GCSE Key Verbs and Structures
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Key Verbs and Structures for GCSE Regular verbs (IR) (Full verb formation) (Regular verb infinitives) (Infinitive) Vivir – to live Me Te Se Nos Os Se Foundation verbs Ar Aconsejar – to advise Apagar – to turn off Arreglar – to tidy Bailar – to dance Bajar – to go down Cambiar – to change Caminar – to walk Cenar – to dine Comprar – to buy Contestar – to answer Dejar – to leave Enseñar – to teach / show Entrar – to enter Enviar – to send Escuchar – to listen to Esperar – to hope / wait Estudiar – to study Evitar – to avoid Explicar – to explain Fumar – to smoke Ganar – to win / earn Gastar – to spend £ Lavar – to wash Llamar – to call Limpiar – to clean Llegar – to arrive Llenar – to fill Llevar – to wear / carry Nadar – to swim Necesitar – to need Obligar – to force Pasar – to spend time / pass Pagar – to pay Higher verbs Pasear – to walk Practicar – to practise Preguntar – to ask Preparar – to prepare Regresar – to return Sacar – to take out Terminar – to finish Tocar – to play (instrument) Tomar – to take / have (food) Trabajar – to work Tratar de – to try to Utilizar – to use Viajar – to travel Visitar – to visit Er Aprender – to learn Beber – to drink Coger – catch Comer – eat Correr – to run Creer – to believe Deber – to have to Vender – to sell Ver – to watch / see Ir Abrir – to open Cubrir – to cover Decidir – to decide Escribir – to write Recibir – to receive Subir – to go up Vivo – I live Vives – you live Vive – he/she/it lives Vivimos – we live Vivís – you live (pl) Viven – they live (Radical Change verbs (Present tense only)) (Irregular in 1st person only (Present tense)) Conducir – to drive Conocer – to know Decir – to say / tell Estar – to be (state / position) Hacer – to do / make Oír – to hear Poner – to put / set Salir – to go out Saber – to know (fact) Tener – to have Traer – to bring Venir – to come Regular verbs (AR) Regular Verbs (ER) (infinitive) Hablar – to speak (Infinitive) Comer – to eat Hablo – I speak Hablas – you speak Habla – he/she/it speaks Hablamos – we speak Habláis – you speak (pl) Hablan – they speak Como – I eat Comes – you eat Come – he/she/it eats Comemos – we eat Coméis – you eat (pl) Comen – they eat Foundation verbs Conduzco – I drive Conozco – I know Digo – I say / tell Estoy – I am Hago – I do / make Oigo – I hear Pongo – I put / set Salgo – I go out Sé – I know Tengo – I have Traigo – I bring Vengo – I come (Irregular completely (Need to learn completely)) Ir – to go Ser – to be voy – I go vas – you go Va – he/she/it goes Vamos – we go Vais – you go Van – they go Soy – I am Eres – you are Es – he/she/it is Somos – we are Sois – you are Son – they are E – ie Cerrar (ie) – to close Despertarse (ie) – to wake up Divertirse (ie) – to enjoy o.s Empezar (ie) – to begin Encender (ie) – to light Herirse (ie) – to get injured Pensar (ie) – to think Perder (ie) – to lose Preferir (ie) – to prefer Querer (ie) – to want Sentirse (ie) – to feel O – ue Acordarse (ue) de – to remember Acostarse (ue) – to go to bed Almorzar (ue) – to have lunch Costar (ue) – to cost Dormir (ue) – to sleep Higher verbs Dormirse (ue) – to fall asleep Doler (ue) – to hurt Encontrar (ue) – to find Llover (ue) – to rain Poder (ue) – to be able to Probar (ue) – to try Soñar (ue) con – to dream of Soler (ue) – to usually …. Volar (ue) – to fly Volver (ue) – to return E–i Elegir (i) – to choose Medir (i) – to measure Pedir (i) – to ask for Reír (i) – to laugh Repetir (i) – to repeat Seguir (i) – to continue Servir (i) – to serve Vestirse (i) – to get dressed (Reflexive Verb Infinitives) Radical change verbs (E-ie) * Be aware of verbs which are both reflexive and radically changing Foundation verbs Higher verbs Ar 1. Present tense levanto – I get (myself) up levantas – you get up levanta – he/she/it gets up levantamos – we get up levantáis – you get up levantan – they get up Acordarse (ue) de – to remember Acostarse (ue) – to go to bed Arreglarse – to sort out Bañarse – to have a bath Despertarse (ie) – to wake up Inquietarse de – to worry about Lavarse – to have a wash Levantarse – to get up Olvidarse de – to forget Preocuparse de – to worry about Quedarse / alojarse – to stay Quejarse de – to complain about Relajarse – to relax Ir Divertirse (ie) – to enjoy o.s Dormirse (ue) – to fall asleep Herirse (ie) – to get injured Vestirse (i) – to get dressed Empiezo – I begin Empiezas – you begin Empieza – he/she it begins Empezamos – we begin Empezáis – you begin (pl) Empiezan – they begin (o-ue) Vuelvo – I return Vuelves – you return Vuelve – he/she/it returns Volvemos – we return Volvéis – you return (pl) Vuelven – they return (e – i) Sirvo – I serve Sirves – You serve Sirve – He/she/it serves Servimos – We serve Servís – You serve (pl) Sirven – They serve * Notice no change from infinitive in these persons 2. Two past tenses 2) Ir – to go Preterite (Finished action/ once) Iba – I used to go (etc) (use same endings as SER) Regular verbs (AR) Regular Verbs (ER) + (IR) (infinitive) Hablar – to speak (Infinitive) Comer – to eat 4. Future and conditional tenses 3. The perfect and pluperfect tense Future (All endings same for AR,ER,IR) Conditional (All endings same for AR,ER,IR) Regular verbs (Future) Regular Verbs (Conditional) (infinitive) Hablar – to speak (Infinitive) Comer – to eat Hablaré – I will speak Hablarás – you will speak Hablará – he/she/it will speak Hablaremos – we will speak Hablaréis – you will speak (pl) Hablarán – they will speak Comería – I would eat Comerías – You would eat Comería – He/she/it would eat Comeríamos – We would eat Comeríais – You would eat (pl) Comerían – They would eat * Both tenses are made up of a helper and a past participle Hablé – I spoke Hablaste – you spoke Habló – he/she/it spoke Hablamos – we spoke Hablasteis – you spoke (pl) Hablaron – they spoke Comí – I ate Comiste – you ate Comío – he/she/it ate Comimos – we ate Comisteis – you ate (pl) Comieron – they ate (Irregular preterites) Ir – to go Hacer – to do Fui – I went Fuiste – You went Fue – he went Fuimos – we went Fuistéis – you went Fueron – they went Hice – I did Hiciste – you did Hizo – he/she/it dd Hicimos – we did Hicisteis – you did (pl) Hicieron – they did (Perfect tense) Helper Past participle (AR) (ER + IR) He – I have Has – You have Ha – He/she/it has Hemos – we have Habéis – you have Han – they have Infinitive – (Hablar) Hablado – spoken Hablado – spoken Hablado – spoken Hablado – spoken Hablado – spoken Hablado – spoken Infinitive – (Comer) Comido – eaten Comido – eaten Comido – eaten Comido – eaten Comido – eaten Comido – eaten Ejemplos: He hablado – I have spoken He comido – I have eaten (Irregular past participles) Follow hacer endings for following Puse – I put Pude – I could Tuve – I had Quise – I wanted Estuve – I was Anduve – I walked Dije – I said Supe – I knew Hecho – done/ made Dicho – said Visto – seen Puesto – put Escrito – written Roto – broken Ejemplo: He hecho – I have done (Imperfect tense (ongoing action/ description / was doing)) (Plu-Perfect tense) Regular verbs (AR) Regular Verbs (ER) + (IR) Helper Past participle (AR) (ER + IR) (infinitive) Hablar – to speak (Infinitive) Comer – to eat Había – I had Habías – You had Había – He/she/it had Habíamos – we had Habiáis – you had Habían – they had Infinitive – (Hablar) Hablado – spoken Hablado – spoken Hablado – spoken Hablado – spoken Hablado – spoken Hablado – spoken Hablaba – I used to speak Hablabas – you used to speak Hablaba – he/she/it used to speak Hablábamos – we used to speak Hablabáis – you used to speak (pl) Hablaban – they used to speak Comía – I used to eat Comías – you used to eat Comía – he/she/it used to eat Comíamos – we used to eat Comíais – you used to eat (pl) Comían – they used to eat Infinitive – (Comer) Comido – eaten Comido – eaten Comido – eaten Comido – eaten Comido – eaten Comido – eaten Ejemplos: Había hablado – I had spoken Había comido – I had eaten (* 2 Irregulars only) Había hecho – I had done 1) Ser – to be (Important**) (Irregular past participles are same as above) Era – I was / used to be Eramos – we were/ used to be Eras – you were / used to be Eráis – you were/ used to be Era – he was /used to be Eran – they were / used to be (Irregular stems (Work for both Future and Conditional)) Saldré – I will go out Sabrás – you will know Habrá – there will be Tendremos – we will have Podremos – we will be able to Pondréis – you will put (pl) Vendrán – they will come Saldría – I would go out Sabrías – You would know Habría – there would be Tendríamos – there would be Pondríamos – We would be able to Pondríais – you would put (pl) Vendrían – they would come (Compound verbs (Contain part of a familiar verb)) Contener (ie) – to contain Contiene – it contains Obtener (ie) – to obtain Obtengo – I obtain Mantener (ie) – to maintain Mantienen – they maintain Tener lugar (ie) – to take place Tiene lugar – it takes place Tener en cuenta (ie) – to take into account Reconocer – to recognise Reconozco – I recognise Sonreir (i) – to smile Sonrío – I smile Descubrir – To discover Descubro – I discover Aprobar (ue) – to pass (exam) Apruebo – I pass (Families of words (Verbs / nouns / adjectives) VERB NOUN Volar (ue) – to fly Llenar – to fill Vender – to sell Viajar – to travel Elegir – to choose Aconsejar – to advise Vuelo - Flight ADJECTIVE Lleno – full Venta - sale Viaje – journey Elección – choice Consejo - advice
