2019.1 APA 6th ed. Quick Referencing Guide N.B. When quoting or paraphrasing from any material (e.g. book, website, journal etc.), the source can be cited as part of the sentence or at the end of the sentence (refer to pages 17-18 of the full guide). Examples of both types of citations are given for books only. Also note that the rules for a single author or multiple authors are used in a similar way for different types of resources. Books & e-books One work by a single author One work by two authors In-text example Reference list example The purpose of an assignment is clear from the start (MorleyWorner, 2009, p. 11). Morley-Worner, T. (2009). Academic writing is . . . A guide to writing in a university context. Queensland, Australia: CREA. or Only capitalise the first word of the title and subtitle, if any, and proper nouns. Crosby, R., & Salazar, L. (2006). Research methods in health promotion. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Morley-Worner (2009, p. 11) believed. . . Use an ampersand (&) within the parentheses or ‘and’ when giving the authors’ names in the text. Crosby and Salazar (2006, p. 40) suggested . . . or . . . (Crosby & Salazar, 2006, Chapter 3). Note the comma used before ‘&’. Also, page is abbreviated but not Chapter. For books published outside the US, include city and country (e.g. Melbourne, Australia). First citation: use all authors’ names. Reinders, Moore, and Lewis (2008, p. 175) stated . . . Three to five authors NB: a comma is used before the ‘and’ in lists of three or more authors. Second and subsequent citations: include only the name of the first author, followed by ‘et al.’ (meaning ‘and others’). Reinders, H., Moore, N., & Lewis, M. (2008). The international student handbook. Hampshire, United Kingdom: Palgrave MacMillan. All authors’ names are to be provided in the order in which they appear in that particular publication. Do not rearrange them alphabetically. A recent publication (Reinders et al., 2008, p. 175) claimed . . . Six or seven authors Cite only the surname of the first author and ‘et al.’ for all citations. Provide all names in the reference list. Bexby et al. (2005, p. 100) identified . . . or Bexby, C., Nigel, E., Smith, K., Rodgers, G.A., Williams, H., & Robinson, J. (2005). Referencing and plagiarism: A complete guide. London, United Kingdom: Sage. Referencing is . . . (Bexby et al., 2005, p. 100). 1 2019.1 Eight or more authors Cite only the surname of the first author and ‘et al.’ for all citations. Include the first six authors’ names, followed by three dots, then the last author’s name. Leggat et al. (2009, p. 25) stated . . . Leggat, I. K., Hutchings, D., Poliness, S., Nemeth, T., West, A., Ngo, A., . . . Mascilongo, J. (2009). How to maximise the use of libraries in educational institutions. St Albans, Australia: Victoria University Press. World Health Organization. (2005). Hospital care for children: Guidelines for the management of common illnesses with limited resources. Hong Kong, China: Author. or . . . for effective learning (Leggat et al., 2009, p. 25). The names of groups are usually spelled out (not abbreviated) each time they appear in a text citation. If the name is long and an abbreviation is readily understandable, you may abbreviate the second and subsequent citations. Sponsoring organisation as author (e.g. corporations, associations, government agencies) First citation: Provide the full name of the organization in the reference list. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2005) stated . . . or . . . in the world (World Health Organization [WHO], 2005). If the author and publisher are the same, ‘Author’ can be used in place of the publisher. Subsequent citations: According to the WHO (2005), . . . or . . . in Asia (WHO, 2005). Similarly for the first citation: . . . (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2004) Use the first few words of the title (or the entire title if it is short) in place of an author name. Do not use anonymous. NB: the title is italicised in text. No author (and no sponsoring organisation) ‘Echinacea consists of the dried underground parts of . . .’ (British Herbal Pharmacopeia Part 1, 1976, p. 73). or In the British Herbal Pharmacopeia Part 1 (1976, p. 73) it was claimed that . . .’ Capitalise the major words in titles of books when used within the body of your essay. Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2004). Australian Social Trends, cat. no. 4102.0. Retrieved from http://www.abs.gov.au/socialtrends For general web pages no catalogue number is required, but for particular publications it is, if available. British herbal pharmacopeia Part 1. (1976). West York, United Kingdom: British Herbal Medicine Association. The title is moved to the author position (first element of the reference). Only capitalise the first word of the title and subtitle, if any, and proper nouns. 2 2019.1 Crosby, R., & Salazar, L. (2006). Research methods in health promotion. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Crosby and Salazar (2006, pp. 34-50) suggested. . . Place of publication or . . . (Porter, 1986, p. 99). No publisher Editions (second and subsequent) *an edition number is not necessary for first editions Celloids are in accordance with the principles of homoeopathy (Jacka, 1998, p.3). Studies in history . . . (Carr, 2008, p. 13). !! For books published in the US, include the city and 2-letter state code (e.g. San Francisco, CA). Refer to section 6.0 for a list of US state codes. Porter, J. F. (Ed.). (1986). The control of human fertility (2nd ed.). Melbourne, Australia: Blackwell Scientific. !! For books published outside the US, include city and country (e.g. Melbourne, Australia) – see page 23 Jacka, A. (1998). Alfred Jacka's prescribing strategies. Victoria, Australia. Carr, E. H. (2008). What is History? (3rd ed.). Camberwell, Australia: Penguin Group. (ed.) is used to denote edition. Note that the edition number is not italicised as it is not part of the title. Italicise the title of the book (not the title of the chapter). Chapter in an edited book Include all authors in the order they appear in the chapter. Anti-inflammatory plant constituents have shown . . . (Polya, Polya, & Kweifio-Okai, 2002, pp. 1-5). Polya, G. M., Polya, Z., & Kweifio-Okai, G. (2002). Biochemical pharmacology of anti-inflammatory plant secondary metabolites. In D. K. Majumdar, J. N. Govil, & V. K. Singh, (Eds.), Series recent progressing medicinal plants, Vol 8 – Phytochemistry & pharmacology II (pp. 1-22). USA: Stadium. NB: the authors of the chapter are written as ‘Author, A. A’. The editors are written ‘A. A. Author’. If the book is not the first edition, mention the edition number as follows: Palmer, F. (2007). Treaty principles and Maori sport: Contemporary issues. In C. Collins & S. Jackson (Eds.), Sport in Aotearoa/New Zealand society (2nd ed., pp. 307-334). South Melbourne, Australia: Thomson. Editor single . . . (Porter, 1986, p. 99). Porter, J. F. (Ed.). (1986). The control of human fertility (2nd ed.). Melbourne, Australia: Blackwell Scientific. Ed. is used to denote editor, ed. is used for edition. 3 2019.1 Editors two or three . . . (Cauchi, Gilbert, & Brown, 1984, p. 44). Cauchi, M. N., Gilbert, G. L., & Brown, J. B. (Eds.). (1984). The clinical pathology of pregnancy and the newborn infant. London, United Kingdom: Edward Arnold. Eds. is used to denote editors, and here the reference is to the whole book, not a particular chapter. Editors four or more If there are more than three editors you only need to put the first editor’s name followed by et al. which means and others. Skeletal muscle is defined as . . . (Sambrook et al., 2001, p. 19). Sambrook, P., Schrieber, L., Taylor, T., & Ellis, A. (Eds.). (2001). The musculoskeletal system. Edinburgh, United Kingdom: Churchill Livingstone. Eds. is used to denote editors. The above refers to the whole book. All editors’ names are to be provided in the citation in the order they appear in the publication. e-book (without DOI) . . . (Rich, 2011, p. 85). Rich, J. R. (2011). Your iPad 2 at work [e-book]. Retrieved from http://safaribooksonline.com e-book (with DOI) . . . (Hill, 2011, p. 26). Hill, C. E. (Ed.). (2001). The helping skills: The empirical foundation. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/ 10.1037/10412-000 e-book (no page numbers) For short documents, count the paragraph number from the start of the document . . . (Smith, 2014, para. 3). For longer documents, use the heading plus a paragraph number within that section . . . (Jones, 2015, Discussion section, para. 3). For long headings, use a short title enclosed in quotation marks . . . (Wentworth, 1999, “Mandatory police checks”, para. 3). See above examples. 4 2019.1 Dictionaries (print & In-text example online) Dictionary (print - no author) As quoted “. . . ” (Concise English-Chinese Chinese-English dictionary, 1999, p. 78) . . . Italicise the title of the dictionary. Reference list example Concise English-Chinese Chinese-English Dictionary. (1999). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Dictionary (print - with author/editor) Blood pressure is defined as “. . .” (Weller, 2009, p. 85). Weller, B. F. (Ed.). (2009). Balliere’s nurses dictionary: For nurses and health care workers (25th ed.). Edinburgh, Scotland: Elsevier. Dictionary (online) . . . (Cambridge dictionaries online, 2011). Cambridge dictionaries online. (2011). Retrieved from http://dictionary.cambridge.org/ Specific entry in an online dictionary, no author or editor Heuristic is defined as “. . . .” (Heuristic, n.d.). Heuristic. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary (11th ed.). Retrieved from http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/heuristic Magazines (print & In-text example online) Magazine article - print . . . (Chamberlin, 2008, p. 26). Reference list example Chamberlin, J. (2008, May). Enhancing worker well-being: Occupational health psychologists convene to share their research on work, stress, and health. Monitor on Psychology, 39(5), 26-29. Include year, month (and day if applicable) Magazine article - online . . . (Hurley, 2013). Hurley, B. (2013, November). Crowdsourced design growing full steam as DesignCrowd clocks $10m in projects. Business Review Weekly. Retrieved from http://www.brw.com.au/p/entrepreneurs/crowdsourced_design_ growing_full_O0EIAAcOfReIg57LSnaARN 5 2019.1 Pamphlet/brochure In-text example (print & online) Reference list example Pamphlet/brochure – print Case studies have shown . . . (BioResearch, 2007, p. 9). BioResearch. (2007). Getting started with bioresearch homoeopathic complexes [Pamphlet]. Queensland, Australia: BioResearch. Pamphlet/brochure – online Asthma prevention is . . . (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006, para. 3). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2006). You can control your asthma [Pamphlet]. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/asthma/pdfs/asthma_brochure.pdf Newspapers (print & online) In-text example Reference list example . . . (Burstin, 2005, p. 38). Burstin, F. (2005, April 29). Seasons’ disorders. Herald Sun, p. 38. Remember to include the year, month day. Italicise the name of the newspaper, not the article title. Shorten the title and enclose in quotation marks . . . (“Dexus to net”, 2016, p. 35). Dexus to net $664.5m for two properties. (2016, August 8). The Age, p. 35. Newspaper article (with author) Newspaper article (no author) Davies, P. (1996, June 18). Key mistake stopped MFP. The Australian. Retrieved from http://www.theaustralian.com.au/ Online Newspaper article . . . (Davies, 1996). Theses (print & online) In-text example Reference list example Thesis - print Conclusions drawn about critical thinking . . . (Christianson, 2007, p. 59). Christianson, R. (2007). A study of the academic skills profession in Sloten. (Master’s Thesis). The University of Weesp, Brussels, Belgium. Thesis - online Mann (2010, p. 3) identified . . . Mann, D. L. (2010). Vision and expertise for interceptive actions in sport (Doctoral dissertation, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia). Retrieved from http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44704 For an online article, give the URL for the home page only (because more specific web addresses may change or become inactive). 6 2019.1 Conference proceedings In-text example Conference paper - print . . . (Prayag & Ramjee, 2009). Conference paper – retrieved online . . . (Willis, 1996). Journals (print & online) In-text example Reference list example Prayag, I. L., & Ramjee, R. (2009). The impact of Newcastle disease control on smallholder poultry production in Mauritius. In R. G. Alsers, P. B. Spadbrow, & M. P. Young (Eds.), Village chickens, poverty alleviation and the sustainable control of Newcastle disease: Proceedings of an international conference held in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 5-7 October 2005 (pp. 132-134). Canberra, Australia: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. Willis, S. (1996). Interface to interact: Technologies and techniques. Paper presented at the Australian Computers in Education Conference, Canberra, Australia. Retrieved from http://www.spirit.com.au/ACE96/papers/canberra.htm Reference list example Wilkinson, J. (1996). The internet as a research and information tool for herbal medicine. British Journal of Phytotherapy, 6(2), 34-45. Volume (italics) Journal article – print (= hard-copy) (with author) There are a number of websites available for herbalists . . . (Wilkinson, 1996, p. 36). Issue (NOT italics) You only give a volume number and issue number if there is one (some journals will only have a volume number, some may have an issue number only and some may have the season recorded, or they may be in combination). All volume and or issue details are to be provided in the reference list as they appear in the publication. Journal article titles are in sentence case. The journal name is capitalised and italicised. Journal article - print (no author) Online journal - Full text with a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) The growth of genetics in the future . . . (“Transplantation into the next century”, 1999, p. 1004). Shorten the title and enclose in quotation marks. . . . (Herbst-Damm & Kulik, 2005, p. 226). Transplantation into the next century: Genetic engineering and xenotransplantation. (1999). Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 26(12), 1004. Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival times of terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24(2), 225-229. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225 Note DOI is written in lower case. 7 2019.1 Online journal - Full text without a DOI (when DOI is not available) This responsibility is heightened when . . . (Marsh & Campion, 2018, p. 215). Marsh, J. D. & Campion, J. (2018). Academic integrity and referencing: Whose responsibility is it? Journal of Academic Language and Learning, 12(1). Retrieved from http://journal.aall.org.au/index.php/jall/article/view/546/299 Add the ‘Retrieved from’ plus URL when the DOI is not available. Online journal - Abstract only with a DOI Note: Abstracts only are generally not accepted. Online journal - Abstract only without a DOI Note: Abstracts only are generally not accepted. Journal article that appears online before print publication . . . (Brockerhoff et al., 2008, Abstract). This reference is for an original abstract. Scutellaria lateriflora reduced sleep latency in health individuals . . . (Wolfsen & Hoffman, 2003, Abstract). This reference is for a secondary abstract. Adult marine lungs have shown airway remodelling due to IL-1 (beta) (Lappalainen et al., 2005, p. 132). Note: all 4 authors’ surnames need to be mentioned when citing first time. See ‘Three or more authors’ for more information. If the article referred to is only cited as an abstract this must be stated: Brockerhoff, E. G., Jactel, H., Parrotta, J. A., Quine, C. P., & Sayer, J. (2008). Plantation forests and biodiversity: Oxymoron or opportunity? [Abstract]. Biodiversity and Conservation, 17, 925-951. https:// doi.org/ 10.1007/s10531-008-9380-x If the article referred to is only cited as an abstract this must be stated: Wolfsen, P., & Hoffman, D. (2003). An investigation into the efficacy of Scutellaria lateriflora in healthy volunteers. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 9(2). Abstract retrieved from http://www.alternativetherapies.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/archives.main Lappalainen, U., Whitsett, J., Tichelaar, J., & Bry, K. (2005). IL-1 (beta) causes pulmonary inflammation, emphysema and airway remodelling in the adult marine lung. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. Advance online publication. Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlmnih.gov/pubmed/15668323 If available, use DOI number instead of URL. Web pages In-text Example Reference list example Web page -with author Note: example is a pdf As Fitch (2005) claimed . . . Fitch, P. (2005). Recovering body and soul from post-traumatic stress disorder. Retrieved from https://pamelafitch-rmt.com/docs/soul.pdf Web page (corporate/government author or sponsoring body) . . . (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2018). Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2018). Overseas Arrivals and Departures, Australia (cat. No. 3401.0). Retrieved from http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/C5717BACF2EA231ACA25751A0019DBB7?OpenDocument 8 2019.1 Web page (no author or sponsoring body) Web page (no date) Web page in general (not used as evidence for an argument) Blog Post Blog comment Huge numbers of women around the world now use thermography (“Complementary and Ecological Medicine [CEM]”, 2007). Use quotation marks for the title (for long titles, include the first few words only). According to the Australian Institute of Sport (n.d.). . . Youtube (www.youtube.com) is one of the most popular websites in the world. Paraphrase: The issue of sustainability in architecture . . . (katzsj, 2009). Use the screen name for the author of a post if the author has adopted one. Direct quote in text e.g.: “The vast majority of us have perfectly robust immune systems, and the notion that having a busy, modern lifestyle can compromise the immune system is greatly overblown” (Newsome, 2011). . . . (glamazon, 2015). Complementary and Ecological Medicine. (2007). Retrieved from www.healthyconcept.com Start the reference with the title of the webpage, in italics. Australian Institute of Sport. (n.d.). Australian Sports Commission. Retrieved from www.ausport.gov.au/ais/ If no date is available, write n.d. in the parentheses. If referring to a website in general (rather than specific information), give only the URL in the text the first time you mention it. You do not need to include an entry in the reference list. katzsj (2009, February 11). Water bottles as a design tool [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://katzsj.wordpress.com/2009/02/11/waterbottles-as-a-design-tool/ Newsome, B. (2011, March 10). Immune to science [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.theage.com.au/opinion/blogs/scepticscience/immune-to-science-20110309-1bn9m.html The name of the blog itself is not part of the reference, although you can often see it in the URL. The title is not italicised. For a response to a post, use “Re:” followed by the title of the blog post. Also use the label [Blog comment]. glamazon. (2015, October 23). Re: Cambodia – The tourist [Web log comment]. Retrieved from http://www.bigwordsblog.com/cambodia-the-tourist/#li-comment-52388 Use the URL of the comment itself. To find this, click on the date stamp. 9 2019.1 . . . (“Physiology”, 2016). Wikis (including Wikipedia) Social media Facebook status – individual author Facebook status – group author Instagram Twitter – individual author NB. Academic writing should reference peer-reviewed or scholarly work. Wikipedia is generally not considered suitable for academic writing. Physiology. (2016, August 12). In Wikipedia. Retrieved August 16, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiology Include retrieval date as the content can change over time. Wikipedia is italicised because it is the name of the reference work. In-text example Obama has confirmed that addressing climate change is a priority . . . (2016). Polio has recently resurfaced in Nigeria (World Health Organization, 2016). . . . . . (APA Style, 2018) President Obama announced the launch of the American Graduation Initiative (Obama, 2008). Reference list example Obama, B. [Barack]. (2016, August 13). The Clean Power Plan is a significant step in combating climate change – and we need to keep moving forward [Facebook status update]. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/barackobama/photos /a.53081056748.66806.6815841748/10154073260291749/?type=3&theater Provide the author’s name and initials in inverted format (Author, A. A.). Then write the given name in square brackets. The title is the content of the post (up to the first 40 words). This is not italicised. Provide a precise URL – click on the post’s date stamp to access the URL. World Health Organization. (2016, August 12). We are deeply saddened by the news that 2 Nigerian children have been paralysed by polio. The Government of Nigeria has made significant strides to stop this paralysing disease in recent years. The overriding priority now is to rapidly immunize [Facebook post]. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/WHO/posts/1193450940700287 APA Style [@officialapastyle]. (2018, December 5). Welcome to the official Instagram for #APAStyle! We’re here to help you with your APA Style questions [Instagram photograph]. Retrieved from https://www.instagram.com/p/Bq-A-dvBLiH/ Obama, B. [BarackObama]. (2008, July 15). Launched American Graduation Initiative to help additional 5 mill. Americans graduate college by 2020: http://bit.ly/gcTX7 [Tweet]. Retrieved from http://twitter.com/BarackObama/status/2651151366 Include Author, A.A. and then the screen name in square brackets. 10 2019.1 Twitter – group author Linked in Social media video . . . (Melbourne University, 2016). . . . (Schiller Palmisano, 2012). . . . (World Health Organization, 2016). Melbourne University [unimelb]. (2016, August 15). Liver cancer rates have tripled. Hepatitis C researchers urge: Get tested, get treated http://newsroom.melbourne.edu/news/get-tested-get-treated-hep-cresearchers-urge … [Tweet]. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/unimelb/status/765017668122386432 Schiller Palmisano, N. (n.d.). In LinkedIn [Profile page]. Retrieved July 12, 2012, from http://www.linkedin.com/profile/edit?trk=hb_tab_pro_top It is not possible to tell what date a LinkedIn profile was published, so only the retrieval date is included. World Health Organization. (2016, August 13). Question and answer on polio [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/WHO/?fref=nf Italicise the title of the video. . . . (National Geographic Magazine, 2016). Social media image or graphic – with caption The photographer can be acknowledged in the text e.g. Michael Nichols photographed the sunrise . . . (National Geographic Magazine, 2016). Social media image or graphic – without caption . . . (National Geographic Magazine, 2016). The photographer can be acknowledged in the text e.g. Charlie Hamilton James photographed . . . (National Geographic Magazine, 2016). Social media – photo album . . . (Time, 2014). National Geographic Magazine. (2016, August 3). Today’s top shot: The sun rises over the Merced River, which famously courses through Yosemite National Park and the Yosemite Valley. http://on.natgeo.com/2b05fuS [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/NGM/photos/a.406883368335.198383.72996268335/ 10154432737933336/?type=3&theater Use up to the first 40 words of the caption as the title. Do not italicise the title. National Geographic Magazine. (2016, May 18). [Young ocelot looks startled] [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/NGM/photos/a.10150779166933336.469045. 72996268335/10154237159743336/?type=3&theater If the image contains no caption, provide a description of the item in square brackets. Time. (2014, May 1). Time 100 Gala 2014 [Photo album]. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/time/photos/?tab=album&album_id= 10152029513376491 Italicise the title of the album. 11 2019.1 Reports & standards In-text example Reference list example World Vision Australia. (2015). Annual report 2015. Burwood East, Australia: Author. Annual report - print Annual report - online Government report print Government report online Standard - print . . . (World Vision Australia, 2015). . . . (World Vision Australia, 2015). . . . (Australian Government Department of Education and Training, 2014). . . . (Australian Government Department of Education and Training, 2014). . . . (Standards Australia, 1994). If the author and publisher are the same, ‘Author’ can be used in place of the publisher. World Vision Australia. (2015). Annual report 2015. Retrieved from https://www.worldvision.com.au/docs/default-source/annual-reports/wvannual-reports/annual-report-2015-v2.pdf?sfvrsn=2 Australian Government Department of Education and Training. (2014). Higher education report 2011-2013. Canberra, Australia: Author. If the author and publisher are the same, ‘Author’ can be used in place of the publisher. Australian Government Department of Education and Training. (2014). Higher education report 2011-2013. Retrieved from https://docs.education.gov.au/system/files/doc/other/higher_ education_report_2011-2013_final_web.pdf Standards Australia. (1994). Information processing systems – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – End system to intermediate system routing exchange protocol for use in conjunction with the protocol for providing the connectionless-mode network service (AS/NZS 3651:1994). Homebush, Australia: Author. If the author and publisher are the same, ‘Author’ can be used in place of the publisher. If a number is assigned to the publication, write that number in parentheses immediately after the title. Standard - online . . . (Standards Australia, 1994). Standards Australia. (1994). Information processing systems – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – End system to intermediate system routing exchange protocol for use in conjunction with the protocol for providing the connectionless-mode network service (AS/NZS 3651:1994). Retrieved from https://www.saiglobal.com/PDFTemp/Previews/OSH/As /as3000/3600/3651.PDF 12 2019.1 Personal communications Email Interview Letter Telephone call In-text example Reference list example An email (S. Johnson, personal communication, August 12, 2016) confirmed . . . The company’s CEO confirmed during an interview that . . . (C. Castillo, personal communication, May 11, 2015). OR During an interview, CEO Christian Castillo stated that “profits have . . .” (personal communication, May 11, 2015). His gratitude was evident in a letter (B. Thompson, personal communication, January 1, 2016) The President’s statement was confirmed during a phone interview (K. Nott, personal communication, May 31, 2016) OR During a phone interview conducted on May 31, 2016, President Kathryn Nott stated that . . . You do not need to include an entry in the reference list. You do not need to include an entry in the reference list. You do not need to include an entry in the reference list. You do not need to include an entry in the reference list. Lecture notes & class handouts In-text example Class handouts . . . (Reed, 2012, p. 14). Reed, M. (2012, February 20). Human development [Lecture notes]. Copy in possession of JNI, Sydney, Australia. . . . (Jones, 2016). Jones, L. (2016). CAM102A: Calendula [Class handout]. Southern School of Natural Therapies, Fitzroy, Australia. Lecture notes – online . . . (Jacobs, 2015). Jacobs, P. (2015). CAM102A: Botany, week 2 notes [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from https://laureate-au.blackboard.com/ Notes taken during class Notes taken in class should be considered ‘personal communication’. It is reported that . . . (A. Harman, personal communication, July 13, 2016). You do not need to include an entry in the reference list. Lecture notes – print ! NB. Check with your lecturer before referencing lecture notes. You may need to refer to primary sources. Reference list example 13 2019.1 Variations In-text example Author : single name Sushil (2018, p. 188) confirmed that . . . Publication date unavailable Van Doorn (n.d., p. 200) described Weesp as a city . . . Secondary reference (A work cited in another source) Therapeutic massage is . . . (Anderson & Ramsdale, 2004, as cited in Buller, 2006, p. 77). Reference list example Sushil. (2018). Managing lifetime wastivity. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 19(3), 187-189. https: doi.org/10.1007/s40171-0180194-8 If no date is available, write n.d. in the parentheses. Van Doorn, H. H. (n.d.). Over the Vecht. Schiedam, The Netherlands: Scriptum Publishers. Buller, M. (2006). Massage techniques. Victoria, Australia: Penguin Books. Provide the details of the reference from where you sourced the information (place not available). Order the citations alphabetically by the first author’s surname. Separate the citations with semi-colons. Multiple works (different authors) in the same citation Multiple works by the same author and date Research shows that by evaluating data and then improving some aspect of knowledge or practice . . . (Merriam-Webster, 2014; Zickmund, 2000) All authors’ name and full reference details would be provided individually in alphabetical order in the reference list. Note that page numbers are not required, as no (in-) direct quotation is being made - reference is to the overall idea. To distinguish between the different works add a lower case letter to the year beginning with a then b then c and so on. NB. The suffixes are assigned in the reference list. In his first study Hoffman, (1998a, p. 74) found this to be true. However, further studies (Hoffman, 1998b, p. 23) . . . Hoffman, K. (1998a). Research in health science. St Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier. Hoffman, K. (1998b). Health science. New York, NY: Elsevier. Order alphabetically by title, and then assign suffixes a, b, c etc. Deadman, P. (1998). A manual of acupuncture. Hove, Great Britain: Journal of Chinese Medicine Publications. Multiple works by the same author with different years Give the name of the author(s) followed by the years of their studies in chronological order, separated by commas. Studies on acupuncture (Deadman, 1998, p. 78, 2007, p. 90) have shown . . . Deadman, P. (2007). A manual of acupuncture. Hove, Great Britain: Journal of Chinese Medicine Publications. Order chronologically in the reference list. Note that the Journal is the publisher in the above examples. 14 2019.1 First in-text citation: (Marewski, Gaissmaier, & Gigerenzer, 2010) (Marewski, Gaissmaier, Schooler, Goldstein, & Gigerenzer, 2010) Subsequent citations: Multiple works with same first author but different second or third authors Normally we would then abbreviate these two studies to the first name and ‘et al.’. However, this would result in two identical citations – (Marewski, 2010), so write out as many names as necessary to distinguish between the two, e.g. (Marewski, Gaissmaier, & Gigerenzer, 2010) (Marewski, Gaissmaier, Schooler, et al., 2010) Multiple works with different authors but the same surname Include the first initial in all in-text citations (even if the year of publication is different) to avoid confusion. . . . (I. Light, 2006). OR A study by I. Light (2006), . . . Arranged alphabetically by the surname of the second author or, if the second author is the same, the surname of the third author, and so on: Marewski, J. M., Gaissmaier, W., & Gigerenzer, G. (2010). Good judgements do not require complex cognition. Cognitive Processing, 11, 103-121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-009-0337-0 Marewski, J. M., Gaissmaier, W., Schooler, L. J., Goldstein, D. G., & Gigerenzer, G. (2010). From recognition to decisions: Extending and testing recognition-based models for multi-alternative inference. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 17, 287-309. https://doi.org/10.3758/PBR.17.3.287 Arrange works alphabetically by first initial. Light, I. (2006). Deflecting immigration: Networks, markets, and regulation in Los Angeles. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation. Light, M. A., & Light, I. (2008). The geographic expansion of Mexican immigration in the United States and its implication for local law enforcement. Law Enforcement Executive Forum Journal, 8, 73-82. If the authors share the same surname and initial, provide the given name e.g. . . . (Paul Smith, 2015; Peter Smith, 2013). If the authors share the same surname and initial, provide the given name in square brackets e.g. Smith, P. [Paul]. (2015). Melbourne dines. Ascot Vale, Australia: Dunlop Printing House. Direct quotations (or paraphrases) with no page number See ‘e-book (no page numbers)’ example. See relevant entry for book, report etc. Translated works Tzu (2003, p. 61) claimed that . . . Foreign works in Latin scripts Check with your lecturer if you can use foreign works first. . . . (Janzen & Hawlik, 2005). Tzu, L. (2003). Tao The Ching (J. Wu, Trans.). Boston, MA: Shambhala. Mention the translator after the title, along with the abbreviation ‘Trans.’ Follow the basic APA rules for a book, journal etc. Include an English translation of the title only in square brackets. Janzen, G., & Hawlik, M. (2005). Orientierung im Raum: Befunde zu Entscheidungspunkten [Orientation in space: Findings about decision points]. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 213(4), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1026/0044-3409.213.4.179 15 2019.1 Foreign works in a nonLatin script (e.g. Chinese, Japanese, Russian, etc.) Reprinted book Multi-media Youtube (or other streaming video) Check with your lecturer if you can use foreign works first. Names should be transliterated (converted) to a Latin script. Titles should be transliterated and translated to English. . . . (Motoki & Kurosawa, 1954). Motoki, S. (Producer), & Kurosawa, A. (Director). (1954). Shichinin no samurai [Seven samurai; motion picture]. Japan: Toho. . . . (Najm, 1966). Najm, Y. (1966). Al-qissah fi al-adab Al-Arabi al-hadith [The novel in modern Arabic literature]. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Al-Thaqafah. Cite both the original publication year and recent publication year. . . . (Smith, 1793/1976). Smith, A. (1976). An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press. (Original work published 1793) In-text example (Khan Academy, 2016) See ‘Direct quotations from audio-visual material – timestamp’ for quotes/paraphrased material Reference list example Khan Academy (2016, July 14). Brexit and European Union primer [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gbIgkcIfg0E Motion picture . . . (Spurlock, 2004). Spurlock, M. (Producer & Director). (2004). Super size me [Motion picture]. New York, NY: Fortissimo Films. DVD . . . (Clarke, 2003). Clarke, P. (Executive Producer), & Appel, G. (DVD Producer). (2003). Love is in the air [DVD]. Sydney, Australia: ABC. Television series . . . (Kring, 2008). Kring, T. (Producer). (2008). Heroes [Television series]. Melbourne, Australia: Seven Corporation. Television series episode . . . (Davies & Walsh, 2011). Davies, A. (Screenwriter), & Walsh, D. (Director). (2011, June 23). Episode 1 [Television series episode]. In G. Riley & J. Turner (Producers). Little Dorrit. England: BBC. Radio program . . . (Williams & Vaux, 2009). Radio program transcript . . . (Smith, 1996). Williams, R. (Presenter) & Vaux, D. (Guest). (2009, December 20). A short history of cell deaths. [Radio broadcast]. In B. Seega (Producer), Ockham's razor. Sydney, Australia: ABC Radio National. Smith, H. (1996). Medicine in Chaucer’s time. Ockham’s Razer, ABC Radio National transcripts. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/ockham/or110896.htm 16 2019.1 Direct quotations from audio-visual material – timestamp For a quote, include a timestamp (in lieu of page numbers) to direct the reader to a specific point in the audio/video. Use the format HH:MM:SS. In the example below, the time refers to 17 seconds. Acceleration is the “change in velocity over time” (Khan Academy, 2011, 0:17). You can also include a timestamp for paraphrased material. . . . (Van Nuys, 2007). Podcasts (audio or video) . . . (Chesney, 2007). Khan Academy. (2011, June 13). Acceleration: One-dimensional motion [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FOkQszg1-j8 Van Nuys, D. (Producer). (2007, December 19). Shrink rap radio [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.shrinkrapradio.com/ Write [Video podcast] for video files. For a podcast with a writer/presenter and a podcast number: Chesney, M. (2007, September 13). Gender differences in the use of complementary and alternative medicine (No. 12827) [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from University of California Television website: http://www.uctv.tv/ondemand Use the homepage URL rather than the full URL. Apps Music recording – song from CD . . . (Thierault, 2016). The heartfelt song “Born to try” debuted at number three (Goodrem, 2003, track 1). . . . (Lavin, 2003). Rightsholder, A. A. (year). Title of Software or Program (Version number) [Mobile application software]. Retrieved from http://xxxxx Thierault, A. (2016). Brain focus productivity timer (Version 2.7) [Mobile application software]. Retrieved from https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.AT.PomodoroTimer&hl= en If the composer and recording artist are the same: Goodrem, D. (2003). Born to try. On Innocent Eyes [CD]. New York, NY: Epic Records. If the composer and recording artist are different: Lavin, C. (2003). A Christmas/Kwanzaa/Solstice/Chanukah/ Ramadan/Boxing Day song [Recorded by C. Lavin & the Mistletones]. On The runaway Christmas tree [CD]. West Chester, PA: Appleseed Recordings. Note the album title is italicised (not the song title). 17 2019.1 Music recording – whole album (CD) . . . (Goodrem, 2003). Music recording – song retrieved online . . . (Timberlake, 2016). CD-ROM . . . (Maciocia, 2005). Legislation & cases Goodrem, D. (2003). Born to try [CD]. New York, NY: Epic Records. Timberlake, J., Martin, M., & Shellback. (2016). Can’t stop the feeling [Recorded by J. Timberlake]. On Trolls: Original motion picture soundtrack [MP3]. Retrieved from https://itunes.apple.com Note: Shellback is a single name. Maciocia, G. (2005). The foundations of Chinese medicine [CD-ROM]. Beijing, China: Elsevier. In-text example Reference list example According to s. 15 of the Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld). . . General form for Acts: Short Title of the Act in italics Year in italics (Jurisdiction abbreviation) subdivision if relevant (Country abbreviation). The Copyright Act 1968 prohibits . . . Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld) s. 15 (AU.). Acts and Bills Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) (AU.). Acts and Bills - Online According to s. 15 of the Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld). . . In the land rights case Mabo v. Queensland (1998). . . Cases OR . . . in a famous land rights case (Mabo v. Queensland, 1998). Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld) s. 15 (AU.). Retrieved from https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/legisltn/current/a/antidiscrima91.pdf General form for cases: Name v. name in italics Year Volume number Reporter abbreviation First page number (Country abbreviation). Mabo v. Queensland 1988 166 CLR 186 (AU). The above examples are for Australian jurisdictions only. For more information, refer to: The APA Publication Manual (6th ed.) Appendix 7.1: References to Legal Materials (pp. 216 - 224) and/or The blue book: A uniform system of citation (20th ed.). (2015). Cambridge, MA: Harvard Law Review Association. 18 2019.1 Figures (incl. images) In-text example Reference list example NOTE: A figure may be a chart, graph, photograph, drawing, or other illustration. Wyeth, A. (1948). Christina’s world [Painting]. New York, NY: Museum of Modern Art. Artwork viewed in person Include a description of the work of art (e.g. sculpture, painting) in square brackets. Figure 1. Christina’s world, tempera on panel (Wyeth, 1948) Artwork viewed online Figure 1. Christina’s world, tempera on panel (Wyeth, 1948) In the caption include details you consider relevant e.g. title and medium Wyeth, A. (1948). Christina’s world [Image of painting]. Retrieved from http://www.moma.org/explore/collection/index Include the page number Artwork viewed in a book The reference entry is that of the book Figure 2. Manet, River at Argenteuil, 1874 (Pool, 1973, p. 134) In the caption include details you consider relevant e.g. title, artist, medium Pool, P. (1973). Impressionism. London, England: Thames & Hudson. 19 2019.1 The Daily Bandha. (2010). Piriformis stretching in supta padangusthasana [Image]. Retrieved from http://www.dailybandha.com/2013/12/healing-with-yoga-piriformis-syndrome.html Image from a website Figure 3. Piriformis stretch (The Daily Bandha, 2010) Radiating ripples [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.bergoiata.org/fe/divers28/10.htm Image from a website – no author and no date Image from Google images Image from Google Maps Move the image title to the start of the reference. n.d. = no date. If there is no title, write a brief description of the image. Figure 4. Visualisation during pelvic floor exercises (“Radiating ripples”, n.d.) Go to the original source by selecting the image and then clicking ‘Visit page’. Then follow the format above for images from a website. . . . (Google, 2015). Follow the format above for images from a website. Google. (2015). Tin Can Bay QLD 4580 [Map]. Retrieved from http://maps.google.com.au/maps?q=tin+can+bay&hl=en&sll=37.817178,144.96124&sspn=0.076889,0.110378&hnear=Tin+Can+Bay+Queensland&t=m&z=11 Include the page number in the in-text citation Insel, P., Turner, R. E., & Ross, D. (2007). Nutrition (3rd ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Image from a book (or journal article) Figure 5. Important childhood micronutrients (Insel, Turner, & Ross, 2007, p.689) 20 2019.1 Unpublished – in a personal collection i.e. you created the figure and it is not published You do not need to include an entry in the reference list as the work has not been published. Figure 6. Hot pot, Chiang Rai, 2015 (Personal collection) Da Vinci, L. [ca. 1503]. Mona Lisa [Image of painting]. Retrieved from http://www.louvre.fr/en/mediaimages/portrait-de-lisa-gherardini-epouse-de-francescodel-giocondo-dite-monna-lisa-la-gioconda Image with approximate date ca. (meaning circa) written before the year, and square brackets used instead of round brackets. Figure 7. Mona Lisa (Da Vinci, [ca. 1503]). Figure 8. Functions of Japanese Figure (graph) – reprinted from a journal Leeming, P. (2011). Japanese high school students’ use of L1 during pair-work. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 21(3), 360-382. Note. Reprinted from “Japanese high school students’ use of L1 during pairwork”, by P. Leeming, 2011, International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 21(3), p. 368. Copyright 2011 by the International Journal of Applied Linguistics. The reference entry is that of a journal – hard copy. Note: If the figure requires further explanation, put the figure number at the top and include the ‘Note’; this functions as a legend, immediately beneath the figure. 21 2019.1 Tables In-text example Reference list example Note: Any illustration other than a table should be indicated as a figure. Table/graph – book (reprinted) Table/graph – book (adapted) Table – website (reprinted) Table 1. Daily dosage of chromium DAILY DOSAGE RDA Adults 0-00 μg/day Infants 10-40 μg/day SR 100-300 μg/day Deficiency <30 μg limits Note. Reprinted from The Nutrient Bible (8th ed., p. 135), by H. Osiecki, 2010, Eagle Farm, Australia: Bio Concepts Publishing. Copyright 2010 by Bio Concepts Publishing. Table 1. Daily adult dosage of chromium DAILY DOSAGE RDA Adults 50-200 μg/day SR 100-300 μg/day Deficiency <30 μg limits Note. Adapted from The Nutrient Bible (8th ed., p. 135), by H. Osiecki, 2010, Eagle Farm, Australia: Bio Concepts Publishing. Copyright 2010 by Bio Concepts Publishing. Table 2. Oldest populations in Australia 2015 Note. Reprinted from “Australia growing greyer”, by Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016, (http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/ mediareleasesbyCatalogue/72D4A8F0C7957E85CA25 7A6A0012F5A0?OpenDocument). In the public domain. Osiecki, H. (2010). The Nutrient Bible (8th ed.). Eagle Farm, Australia: Bio Concepts Publishing. The reference entry is that of the book. Osiecki, H. (2010). The Nutrient Bible (8th ed.). Eagle Farm, Australia: Bio Concepts Publishing. The reference entry is that of the book. Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Australia going greyer. Retrieved from http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/ mediareleasesbyCatalogue/72D4A8F0C7957E85CA25 7A6A0012F5A0?OpenDocument The reference entry is that of the website. 22 2019.1 References American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC.: American Psychological Association American Psychological Association. (2013). What is a digital object identifier, or DOI? Retrieved from http://apastyle.org/learn/faqs/what-is-doi.aspx Ballard, B. & Clancy, J. (1992). Teaching students from overseas. Melbourne, Australia: Longman Cheshire Board of Studies Teaching and Education Standards NSW. (n.d.). A glossary of key words. Retrieved from http://www.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au/syllabus_hsc/glossary_keywords.html Cottrell, S. (2008). The study skills handbook. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan Jordan, R.R. (1992). Academic writing course. London, United Kingdom: Nelson ELT Laureate Universities Australia. (n.d.). Text types and their uses. Retrieved from https://laureateau.blackboard.com/webapps/blackboard/ The blue book: A uniform system of citation (20th ed.). (2015). Cambridge, MA: Harvard Law Review Association. World Health Organization. (2016). Hepatitis C. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/ Please note that in APA 6th edition referencing, the word ‘References’ is the header for the reference list and is placed centre page; refer to page 23 for more information about the reference list. 23 2019.1 Appendix 1. Two letter USA state codes State or Territory State or Territory Alabama Alaska AL AK Nevada New Hampshire NV NH Arizona Arkansas AZ AR New Jersey New Mexico NJ NM California Colorado CA CO New York North Carolina NY NC Connecticut Delaware CT DE North Dakota Ohio ND OH District of Colombia Florida DC FL Oklahoma Oregon OK OR Georgia GA Pennsylvania PA Hawaii Idaho HI ID Rhode Island South Carolina RI SC Illinois Indiana IL IN South Dakota Tennessee SD TN Iowa Kansas IA KS Texas Utah TX UT Kentucky Louisiana KY LA Vermont Virginia VT VA Maine Maryland ME MD Washington West Virginia WA WV Massachusetts Michigan MA MI Wisconsin Wyoming WI WY Minnesota Mississippi MN MS American Samoa Guam AS GU Missouri Montana MO MT Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico MP PR Nebraska NE Virgin Islands VI 24 2019.1 Appendix 2. Referencing Tools Some tools and resources which may help you with referencing are listed below. Please make sure to always check your work against this Academic Writing Guide before submitting as some tools are more accurate than others. APA style formatting examples on the internet: www.apastyle.org http://blog.apastyle.org APA 6th edition is a well-recognised style, and is included in most referencing tracking software applications. Examples: www.stylewizard.com/apa6index.html www.zotero.org www.mendeley.com www.citeulike.com There are also online tools such as reference generators which can simplify the creation of your reference list (once again, check your course’s guidelines before submitting your work): www.bibme.org https://reffor.us/ 25 2019.1 Inbuilt citation makers Many programs now have inbuilt citation makers to simplify referencing, but note to always double check against this Academic Writing Guide, as many contain mistakes. Major library catalogues – search for the book in the catalogue, then search for a ‘citation’ function option: 26 2019.1 27