CLASSIFICATION
OF HAZARDS
ZEESHAN AHMAD 15-BSM-111
GHULAM MURTAZA 15-BSM-131
MUHAMMAD AWAIS 15-BSM-132
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD
LAHORE
TEACHER NAME:
ENGR.IJAZ QURESHI SHB
PHYSICAL
HAZARD
ERGONOMIC
HAZARD
CHEMICAL
HAZARD
BIOLOGICAL
HAZARD
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
OBJECTIVES:
• Discuss and explain common hazards in the
workplace and their effects to workers’ health.
• Recommend appropriate measures to prevent
occupational and work-related illnesses.
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
HAZARD AND RISK

HAZARD
- any source of
potential damage,
harm or adverse
health effects on
something or
someone under
certain conditions at
work.

RISK
- the chance or
probability that a
person will be
harmed or
experience an
adverse health
effect if exposed to
a hazard.
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
WORKPLACE HAZARDS
Safety Hazards




working conditions where
harm to the workers is of an
immediate and violent nature
result in broken bones, cuts,
bruises, sprains, loss of limbs,
etc.
the harm results in some kind
of injury to the worker
associated with poorly
guarded or dangerous
equipment and machinery
Health Hazards

working conditions which
result in an illness

exposure to dangerous
substances or conditions,
such as chemicals, gases,
dusts, noise etc.

often, latency between
exposure and disease
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
CHEMICAL
HAZARDS
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD
LAHORE
Chemical Hazards
Routes of entry into the body
Inhalation
Skin Contact
Ingestion
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
Chemical Hazards
Routes of excretion
Gastro-intestinal
(feces)
Renal (urine)
Respiratory
(exhalation)
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
Skin (sweat, hair, nails)
LD 50 - Dose lethal to 50% of test animals
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
Chemical Hazards
Measures of concentration of toxic substances
• Threshold Limit Value (TLV)- average concentration
of an airborne substance to which most workers
could be safely exposed over an eight-hour working
day or forty-hour working week throughout a
working lifetime
• Maximal Allowable Concentration (MAC)- peak or
maximum concentration of an airborne to which
most workers could be safely exposed.
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
Chemical Hazards
Classification of Toxic Effects
• Local toxicity- occurs at the site of chemical contact
• Systemic toxicity- occurs distant from point of contact, may involve many
organ systems
• Acute toxicity- occurs almost immediately (hours/days) after an exposure
• Chronic toxicity- represents cumulative damage to specific organ systems;
occurs many months or years to have recognizable clinical disease
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
Chemical Hazards





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

Health Effects
Renal Diseases
Respiratory Diseases
Skin Diseases
Hematologic Diseases
Cardiovascular Diseases
Neurologic Diseases
Carcinogenic
Teratogenic
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
Chemical Hazards
Effects
Chemical Agent
Industry/Process
Renal Diseases:
acute/chronic renal
failure
Battery, chemical
Mercury, cadmium,
industries,
chloroform
pesticide
Respiratory Diseases:
Irritation, inflammation
Solvents, ammonia Chemical industries
Pneumoconiosis
Inorganic dust
Mining, construction,
sandblasting, coal
Cancer
Chromium
Plating, metal refining
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY,
RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
Chemical Hazards
Blood Diseases:
Anemia
Aplastic anemia
Skin Diseases:
Allergic/contact
dermatitis
Lead
Battery mfg., lead
smelting
Benzene
Solvent & soap mfg.
Plastic epoxides
Plastic, varnish
Acne
Cutting oils, grease Machine-tool
operators
Skin Cancer
Arsenic, tar
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY,
RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
Petroleum refinery
Chemical Hazards
Liver Disease:
Acute liver toxicity
Liver cancer
Carbon
tetrachloride
Cleaning fluids, dry
cleaners
Vinyl chloride
Plastics & vinyl
chloride mfg.
Cardiovascular Disease:
Hypertension
Lead, Cadmium
Battery mfg. &
recycling
Atherosclerosis
Carbon disulfide
Degreasing, dry
cleaning
Arrythmias
Fluorocarbon,
trichloroethylene
Refrigeration, solvent
workers
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY,
RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
PHYSICAL
HAZARDS
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD
LAHORE
• Noise
Physical Hazards
• Vibration
• Extreme Temperature
• Illumination
• Radiation
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
Ear Anatomy
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
NOISE
Types of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
• Temporary Threshold Shift (auditory fatigue)
• temporary loss of hearing acuity after exposure to loud noise
• recovery within 16-48 hrs
• Permanent Threshold Shift
• irreversible loss of hearing
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
NOISE
Early Signs of Hearing Loss
• Difficulty in understanding spoken words in a noisy
environment
• Need to be near or look at the person speaking to
help understand words
• Familiar sounds are muffled
• Complaints that people do not speak clearly
• Ringing noises in the ears (tinnitus)
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
Other Harmful Effects of Noise
•
•
•
•
Hypertension
Hyperacidity
Palpitations
Disturbs relaxation and sleep
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
VIBRATION
• Physical factor which affects man by
transmission of mechanical energy from
oscillating sources
• Types
• Segmental vibration
• Whole body vibration
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
Segmental Vibration:
• Health Effects:
—Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS)
—tingling, numbness, blanching of fingers
—pain
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
Whole Body Vibration:
• Health effects:
• Fatigue
• Irritability
• Headache
• Disorders of the spine
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
EXTREME TEMPERATURE
• Sources of heat stress:
• Natural Conditions
• Hot work processes related to furnaces,
kilns, boilers and smelting
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
Health Effects of Heat Stress
Disorders
Clinical features
Prickly Heat (Miliaria rubra) Pruritic rash
Heat cramps
Cramps in the body,
usually legs
Heat exhaustion
Dizziness, fainting attack,
blurring of vision, cold,
clammy and sweaty skin
Heat stroke
Cyanosis, muscle
twitchings, disorientation,
delirium, convulsions
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
EXTREME TEMPERATURE
• Sources of Cold Environment:
• Ice plants and freezers in the food industry
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
Health Effects of Cold Temperature
• Frostbite: reddening of skin, localized
burning pain and numbness. Fingers,
toes, cheeks, nose, ears are most
susceptible.

trench foot or immersion foot:
numbness, pain, cramps,
ulceration and gangrene.
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
ILLUMINATION
Recommended Illumination Levels
Area of Operation
Cutting Cloth
Fine machining
Min Lighting Level (lux)
 2000
Transcribing handwriting
Drafting
1000
Welding
First Aid station
500
Lunch Room
Rest Room
300
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
Inadequate Illumination
Health Effects
•
•
•
•
•
•
Visual Fatigue
Double Vision
Headaches
Painful irritation
Lacrimation
Conjunctivitis
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Source
Frequency in hertz (Hz)
X-rays, about
1 billion
billion Hz
can penetrate
the body and damage
internal organs and tissues
by damaging important
molecules like DNA.
This is called “ionization.”
Gamma rays
X-rays
Ultraviolet radiation
Visible light
Microwaves, several billion Hz,
can have “thermal” or hearing
effects on body tissues
Power frequency EMFs 50 or
60 Hz carry very little energy,
have no ionizing effects
and usually no thermal
effects. They can, however,
cause very weak electric
currents to flow in the body.
Infrared radiation
Microwaves
Radio waves
800 - 900 MHz
15 - 30 Hz &
50 - 90 Hz
Very low frequency (VLF)
3,000 - 30,000 Hz
Extremely low frequency
(ELF) 3 - 3,000 Hz
Direct current
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
22
10
20
10
18
10
16
10
14
10
12
10
10
10
8
10
6
10
4
10
2
10
60 Hz
0
RADIATION
Types
Ionizing
Non-ionizing
Sources
X-rays
Gamma rays
Ultraviolet
Infrared
Laser
Health Effects
Cancer, congenital
defects, death
skin redness, premature
skin ageing, and skin
cancer
corneal and conjunctival
burns, retinal injury,
cataract
Skin and eye problem
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
BIOLOGICAL
HAZARDS
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD
LAHORE
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
VIRUSES
BACTERIA
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
FUNGI
PARASITES
Selected Infectious Diseases and
Occupations
Agent / Disease
Occupation
Colds, influenza, scarlet fever,
diphtheria, smallpox
May be contracted anywhere
Tuberculosis
Silica workers, people exposed
to heat and organic dusts, and
medical personnel
Anthrax
Animal handlers and handlers
of carcasses, skins, hides, or
hair of infected animals,
including wool carpet
processors and handlers.
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
Selected Infectious Diseases and
Occupations
Agent / Disease
Occupation
Ringworm (in horses, cattle,
deer, pigs, cats, dogs, birds)
Pet shop salesmen, stockmen,
breeders of cats and dogs, and
other animal handlers
Tetanus
Farmers (spores in soil) or
anyone in contact with manure.
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
Selected Infectious Diseases and
Occupations
Agent / Disease
Occupation
Psittacosis (in parrots,
parakeets, pigeons, ducks,
turkeys, chickens, etc.)
Pet shop personnel, gardeners,
housewives, veterinary
surgeons, and researchers.
Hookworm
Miners, agricultural laborers,
planters of sugar, tobacco, tea,
rice and cotton, and brick and
tunnel workers.
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
Selected Infectious Diseases and
Occupations
Agent / Disease
Occupation
Rabies (e.g. dogs, bats, rats,
pigs, cats)
Veterinarians, letter carriers,
laboratory research workers,
agricultural workers.
Fungus
Farmers, outdoor workers,
animal handlers
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
H- Human
HIV and AIDS
A- Acquired
I- Immunodeficiency
I- Immune
V- Virus
 virus which causes
AIDS
D- Deficiency
S- Syndrome
• serious and usually fatal
condition in which the
body’s immune system is
severely weakened and
cannot fight off infection.
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
Epidemiology of HIV and AIDS
Demographic Data
Feb 2009
Jan – Feb 2009
Cumulative Data
1984 – 2009
Total Reported Cases
47
112
3,701
Asymptomatic Cases
45
107
2,893
AIDS Cases
2
5
808
Males
38
95
2,595*
Females
9
17
1,095*
Youth 15-24 y/o
12
31
537
Children <15 y/o
1
2
52
Reported deaths due
to AIDS
0
0
317
Source: HIV / AIDS Registry, Department of Health, Philippines
* Note: No data available on sex for eleven (11) cases.
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
Modes of HIV Transmission
Reported Mode of
Transmission
Feb
2009
n=47
Jan-Feb
2009
n= 112
Cumulative Data:
1984—2009
N=3,701
43
107
3,297
Heterosexual contact
13
36
2,034 (62%)
Homosexual contact
14
37
872 (26%)
Bisexual contact
16
34
391 (12%)
Blood / Blood Products
0
0
19
Injecting Drug Use
0
1
8
Needle Prick Injury
0
0
3
Mother-to-Child
1
2
49
No data available
3
3
325
Sexual Contact
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
Body Fluids with High Viral Load
•
•
•
•
•
•
Blood
Semen
Vaginal and cervical mucus
Breastmilk
Amniotic fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
Modes of Transmission
• Unprotected penetrative sex
— semen, blood, vaginal secretions
• Blood transfusion on infected blood and blood products
• Sharing needles among
I.V. drug users
• Vertical/perinatal
— mother to infant
• Breastfeeding
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
HIV is NOT transmitted…
• through casual contact in any setting– schools,
homes, hospitals
• through insect, food, water, clothes, toilets,
swimming pools, and drinking and eating utensils
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
Prevention of HIV Infection
REMEMBER ABCDE!
 Abstinence
 Be Faithful
 Condom
 Do not inject
Drugs/no sharing of
needles
 Education
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
TETANUS
• A neurological disorder characterized
by increased muscle tone and spasms,
that is caused by tetanospasmin, a
protein toxin elaborated by the
organism Clostridium tetani.
• It arises from the contamination of
wounds with Clostridium spores.
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
• Clinical Manifestations TETANUS
• Increased tone in the
masseter muscle (lockjaw)
• Sustained contraction of the
facial muscles (risus
sardonicus) and back
muscles (opisthotonus)
• Prevention
• Active immunization with
tetanus toxoid
• Careful wound management
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
TUBERCULOSIS
• caused by the bacteria,
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• caused by droplet nuclei released
when sneezing and coughing
• Symptoms: weight loss, low
grade afternoon fever, persistent
cough and sometimes, bloodstreaked expectoration or
hemoptysis
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE
“I still need more healthy rest in
order to work at my best. My health
is the main capital I have and I want
to administer it intelligently.”
---Ernest Hemmingway
Nobel Prize winner for literature
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE