2: Country/Economy Profiles
Myanmar
Key indicators, 2014
GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2014
Population (millions) ........................................ 51.4
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 62.8
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 1,221
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.22
Myanmar
10,000
Emerging and Developing Asia
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 140)
Score
(1–7)
Institutions
7
Innovation
GCI 2015–2016 .................................................... 131 ..... 3.3
GCI 2014–2015 (out of 144) ................................... 134 ......3.2
GCI 2013–2014 (out of 148) ................................... 139 ......3.2
GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) .................................... n/a ......n/a
Infrastructure
6
5
Business
sophistication
Macroeconomic
environment
4
3
2
Basic requirements (60.0%) .....................................128 ......3.5
Market size
1st pillar: Institutions ............................................... 133 ......2.9
2nd pillar: Infrastructure .......................................... 134 ......2.1
3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment .................. 106 ......4.2
4th pillar: Health and primary education ................. 113 ......4.6
Health and
primary
education
1
Higher education
and training
Technological
readiness
Financial market
development
Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) ...................................131 ......3.2
Goods market
efficiency
Labor market efficiency
5th pillar: Higher education and training ................. 134 ......2.5
6th pillar: Goods market efficiency .......................... 130 ......3.6
7th pillar: Labor market efficiency ............................. 73 ......4.2
8th pillar: Financial market development ................. 138 ......2.4
9th pillar: Technological readiness .......................... 138 ......2.2
10th pillar: Market size.............................................. 60 ......4.2
Myanmar
Emerging and Developing Asia
Stage of development
Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) ...........134 ......2.7
11th pillar: Business sophistication ........................ 135 ......2.9
12th pillar: Innovation ............................................. 132 ......2.5
1
Transition
1–2
Factor
driven
2
Transition
2–3
3
Efficiency
driven
Innovation
driven
The most problematic factors for doing business
Score*
Access to financing ...........................................................22.2
Inadequately educated workforce ......................................10.8
Policy instability .................................................................10.8
Corruption ...........................................................................8.5
Complexity of tax regulations...............................................7.4
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................7.0
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................6.1
Tax rates..............................................................................5.6
Government instability/coups ..............................................5.3
Poor work ethic in labor force..............................................4.4
Inflation ................................................................................4.0
Foreign currency regulations ................................................3.1
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................2.2
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................1.5
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.7
Poor public health ...............................................................0.6
0
*
5
10
15
20
25
From the list of factors, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between 1 (most problematic) and 5. The score
corresponds to the responses weighted according to their rankings.
270 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016
© 2015 World Economic Forum
30
2: Country/Economy Profiles
Myanmar
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
VALUE RANK/140
INDICATOR
1st pillar: Institutions
VALUE RANK/140
6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21
Property rights ....................................................... 3.0 ..........131
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.8 ..........134
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.4 ..........121
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.0 ............71
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 2.5 ..........133
Judicial independence............................................ 2.6 ..........121
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.3 ..........120
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.0 ............80
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.9 ..........111
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 2.7 ..........126
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.6 ..........126
Transparency of government policymaking............. 2.8 ..........136
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 3.2 ..........131
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 3.4 ..........120
Organized crime ..................................................... 3.5 ..........124
Reliability of police services .................................... 2.9 ..........125
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.3 ..........118
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 2.5 ..........140
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.1 ..........117
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 2.8 ..........137
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 2.9 ..........135
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 2.4 ..........135
Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.3 ..........136
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 1.8 ............96
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 2.6 ..........123
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 2.6 ..........132
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 105.3 ............79
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 2.7 ..........118
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 49.5 ..........135
Fixed-telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 1.0 ..........124
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05
Government budget balance, % GDP*................. –4.3 ............99
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 18.6 ............82
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 5.9 ..........104
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 39.7 ............63
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 17.0 ..........134
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* .......................... 2,651.6 ............48
Business impact of malaria .................................... 4.5 ............43
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 373.0 ..........130
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 3.8 ..........131
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................... 0.6 ............92
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 4.3 ..........114
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 39.8 ..........112
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 65.1 ..........109
Quality of primary education ................................... 2.4 ..........133
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 86.4 ..........115
5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08
Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 50.2 ..........120
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 13.4 ..........104
Quality of the education system ............................. 2.5 ..........128
Quality of math and science education .................. 2.8 ..........127
Quality of management schools ............................. 2.8 ..........137
Internet access in schools ...................................... 2.3 ..........135
Availability of specialized training services .............. 3.0 ..........133
Extent of staff training ............................................ 2.9 ..........136
2nd pillar: Infrastructure
6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16
No. procedures to start a business* ........................ 11 ..........123
No. days to start a business* ............................... 72.0 ..........134
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.8 ............68
Prevalence of non-tariff barriers .............................. 4.0 ..........102
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 3.8 ............53
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 2.6 ..........138
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 3.5 ..........124
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.0 ..........131
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 23.8 ..........128
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.1 ..........104
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.7 ..........123
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10
Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.1 ..........100
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.4 ............37
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.8 ............69
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 20.2 ............91
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.8 ............74
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.0 ............73
Reliance on professional management ................... 2.7 ..........138
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 1.9 ..........138
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.7 ..........109
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.93 ............20
8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08
Availability of financial services ............................... 2.8 ..........138
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.0 ..........135
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.1 ..........135
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 1.4 ..........140
Venture capital availability ....................................... 1.8 ..........139
Soundness of banks .............................................. 3.4 ..........130
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 2.4 ..........137
Legal rights index, 0–12 (best)* ................................. 2 ..........106
9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07
Availability of latest technologies ............................ 2.7 ..........140
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 2.9 ..........140
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.6 ..........127
Individuals using Internet, %* ................................. 2.1 ..........137
Fixed-broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* .. 0.2 ..........121
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 28.7 ............74
Mobile-broadband subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 14.9 ..........102
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 4.0 ............54
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.6 ............66
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 242.0 ............58
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 23.7 ..........113
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
Local supplier quantity ........................................... 3.2 ..........138
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.1 ..........138
State of cluster development.................................. 2.9 ..........127
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 2.6 ..........127
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.0 ..........129
Control of international distribution ......................... 2.6 ..........139
Production process sophistication.......................... 2.6 ..........134
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.5 ..........131
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.1 ..........126
12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07
Capacity for innovation........................................... 2.9 ..........137
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 2.4 ..........133
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.7 ..........114
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 2.2 ..........137
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 2.8 ..........118
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.2 ..........122
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........119
7th pillar: Labor market efficiency
8th pillar: Financial market development
3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment
4th pillar: Health and primary education
5th pillar: Higher education and training
6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05
Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.4 ..........118
Extent of market dominance .................................. 2.3 ..........138
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 2.9 ..........132
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.3 ............25
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 47.7 ..........102
9th pillar: Technological readiness
10th pillar: Market size
11th pillar: Business sophistication
12th pillar: Innovation
Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read
the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 89.
© 2015 World Economic Forum
The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 | 271