CHAPTER 2 - THE BIOLOGY OF BEHAVIOR 1. NEURAL COMMUNICATION Key Terms Know the parts of a neuron and their neuron axon dendrite role in neural communication myelin sheath synapse terminal branches Understand how neural impulses action potential all-or-none response are generated threshold refractory period Identify the major neurotransmitters and Acetylcholine Serotonin Endorphins their functions/malfunctions Dopamine Norephinephrine Understand how neurons communicate neurotransmitters reuptake with other nerve cells synapse Understand how neurotransmitters influence behavior 2. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Key Terms Understand the differences between the central nervous system (CNS) vs. peripheral nervous system (PNS) nervous system’s main divisions somatic nervous system vs. autonomic nervous system sympathetic nervous system vs. parasympathetic nervous system reflexes spinal cord nerves Know the three main types of interneurons sensory neurons neurons and what they do motor neurons 3. THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Key Terms Understand how the endocrine system endocrine system adrenal glands transmits information and how it hormones pituitary gland interacts with the nervous system 4. THE BRAIN Key Terms Identify the components of the brainstem brainstem thalamus reticular formation and their function medulla cerebellum pons Identify the components and function limbic system amygdala of the limbic system hippocampus hypothalamus Know the functions of the various cerebral cortex parietal lobe sensory cortex regions of the cerebral cortex temporal lobe occipital lobe association areas frontal lobe motor cortex CHAPTER 3 - CONSCIOUSNESS AND THE TWO-TRACK MIND 1. THE BRAIN AND CONSCIOUSNESS Key Terms Understand what is meant by “dual consciousness processing” dual processing Understand the limits of how much selective attention selective inattention information we can consciously pay blindsight change blindness attention to at once inattentional blindness cocktail party effect 2. SLEEP AND DREAMING Key Terms Know how our biological rhythms influence circadian rhythm sleep cycles our daily functioning sleep stages Know what occurs mentally and physically REM Sleep NREM 2 sleep spindles in different sleeping and dreaming stages NREM 1 NREM 3 sleep paralysis paradoxical sleep dreams alpha waves delta waves Know the major functions of sleep Protection memory Restore & Repair creative problem-solving growth Know the effects of sleep loss, and know the insomnia sleep apnea sleepwalking difference between the major sleep disorders narcolepsy night terrors sleep hygiene 3. DRUGS AND CONSCIOUSNESS Key Terms Understand the nature of drug tolerance, tolerance physical dependence signs of dependence dependence, and addiction withdrawal psychological dependence addiction psychoactive drugs Know which drugs are depressants, and depressants opiates their effects on consciousness and the body barbiturates alcohol Know which drugs are stimulants, and stimulants methamphetamine cocaine their effects on consciousness and the body caffeine nicotine ecstasy Know which drugs are hallucinogens, and Marijuana (THC) hallucinogens their effects on consciousness and the body LSD CHAPTER 4 - DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFESPAN 1. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD Key Terms Know abilities and instincts of newborns rooting reflex voice preferences preference for social sucking reflex habituation objects crying when hungry infancy childhood Know the developmental changes in brain maturation infantile amnesia sequence and motor abilities during infancy and timing childhood Know the stages of cognitive development, cognition object permanence sensorimotor stage as well as the developmental milestones egocentrism preoperational stage at the various stages theory of mind concrete operations stage formal operations stage conservation schemas Know how parent-child attachments form attachment during infancy Understand the differencesbetween in secure attachment insecure attachment (anxious) different attachment styles insecure attachment (avoidant) temperament strange situation Understand how childhood neglect or abuse affects children’s attachments Know the three parenting styles, and authoritative authoritarian explain how children’s traits relate to them permissive 2. ADOLESCENCE Key Terms Understand how physical changes affect adolescence primary sex characteristics developing teens puberty secondary sex characteristics Understand adolescent cognitive and moral preconventional stage formal operations development, according to Piaget, Kohlberg conventional stage moral reasoning postconventional stage moral intuition Know the characteristics of emerging emerging adulthood adulthood CHAPTER 5 - GENDER AND SEXUALITY 1.GENDER DEVELOPMENT Key Terms Know gender similarities and differences in gender sex aggression, social power, and social social power connectedness. social connectedness social communication Know how biological sex is determined, x chromosome female intersex and how sex hormones influence prenatal y chromosome testosterone primary sex characteristics and adolescent development male estrogen secondary sex characteristics Know how gender roles and gender typing gender identity social learning theory gender typed influence gender development gender role transgender gender schema gender reassignment gender expression 2. HUMAN SEXUALITY Key Terms Understand how hormones influence estrogen human sexual motivation testosterone Know how external and imagined external stimuli stimuli contribute to sexual arousal imagined stimuli Understand the psychological, social, and premature ejaculation lack of orgasm response biological causes of sexual response erectile dysfunction disorders low sexual desire 3. SEXUAL ORIENTATION Key Terms Know the definition of sexual orientation, heterosexual bisexual sexual orientation and the various known orientations homosexual asexual attraction Know the biological, genetic, and behavioral differences between heterosexual men and women, and gay men and lesbians Knowthe various causes of sexual Brain differences orientation, and whether it is fixed at birth Prenatal hormones or is influenced by the environment Genes Exam 1 Review Guide Introduction to Psychology Chapters 2-5 Exam 1 will be 50 multiple-choice questions, approximately 12-13 questions per chapter. You will have exactly 1 hour 15 min to complete the exam * Questions will range from definitions and identification of terms to conceptual questions (see practice questions in text book at the end of each chapter) * Be sure to study all terms, as well as the concepts covered in the chapters * It is highly recommended that you do the end of chapter exercises in the text as practice to prepare for the exam
