Learning
Revision
Classical Conditioning
• US, UR, NS, CS, CR
• Acquisition, Extinction, Generalization,
Discrimination
• Types of conditioning:
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Delayed – NS – UCS.
Trace – NS – time passes – UCS.
Simultaneous – NS+UCS
Backward – UCS – NS
• Aversive conditioning
Classical conditioning
• Higher order conditioning
• Biology and Conditioning – Garcia,
Koelling
Operant Conditioning
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Edward Thorndike – Law of effect
Skinner – Reinforcement and punishment
Shaping and Chaining
Reinforcers:
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Primary
Secondary
Generalized
Token economy
• Premack principle
• Learned helplessness
Schedules of partial reinforcement
• Fixed-ratio – reinforce behavior after a set number of
responses. (give a student mark after 3 correct
answers).
• Variable-ratio – reinforce after an unpredictable number
of responses (sometimes give a mark after 2 answers,
sometimes 4, etc)
• Fixed-interval – reinforce the first response after a fixed
time period (Grading students every week depending on
their work).
• Variable-interval – Reinforce the response after varying
time intervals (Grading students in 2 days, then in 3
days, then in 5, etc).
Cognitive learning
• Pavlov – Contiguity model, based on
pairing of two things.
• Rescola – Contingency model, Learning is
based on our congitions.
Types of Cognitive learning
• Observational learning – Bandura, bobo
doll.
• Latent learning – Tolman, learning
becomes obvious when you give reward
for it.
• Abstract learning – learning concepts.
• Insight learning – Kohler, sudden learning.
Biology
• Mirror neurons
• Conditioned taste aversion
• Preparedness
• Keller & Breland – Instinctive drift