Orientation
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Study of structure and shape of the body and
the relationship of parts to one another
Larger body parts
◦ Gross anatomy
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Smaller body structures
◦ Microscopic anatomy
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Study of how the body and its parts work or
function
Can be split up by body system
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Anatomy and Physiology are closely related
Structure determines function
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Smallest – atoms
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
Largest – organisms
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Integumentary System
◦ Skin and membranes
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Skeletal System
◦ Bones and cartilage
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Muscular System
◦ Skeletal muscles
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Nervous System
◦ Brain, spinal cord, and nerves of the body
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Endocrine System
◦ Hormones and body activities
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Cardiovascular System
◦ Heart and blood vessels
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Lymphatic System
◦ Immune functions
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Respiratory System
◦ Lungs and gas exchange
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Digestive System
◦ Gut, breakdown of food
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Urinary system
◦ Liquid waste system
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Reproductive System
◦ Making babies!
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Look in Book pages 5 and 6
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=08Nlhjp
VFsU
Life is possible due to many things are body
does
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Boundaries
◦ Keep things in or out of the body
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Movement
◦ Movement of or within the body
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Responsiveness
◦ Sensing changes
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Digestion
◦ Breaking down food for energy
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Metabolism
◦ Reactions within the body
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Excretion
◦ Getting rid of wastes
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Reproduction
◦ Making more living things
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Growth
◦ Getting bigger and developing
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All living things need
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Nutrients
Oxygen
A steady body temperature
Stable pressure
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The body can maintain a relatively stable
internal environment
Example
◦ Body temp, balance, blood pressure
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Controlled by a receptor that sends a signal
to a control center
The control center tells an effector what to do
Usually negative feedback
◦ Shut off or turn off original stimulus
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Sometimes positive feedback
◦ Increase the stimulus
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Standing body
Arms slightly out with palms facing up
Feet parallel
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Used in medicine and anatomy to describe
where structures are compared to others
Common terms
◦ Distal, proximal, medial, lateral, superior, inferior
◦ Open book to page 15
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Many areas of the body have terms to
describe them
Book page 16 and 17
◦ Flashcards are great for this!
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Sections are cuts made along an imaginary
line on a body
◦ That line is a plane
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Three main sections
◦ Sagittal
◦ Frontal
◦ Transverse
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Usually medial
Lengthwise dividing the body into left and
right sides
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Lengthwise cut
Cuts body into front and back
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Cuts horizontally through the body
Splits into top and bottom
Also called a cross section
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Areas of your body are known as cavities
Two main areas
◦ Dorsal cavity
◦ Ventral cavity
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Two parts
Spinal cavity
◦ Along back
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Cranial cavity
◦ Head/Brain
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Split into three parts
◦ Thoracic cavity
◦ Abdominal cavity
 Split from thoracic by diaphragm
◦ Pelvic cavity
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Split into regions
Umbilical
◦ Around navel
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Epigastric
◦ Above stomach area
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Hypogastric
◦ Below stomach area
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Iliac or Inguinal
◦ Right and left above hip bone
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Lumbar
◦ Right and left lateral to the umbilical
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Hypochondriac
◦ Right and left lateral to the epigastric
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Oral and Digestive Cavities
◦ Mouth
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Nasal Cavity
◦ Nose
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Orbital Cavities
◦ Eyes
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Middle Ear Cavities
◦ Duh…