57
-227
-23
-136
89
-185
-593
-618
76
Aluminium and aluminiumware
69
24
77
3
4
-9
47
-14
-135
-17
154
-844
-155
-346
-962
48
Paper and cardboard and related goods
-66
-8
-48
3
65
-5
-152
-237
-3
-50
-380
-130
-269
-467
-1.498
38
Various chemical materials
-68
-2
-231
6
22
-34
-166
-161
-30
-16
-439
10
-136
-79
-1.503
74
Copper and copperware
-219
14
-28
-32
-176
-6
134
29
7
-5
16
-155
-30
-1.226
-1.817
88
Components and parts of air and
space crafts
-132
0
-1.071
0
0
-1
-17
-1.418
2
12
-481
-1
0
-63
-3.141
30
Pharmaceuticals
-140
-1
-374
5
25
-26
-274
-556
-35
6
-746
26
-42
-496
-3.418
90
Tools and equipment for optics,
photography, movie, measurement
-57
-66
-208
-1
19
-226
-255
-701
-43
-358
-768
8
-549
-411
-3.896
29
Organic chemical products
-254
-4
-175
-1
-80
-43
11
-331
-279
-359
-369
-162
-735
-353
-4.241
39
Plastics and Plasticsware
-340
-45
-383
58
-278
-108
-471
-347
-212
-1.156
-1.059
71
-865
-117
-6.897
72
Iron and steel
-237
-41
-496
-1.604
33
-195
-249
-133
-125
-886
-516
-2.712
-1.314
488
-8.212
85
Electrical machinery and equipment
-216
-222
73
29
155
-270
-321
-426
-165
-1.484
-744
107
-6.924
-820
-9.349
84
Machinery
-90
-441
-625
54
411
-1.196
-2.300
-544
-343
-723
-2.456
293
-5.102
158
-13.206
27
Mineral fuels and mineral oils
18
0
-45
-9
-4.898
-1
-950
-641
-1.783
3
19
-12.875
-25
-11.878
-33.323
Other Sections
-242
-137
-413
-1.375
777
-82
-492
-562
-663
-340
-1.051
-1.816
-3.228
192
-4.488
TOTAL
-842
-1.449
-1.735
-2.326
-2.431
-2.805
-3.749
-4.729
-4.963
-6.489
-7.926
-16.807
-22.450
-8.362
-63.268
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 123
6
TURKEY’S
FOREIGN
TRADE
POLICY
6
TURKEY’S FOREIGN TRADE POLICY
VI.1 GENERAL REVIEW
Priority goals of Turkey’s foreign trade are as follows recently: increasing volume of foreign trade with third countries and establishing a balanced trade relationship. Increasing export share in peripheral and neighboring markets,
penetrating new markets, raising average export unit
prices by exporting products with higher added value.
Taking protective measures for replacing import through
domestic production and preventing unfair competition in
import.
Turkey’s foreign trade regime is implemented in harmo-
nization with European Union’s foreign trade regime due
to the Customs Union executed with the European Union. The obligation to be in harmonization with European
Union’s foreign trade regime imposes restrictions on the
foreign trade policy of Turkey.
There is a close relationship between Turkey’s foreign
policy and foreign trade policy. Turkey aimed to improve
mutual relationships in its region. However, recent geopolitical developments in the region began preventing the
trade between Turkey and neighboring countries.
VI.2 EU AND CUSTOMS UNION, AND FOREIGN TRADE
Customs Union’s Effect of Expanding
Mutual Trade With the European Union
Still Prevails
The Customs Union between the European Union and Turkey substantially shapes foreign trade of Turkey.
First and direct effect of Customs Union is revealed in mutual trade with the European Union.
Within the scope of this direct effect, Customs Union still
expands mutual trade between Turkey and the European
Union. Hence, not only trade increases but also Turkey’s
share of export to and import from EU in its total export and
import moves up.
In this respect, three significant factors are effective. The
first factor is that the European Union started to overcome
the economic difficulties experienced after the global crisis
in 2008, achieved an economic growth and re-increased
the import from non-EU countries. The second factor is the
problems and recession in a trade with peripheral and neighboring countries. The third factor is that trade capacities
of such energy-dependent countries as especially Russia
and Gulf Countries where Turkey engaged in large trade activities shrank along with the decreases in petroleum prices.
Thus, the share of foreign trade volume with the European Union in Turkey’s foreign trade volume has been reincreasing since 2013. Turkey’s trade with EU covered a
36.9 percent share in its total trade in 2012. In the last four
years, this rate gradually increased and reached 42.8 percent in 2016.
TABLE.1 FOREIGN TRADE WITH EUROPEAN UNION
TURKEY IMPORT
BILLION DOLLAR
IMPORT
FROM EU
BILLION DOLLAR
SHARE OF IMPORT
FROM EU %
TURKEY FOREIGN
TRADE BILLION
DOLLAR
56,5
117,77
52,78
44,8
191,25
94,31
49,3
48,15
56,3
139,58
59,45
42,6
225,11
107,6
47,8
107,27
60,75
56,6
170,06
68,47
40,3
277,33
129,22
46,6
2008
132,03
63,72
48,3
201,96
74,51
36,9
333,99
138,23
41,4
2009
101,14
47,23
46,7
140,93
56,62
40,2
242,07
103,85
42,9
2010
113,88
52,93
46,5
185,54
72,39
39,0
299,42
125,32
41,9
2011
134,91
62,59
46,4
240,84
91,44
38,0
375,75
154,03
41,0
2012
162,46
59,40
36,6
236,55
87,66
37,1
399,01
147,06
36,9
2013
151,80
63,04
41,5
251,66
92,46
36,7
403,46
155,5
38,5
2014
157,62
68,52
43,5
242,18
88,78
36,7
399,80
157,3
39,3
2015
143,94
64,03
44,5
207,20
78,67
38,0
351,14
142,7
40,6
2016
142.56
68,36
48,0
198,61
77,50
39,0
341,17
145,86
42,8
TURKEY EXPORT
BILLION DOLLAR
EXPORT TO EU
BILLION DOLLAR
SHARE OF EXPORT
TO EU %
2005
73,48
41,53
2006
85,53
2007
YEARS
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
126
FOREIGN TRADE
WITH EU
BILLION DOLLAR
SHARE OF
FOREIGN TRADE
WITH EU %
FIGURE.1 DEVELOPMENTS IN FOREIGN TRADE WITH EU
60
56,5
56,3
56,6
PERCENTAGE OF SHARE OF FOREIGN TRADE WITH THE EU
SHARE OF IMPORT FROM EU %
SHARE OF EXPORT TO EU
55
50
48,3
44,8
45
48,0
46,7
46,5
46,4
42,6
40,3
40
40,2
41,5
39,0
38,0
36,9
35
30
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
43,5
2010
2011
36,6
36,7
37,1
36,7
2012
2013
2014
44,5
38,0
2015
39,0
2017
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
VI.3 FOREIGN TRADE WITH REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
Recession in Foreign Trade with
Regional Establishments and
Organizations
Turkey aims to increase mutual trade activities with
neighboring and peripheral countries through regional
establishments and organizations founded.
Three important establishments or organizations founded
within this framework include Black Sea Economic
Cooperation Organization, Economic Cooperation
Organization and The Organization of Islamic Cooperation.
Commonwealth of Independent Stated and Turkic
Republics compose of the other two trade regions. EFTA
countries are composed of Norway, Switzerland, Iceland
and Liechtenstein.
It is obvious that Turkey’s share of foreign trade with
regional establishments for the last three years in total
foreign trade volume decreased. In 2016, the share of
Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization and
Economic Cooperation Organization declined to 10.9 and
5.1 percent respectively. The share of The Organization
of Islamic Cooperation, on the other hand, increased from
18.6 percent to 18.9 percent in 2016. The volume of foreign
trade with all these three organizations decreased. Reasons
for recession are stated as geopolitical developments in our
region, deterioration of political relationships with some of
the countries in these establishments and organizations,
and problems in the field of transportation. Turkey’s volume
and share of trade with developed countries are increasing.
In 2016, Turkey had the maximum surplus in trade with
country groups to the countries in the Organization of
Islamic Cooperation with USD 18.1 billion. The maximum
deficit, on the other hand, was realized in OECD countries.
TABLE.2 FOREIGN TRADE EQUILIBRIUM WITH SELECTED COUNTRY GROUPS AND REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
25.000
20.000
18.065
FOREIGN TRADE EQUILIBRIUM MILLION DOLLAR
15.000
10.000
5.000
0
-5.000
-10.000
1.865
The
Organization
of Islamic
Cooperation
Economic
Cooperation
Organization
-15.000
1.388
105
Turkic
Republics
EFTA
Vountries
Commonwealth
of Independent States
-12.976
Black Sea
Economic
Cooperation
OECD
Countries
-11.096
-20.000
-25.000
-23.418
-30.000
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 127
6
TURKEY’S FOREIGN TRADE POLICY
TABLE.2 FOREIGN TRADE WITH SELECTED COUNTRY GROUPS AND REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
EXPORT TO SELECTED COUNTRY GROUPS MILLION DOLLAR
2014
2015
2016
1-OECD Countries
76.680
75.408
77,063
2-EFTA Countries
3.795
6.203
3.267
3-Black Sea Economic Cooperation
19.688
14.600
13.081
4-Economic Cooperation Organization
11.718
9.572
9.605
5-Commonwealth of Independent States
15.618
10.578
7.751
6-Turkic Republics
7.109
5.293
3.993
48.629
42.768
41.243
7-The Organization of Islamic Cooperation
IMPORT FROM SELECTED COUNTRY GROUPS MILLION DOLLAR
1-OECD Countries
116.518
101.477
100.481
2-EFTA Countries
5.717
3.138
3.162
3-Black Sea Economic Cooperation
40.927
31.524
24.177
4-Economic Cooperation Organization
13.443
9.311
7.740
5-Commonwealth of Independent States
33.085
27.151
20.727
6-Turkic Republics
2. 997
2.688
2.605
7-The Organization of Islamic Cooperation
29. 107
22.407
23.178
FOREIGN TRADE EQUILIBRIUM WITH SELECTED COUNTRY GROUPS
1-OECD Countries
-39.838
-26.069
-23.418
2-EFTA Countries
-1.922
3.065
105
3-Black Sea Economic Cooperation
-21.239
-16.924
-11.096
4-Economic Cooperation Organization
-1.725
261
1.865
5-Commonwealth of Independent States
-17.467
-16.573
-12.976
6-Turkic Republics
4.112
2.296
1.388
7-The Organization of Islamic Cooperation
19.522
20.361
18.065
FOREIGN TRADE VOLUME WITH SELECTED COUNTRY GROUPS
1-OECD Countries
193.198
176.885
177.544
2-EFTA Countries
9.512
9.341
6.429
3-Black Sea Economic Cooperation
60.615
46.124
37.258
4-Economic Cooperation Organization
25.161
18.883
17.345
5-Commonwealth of Independent States
48.703
37.729
28.478
6-Turkic Republics
10.106
7.981
6.598
7-The Organization of Islamic Cooperation
77.736
65.175
64.421
SHARE OF FOREIGN TRADE WITH SELECTED COUNTRY GROUPS IN OUR TOTAL FOREIGN TRADE VOLUME %
1-OECD Countries
48,3
50,4
52,0
2-EFTA Countries
2,4
2,7
1,9
3-Black Sea Economic Cooperation
15,2
13,2
10,9
4-Economic Cooperation Organization
6,3
5,4
5,1
5-Commonwealth of Independent States
12,2
10,7
8,3
6-Turkic Republics
2,5
2,3
1,9
7-The Organization of Islamic Cooperation
19,4
18,6
18,9
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
128
VI.4 FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS AND THEIR EFFECT ON FOREIGN TRADE
Volume of Foreign Trade As Per Free
Trade Agreements (FTA) Is Yet Limited
Free Trade Agreements executed by and between Turkey
and third countries are of substantial importance foreign
trade policy and foreign trade regime.
Turkey is still a party to free trade agreements with 18
countries and EFTA countries and improves its mutual
trade within the scope of these agreements. In 2016, a
new FTA with Moldova was put into force.
In 2016, while export to countries which we implement
the terms of FTA dropped by 6.2 percent and decreased
to USD 17.62 billion, import increased to USD 16.98
billion. Total trade volume dropped by 6.3 percent and
decreased to USD 34.6 billion.
Within the framework of foreign trade with countries
under FTA, Turkey had a foreign trade deficit to 3
countries in 2015. The three countries to which Turkey
had deficit remained unchanged in 2016. Countries that
Turkey had a trade deficit in 2016 include South Korea,
Chile, and Malaysia. Turkey has a trade surplus with EFTA
region and other countries. As for the total foreign trade
with countries under the scope of FTA, deficit amounted
to USD 3.73 billion in 2015 and decreased to USD 648
million in 2016. This recession caused by a substantial
decrease in gold export to Switzerland which is included
in EFTA countries.
TABLE.3 FOREIGN TRADE WITH COUNTRIES
UNDER FREE TRADE AGREEMENT 2015
COUNTRIES
EXPORT
MILLION
DOLLAR
IMPORT
MILLION
DOLLAR
FOREIGN
TRADE MILLION DOLLAR
TRADE
EQUILIBRIUM
MILLION DOLLAR
ALBANIA
287
50
337
237
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA
293
250
543
43
EFTA*
6.204
3.139
9.343
3.065
MOROCCO
1.338
711
2.049
627
PALESTINE
82
2
84
80
SOUTH KOREA
569
7.057
7.626
-6.488
GEORGIA
1.109
223
1.332
886
MONTENEGRO
38
8
46
30
MACEDONIA
325
81
406
244
MAURITIUS
34
7
41
27
EGYPT
3.129
1.216
4.345
1.913
SYRIA
1.525
52
1.577
1.473
SERBIA
493
238
731
255
TUNISIA
820
144
964
676
JORDAN
836
128
964
708
ISRAEL
2.699
1.673
4.372
1.026
CHILE
188
283
471
-95
MALAYSIA
357
1.339
1.696
-982
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION, *SWITZERLAND, NORWAY,
LIECHTENSTEIN
FIGURE.3 FOREIGN TRADE EQUILIBRIUM WITH COUNTRIES EXECUTING FTA 2016
-5.865
-1.675
FOREIGN TRADE EQUILIBRIUM MILLION DOLLAR
-7.000
-6.000
-5.000
-4.000
-3.000
-2.000
South Korea
Malaysia
16
Chili
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Montenegro
Mauritius
Palastine
Efta*
Moldova
Albania
Serbia
Macedonia
Morocco
Jordan
Tunusia
Georgia
Syria
Egypt
Israel
-1.000
21
29
31
91
105
114
284
294
295
551
609
696
965
1.258
1.291
0
1.000
1.570
2.000
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION, *SWITZERLAND, NORWAY, LIECHTENSTEIN
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 129
6
TURKEY’S FOREIGN TRADE POLICY
The share of export to countries executing FTA in total
export was 14.1 percent in 2015 and decreased to 12.4
percent in 2016. The share of import increased from 8.0
percent to 8.5 percent. Its share in total foreign trade
volume, on the other hand, decreased from 10.5 percent
to 10.1 percent. Basing on these data, foreign trade
volume within the scope of FTA remains limited.
The European Union has recently changed its foreign
trade policy and focused on bilateral negotiations and
agreements instead of multilateral negotiations and
agreements. In this context, EU started to execute more
comprehensive and new generation agreements such
as liberalization of commodity and service trade, public
procurement and intellectual property rights.
Within this framework, European Union still continues
negotiations of new generation agreements with USA,
Mexico, Thailand, Japan, India, Malaysia, and Vietnam.
Negotiations with Canada and Singapore were concluded,
and the agreements will be approved and executed in
2017.
Among all these agreement, the one that will have an
utmost impact is T-TIP negotiations with the USA. This
agreement shall have great effects on foreign trade of
Turkey. Although Turkey did not join the negotiations
process, she kept attempting to be a simultaneous
party to the agreement. Also, the new government of
USA does not lean towards bilateral trade agreements.
Thus, the possibility of concluding an agreement by and
between EU and USA within the scope of current T-TIP
substantially decreased.
As per the Customs Union relationship between Turkey
and European Union (EU), Turkey is liable to adopt
EU’s Common Commercial Policy. Furthermore, EU’s
preferential trade system for third countries also adopted.
In this respect, Turkey executes similar agreements with
TABLE.3 FOREIGN TRADE WITH COUNTRIES
UNDER FREE TRADE AGREEMENT 2016
EXPORT
MILLION
DOLLAR
IMPORT MILLION DOLLAR
FOREIGN TRADE
MILLION
DOLLAR
TRADE EQUILIBRIUM
MILLION DOLLAR
ALBANIA
305
21
326
284
BOSNIA-HER.
309
288
597
21
EFTA*
3.267
3.162
6.429
105
MOROCCO
1.469
918
2.387
551
PALESTINE
94
3
97
91
SOUTH KOREA
519
6.384
6.903
-5.865
GEORGIA
1.177
212
1.389
965
MONTENEGRO
52
23
75
29
MACEDONIA
378
83
461
295
MAURITIUS
36
5
41
31
EGYPT
2.734
1.443
4.177
1.291
SYRIA
1.323
65
1.388
1.258
SERBIA
582
288
870
294
TUNISIA
910
214
1.124
696
JORDAN
711
102
813
609
ISRAEL
2.956
1.386
4.342
1.570
CHILE
217
233
450
-16
MALAYSIA
322
1.997
2.319
-1.675
MOLDOVA
262
148
410
114
COUNTRIES
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION, *SWITZERLAND, NORWAY, LIECHTENSTEIN
TABLE.4 PLACE OF FOREIGN TRADE WITH COUNTRIES UNDER FREE TRADE AGREEMENT
IN OUR TOTAL TRADE 2015
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
IMPORT MILLION DOLLAR
FOREIGN TRADE MILLION DOLLAR
TRADE EQUILIBRIUM MILLION
DOLLAR
TURKEY
143.935
207.203
351.138
-63.268
COUNTRIES EXECUTING FTA
20.326
16.601
36.927
+3.725
14,1
8,0
10,5
+5,9
COUNTRIES
SHARE OF COUNTRIES EXECUTING %
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
TABLE.4 PLACE OF FOREIGN TRADE WITH COUNTRIES UNDER FREE TRADE AGREEMENT
IN OUR TOTAL TRADE 2016
EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
IMPORT MILLION DOLLAR
FOREIGN TRADE MILLION DOLLAR
TRADE EQUILIBRIUM MILLION
DOLLAR
TURKEY
142.557
198.610
341.167
-56.053
COUNTRIES EXECUTING FTA
17.623
16.975
34.598
+648
12,4
8,5
10,1
+1,2
COUNTRIES
SHARE OF COUNTRIES EXECUTING %
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
130
the countries, which EU concluded a preferential trade
agreement with, basing on mutual advantage.
Turkey completed negotiations with Kosovo, Faeroe
Islands, Singapore and Lebanon, and FTAs with these
countries are submitted for internal approval. FTA with
Ghana, whose negotiations were also completed, is in the
mutual signature process. Besides, FTA negotiations with
12 countries/country groups (Peru, Ukraine, Columbia,
Ecuador, Mexico, Japan, the Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Cameroon, Seychelles, Gulf Cooperation Council,
Libya, and MERCOSUR ) still continue.
Furthermore, it is attempted to start FTA negotiations with
ten countries/country groups (USA, Canada, Thailand
India, Indonesia Vietnam, Commonwealth of Central
America, African, Caribbean and Pacific Countries,
Algeria and Republic of South Africa).
In May 2015, the first step to update Customs Union
agreement that has been in force since 1 January 1996
was taken by signing the memorandum of understanding
in Brussels. Through this update, it is aimed to include
services and public procurement sectors into the
agreement, to ensure that Turkey automatically becomes
a party to Free Trade Agreements which EU executed or
will execute with EU countries, to allow that Turkey has a
place in decision-making mechanisms and to achieve a
full liberation in the transportation of Turkish commodities.
Another important development in this respect is the
request to include the article, which sets forth that free
trade and investment partnership agreement (TTIP)
between the European Union and the USA shall be
implemented to Customs Union countries, into the
agreement. Before starting with official negotiations on
this issue, the parties should complete impact analysis
works, internal consultation, and approval processes.
Official negotiations are expected to start in 2017.
As the United Kingdom decided to withdraw from
the European Union, a new relationship status will be
determined between EU and United Kingdom. This status
shall set an important example to reshape the relationships
between Turkey and EU and Turkey and Great Britain.
Less support for multilateral trade agreements, adopting
bilateral agreements and USA’s new government’s
attitude towards global trade will re-shape the needs and
priorities in Turkey’s trade policy.
VI.5 FOREIGN TRADE SUPPORTS AND EFFECTS
Ratio of Total Export Support To Import
Increased in 2016
Ministry of Economy adopts various support programs for
supporting export. Furthermore, there are export refunds in
agricultural export. These two items consist of export supports.
Total export supports are evaluated basing on the budget
realization of financial year allocated to the Ministry of Economy. In this respect, export supports were TRY 1,198.8
million in 2014, TRY 1,185.4 million in 2015 and TRY 1,710
million in 2016.
Total export supports in USD are calculated as USD 550.3
million in 2014, USD 435.8 million in 2015 and USD 566.0
million in 2016.
The ratio of total export supports to export was 0.35 percent in 2014, decreased to 0.30 percent in 2015 and increased to 0.40 percent in 2016.
Despite the increase in total export supports, its rate to export continued to remain low, although it increased in 2016.
FIGURE.4 SHARE OF EXPORT
INCENTIVES IN EXPORT
EXPORT INCENTIVES AND THEIR RATIO TO EXPORT
600
0,40
500
0,35
400
0,5
0,4
0,30
0,3
300
0,2
200
0,1
100
0
2014
2015
EXPORT SUPPORT MILLION DOLLAR
0
2016
RATIO OF SUPPORT TO EXPORT
SOURCE: MINISTRY OF ECONOMY, TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTE
AND MINISTRY OF FINANCE
TABLE.6 SHARE OF EXPORT SUPPORTS IN EXPORT
TOTAL EXPORT SUPPORTS MILLION DOLLAR
TOTAL EXPORT MILLION DOLLAR
EXPORT SUPPORTS' SHARE %
2014
2015
2016
550,3
435,8
566,0
157.620
143.935
142.557
0,35
0,30
0,40
SOURCE: MINISTRY OF ECONOMY, TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTE, AND MINISTRY OF FINANCE
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 131
7
REVIEW OF
LONG-TERM
EXPORT GOALS
7
REVIEW OF LONG-TERM EXPORT GOALS
SECTION VII REVIEW OF LONG-TERM EXPORT GOALS
Within the scope of Turkey’s 2023 strategy
document, Turkey aims to reach USD 500 billion in
total for 2023. Turkey’s export target is USD 571.8
billion along with renewed targets of 26 sub-sectors.
Export targets for 2023 are evaluated in this section
within the scope of the trends in global economy and
trade and the export realizations of Turkey in the last
three years.
VII.1 GLOBAL TRENDS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON TURKEY
5 Trends To Shape The Future Are
Effective In The Long Run
Realizations and predictions regarding Turkey’s targets for
2023 are affected by global trends.
In this respect, current global macro trends complicate the
fulfillment of long-term challenging targets. Macro trends
that shape the future may be divided into five categories.
These five categories are the global economy, natural resources, innovation and technology, demography and consumer behaviors. Trends that fall into these categories complicate the fulfillment of challenging targets by Turkey and
cover the most significant opportunities as well.
FIGURE.1. LONG-TERM GLOBAL MACRO TRENDS
GLOBAL ECONOMY
NATURAL RESOURCES
INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY
DEMOGRAPHY
CONSUMER BEHAVIOURS
Slow Structural Growth
Increasing Sustainability Criteria
in Production
New Paradigms in Product Design and
Global
Population Increase
Increasing Environmental and
Manufacture Robotic Manufacture
Protectionism Trends in Trade
Restrictions of Paris Climate
Agreement
Progress Towards High Production Flexibility
Aging Population in Developed Countries
New Models for Customer
Loyalty
Sharing and Recycling Economies
Continuous Research on New
Technologies
Increasing Migration and
Refugee Issue
Social Media and Its
Effect on E-Trade
Technological Developments in
Energy
Increasing Importance of Big Data Changes in Workforce
and Cyber Security
Needs
Globalization Criticism
Separation of Global Monetary
Policies
Social Sensitivity of Consumers
New Period of Less
Profitability
SOURCE: AT KEARNEY - ECONOMIC AND STRATEGIC CONSULTING SERVICES
Among all these global trends, Turkey faces three challenges
in the way to achieve its 2023 targets, which stem from
its circumstances. These challenges include the
deficit in the field of technology and innovation, the
competitiveness restricted by domestic production
competencies and the political and economic
instabilities in the region.
In addition to current global trends, a newly shaping
trend that will be determinant in the way of fulfilling
2023 targets is the Industrial Revolution 4.0. It is
expected that Industrial Revolution 4.0 will be shaped
in parallel with the individualized needs, and rearrange
the value chain. Following and understanding the
developments and trends related to Industrial
Revolution 4.0 better will be of substantial importance
for increasing the export with high added-value.
VII.2 EXPORT PERFORMANCES OF COUNTRIES ON GLOBAL SCALE
Maximum Decrease in Export
Between 2014-2016 Pertains To China
Along with trends and conditions in global economy and
trade, a sharp fall was experienced in world commodity
trade in 2015 and 2016. World commodity trade shrank
twice successively for the first time. Exports of almost
134
all significant exporting countries decreased. However,
different trends were observed among the countries.
In this respect, the first 30 major exporting countries are
compared and evaluated on the basis of their export
performances in 2014-2016, absolute export figures and
absolute changes they experienced int he last two years.
TABLE.1 2014-2016 EXPORTS OF THE FIRST 30
EXPORTERS AND CHANGE IN THEIR EXPORTS
TABLE.2 THE FIRST 30 EXPORTERS AND CHANGE IN
TURKEY’S SHARE IN 2014-2016 PERCENTAGE POINT
RANK
COUNTRY
2014 EXPORT
BILLION DOLLAR
2015 EXPORT
BILLION DOLLAR
2014-2016 EXPORT CHANGE
RANK
COUNTRY
PERCENTAGE POINT
1
CHINA
2.343
2.098
-245
1
CHINA
0,38
2
RUSSIA
497
282
-215
2
HONG KONG
0,38
3
SAUDI ARABIA
354
175
-179
3
JAPAN
0,31
4
GERMANY
1.511
1.339
-172
4
VIETNAM
0,29
5
USA
1.623
1.454
-169
5
USA
0,27
6
THE NETHERLANDS
672
569
-103
6
SWITZERLAND
0,20
7
ENGLAND
507
409
-98
7
MEXICO
0,17
8
UAE
360
266
-94
8
GERMANY
0,16
9
CANADA
474
390
-84
9
THAILAND
0,10
10
FRANCE
583
501
-82
10
POLAND
0,09
11
SINGAPORE
410
330
-80
11
CZECH REPUBLIC
0,07
12
SOUTH KOREA 573
495
-78
12
SPAIN
0,05
13
BELGIUM
469
396
-73
13
TURKEY
0,04
14
ITALY
529
462
-67
14
TAIWAN
0,04
15
INDIA
317
264
-53
15
ITALY
0,01
16
AUSTRALIA
240
190
-50
16
AUSTRALIA
-0,01
17
MALAYSIA
234
189
-45
17
SOUTH KOREA
-0,02
18
BRAZIL
225
185
-40
18
FRANCE
-0,04
19
JAPAN
684
645
-39
19
INDONESIA
-0,06
20
SPAIN
323
288
-35
20
BRAZIL
-0,07
21
TAIWAN
314
280
-34
21
INDIA
-0,07
22
INDONESIA
176
144
-32
22
BELGIUM
-0,07
23
AUSTRALIA
177
152
-25
23
MALAYSIA
-0,09
24
MEXICO
398
374
-24
24
THE NETHERLANDS
-0,09
25
POLAND
217
203
-14
25
AUSTRALIA
-0,12
26
THAILAND
228
215
-13
26
CANADA
-0,14
27
CZECH REPUBLIC
174
163
-11
27
SINGAPORE
-0,16
28
SWITZERLAND
312
303
-9
28
ENGLAND
-0,20
29
HONG KONG
524
517
-7
29
UAE
-0,34
30
VIETNAM
150
177
27
30
SAUDI ARABIA
-0,76
31
TURKEY
157,6
142.5
-15
31
RUSSIA
-0,93
BILLION DOLLAR
SOURCE: WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
SOURCE: CALCULATED BASING ON THE DATA OF WORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATION
The maximum decrease in export between 2014-2016
pertains to China, the largest exporting country, with USD
245 billion. Through its economic transformation, China
decreases the domination of export in the economy. Loss
of Germany, the second largest exporter, amounted to
USD 172 billion. Germany was adversely affected by the
decrease in EUR-USD parity. Export loss of the USA,
the third largest exporter, was realized USD 169 billion.
Strengthening of USD also had a negative impact on the
USA.
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 135
7
REVIEW OF LONG-TERM EXPORT GOALS
Other countries that experienced the highest export
loss include Russia, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab
Emirates. The decrease in the petroleum and natural gas
prices was determinant the losses of these three countries.
European Union’s other major exporters such as England,
the Netherlands, France, Italy and Belgium also faced with
substantial recessions. However, depreciation of Euro
and Sterling played a role in the export decreases of these
countries. Losses of Poland and Czech Republic in EU
were quite limited.
As for Asia-Pacific countries, exports of Singapore and
South Korea decreased more in comparison with the other
countries in the region while decreases in Japan, Taiwan,
and Indonesia were more limited. Export of India also
declined.
With USD 15 billion, Turkey’s export decrease was more
limited as in Poland’s, Czech Republic’s and Thailand’s
export. Among the first 30 countries, Vietnam was the only
country whose export increased in 2014-2016.
Out of The First 30 Exporters, Turkey
Was One of 14 Countries Increasing
Their Export Shares Between 2014-2016
Out of the first 30 largest exporters, export shares of
14 countries increased while export shares of other 16
countries decreased between 2014-2016. Turkey achieved
to be one of the 14 countries increasing their export shares,
though limited.
FIGURE.2 COUNTRIES WITH INCREASING EXPORT SHARES IN 2014-2016
0,45
THECOUNTRIES WITH INCREASING SHARES AMONG THE FIRST 30 EXPORTERS
0,38
0,35
0,38
0,40
0,01
0,04
0,04
0,05
0,05
0,10
0,10
0,07
0,09
0,15
0,17
0,20
0,20
0,16
0,25
0,27
0,29
0,31
0,30
ITALY
TAIWAN
TURKEY
SPAIN
POLAND
THAILAND
GERMANY
CZECH REPUBLIC
SOURCE: CALCULATED BASING ON THE DATA OF WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
SWITZERLAND
İSVİÇRE
USA
VIETNAM
JAPAN
HONG KONG
CHİNA
0,00
FIGURE.3 COUNTRIES WITH DECREASING EXPORT SHARES IN 2014-2016
-0,16
THECOUNTRIES WITH DECRASING SHARES AMONG THE FIRST 30 EXPORTERS
-0,40
0,34
-0,12
-0,14
-0,20
-0,30
-0,09
-0,20
-0,09
-0,07
-0,07
-0,07
-0,06
-0,04
-0,02
-0,08
0,00
-0,10
-0,50
-0,60
-0,70
-0,90
136
SAUDI ARABIA
UAE
ENGLAND
SONGAPORA
CANADA
AUSTRALIA
THE NETHERLANDS
SOURCE: CALCULATED BASING ON THE DATA OF WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
MALASIA
BELGIUM
INDIA
BRAZIL
INDONESIA
FRANCE
SOUTH KOREA
AUSTRALIA
-1,00
RUSSIA -0,93
-0,76
-0,80
With 0.38 points, China and Hong Kong were the two
countries that increased their export shares most in 20142016. Export share of Japan increased by 0.31 points.
Vietnam’s export share also raised by 0.29 points. Thanks
to its 5-year export strategy put into force after the global
crisis, USA also increased its export share by 0.27 points.
Among other countries that increased their export shares
include Switzerland, Mexico, Germany, Thailand, Poland,
Spain, Taiwan, Italy and the Czech Republic
Countries that experienced the most substantial
decrease in their shares in 2014-2016 are Russia, Saudi
Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. All three countries
were affected by the decrease in petroleum and natural
gas prices. England, Singapore and Canada’s losses
in share were also relatively high. Although Turkey’s
export decreased in the 2014-2016 period, its share
in world export increased by 0.04 points. Compared
with other significant countries whose export share
decreased during this period, Turkey showed a successful
performance.
VII.3 TURKEY’S 2023 EXPORT GOALS AND REALIZATIONS
Export Decreasing in 2016
Was Below the Goal
Through 2023 export strategy, Turkey set its export goals
until 2023. In parallel, annual export goals are specified in
three-year medium-term programs announced by the Government.
In 2010, 2011 and 2012, Turkey’s export achieved the goals
in 2023 export strategy and medium-term program to a large extent. In 2012, however, the irregular and high level of
gold export temporarily contributed. Export realizations, on
the other hand, were below export goals in 2013 and 2014.
A substantial decrease was observed in export in 2015. This
recession was not specific to Turkey and caused by a significant amount of shrinking in global trade. Turkey’s export
also decreased in 2016. This decrease progressed in parallel with shrinking of global commodity trade.
Although export goal for 2016 was set as USD 230.0 billion in export strategy document and USD 155.0 billion in
the medium-term program, export was realized USD 142.5
billion.
TABLE.3 TURKEY’S EXPORT TARGETS AND REALIZATIONS 2010-2015
YEARST
TARGET IN 2023 EXPORT STRATEGY DOCUMENT BILLION DOLLAR
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
115.0
135.0
152.5
165.7
187.7
207.5
230.0
MEDIUM TERM PROGRAM EXPORT
TARGET BILLION DOLLAR
107.5
127.0
148.5
158.0
166.5
173.0
155.5
EXPORT REALIZATION BILLION DOLLAR
113.9
134.9
152.5
151.8
157.6
143.9
142.5
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INFORMATION, T.R. MINISTRY OF DEVELOPMENT MEDIUM-TERM PROGRAMS
FIGURE.4 EXPORT TARGETS AND REALIZATIONS BILLION DOLLAR
230,0
EXPORT TARGETS AND REALIZATIONS
207,5
2023 EXPORT STRATEGY TARGET
187,7
MTP TARGET
ACTUAL EXPORT
165,7
152,5
135,0
127,0
2011
134,9
148,5
2012
152,5
173,0
166,5
158,0
157,6
151,8
2013
143,90
2014
2015
155,5
142.5
2016
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INFORMATION, T.R. MINISTRY OF DEVELOPMENT MEDIUM-TERM PROGRAMS
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 137
6
REVIEW OF LONG-TERM EXPORT GOALS
Share in World Trade Remained 0.26
Points Below 2016 Target
0.75 percent in 2010. Thanks to a recovery in the following
years, the share has been increasing for the last four years
and increased to 0.89 percent in 2016.
However, share achieved in the world commodity trade
is below the targeted share. Although the goal was 1.15
percent in 2016, the realized share was 0.89 percent. Thus,
achieved share was 0.26 points below the goal.
In addition to absolute export volumes, share to be taken in
world commodity trade was also set as a goal in Turkey’s
2023 export strategy. The goal was set at 1.5 percent
in 2023. In this respect, while Turkey’s share in world
commodity trade was 0.83 percent in 2008, it decreased to
TABLE.4 TARGETS FOR THE SHARE OF TURKISH EXPORT IN WORLD TRADE AND
REALIZATIONS 2010-2015
YEARST
TARGET IN 2023 EXPORT STRATEGY DOCUMENT PERCENTAGET
EXPORT REALIZATION PERCENTAGE
2010
0.88
0.75
2011
0.96
0.75
2012
1.02
0.85
2013
1.03
0.83
2014
1.06
0.85
2015
1.10
0.87
2016
1.15
0.89
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION, WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
FIGURE.5 TARGET FOR SHARE IN WORLD EXPORT AND REALIZATIONS
1,15
1,2
SHARE IN WORLD EXPORT PERCENTAGE
1,10
1,1
1,02
1
0,9
0,8
0,7
1,03
1,06
0,96
0,88
0,87
0,85
0,75
0,75
2010
2011
0,83
0,85
2013
2014
0,89
0,6
2012
SOURCE: TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION, WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATIO
Our Export Share Among The First 30
Largest Importers Increased from 0.62
Percent to 0.63 Percent
TThe reason why Turkey remains below the goals set in
2023 export strategy about absolute volume and share in
world commodity trade is that export to and share in large
markets remained limited.
Export of Turkey to the first 30 countries that cover almost
85 percent of the world import amounted to USD 84.0
138
TARGET IN 2023 EXPORT STRATEGY DOCUMENT
PERCENTAGE
2013
2014
ACTUAL REALIZATION
PERCENTAGE
billion in 2015 and decreased to USD 83.15 billion in 2016.
Besides, Turkey’s share in the import of the first 30 markets
was 0.62 percent in 2015 and increased to 0.63 percent in
2016. An important reason for this increase is that import
from Turkey decreased in a more limited manner, despite the
substantial recession in total imports of importing countries.
Furthermore, in 2016, Turkey increased its export to such
markets as the USA whose import decreased.
TABLE.5 THE 30 MAJOR IMPORTERS AND TURKEY’S EXPORT
IMPORT BILLION DOLLART
TURKEY’S EXPORT BILLION DOLLAR
RANK
COUNTRY
2015
2016
2015
2016
1
USA
2.308
2.251
6,4
6,6
2
CHINA
1.682
1.587
2,4
2,3
3
GERMANY
1.050
1.056
13,4
14,0
4
ENGLAND
626
636
10,6
11,7
5
JAPAN
648
608
0,3
0,35
6
FRANCE
573
573
5,8
6,0
7
HONG KONG
559
547
0,3
0,4
8
THE NETHERLANDS
506
504
3,2
3,6
9
SOUTH KOREA
436
406
0,6
0,5
10
ITALY
409
405
6,9
7,6
11
CANADA
436
403
0,7
0,7
12
MEXICO
405
398
0,3
0,4
13
BELGIUM
375
367
2,6
2,5
14
INDIA
392
359
0,7
0,7
15
SPAIN
309
310
4,7
5,0
16
SINGAPORE
297
283
0,4
0,4
17
SWITZERLAND
252
270
5,7
2,7
18
TAIWAN
238
231
0,1
0,1
19
UAE
230
225
4,7
5,4
20
POLAND
193
197
2,3
2,7
21
THAILAND
203
195
0,2
0,2
22
RUSSIA
194
191
3,6
1,7
23
AUSTRALIA
208
189
0,5
0,6
24
VIETNAM
166
174
0,2
0,2
25
MALAYSIA
176
168
0,4
0,3
26
SAUDI ARABIA
172
136
3,5
3,2
27
AUSTRALIA
155
158
1,0
1,0
28
BRAZIL
179
143
0,5
0,3
29
CZECH REPUBLIC
140
142
0,8
0,8
30
SWEDEN
140
138
1,2
1,2
13.657
13.260
84,0
83,15
THE FIRST 30 COUNTRIES TOTAL
SOURCE: WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTION
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 139
7
REVIEW OF LONG-TERM EXPORT GOALS
Export Target Realization Rates of
Sectors Were 57.1 Percent in 2016
Another determinant in export performance is the export
developments of sectors. In 2023 Export Strategy, the total
export goal of 26 sub-sectors for 2016 was set as USD
230.0 billion. However, export achieved was USD 131.4
billion.
Sector-based export amounting to USD 131.4 billion
TABLE.6 TURKEY’S SHARE IN THE 30 MAJOR
IMPORTING COUNTRIES
RANK
COUNTRIES
2015
2016
1
USA
0.28
0.29
2
CHINA
0.14
0.14
3
GERMANY
1.28
1.33
4
ENGLAND
1.69
1.84
5
JAPAN
0.05
6
FRANCE
1.01
7
HONG KONG
8
TABLE.7 SECTORS’ EXPORT TARGETS
TAND REALIZATIONS IN 2016
RANK
SECTOR
0.06
1
Automotive
1.05
2
Garment and Outfits
0.05
0.07
3
Chemical Substances and Products
THE NETHERLANDS
0.63
0.71
4
Steel
9
SOUTH KOREA
0.14
0.12
5
Electrics-Electronics and Service
10
ITALY
1.69
1.88
6
Textile and Raw Materials
11
CANADA
0.16
0.17
7
2016 Export
Target Billion
Dollar
2016
Export Realized
Billion Dollar
2016
Rate of Realization %
23.89
53.8
25.5
16.97
66.5
22.0
13.94
63.4
18.3
9.09
49.7
16.1
9.99
62.0
12.7
7.87
62.0
Iron and Non-Iron Metals
12.8
5.95
46.5
Grains
8.9
6.36
71.5
44.4
12
MEXICO
0.07
0.10
8
13
BELGIUM
0.69
0.68
9
Machinery
22.7
5.30
23.3
Mining Products
7.4
3.79
51.2
14
INDIA
0.18
0.19
10
15
SPAIN
1.52
1.61
11
Wooden and Forestry Products
6.4
4.10
64.1
16
SINGAPORE
0.13
0.14
12
Climatization
7.4
3.51
47.4
13
Cement, Glass, Ceramic
4.5
2.46
54.7
14
Jewels
4.0
2.45
61.3
15
Carpet
2.7
1.92
71.1
16
Fresh Fruit and Vegetable
2.6
1.98
76.2
17
Nut
2.2
1.99
90.5
18
Fisheries
2.5
1.89
75.6
19
Leather and Leather Products
2.8
1.39
49.6
20
Defense and Aviation
2.4
1.68
70.0
21
Dried Fruit Products
1.6
1.30
81.3
22
Fruit and Vegetable Products
3.0
1.32
44.0
17
SWITZERLAND
2.26
1.00
18
TAIWAN
0.04
0.04
19
UAE
2.04
2.40
20
POLAND
1.19
1.37
21
THAILAND
0.10
0.10
22
RUSSIA
1.86
0.89
23
AUSTRALIA
0.24
0.32
24
VIETNAM
0.12
0.11
25
MALAYSIA
0.23
0.18
26
SAUDI ARABIA
2.03
2.35
23
Ship and Yacht
2.5
0.97
38.8
27
AUSTRALIA
0.65
0.63
24
Tobacco and Tobacco Products
1.2
1.01
84.2
28
BRAZIL
0.28
0.21
25
Olive and Olive Oil
0.7
0.19
27.1
29
CZECH REPUBLIC
0.57
0.56
26
Ornamental Plants and
0.3
0.08
26.7
30
SWEDEN
0.86
0.87
Related Products
0.62
0.63
Total
230.0
131.4
57.1
THE FIRST 30 COUNTRIES TOTALT
SOURCE: WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, TURKISH STATISTICAL
INSTITUTION DATA
140
differed from the total export in 2016, which includes gold
export and amounts to USD 142.5 billion.
Realization rate of the 2016 export goal, which was set as
USD 230 billion excluding gold, was 57.1 percent. This rate
was realized 64.4 percent in 2015. While six sub-sectors
achieved their export goals in 2014, two sub-sectors
fulfilled their annual export goal in 2015. In 2016, none of
the sub-sectors fulfilled or exceeded their export goal. The
sub-sectors which were closest to their targets were Nuts
with 90.5 percent and tobacco products with 84.2 percent.
Both are the sub-sectors of the agriculture sector.
SOURCE: TURKISH EXPORTERS ASSEMBLY
Export Needs To Increase Average
By 23.4 Percent for Sectors To Fulfill
Their 2023 Targets
FIGURE.6 AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH RATES
THAT SECTORS NEED TO ACHIEVE 2023 TARGETS
PERCENT 2017-2023
When export volumes achieved in 2016 were compared
Olive and Olive Oil
with 2023 goals, it is concluded that Turkey’s sectorMachinery
Defense and Aviation
based export should increase by 23.4 percent annually.
Ship and Ycht
Climatization
The sector that needs the highest annual average increase
Ornamental Plants and
in export is olive and olive oil sector with 52.0 percent.
Jewels
Electrics-Electronics and
Excluding sub-sectors of nuts and tobacco products,
Steel
in Total
24 sub-sectors need to increase by two-digit exports Iron andAverage
Non-iron Metals
Mining Products
annually until 2023.
Leather and Leather Products
and Forestry Prod.
Among the sectors with high export goals, export Wooden
Chemical Substances and
Garment and Outfits
should increase in machinery industry by 47.0 percent,
Dried Fruiit Products
in automotive sector by 17.5 percent, in steel sector
Automotive
Fruit and Vegetable Prod.
by 24.0 percent, in electric-electronics sector by 24.0
Carpet
percent, in garment and outfits sector by 20.0 percent and Cement, Glass, Ceramic
Grains
in chemical substances and products industry by 20.0 Fresh Fruit and Vegetable
Fisheries
Textile and Raw Materials
percent annually in order to achieve 2023 export goals.
40,0
52,0
32,0
Nut
Tobacco and Tobacco Prod.
TABLE.8 GROWTH RATES THAT SECTORS NEED TO
FULFILL 2023 EXPORT TARGETS
47,0
45,0
2,5
0,0
30,0
26,0
24,0
24,0
23,4
23,0
21,5
21,0
21,0
20,0
20,0
17,5
AVERAGE ANNUAL
17,5
17,0
GROWTH RATE PERCENT
17,0
17,0
17,0
16,5
15,5
14,0
4,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
SOURCE: TURKISH EXPORTERS ASSEMBLY
RANK
sector
2016 Export Billion Dollar
2023 Export Target Billion Dollar
1
Automotive
23,89
75,0
17,5
2017/2023 Annual growth rate needed (%)
2
Garment and Outfits
16,97
60,0
20,0
3
Chemical Substances and Products
13,94
50,0
20,0
4
Steel
9,09
55,0
24,0
5
Electrics-Electronics and Service
9,99
45,0
24,0
6
Textile and Raw Materials
7,87
20,0
14,0
7
Iron and Non-Iron Metals
5,95
25,0
23,0
8
Grains
6,36
19,2
17,0
9
Machinery
5,30
75,0
47,0
10
Mining Products
3,79
15,0
21,5
11
Wooden and Forestry Products
4,10
16,0
21,0
12
Climatization
3,51
25,0
32,0
13
Cement, Glass, Ceramic
2,46
7,3
17,0
14
Jewels
2,45
12,0
26,0
15
Carpet
1,92
5,5
17,0
16
Fresh Fruit and Vegetable
1,98
5,6
16,5
17
Nut
1,99
2,5
4,0
18
Fisheries
1,89
5,0
15,5
19
Leather and Leather Products
1,39
5,2
21,0
20
Defense and Aviation
1,68
25,0
45,0
21
Dried Fruit Products
1,30
4,0
17,5
22
Fruit and Vegetable Products
1,32
4,0
17,0
23
Ship and Yacht
0,97
10,0
40,0
24
Tobacco and Tobacco Products
1,01
1,2
2,5
25
Olive and Olive Oil
0,19
3,8
52,0
26
Ornamental Plants and Related Products
0,08
0,5
30,0
Total
131,4
571,8
23,4
SOURCE: TURKISH EXPORTERS ASSEMBLY
ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE REPORT 2017 141
60,0
8
STRATEGIC
EVALUATION
AND
SUGGESTIONS
8
STRATEGIC EVALUATION AND SUGGESTIONS SECTION
SECTION VIII STRATEGIC EVALUATION AND SUGGESTIONS SECTION
1. World commodity trade has been growing in amount too slowly.
Trade elasticity of commodity trade decreases. Turkey’s export,
on the other hand, increases more. Thanks to its manufacturer
qualification based on manufacturing industry, Turkey comes more
forward and gains advantage among developing countries.
2. World commodity trade experienced a substantial decrease.
Slow growth of the world economy and decrease in the commodity
trade restrict Turkey’s export-based growth and ability to achieve
2023 export goals. Turkey needs to revise its growth model and
2023 goals.
3. Commodity and input prices tend to increase again. Manufacturing costs will increase one period later. In relation to Turkey’s
export structure based on manufacturing industry, Turkey should
increase industrial effectiveness and efficiency against cost increase expectations
4. Protectionist trends become stronger in trade. USA’s new government, in particular, adopts protective trends. In this respect,
pressure may be imposed on the export of developing countries in
the forthcoming period. Turkey should focus on market diversification and improvement of bilateral trade relationships.
5. Monetary policies of Central Banks in developed countries and
FED’s interest rate increases cause global fluctuations and adversely affect developing countries including Turkey. Turkey should
adapt to new circumstances better and improve its predictability.
6. For the last five years, Turkey has been adopting balance policies in the economy and trying to balance between domestic and
international demand. However, net export negatively contributed
to growth in three out of five years. For rapid growth based on net
export, added value export should be increased.
7. In 2016, Turkish Lira substantially depreciated. However, export
decrease, while import increased in amount. Import declined in value along with the decrease in prices of products imported. Weak
Turkish Lira neither supports export nor deters import. Instead of
valueless Turkish Lira, a predictable one should be preferred.
8. In 2016, export decreased in parallel with global circumstances. However, a decrease in the export to many peripheral and
neighboring countries was harsher due to problems with these
countries. Turkey should normalize its foreign policy and improve
the mutual relationships with neighboring and peripheral countries.
9. Economies of Turkey’s many peripheral and neighboring export
markets are dependent upon energy revenues. It is predicted that
energy prices shall remain low for a few years. Thus, performances of these markets will be weak. Turkey should find alternatives
for its export markets that are dependent upon energy revenues.
Thus, she should be a part of the supply chains of countries that
are engaged in industrial production activities.
10. The share of the high-technology products in export is still low.
Export and export share decreased in industries with high technology densities. In industries with high technology, investment and
production should be more comprehensively supported on the
basis of export.
11. While import decreased in value, it increased in amount for
144
all commodity groups in 2016. Import of investment commodities
increased in value. Items with increasing import rates and needs
should be re-evaluated soundly.
12. The share of high technology products in Turkey’s import is
still increasing. The share of low-technology products also moves
up. Turkey is still obliged to import the products which she cannot
manufacture and those she lost the price advantage. Manufacture
of both groups should be supported more effectively through special programs.
13. Turkey serves as the net exporter of 12 of 26 countries which
she is engaged in mutual foreign trade. To be a net exporter of
these countries, Turkey should become a net exporter for many
sections subject to mutual trade. Turkey should become a net exporter to more countries and thus should focus on fewer sections
by increasing added value.
14. For the sections mainly subject to mutual trade, Turkey is qualified as the net exporter for 12 of 29 sections and as the net importer for 17 sections. Sections for which Turkey was qualified as
net importer are high technology sections and mineral, metal and
chemical based products. Sections for which Turkey was qualified
as a net exporter are those with low technology density. Turkey
should improve its current structure in the trade of sections and
should become a net exporter for medium-high and high technology products.
15. Economic growth in the European Union and Customs Unions’
effect of increasing foreign trade still continue. The share of trade
with regional organizations has been decreasing for the last five
years. The share of foreign trade with countries executing FTA is
still insufficient. Turkey should renew its foreign trade policies and
diplomacy in parallel with new regional and global circumstances.
Steps taken towards improving and developing Customs Union
with EU are of significance.
16. The ratio of supports, provided for export within the scope of
export support programs, to total export increased to 0.40 percent
in 2016 but remained relatively low. This rate should increase to 1.0
percent in the short run.
17. In addition to new global trends and circumstances, geopolitical developments in Turkey’s region pose new risks and complicates the fulfillment of 2023 export goals. Turkey should adopt
constructive policies towards geopolitical risks in its region and
focus on great markets such as USA and China.
18. Within the scope of 2023 export goals, export goal realization
rate was 57.1 percent in 2016. The goal for taking a share in world
commodity trade is 0.26 points below the value set as 0.89 percent. To achieve the goals in the forthcoming years, the conditions
for investment, manufacture and export processes should be enhanced with incentives and practices.
19. Share in the import of the first 30 major markets, which covers
90 percent of world import, increased to 0.63 percent in 2016. Increasing the share in these markets will have a positive impact on
Turkey’s 2023 export goals. Turkey should increase its share in
large markets, especially in the USA.