1987, 1973, 1935 PHILIPPINES CONSTITUTION COMPARED/ COMPARISON MATRIX
1987 CONSTITUTION 1973 CONSTITUTION 1935 CONSTITUTION
Preamble Preamble
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Divine
Preamble
The Filipino people, imploring the aid of Divine Providence, in
God, in order to build a just and humane society and establish a Providence, in order to establish a government that shall embody order to establish a government that shall embody their ideals,
Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, our ideals, promote the general welfare, conserve and develop conserve and develop the patrimony of the nation, promote the promote the common good, conserve and develop our the patrimony of our Nation, and secure to ourselves and our general welfare, and secure to themselves and their posterity the patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the posterity the blessings of democracy under a regime of justice, blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law peace, liberty, and equality, do ordain and promulgate this blessings of independence under a regime of justice, liberty, and democracy, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution. and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, Constitution. do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.
ARTICLE I
The National Territory
ARTICLE I
The National Territory
The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with Section 1. The national territory comprises the Philippine
ARTICLE I
The National Territory
Section 1. The Philippines comprises all the territory ceded to the all the islands and waters embraced therein, and all other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or archipelago, with all the islands and waters embraced therein, and all the other territories belonging to the Philippines by
United States by the Treaty of Paris concluded between the
United States and Spain on the tenth day of December, eighteen jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial, and aerial historic or legal title, including the territorial sea, the air space, hundred and ninety-eight, the limits which are set forth in Article domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the the subsoil, the sea-bed, the insular shelves, and the submarine III of said treaty, together with all the islands embraced in the insular shelves, and other submarine areas. The waters around, areas over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction. treaty concluded at Washington between the United States and between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines.
The waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, irrespective of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines.
Spain on the seventh day of November, nineteen hundred, and the treaty concluded between the United States and Great
Britain on the second day of January, nineteen hundred and thirty, and all territory over which the present Government of the Philippine Islands exercises jurisdiction.

ARTICLE II
Declaration of Principles and State Policies
ARTICLE II
Declaration of Principles and State Policies
ARTICLE II
Declaration of Principles
Principles Section 1.
The Philippines is a republican state. Sovereignty resides in the
Section 1.
The Philippines, is a republican state. Sovereignty resides in the
SEC. 1.
people and all government authority emanates from them.
The Philippines is a democratic and republican State. Sovereignty
Section 2.
resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them. The defense of the State is the prime duty of government, and in the fulfillment of this duty all citizens may be required by law to people and all government authority emanates from them.
Section 2.
The defense of the State is a prime duty of government, and in the fulfillment of this duty all citizens may be required by law to
SEC. 2.
The Philippines renounces war as an instrument of national render personal military or civil service. policy, adopts the generally accepted principles of international Section 3.
render personal military or civil service.
Section 3.
law as part of the law of the land and adheres to the policy of The Philippines renounces war as an instrument of national The Philippines renounces war as an instrument of national peace, equality, justice, freedom, cooperation, and amity with all policy, adopts the generally accepted principles of international policy, and adopts the generally accepted principles of nations.
SEC. 3.
Civilian authority is, at all times, supreme over the military. The
Armed Forces of the Philippines is the protector of the people law as part of the law of the land, and adheres to the policy of international law as part of the law of the Nation. peace, equality, justice, freedom, cooperation, and amity with all nations.
Section 4.
Section 4.
The natural right and duty of parents in the rearing of the youth for civic efficiency should receive the aid and support of the and the State. Its goal is to secure the sovereignty of the State The State shall strengthen the family as a basic social institution. government. and the integrity of the national territory.
SEC. 4.
The prime duty of the Government is to serve and protect the people. The Government may call upon the people to defend the
The natural right and duty of parents in the rearing of the youth Section 5. The promotion of social justice to insure the well-being for civic efficiency and the development of moral character shall and economic security of all the people should be the concern of receive the aid and support of the government. the State.

State and, in the fulfillment thereof, all citizens may be required, Section 5.
under conditions provided by law, to render personal military or The State recognizes the vital role of the youth in nation-building civil service.
SEC. 5.
and shall promote their physical, intellectual and social wellbeing.
The maintenance of peace and order, the protection of life, Section 6.
liberty, and property, and the promotion of the general welfare The State shall promote social justice to ensure the dignity, are essential for the enjoyment by all the people of the blessings welfare, and security of all the people. Towards this end, the of democracy. State shall regulate the acquisition, ownership, use, enjoyment, and disposition of private property, and equitably diffuse
SEC. 6.
The separation of Church and State shall be inviolable. property ownership and profits.
Section 7.
State Policies
SEC. 7.
The State shall pursue an independent foreign policy. In its relations with other states the paramount consideration shall be
The State shall establish, maintain, and ensure adequate social services in the field of education, health, housing, employment, welfare, and social security to guarantee the enjoyment of the people of a decent standard of living. national sovereignty, territorial integrity, national interest, and Section 8.
the right to self-determination. Civilian authority is at all times supreme over the military.
SEC. 8.
Section 9.
The Philippines, consistent with the national interest, adopts and The State shall afford protection to labor, promote full pursues a policy of freedom from nuclear weapons in its territory. employment and equality in employment, ensure equal work opportunities regardless of sex, race, or creed, and regulate the relation between workers and employers. The State shall assure

SEC. 9.
the rights of workers to self-organization, collective bargaining,
The State shall promote a just and dynamic social order that will security of tenure, and just and humane conditions of work. The ensure the prosperity and independence of the nation and free State may provide for compulsory arbitration. the people from poverty through policies that provide adequate social services, promote full employment, a rising standard of Section 10.
living, and an improved quality of life for all. The State shall guarantee and promote the autonomy of local government units, especially the barrio, to ensure their fullest development as self-reliant communities.
SEC. 10.
The State shall promote social justice in all phases of national development.
SEC. 11.
The State values the dignity of every human person and guarantees full respect for human rights.
SEC. 12.
The State recognizes the sanctity of family life and shall protect and strengthen the family as a basic autonomous social institution. It shall equally protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception. The natural and primary right and duty of parents in the rearing of the youth for civic efficiency and the development of moral character shall receive the support of the Government.
SEC. 13.

The State recognizes the vital role of the youth in nation-building and shall promote and protect their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social well-being. It shall inculcate in the youth patriotism and nationalism, and encourage their involvement in public and civic affairs.
SEC. 14.
The State recognizes the role of women in nation-building, and shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of women and men.
SEC. 15.
The State shall protect and promote the right to health of the people and instill health consciousness among them.
SEC. 16.
The State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature.
SEC. 17.
The State shall give priority to education, science and technology, arts, culture, and sports to foster patriotism and nationalism, accelerate social progress, and promote total human liberation and development.

SEC. 18.
The State affirms labor as a primary social economic force. It shall protect the rights of workers and promote their welfare.
SEC. 19.
The State shall develop a self-reliant and independent national economy effectively controlled by Filipinos.
SEC. 20.
The State recognizes the indispensable role of the private sector, encourages private enterprise, and provides incentives to needed investments.
SEC. 21.
The State shall promote comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform.
SEC. 22.
The State recognizes and promotes the rights of indigenous cultural communities within the framework of national unity and development.
SEC. 23.
The State shall encourage non-governmental, community- based, or sectoral organizations that promote the welfare of the nation.

SEC. 24.
The State recognizes the vital role of communication and information in nation-building.
SEC. 25.
The State shall ensure the autonomy of local governments.
SEC. 26.
The State shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for public service, and prohibit political dynasties as may be defined by law.
SEC. 27.
The State shall maintain honesty and integrity in the public service and take positive and effective measures against graft and corruption.
SEC. 28.
Subject to reasonable conditions prescribed by law, the State adopts and implements a policy of full public disclosure of all its transactions involving public interest.
ARTICLE VI
Legislative Department
SEC 1.
Section 1.
ARTICLE VIII
The National Assembly
Section 1.
ARTICLE VI
Legislative Department

The legislative power shall be vested in the Congress of the
Philippines which shall consist of a Senate and a House of
The Legislative power shall be vested in a National Assembly.
Representatives, except to the extent reserved to the people by Section 2.
The Legislative power shall be vested in a Congress of the
Philippines, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of
Representatives. the provision on initiative and referendum. The National Assembly shall be composed of as many Members as may be provided by law to be appointed among the provinces,
SEC. 2.
representative districts, and cities in accordance with the
The Senate shall be composed of twenty-four Senators who shall number of their respective inhabitants and on the basis of a
Section 2.
The Senate shall be composed of twenty-four Senators who shall be chosen at large by the qualified electors of the Philippines, as be elected at large by the qualified voters of the Philippines, as uniform and progressive ratio. Each district shall comprise, as far may be provided by law. may be provided by law. as practicable, contiguous, compact, and adjacent territory.
Representative districts or provinces already created or existing Section 3.
SEC. 3.
No person shall be a Senator unless he is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines, and, on the day of the election, is at least thirtyat the time of the ratification of this Constitution shall have at least one Member each.
The term of office of Senators shall be six years and shall begin on the thirtieth day of December next following their election.
The first Senators elected under this Constitution shall, in the five years of age, able to read and write, a registered voter, and a Section 3.
resident of the Philippines for not less than two years (1) The Members of the National Assembly shall be elected by immediately preceding the day of the election.
SEC. 4.
manner provided by law, be divided equally into three groups, the Senators of the first group, to serve for a term of six years; the qualified electors in their respective districts for a term of six those of the second group, for four years; and those of the third years which shall begin, unless otherwise provided by law, at group, for two years. noon on the thirtieth day of June next following their election.
The term of office of the Senators shall be six years and shall commence, unless otherwise provided by law, at noon on the thirtieth day of June next following their election. No Senator shall serve for more than two consecutive terms. Voluntary renunciation of the office for any length of time shall not be
(2) In case the National Assembly is dissolved, the newly elected
Members shall serve the unexpired portion of the term from the
Section 4.
No person shall be a Senator unless he be a natural born citizen of the Philippines and, at the time of his election, is at least time the Prime Minister convenes the Assembly, which shall not thirty-five years of age, a qualified elector, and a resident of the be later than thirty days immediately following the elections. Philippines for not less than two years immediately prior to his considered as an interruption in the continuity of his service for the full term for which he was elected. Section 4.
election.
No person shall be a Member of the National Assembly unless he Section 5.

SEC. 5.
is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines and, on the day of the
(1) The House of Representatives shall be composed of not more election, is at least twenty-five years of age, able to read and
The House of Representatives shall be composed of not more than one hundred and twenty Members who shall be than two hundred and fifty members, unless otherwise fixed by write, a registered voter in the district in which he shall be apportioned among the several provinces as nearly as may be law, who shall be elected from legislative districts apportioned elected, and a resident thereon for a period of not less than one accorded to the number of their respective inhabitants, but each among the provinces, cities, and the Metropolitan Manila area in year immediately preceding the day of the election. province shall have at least one Member. The Congress shall by accordance with the number of their respective inhabitants, and on the basis of a uniform and progressive ratio, and those who, Section 5.
law make an apportionment within three years after the return of every enumeration, and not otherwise. Until such as provided by law, shall be elected through a party-list system of (1) Unless otherwise provided by law, the regular election of registered national, regional, and sectoral parties or organizations.
Members of the National Assembly shall be held on the second
Monday of May every six years thereafter. apportionment shall have been made, the House of
Representatives shall have the same number of Members as that fixed by law for the National Assembly, who shall be elected by
(2) The party-list representatives shall constitute twenty per (2) In case a vacancy arises in the National Assembly one year or centum of the total number of representatives including those more before a regular election, the Commission on Elections the qualified electors from the present Assembly districts. Each representative district shall comprise, as far as practicable, contiguous and compact territory. under the party list. For three consecutive terms after the shall call a special election to be held within sixty days after the ratification of this Constitution, one-half of the seats allocated to vacancy occurs. Section 6.
party-list representatives shall be filled, as provided by law, by selection or election from the labor, peasant, urban poor, Section 6.
The term of office of the Members of the House of
Representatives shall be four years and shall begin on the thirtieth day of December next following their election. indigenous cultural communities, women, youth, and such other The National Assembly shall convene once every year on the sectors as may be provided by law, except the religious sector. fourth Monday of July for its regular session, unless a different date is fixed by law, and shall continue to be in session until Section 7.
(3) Each legislative district shall comprise, as far as practicable, thirty days before the opening of its next regular session, contiguous, compact, and adjacent territory. Each city with a population of at least two hundred fifty thousand, or each exclusive of Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays. It may recess for periods not exceeding thirty days each, and not more than
No person shall be a Member of the House of Representatives unless he be a natural born citizen of the Philippines, and, at the time of his election, is at least twenty-five years of age, a province, shall have at least one representative. ninety days during the year. However, it may be called to session at any time by the Prime Minister to consider such subjects or
(4) Within three years following the return of every census, the legislation as he may designate. qualified elector, and a resident of the province in which he is chosen for not less than one year immediately prior to his election.

Congress shall make a reappointment of legislative districts based on the standards provided in this section. Section 7.
(1) The National Assembly, shall, by a majority vote of all its
Section 8.
(1) Elections for Senators and Members of the House of
SEC. 6.
No person shall be a Member of the House of Representatives
Members, elect its Speaker from the Members thereof. It shall Representatives shall be held in the manner and on the dates choose such other officers as it may deem necessary. fixed by law. unless he is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines and, on the day of the election, is at least twenty-five years of age, able to
The election of the President and the Prime Minister shall precede all other business following the election of the Speaker. (2) In case of vacancy in the Senate or in the House of read and write, and, except the party-list representatives, a Representatives, a special election may be called to fill such registered voter in the district in which he shall be elected, and a (2) A majority of the National Assembly shall constitute a quorum vacancy in the manner prescribed by law, but the Senator or resident thereof for a period of not less than one year to do business, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to Member of the House of Representatives thus elected shall serve immediately preceding the day of the election. day and may compel the attendance of absent Members in such manner, and under such penalties, as the National Assembly may only for the unexpired term.
SEC. 7.
The Congress shall convene in regular session once every year on
The Members of the House of Representatives shall be elected for a term of three years which shall begin, unless otherwise provided by law, at noon on the thirtieth day of June next following their election.
No member of the House of Representatives shall serve for more exceed sixty days. than three consecutive terms. Voluntary renunciation of the expel a Member, but if the penalty is suspension, this shall not office for any length of time shall not be considered as an with concurrence of two-thirds of all its Members, suspend or President to consider general legislation or only such subjects as he may designate. No special session shall continue longer than thirty days and no regular session longer than one hundred days, exclusive of Sundays.
(4) The National Assembly shall keep a Journal of its proceedings, interruption in the continuity of his service for the full term for proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly behavior, and law. It may be called in special session at any time by the and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as which he was elected.
(3) The National Assembly may determine the rules of its the fourth Monday of January, unless a different date is fixed by may, in its judgment, affect national security; and the yeas and Section 10.
nays on any question shall, at the request of one-fifth of the (1) The Senate shall elect its President and the House of
SEC. 8.
provide. Section 9.
Members present, be entered in the Journal. Representatives its Speaker.
Unless otherwise provided by law, the regular election of the
Each House shall choose such other officers as may be required.

Senators and the Members of the House of Representatives shall Section 8.
be held on the second Monday of May. (1) Unless otherwise provided by law, each Member of the
SEC. 9.
In case of vacancy in the Senate or in the House of
National Assembly shall receive an annual salary of sixty thousand pesos. The Speaker of the National Assembly shall receive an annual salary of seventy-five thousand pesos. No
(2) A majority of each House shall constitute a quorum to do business, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day and may compel the attendance of absent Members in such manner and under such penalties as such House may provide.
Representatives, a special election may be called to fill such vacancy in the manner prescribed by law, but the Senator or increase in salary shall take effect until after the expiration of the term of the Members of the National Assembly approving such
Member of the House of Representatives thus elected shall serve increase.
(3) Each House may determine the rule of its proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence only for the unexpired term.
SEC. 10.
The salaries of Senators and Members of the House of
(2) The records and books of accounts of the National Assembly shall be open to the public in accordance with law, and such books shall be audited by the Commission on Audit which shall
Representatives shall be determined by law. No increase in said publish annually the itemized expenditures for each Member. of two-thirds of all its Members, expel a Member.
(4) Each House shall keep a Journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in its judgment requires secrecy; and the yeas and nays on any compensation shall take effect until after the expiration of the full term of all the Members of the Senate and the House of Section 9.
question shall, at the request of one-fifth of the Members present, be entered into the Journal.
Representatives approving such increase.
SEC. 11.
A Member of the National Assembly shall, in all offenses punishable by not more than six years imprisonment, be (5) Neither House during the sessions of the Congress shall, privileged from arrest during his attendance at its sessions, and without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three
A Senator or Member of the House of Representatives shall, in all in going to and returning from the same; but the National days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses offenses punishable by not more than six years imprisonment, be Assembly shall surrender the Member involved to the custody of shall be sitting. privileged from arrest while the Congress is in session. No thereof.
SEC. 12.
the law within twenty-four hours after its adjournment for a member shall be questioned nor be held liable in any other place recess or its next session, otherwise such privilege shall cease for any speech or debate in the Congress or in any committee upon its failure to do so. A Member shall not be questioned or held liable in any other place for any speech or debate in the
Assembly or in any committee thereof.
Section 11.
The Senate and the House of Representatives shall have an
Electoral Tribunal which shall be the sole judge of all contests relating to the election, returns, and qualifications of their respective Members. Each Electoral Tribunal shall be composed

All Members of the Senate and the House of Representatives shall, upon assumption of office, make a full disclosure of their
Section 10.
A Member of the National Assembly shall not hold any other of nine Members, three of whom shall be Justices of the
Supreme Court to be designated by the Chief Justice, and the remaining six shall be Members of the Senate or the House of financial and business interests. They shall notify the House office or employment in the government, or any subdivision, concerned of a potential conflict of interest that may arise from agency, or instrumentality thereof, including government-owned Representatives, as the case may be, who shall be chosen by the filing of a proposed legislation of which they are authors. or controlled corporations during his tenure except that of Prime each House, three upon nomination of the party having the
SEC. 13.
Minister or Member of the Cabinet. Neither shall he be
No Senator or a Member of the House of Representatives may emoluments thereof increased while he was a Member of the largest number of votes and three of the party having the second appointed to any civil office which may have been created or the largest numbers of votes therein. The senior Justice in each
Electoral Tribunal shall be its Chairman. hold any other office or employment in the Government, or any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof, including government-owned or controlled corporations or their subsidiaries, during his term without forfeiting his seat. Neither
National Assembly.
Section 11.
No Member of the National Assembly shall appear as counsel
Section 12.
There shall be a Commission on Appointments consisting of shall he be appointed to any office which may have been created before any court inferior to a court with appellate jurisdiction, twelve Senators and twelve Members of the House of or the emoluments thereof increased during the term for which he was elected. before any court in any civil case wherein the government, or Representatives, elected by each House, respectively, on the any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof is the adverse basis of proportional representation of the political parties
SEC. 14.
No Senator or Member of the House of Representatives may party, or before any administrative body. Neither shall he, directly or indirectly, be interested financially in any contract with, or in any franchise or special privilege granted by, the therein. The president of the Senate shall be the Chairman officio ex
of the Commission, but shall not vote except in case of tie. personally appear as counsel before any court of justice or before the Electoral Tribunals, or quasi-judicial and other government, or any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof, including any government-owned or controlled Section 13.
administrative bodies. Neither shall he, directly or indirectly, be corporation, during his term of office. He shall not intervene in The Electoral Tribunal and the Commission on Appointments interested financially in any contract with, or in any franchise or any matter before any office of the government for his pecuniary shall be constituted within thirty days after the Senate and the special privilege granted by the Government, or any subdivision, benefit. House of Representatives shall have been organized with the agency, or instrumentality thereof, including any governmentowned or controlled corporation, or its subsidiary, during his Section 12.
term of office. He shall not intervene in any matter before any (1) There shall be a question hour at least once a month or as election of their President and Speaker, respectively. The
Commission on Appointments shall meet only while the Congress is in session, at the call of its Chairman or a majority of its

office of the Government for his pecuniary benefit or where he often as the rules of the National Assembly may provide, which Members, to discharge such powers and functions as are herein may be called upon to act on account of his office. shall be included in its agenda, during which the Prime Minister conferred upon it.
SEC. 15.
The Congress shall convene once every year on the fourth or any Minister may be required to appear and answer questions and interpellations by Members of the National Assembly.
Written questions shall be submitted to the Speaker at least
Section 14.
The Senators and the Members of the House of Representatives shall, unless otherwise provided by law, receive an annual
Monday of July for its regular session, unless a different date is fixed by law, and shall continue to be in session for such number three days before a scheduled question hour. Interpellations shall not be limited to the written questions, but may cover compensation of seven thousand two hundred pesos each, including per diems and other emoluments or allowances and of days as it may determine until thirty days before the opening matters related thereto. The agenda shall specify the subjects of exclusive only of traveling expenses to and from their respective of its next regular session, exclusive of Saturdays, Sundays, and the question hour. When the security of the State so requires legal holidays. The President may call a special session at any and the Prime Minister so states in writing, the question hour time.
SEC. 16.
shall be conducted in executive session. districts in the case of Members of the House of Representatives, and to an from their places of residence in the case of Senators, when attending sessions of the Congress. No increase in said compensation shall take effect until after the expiration of the
(2) The National Assembly or any of its committees may conduct full term of all the Members of the Senate and of the House of
(1) The Senate shall elect its President and the House of
Representatives its Speaker, by a majority vote of all its respective Members.
Each House shall choose such other officers as it may deem necessary. inquiries in aid of legislation in accordance with its duly published rules of procedure. The rights of persons appearing in such inquiries shall be respected.
Section 13.
Representatives approving such increase. Until otherwise provided by law, the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall each receive an annual compensation of sixteen thousand pesos.
(2) A majority of each House shall constitute a quorum to do (1) The National Assembly may withdraw its confidence from the business, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day and Prime Minister only by electing a successor by a majority vote of Section 15.
may compel the attendance of absent Members in such manner, all its Members. No motion for the election of such successor and under such penalties, as such House may provide.
(3) Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, shall be debated and voted upon until after the lapse of three days from the submittal of such motion.
The Senators and Members of the House of Representatives shall in all cases except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of punish its Members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds of all its Members, suspend or expel a
Member. A penalty for suspension, when imposed, shall not
(2) The Prime Minister may advise the President in writing to the Congress, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate therein, they shall not be questioned in dissolve the National Assembly whenever the need arises for a any other place.

exceed sixty days. popular vote of confidence on fundamental issues, but not on a
(4) Each House shall keep a Journal of its proceedings, and from matter involving his own personal integrity. Whereupon, the time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in its President shall dissolve the National Assembly not earlier than Section 16.
judgment, affect national security; and the yeas and nays on any five days nor later than ten days from his receipt of the advice, No Senator or Member of the House of Representatives may question shall, at the request of one-fifth of the members and call for an election on a date set by the Prime Minister which hold any other office or employment in the government without present, be entered in the Journal.
Each House shall also keep a Record of its proceedings.
(5) Neither House during the sessions of the Congress shall, shall not be earlier than forty-five days nor later than sixty days from the date of such dissolution. However, no dissolution of the forfeiting his seat, nor shall any Senator or Member of the House of Representatives, during the time for which he was elected, be
National Assembly shall take place within nine months appointed to any civil office which may have been created or the without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses immediately preceding a regular election or within nine months emoluments whereof shall have been increased while he was a immediately following any general election. Member of the Congress. shall be sitting.
SEC. 17.
(3) In case of dissolution of the National Assembly or the termination of its regular term, the incumbent Prime Minister
Section 17.
No Senator or Member of the House of Representatives shall directly or indirectly be financially interested in any contract with
The Senate and the House of Representatives shall each have an and the Cabinet shall continue to conduct the affairs of
Electoral Tribunal which shall be the sole judge of all contests government until the new National Assembly is convoked and a the government or any subdivision or instrumentality thereof, or in any franchise or special privilege granted by the Congress relating to the election, returns, and qualifications of their respective Members. Each Electoral Tribunal shall be composed
Prime Minister is elected and has qualified. during his term of office. He shall not appear as counsel before the Electoral Tribunals or before any court in any civil case of nine Members, three of whom shall be Justices of the
Supreme Court to be designated by the Chief Justice, and the remaining six shall be Members of the Senate or the House of
Section 14.
(1) Except as otherwise provided in this Constitution, no treaty shall be valid and effective unless concurred in by a majority of
Representatives, as the case may be, who shall be chosen on the all the Members of the National Assembly. wherein the Government or any subdivision or instrumentality thereof is the adverse party, or in any criminal case wherein an officer or employee of the government is accused of an offense committed in relation to his office, or collect any fee for his basis of proportional representation from the political parties and the parties or organizations registered under the party-list (2) The National Assembly, by a vote of two-thirds of all its appearance in any administrative proceedings; or accept employment to intervene in any cause or matter where he may system represented therein. The senior Justice in the Electoral
Tribunal shall be it Chairman.
Members, shall have the sole power to declare the existence of a be called upon to act on account of his office. No Member of the state of war. Commission on Appointments shall appear as counsel before any court inferior to a collegiate court of appellate jurisdiction.

SEC. 18.
There shall be a Commission on Appointments consisting of the
Section 15.
In times of war or other national emergency, the National Section 18.
President of the Senate, as ex officio Chairman, twelve Senators, Assembly may by law authorize the Prime Minister, for a limited All appropriation, revenue or tariff bills, bills authorizing increase and twelve Members of the House of Representatives, elected by each House on the basis of proportional representation from the political parties or organizations registered under the party-list system represented therein. The Chairman of the Commission shall not vote, except in case of a tie. The Commission shall act period and subject to such restrictions as it may prescribe, to exercise powers necessary and proper to carry out a declared national policy. Unless sooner withdrawn by resolution of the
National Assembly, such powers shall cease upon its next adjournment. of the public debt, bills of local application, and private bills, shall originate exclusively in the House of Representatives, but the
Senate may propose or concur with amendments.
Section 19.
on all appointments submitted to it within thirty session days of the Congress from their submission. The Commission shall rule Section 16.
by a majority vote of all the Members.
SEC. 19.
(1) The Prime Minister shall submit to the National Assembly within thirty days from the opening of each regular session, as
(1) The President shall submit within fifteen days of the opening of each regular session of the Congress a budget of receipts and expenditures, which shall be the basis of the general appropriations bill. The Congress may not increase the the basis of the general appropriations bill, a budget of receipts appropriations recommended by the President for the operation
The Electoral Tribunals and the Commission on Appointments based on existing and proposed revenue measures, and of of the Government as specified in the Budget, except the shall be constituted within thirty days after the Senate and the expenditures. The form, content, and manner of preparation of appropriations for the Congress and the Judicial Department. The
House of Representatives shall have been organized with the election of the President and the Speaker. The Commission on the budget shall be prescribed by law. form of the Budget and the information that it should contain
(2) No provision or enactment shall be embraced in the general shall be prescribed by law.
Appointments shall meet only while the Congress is in session, at appropriations bill unless it relates specifically to some particular (2) No provision or enactment shall be embraced in the general the call of its Chairman or a majority of all its Members, to discharge such powers and functions as are herein conferred upon it. appropriation therein. Any such provision or enactment shall be limited in its operation to the appropriation to which it relates. appropriations bill unless it relates specifically to some particular appropriation therein; and any such provision or enactment shall be limited in its operation to such appropriation.
SEC. 20.
(3) The procedure in approving appropriations for the National
Assembly shall strictly follow the procedure for approving
The records and books of accounts of the Congress shall be appropriations for other departments and agencies. preserved and be open to the public in accordance with law, and such books shall be audited by the Commission on Audit which (4) A special appropriations bill shall specify the purpose for
Section 20.
(1) Every bill passed by the Congress shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President. If he approves the same, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it with his objections to the

shall publish annually an itemized list of amounts paid to and expenses incurred for each Member.
SEC. 21.
The Senate or the House of Representatives or any of its which it is intended, and shall be supported by funds actually available as certified to by the National Treasurer, or to be raised by a corresponding revenue proposal included therein.
(5) No law shall be passed authorizing any transfer of respective committees may conduct inquiries in aid of legislation appropriations; however, the Prime Minister, the Speaker, the in accordance with its duly published rules of procedure. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and the heads of
House where it originated, which shall enter the objections at large on its Journal and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of all the Members of such House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent together, with the objections, to the House by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of all the Members of that House, it shall become a law. In all such cases, the votes rights of persons appearing in or affected by such inquiries shall Constitutional Commissions may by law be authorized to be respected. augment any item in the general appropriations law for their of each House shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the Members voting for and against shall be entered on respective offices from saving in other items of their respective its Journal. If any bill shall not be returned by the President as
SEC. 22.
The heads of departments may upon their own initiative, with the consent of the President, or upon the request of either appropriations.
(6) If, by the end of the fiscal year, the National Assembly shall herein provided within twenty days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall become a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by
House, as the rules of each House shall provide, appear before have failed to pass the general appropriations bill for the ensuing adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall become a and be heard by such House on any matter pertaining to their fiscal year, the general appropriations law for the preceding fiscal law unless vetoed by the President within thirty days after departments. Written questions shall be submitted to the
President of the Senate or the Speaker of the House of
Representatives at least three days before their scheduled year shall be deemed re-enacted and shall remain in force and effect until the general appropriations bill is passed by the adjournment. appearance. Interpellations shall not be limited to written questions, but may cover matters related thereto. When the security of the State or the public interest so requires and the
National Assembly.
Section 17.
(1) The rule of taxation shall be uniform and equitable. The
(2) The President shall have the power to veto any particular item or items of an appropriation bill, but the veto shall not affect the item or items to which he does not object. When a provision of an appropriation bill affects one or more items of
President so states in writing, the appearance shall be conducted National Assembly shall evolve a progressive system of taxation. the same, the President cannot veto the provision without at the in executive session. same time, vetoing the particular item or items to which it
SEC. 23.
(2) The National Assembly may by law authorize the Prime
Minister to fix within specified limits, and subject to such relates. The item or items objected to shall not take effect except in the manner heretofore provided as to bills returned to the
(1) The Congress, by a vote of two-thirds of both Houses in joint limitations and restrictions as it may impose, tariff rates, import Congress without the approval of the President. If the veto refers

session assembled, voting separately, shall have the sole power and export quotas, tonnage and wharfage dues, and other duties to a bill or any item of an appropriation bill which appropriates a to declare the existence of a state of war. or imposts. sum in excess of ten per centum of the total amount voted in the
(2) In times of war or other national emergency, the Congress may, by law, authorize the President, for a limited period and
(3) Charitable institutions, churches, personages or convents appropriation bill for the general expenses of the Government for the preceding year, or if it should refer to a bill authorizing an appurtenant thereto, mosques and non-profit cemeteries, and all increase of the public debt, the same shall not become a law subject to such restrictions as it may prescribe, to exercise powers necessary and proper to carry out a declared national lands, buildings and improvements actually, directly, and exclusively used for religious or charitable purposes shall be policy. Unless sooner withdrawn by resolution of the Congress, exempt from taxation. unless approved by three-fourths of all the Members of each
House. such powers shall cease upon the next adjournment thereof.
(4) No law granting any tax exemption shall be passed without
(3) The President shall have the power to veto any separate item or items in a revenue of tariff bill, and the item or items shall not
SEC. 24.
the concurrence of a majority of all the Members of the National
All appropriation, revenue or tariff bills, bills authorizing increase Assembly. take effect except in the manner provided as to bills vetoed by the President. of public debt, bills of local application, and private bills shall originate exclusively in the House of Representatives, but the
Senate may propose or concur with amendments.
SEC. 25.
(1) The Congress may not increase the appropriations
Section 18.
(1) No money shall be paid out of the Treasury except in pursuance of an appropriation made by law.
(2) No public money or property shall ever be appropriated,
Section 21.
(1) No bill which may be enacted into law shall embrace more than one subject which shall be expressed in the title of the bill.
(2) No bill shall be passed by either House unless it shall have recommended by the President for the operation of the
Government as specified in the budget. The form, content, and applied, paid, or used, directly or indirectly, for the use, benefit, been printed and copies thereof in its final form furnished its or support of any sect, church, denomination, sectarian Members at least three calendar days prior to its passage, except manner of preparation of the budget shall be prescribed by law. institution, or system of religion or for the use, benefit, or when the President shall have certified to the necessity of its support of any priest, preacher, minister, or other religious immediate enactment. Upon the last reading of a bill no
(2) No provision or enactment shall be embraced in the general teacher or dignitary as such, except when such priest, preacher, amendment thereof shall be allowed, and the question upon its appropriations bill unless it relates specifically to some particular minister, or dignitary is assigned to the armed forces, or to any passage shall be taken immediately thereafter, and the yeas and appropriation therein. Any such provision or enactment shall be penal institution, or government orphanage or leprosarium. nays entered on the Journal. limited in its operation to the appropriation to which it relates.

Section 19.
(3) The procedure in approving appropriations for the Congress (1) Every bill shall become a law unless it has passed three
Section 22.
(1) The rule of taxation shall be uniform. shall strictly follow the procedure for approving appropriations readings on separate days, and printed copies thereof in its final for other departments or agencies. form have been distributed to the Members three days before its passage, except when the Prime Minister certifies to the
(2) The Congress may by law authorize the President, subject to such limitations and restrictions as it may impose, to fix, within
(4) A special appropriations bill shall specify the purpose for which it is intended, and shall be supported by funds actually necessity of its immediate enactment to meet a public calamity or emergency. Upon the last reading of a bill, no amendment available as certified by the National Treasurer, or to be raised by thereto shall be allowed, and the vote thereon shall be taken specified limits, tariff rates, import or export quotas, and tonnage and wharfage dues. a corresponding revenue proposed therein.
(5) No law shall be passed authorizing any transfer of appropriations; however, the President, the President of the immediately thereafter, and the yeas and nays entered in the
Journal.
(2) No bill except those of local application shall be calendared
Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the Chief without the prior recommendation of the Cabinet.
(3) Cemeteries, churches, and parsonages or convents appurtenant thereto, and all lands, buildings, and improvements used exclusively for religious, charitable, or educational purposes shall be exempt from taxation.
Justice of the Supreme Court, and the Constitutional
Commissions may, by law, be authorized to augment any item in the general appropriations law for their respective offices from savings in other items of their respective appropriations.
Section 20.
(1) Every bill passed by the national Assembly shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the Prime Minister. If he
Section 23.
(1) All money collected on any tax levied for a special purpose shall be treated as a special fund and paid out for such purpose only. If the purpose for which a special fund was crated has been approves the same he shall sign it; otherwise, he shall veto it and fulfilled or abandoned, the balance, if any, shall be transferred to
(6) Discretionary funds appropriated for particular officials shall return the same with his objections to the National Assembly. be disbursed only for public purposes to be supported by The bill may be reconsidered by the National Assembly and, if the general funds of the Government. appropriate vouchers and subject to such guidelines as may be approved by two-thirds of all its Members, shall become a law. (2) No money shall be paid out of Treasury except in pursuance prescribed by law. The Prime Minister shall act on every bill passed by the National
Assembly within thirty days after the date of receipt thereof; of an appropriation made by law.
(7) If, by the end of any fiscal year, the Congress shall have failed to pass the general appropriations bill for the ensuing fiscal year, otherwise, it shall become a law as if he had signed it.
(2) The Prime Minister shall have the power to veto any
(3) No public money, or property shall ever be appropriated, applied, or used, directly or indirectly, for the use, benefit, or the general appropriations law for the preceding fiscal year shall particular item or items in appropriation, revenue, or tariff bill, support of any sect, church, denomination, sectarian institution

be deemed reenacted and shall remain in force and effect until but the veto shall not affect the item or items to which he does or system of religion, for the use, benefit, or support of any the general appropriations bill is passed by the Congress. not object. priest, preacher, ministers, or other religious teacher or dignitary
SEC. 26.
(1) Every bill passed by the Congress shall embrace only one as such except when such priest, preacher, minister, or dignitary is assigned to the armed forces or to any penal institution, orphanage or leprosarium. subject which shall be expressed in the title thereof.
(2) No bill passed by either House shall become a law unless it has passed three readings on separate days, and printed copies thereof in its final form have been distributed to its members three days before its passage, except when the President certifies to the necessity of its immediate enactment to meet a public calamity or emergency. Upon the last reading of a bill, no
Section 24.
request of either House may appear before and be heard by such
House on any matter pertaining to their departments, unless the public interest shall require otherwise and the President shall so state in writing.
Section 25.
The heads of departments upon their own initiative or upon the amendment thereto shall be allowed, and the vote thereon shall be taken immediately thereafter, and the yeas and nays entered in the Journal.
SEC. 27.
(1) Every bill passed by the Congress shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President. If he approves the same, he shall sign it; otherwise, he shall veto it and return the same with his objections to the House where it originated, which shall enter the objections at large in its Journal and proceed to reconsider it.
If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of all the Members of such House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House by which it shall likewise
The Congress, shall, with the concurrence of two-thirds of all the
Members of each House, have the sole power to declare war.
Section 26. In times of war and other national emergency the
Congress may by law authorize the President, for a limited period, and subject to such restrictions as it may prescribe, to promulgate rules and regulations to carry out a declared national policy.

be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of all the
Members of that House, it shall become a law. In all such cases, the votes of each House shall be determined by yeas or nays, and the names of the Members voting for or against shall be entered in its Journal. The President shall communicate his veto of any bill to the House where it originated within thirty days after the day of receipt thereof; otherwise, it shall become a law as if he had signed it.
(2) The President shall have the power to veto any particular item or items in an appropriation, revenue, or tariff bill, but the veto shall not affect the item or items to which he does not object.
SEC. 28.
(1) The rule of taxation shall be uniform and equitable. The
Congress shall evolve a progressive system of taxation.
(2)The Congress may, by law, authorize the President to fix within specified limits, and subject to such limitations and restrictions as it may impose, tariff rates, import and export quotas, tonnage and wharfage dues, and other duties or imposts within the framework of the national development program of the Government.

(3)Charitable institutions, churches and parsonages or covenants appurtenant thereto, mosques, non-profit cemeteries, and all lands, buildings, and improvements, actually, directly, and exclusively used for religious, charitable, or educational purposes shall be exempt from taxation.
(4) No law granting any tax exemption shall be passed without the concurrence of a majority of all the Members of the
Congress.
SEC. 29.
(1) No money shall be paid out of the Treasury except in pursuance of an appropriation made by law.
(2) No public money or property shall be appropriated, applied, paid, or employed, directly or indirectly, for the use, benefit, or support of any sect, church, denomination, sectarian institution, or system of religion, or of any priest, preacher, minister, or other religious teacher, or dignitary as such, except when such priest, preacher, minister, or dignitary is assigned to the armed forces, or to any penal institution, or government orphanage or leprosarium.
(3) All money collected on any tax levied for a special purpose shall be treated as a special fund and paid out for such purpose only. If the purpose for which a special fund was created has

been fulfilled or abandoned, the balance, if any, shall be transferred to the general funds of the Government.
SEC. 30.
No law shall be passed increasing the appellate jurisdiction of the
Supreme Court as provided in this Constitution without its advice and concurrence.
SEC. 31.
No law granting a title of royalty or nobility shall be enacted.
SEC. 32.
The Congress shall, as early as possible, provide for a system of initiative and referendum, and the exceptions therefrom, whereby the people can directly propose and enact laws or approve or reject any act or law or part thereof passed by the
Congress or local legislative body after the registration of a petition therefor signed by at least ten per centum of the total number of registered voters, of which every legislative district must be represented by at least three per centum of the registered voters thereof.
ARTICLE VII
Executive Department
SEC 1.
The executive power shall be vested in the President of the
ARTICLE VII
The President and Vice-President
Section 1.
The President shall be the head of state and chief executive of
ARTICLE VII
Executive Department
Section 1.
The executive power shall be vested in a President of the

Philippines.
SEC. 2.
the Republic of the Philippines.
Section 2.
Philippines.
Section 2.
No person may be elected President unless he is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines, a registered voter, able to read and
There shall be a Vice-President who shall have the same qualifications and term of office as the President and may be write, at least forty years of age on the day of the election, and a removed from office in the same manner as the President as resident of the Philippines for at least ten years immediately provided in Article XIII, Section 2 of this Constitution. preceding such election.
SEC. 3.
The Vice-President may be appointed as a member of the
Cabinet and may be nominated and elected as Prime Minister.
The President shall hold his office during a term of four years and together with the Vice-President chosen for the same term, shall be elected by direct vote of the people. The returns of every election for President and Vice-President, duly certified by the board of canvassers of each province or city, shall be transmitted to the seat of the National Government, directed to the
President of the Senate, who shall, in the presence of the Senate
There shall be a Vice-President who shall have the same and the House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and qualifications and term of office and be elected with and in the The Vice-President shall be elected with and in the same manner the votes shall then be counted. The person respectively having same manner as the President. He may be removed from office as the President. in the same manner as the President.
The Vice-President may be appointed as a Member of the the highest number of votes for President and Vice-President shall be declared elected, but in case two or more shall have an
The President shall be elected from among the Members of the equal and the highest number of votes for their office, one of
Cabinet. Such appointment requires no confirmation.
SEC. 4.
National Assembly by a majority vote of all its Members for a term of six years from the date he takes his oath of office, which shall not be later than three days after the proclamation of the them shall be chosen President or Vice-President, as the case may be, by a majority vote of the Members of the Congress in joint session assembled.
The President and the Vice-President shall be elected by direct National Assembly, nor in any case earlier than the expiration of vote of the people for a term of six years which shall begin at the term of his predecessor. Upon taking his oath of office, the Section 3.
noon on the thirtieth day of June following the day of the President shall cease to be a Member of the National Assembly No person may be elected to the office of the President or Viceelection and shall end at noon of the same date six years thereafter. The President shall not be eligible for any reelection. and of any political party. He shall be ineligible to hold any other President unless he is a natural born citizen of the Philippines, a elective office during his term. qualified voter, forty years of age or over, and has been a
No person who has succeeded as President and has served as such for more than four years shall be qualified for election to the same office at any time.
Section 3.
No person may be elected President unless he is at least fifty resident of the Philippines for at least ten years immediately preceding the election.

No Vice-President shall serve for more than two consecutive years of age at the day of his election as President, and a resident of the Philippines for at least ten years immediately preceding his terms. Voluntary renunciation of the office for any length of time election. However, if no Member of the National Assembly is
Section 4.
Elections for President and Vice-President shall be held once every four years on a date to be fixed by law. shall not be considered as an interruption in the continuity of the qualified or none of those qualified is a candidate for President, service for the full term for which he was elected. any Member thereof may be elected President. The terms of the President and Vice-President shall end at noon
Unless otherwise provided by law, the regular election for
President and Vice-President shall be held on the second
Monday of May.
Section 4.
on the thirtieth day of December following the expiration of four years after their election, and the terms of their successors shall
(1) The President shall have an official residence and shall receive begin from such time. a compensation to be fixed by law, which shall not be increased
The returns of every election for President and Vice-President, or decreased during his term of office. He shall not receive during Section 5.
duly certified by the board of canvassers of each province or city, his tenure any other emolument from the government or any shall be transmitted to the Congress, directed to the President of other source. Until the National Assembly shall provide the Senate. Upon receipt of the certificates of canvass, the otherwise, the President shall receive an annual salary of one
No person shall serve as President for more than eight consecutive years. The period of such service shall be counted from the date he shall have commenced to act as President.
President of the Senate shall, not later than thirty days after the hundred thousand pesos. day of the election, open all certificates in the presence of the
Voluntary renunciation of the office for any length of time shall not be considered as an interruption in the continuity of the
Senate and the House of Representatives in joint public session, (2) The President shall not during his tenure, hold any appointive service of the incumbent for the full term for which he was and the Congress, upon determination of the authenticity and office, practice any profession, participate directly or indirectly in elected. due execution thereof in the manner provided by law, canvass the management of any business, or be financially interested the votes.
The person having the highest number of votes shall be directly or indirectly in any contract with, or in any franchise or special privilege granted by, the government or any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof, including government-owned
Section 6.
If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the
President, the President-elect shall have died, the Vice-Presidentproclaimed elected, but in case two or more shall have an equal or controlled corporations. and highest number of votes, one of them shall forthwith be chosen by the vote of a majority of all the Members of the
Congress, voting separately.
Section 5.
In case of permanent disability, death, removal from office, or
The Congress shall promulgate its rules for the canvassing of the resignation of the President, the Speaker of the National elect shall become President. If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term or if the President shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice-President shall act as President until a President shall have qualified, and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a

certificates.
The Supreme Court, sitting en banc, shall be the sole judge of all
Assembly shall act as President until a successor has been President-elect nor a Vice-President-elect shall have qualified, elected for the unexpired portion of the term of the President. declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act contests relating to the election, returns, and qualifications of the President or Vice- President, and may promulgate its rules
Section 6.
The President shall have the following duties and functions: accordingly until a President or Vice-President shall have qualified. for the purpose.
SEC. 5.
Before they enter on the execution of their office, the President,
(2) Proclaim the election of the Prime Minister. the Vice-President, or the Acting President shall take the session. following oath or affirmation :
(1) Address the National Assembly at the opening of its regular
Section 7.
Before he enters on the execution of his office, the President shall take the following oath or affirmation :
"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully and
(3) Dissolve the National Assembly and call for a general election conscientiously fulfill my duties as President of the Philippines,
"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties as President (or Vice-President or
(4) Accept the resignation of the Cabinet as provided herein.
Acting President) of the Philippines, preserve and defend its as provided herein.
Constitution, execute its laws, do justice to every man, and preserve and defend its Constitution, execute its laws, do justice to every man, and consecrate myself to the service of the Nation.
So help me God." (In case of affirmation, last sentence will be omitted)
(5) Attest to the appointment or cessation from office of consecrate myself to the service of the Nation. So help me God."
Members of the Cabinet, and of other officers as may be Section 8.
(In case of affirmation, last sentence will be omitted.) provided by law. In the event of the removal of the President from office, or his
SEC. 6.
(6) Appoint all officers and employees in his office in accordance
The President shall have an official residence. The salaries of the with the Civil Service Law.
President and Vice-President shall be determined by law and shall not be decreased during their tenure. No increase in said compensation shall take effect until after the expiration of the term of the incumbent during which such increase was approved. provided by law.
They shall not receive during their tenure any other emolument
(7) Perform such other duties and functions of State as may be death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-
President, and the Congress shall by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as
President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.

from the Government or any other source.
SEC. 7.
The President-elect and the Vice-President-elect shall assume office at the beginning of their terms.
If the President-elect fails to qualify, the Vice-President-elect shall act as President until the President-elect shall have qualified.
If a President shall not have been chosen, the Vice-Presidentelect shall act as President until a President shall have been chosen and qualified.
If at the beginning of the term of the President, the Presidentelect shall have died or have become permanently disabled, the
Vice-President-elect shall become President.
Where no President and Vice-President shall have been chosen or shall have qualified, or where both shall have died or become permanently disabled, the President of the Senate or, in case of
Section 7 .
The President shall be immune from suit during his tenure. his inability, the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall act as President until a President or a Vice-President shall have been chosen and qualified.
The Congress shall provide for the manner in which one who is to act as President shall be selected until a President or a Vice-
President shall have qualified, in case of death, permanent disability, or inability of the officials mentioned in the next
Section 9.
The President shall have an official residence and receive a compensation to be ascertained by law which shall be neither increased nor diminished during the period of which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within the period any other emolument from the Government or any of its subdivisions or instrumentalities. Until the Congress shall provide otherwise, the President shall receive an annual salary of thirty thousand pesos. The Vice-President, when not acting as President, shall receive an annual compensation of fifteen thousand pesos until otherwise provided by law.
Section 10.
(1) The President shall have control of all executive departments, bureaus or offices, exercise general provision over all local governments as may be provided by law, and take care that the laws be faithfully executed.
(2) The President shall be commander-in-chief of all armed forces of the Philippines, and, whenever it becomes necessary, he may call out such armed forces to prevent or suppress lawless violence, invasion, insurrection, or rebellion. In case of invasion, insurrection, or rebellion or imminent danger thereof, when the public safety requires it, he may suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, or place the Philippines or any part thereof

preceding paragraph.
SEC. 8.
In case of death, permanent disability, removal from office, or resignation of the President, the Vice-President shall become the
President to serve the unexpired term. In case of death, permanent disability, removal from office, or resignation of both the President and Vice-President, the President of the Senate or, in case of his inability, the Speaker of the House of
Representatives, shall then act as President until the President or
Vice-President shall have been elected and qualified.
The Congress shall, by law, provide who shall serve as President in case of death, permanent disability, or resignation of the
Acting President. He shall serve until the President or the Vice-
President shall have been elected and qualified, and be subject to the same restrictions of powers and disqualifications as the
Acting President.
SEC. 9.
Whenever there is a vacancy in the Office of the Vice-President during the term for which he was elected, the President shall nominate a Vice-President from among the Members of the
Senate and the House of Representatives who shall assume office upon confirmation of a majority vote of all the Members of both Houses of the Congress, voting separately. under Martial Law.
(3) The President shall nominate and with the consent of the
Commission on Appointments, shall appoint the heads of the executive departments and bureaus, officers of the Army from the rank of colonel, of the Navy and Air Forces from the rank of captain or commander, and all other officers of the Government whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and those whom he may be authorized by law to appoint; but the
Congress may by law vest the appointment of inferior officers, in the President alone, in the courts, or in the heads of departments.
(4) The President shall have the power to make appointments during the recess of the Congress, but such appointments shall be effective only until disapproval by the Commission on
Appointments or until the next adjournment of the Congress.
(5) The President shall from time to time give to the Congress information on the state of the Nation, and recommend to its consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.
(6) The President shall have the power to grant reprieves, commutations, and pardons, and remit fines and forfeitures, after conviction, for all expenses except in case of impeachment,

SEC. 10.
The Congress shall, at ten o'clock in the morning of the third day after the vacancy in the offices of the President and Vice-
President occurs, convene in accordance with its rules without need of a call and within seven days enact a law calling for a special election to elect a President and a Vice-President to b held not earlier than forty-five days nor later than sixty days from the time of such call. The bill calling such special election shall be deemed certified under paragraph 2, Section 26, Article VI of this
Constitution and shall become law upon its approval on third reading by the Congress.
Appropriations for the special elections shall be charged against any current appropriations and shall be exempt from the requirements of paragraph 4, Section 25, Article VI of this
Constitution. The convening of the Congress cannot be suspended nor the special election postponed. No special election shall be called if the vacancy occurs within eighteen months before the date of the next presidential election.
SEC. 11.
Whenever the President transmits to the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office and until he transmits to them a written declaration upon such conditions and with such restrictions and limitations as he may deem proper to impose. He shall have the power to grant amnesty with the concurrence of the Congress.
(7) The President shall have the power, with the concurrence of two-thirds of all the Members of the Senate to make treaties, and with the consent of the Commission on Appointments, he shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls.
He shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers duly accredited to the Government of the Philippines.
Section 11.
(1) The executive departments of the present Government of the
Philippine Islands shall continue as now authorized by law until the Congress shall provide otherwise.
(2) The heads of the departments and chiefs of bureaus or offices and their assistants shall not, during their continuance in office, engage in the practice of any profession, or intervene, directly or indirectly, in the management or control of any private enterprise which in any way may be affected by the functions of their office; nor shall they, directly or indirectly, be financially interested in any contract with the Government, or any subdivision or instrumentality thereof.
(3) The President may appoint the Vice-President as a member of

to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice-President as Acting President.
Whenever a majority of all the Members of the Cabinet transmit to the President of the Senate and to the Speaker of the House of
Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice-
President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President.
Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President of the
Senate and to the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall reassume the powers and duties of his office. Meanwhile, should a majority of all the Members of the Cabinet transmit within five days to the
President of the Senate and to the Speaker of the House of
Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the
Congress shall decide the issue. For that purpose, the Congress shall convene, if it is not in session, within forty-eight hours, in accordance with its rules and without need of call.
If the Congress, within ten days after receipt of the last written declaration, or, if not in session, within twelve days after it is required to assemble, determines by a two-thirds vote of both
Houses, voting separately, that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice-President his Cabinet and also as head of an executive department.

shall act as the President; otherwise, the President shall continue exercising the powers and duties of his office.
SEC. 12.
In case of serious illness of the President, the public shall be informed of the state of his health. The Members of the Cabinet in charge of national security and foreign relations and the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, shall not be denied access to the President during such illness.
SEC. 13.
The President, Vice-President, the Members of the Cabinet, and their deputies or assistants shall not, unless otherwise provided in this Constitution, hold any other office or employment during their tenure. They shall not, during said tenure, directly or indirectly, practice any other profession, participate in any business, or be financially interested in any contract with, or in any franchise, or special privilege granted by the Government or any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof, including government-owned or controlled corporations or their subsidiaries. They shall strictly avoid conflict of interest in the conduct of their office.
The spouse and relatives by consanguinity or affinity within the fourth civil degree of the President shall not during his tenure be appointed as members of the Constitutional Commissions, or the
Office of the Ombudsman, or as Secretaries, Undersecretaries,

chairmen or heads of bureaus or offices, including governmentowned or controlled corporations and their subsidiaries.
SEC. 14.
Appointments extended by an Acting President shall remain effective, unless revoked by the elected President within ninety days from his assumption or reassumption of office.
SEC. 15.
Two months immediately before the next presidential elections and up to the end of his term, a President or Acting President shall not make appointments, except temporary appointments to executive positions when continued vacancies therein will prejudice public service or endanger public safety.
SEC. 16.
The President shall nominate and, with the consent of the
Commission on Appointments, appoint the heads of the executive department, ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, or officers of the armed forces from the rank of colonel or naval captain, and other officers whose appointments are vested in him in this Constitution. He shall also appoint all other officers of the Government whose appointments are not otherwise provided for by law, and those whom he may be authorized by law to appoint. The Congress may, by law, vest the appointment of other officers lower in rank in the President

alone, in the courts, or in the heads of departments, agencies, commissions, or boards.
The President shall have the power to make appointments during the recess of the Congress, whether voluntary or involuntary, but such appointments shall be effective only until after disapproval by the Commission on Appointments or until the next adjournment of the Congress.
SEC. 17.
The President shall control of all the executive departments, bureaus and offices. He shall ensure that the laws be faithfully executed.
SEC. 18.
The President shall be the Commander-in-Chief of all armed forces of the Philippines and whenever it becomes necessary, he may call out such armed forces to prevent or suppress lawless violence, invasion or rebellion. In case of invasion or rebellion, when the public safety requires it, he may, for a period not exceeding sixty days, suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus or place the Philippines or any part thereof under martial law. Within forty-eight hours from the proclamation of martial law or the suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, the President shall submit a report in person or in writing to the Congress. The Congress, voting jointly, by a vote of at least a majority of all its Members in regular or special session, may

revoke such proclamation or suspension, which revocation shall not be set aside by the President. Upon the initiative of the
President, the Congress may, in the same manner, extend such proclamation or suspension for a period to be determined by the
Congress, if the invasion or rebellion shall persist and public safety requires it.
The Congress, if not in session, shall, within twenty-four hours following such proclamation or suspension, convene in accordance with its rules without any need of a call.
The Supreme Court may review, in an appropriate proceeding filed by any citizen, the sufficiency of the factual basis of the proclamation of martial law or the suspension of the privilege of the writ or the extension thereof, and must promulgate its decision thereon within thirty days from its filing.
A state of martial law does not suspend the operation of the
Constitution, nor supplant the functioning of the civil courts or the legislative assemblies, nor authorize the conferment of jurisdiction on military courts and agencies over civilians where civil courts are able to function, nor automatically suspend the privilege of the writ.
The suspension of the privilege of the writ shall apply only to persons judicially charged for rebellion or offenses inherent in or directly connected with the invasion.

During the suspension of the privilege of the writ, any person thus arrested or detained shall be judicially charged within three days, otherwise he shall be released.
SEC. 19.
Except in cases of impeachment, or as otherwise provided in this
Constitution, the President may grant reprieves, commutations and pardons, and remit fines and forfeitures, after conviction by final judgment.
He shall also have the power to grant amnesty with the concurrence of a majority of all the Members of the Congress.
SEC. 20.
The President may contract or guarantee foreign loans on behalf of the Republic of the Philippines with the prior concurrence of the Monetary Board, and subject to such limitations as may be provided by law. The Monetary Board shall, within thirty days from the end of every quarter of the calendar year, submit to the Congress a complete report of its decisions on applications for loans to be contracted or guaranteed by the Government or governmentowned and controlled corporations which would have the effect of increasing the foreign debt, and containing other matters as may be provided by law.
SEC. 21.

No treaty or international agreement shall be valid and effective unless concurred in by at least two-thirds of all the Members of the Senate.
SEC. 22.
The President shall submit to the Congress within thirty days from the opening of the regular session, as the basis of the general appropriations bill, a budget of expenditures and sources of financing, including receipts from existing and proposed revenue measures.
SEC. 23.
The President shall address the Congress at the opening of its regular session. He may also appear before it at any other time