Chapter 18 Section 1
Imperialism and America
• What is Imperialism?
– The policy in which stronger nations extend their
economic, political, or military control over
weaker territories.
"Ten Thousand Miles From Tip to
Tip", an 1898 political cartoon
depicting the extension of the
United States dominion
A. The Roots of American Imperialism:
• 1. Economic Roots:
– Industrial overproduction in the U.S. led to the view that the
country’s factories needed raw materials from abroad.
– Belief that surplus U.S. products needed to be sold in new markets
• 2. Political and Military Roots
– The global military expansion of European powers led the U.S. to
desire to do the same
– Alfred T. Mahan urged government officials to build up the
American navy in order to compete.
• 3. Racist Roots
– Belief in the racial and cultural superiority of Anglo-Saxons led
many to claim that the U.S. had a responsibility to expand and
spread Christianity and civilization
B. U.S. Imperialism in Hawaii
•
•
•
•
•
•
1875: U.S. agreed to import Hawaiian sugar duty-free
1887: U.S. forced Hawaii to allow an American naval base at Pearl Harbor
1890: McKinley Tariff eliminated duty free sugar
1891: Queen Liliuokalani comes to power, asserts “Hawaii for Hawaiians”
1897: William McKinley becomes president
1898: Congress declares Hawaii an American territory
Debate in Congress: "we
must have Hawaii to help us
get our share of China."
Chapter 18 Section 2
The Spanish American War
Causes of the War:
•
•
•
•
•
•
American Business Owners
Jose Marti
Valeriano Weyler
Yellow Journalism
De Lome Letter
USS Maine
American Business Owners
• protect their investments
Jose Marti
• Organized Cuban
resistance against
Spain
• Provoked U.S.
intervention, cried
Cuba Libre!
• Feared U.S.
intervention
because of threat
of imperialism
Valeriano Weyler
• Sent to restore order in
Cuba in response to Cuban
revolt in 1896
• Set up concentration
camps to try and crush
rebellion.
Yellow Journalism
• William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer
• Exaggerated accounts of stories
• Sensationalist style of writing, exaggerating
news to lure and enrage readers.
• Pushed for war
De Lome Letter
• McKinley tried to resolve
the crisis between Spain
and Cuba diplomatically.
• Private letter by De Lome
to the Spanish minister of
the U.S. which criticized
McKinley and called him
weak. Leaked to the
press.
• Spanish government
apologized, but angered
Americans.
U.S.S. Maine
• Ship blew up in Havana’s harbor on February 15, 1898.
• Newspapers claimed Spain blew up the ship
April 20, 1898
• Congress declares war
June 1898
• Americans land in Cuba. (Including the
famous Rough Riders)
July 1, 1898
• Rough Riders successfully converge on
Santiago. Victory at the Battle of San Juan Hill.
July 25, 1898
• American troops invade Puerto Rico
February 6, 1899
• Treaty of Paris
Effects: What happened to the following
territories as a result of the war?
•
•
•
•
Cuba
Puerto Rico
Guam
Philippines
Cuba
• Achieved Independence from Spain
Puerto Rico
• Went from Spanish to American rule.
Guam
• Went from Spanish to American rule.
Philippines
• Sold by Spain to the U.S., annexed by the U.S.
Chapter 18 Section 3
Acquiring New Lands
Puerto Rico
Cuba
1898-1916
1898-1903
What was its
Very similar to that of a Protectorate: the
relationship to the ?
colony
relationship a
superior authority
assumes by one
power or state over
a dependent one.
Why did the try to
Its location was one of To protect
control its affairs?
strategic importance to American businessthe US
especially in sugar,
tobacco, mining,
RRs, and public
utilities.
What laws and policies -Treaty of Paris
-Platt Amendmentaffected its
-Foraker Act: ended
insisted that add
relationships
military rule and set up certain provisions
a civil government.
to their
-Supreme Court Insular Constitution.
cases rules that
-Imperialist
Constitution did not
policies
automatically apply to
people in acquired
territories.
-Imperialist policies
What violent events
The Spanish-American Spanish-American
affected its relationship War
War
with the ?
The Philippines
1898-1945
Very similar to that of a
protectorate or colony
China
1900
Trading
Partner
To provide the with raw
materials and new markets
To establish
and protect
new markets
in Asia
-Treaty of Paris called for
American annexation of the .
Removal policy
Imperialist policies
Open Door
Policy
Imperialist
policies
Spanish-American war,
Philippine-American War
Boxer
Rebellion
John Hay’s “Open Door
Policy” paved the way for
greater U.S. influence in
Asia. Note three beliefs
held by Americans that
were reflected by the
Open Door Policy.
• 1. The U.S. economy relied on
exports to ensure growth
• 2. The U.S. had the right to
intervene abroad to keep
foreign markets open to it
• 3. U.S. survival was threatened
by the closing of an area to
American products, citizens or
ideas.
Chapter 18 Section 4
America as a World Power
1. Roosevelt’s “Big Stick Diplomacy”
• Treaty of Portsmouth is negotiated
– The Russo-Japanese War ended
– The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded to Roosevelt
– American prestige increased
U.S. warships are used to ensure
Panama’s Independence
• Rights to build a canal, to control the Canal
Zone, and to intervene in Panama gained by
the U.S.
• the Panama Canal is built
• U.S./Latin American relations severely
damaged
Panama Canal is built
Roosevelt Corollary is adopted
• U.S. adoption of dollar diplomacy
• U.S. military interventions in Latin American,
specifically Nicaragua
Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy
Wilson uses a minor incident with Mexico
as an excuse to occupy Veracruz
• Death of at least 200 Mexicans
• U.S. and Mexico brought close to war
Wilson recognizes the Carranza
Government
• - U.S. comes into conflict with Pancho Villa
Wilson refuses Carranza’s demand to
withdraw U.S. troops sent into Mexico to
capture Villa
• - Anti American feeling in Mexico
• -Mexico nationalizes oil and mineral resources