Review
blacklist
to censure or discriminate against a person
decolonization
the act of achieving independence from colonial rule
détente
a lessening of mistrust or hostility between two people or nations
exploitation
the act of taking advantage of a weaker person or nation
nationalism
policy or doctrine of devotion to one's nation
nonalignment
to remain neutral in international politics
proliferation
the act of greatly increasing something, like nuclear stockpiles
quarantine
to isolate a person or nation from the rest of the world
THE COLD WAR
The Cold War can really be broken into three parts:

a period of proliferation and threats (1945–1959);
 a world on the brink (1960–1962); and
 détente and a tearing-down of walls (1963–1991).
1945–1959
Year(s)
Details

Decolonization
1945–
1960s
Many nations gained their independence following
World War II;
 The superpowers often exploited them;
 Some, like Egypt and India, managed to achieve
a nonalignment policy by not joining up with
either superpower.

McCarthyism
1950s
Senator Joseph McCarthy was passionately antiCommunist;
 Americans feared Communism because it was a
growing threat in Asia and Europe, Russia
possessed nuclear weapons, and Communist
agents were known to exist in the U.S.
government;
 This 1950s Red Scare led to many Hollywood
people being blacklisted, and others were jailed
for being alleged Communist sympathizers.

U.S. nuclear program (Manhattan Project) led by
physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer;
 Nuclear proliferation led to people building bomb
shelters and the government educating
Nuclear
proliferation
1945–
1968
Americans about what to do in the event of a
nuclear war, as evidenced by the famous
film, Duck and Cover;

Today, France, Red China, Great Britain, Pakistan,
India, Israel, and North Korea also have nuclear
arsenals.

Suez Crisis
Egypt, who controlled the Suez Canal, developed a
diplomatic relationship with the Soviet Union;
 England, France, and Israel attacked Egypt to gain
1956
control over the canal;
 the U.N. brokered a ceasefire before the U.S. and
U.S.S.R. could come to blows.
In a three-year period of time, continued threats and posturing nearly led to World War
III. The four major events that occurred during this time were:
1960–1962 Year
U-2 spy
plane
1960
Details

The U.S. often sent spy planes over Russia;

A U-2 spy plane, piloted by Gary Powers, crashed inside
Russia's borders.
Berlin Wall
1961 built to separate East Berlin from West Berlin
goes up
Bay of
Pigs

1961
CIA trained Cuban exiles to attack Cuba and dispose Fidel
Castro;
 Promised American air support never materialized;

Rebels landed at Bay of Pigs and were soundly defeated.

Cuban
Missile
Crisis
1962
U.S. put nuclear weapons in Turkey;
 U.S.S.R. tried to put nuclear weapons in Cuba but were
discovered by a U-2 spy plane;
 America's three options included conducting a military
invasion, operating a quarantine or blockade, and
destroying the missile sites;
 The crisis was resolved when the U.S. gave up its missiles
in Turkey, Russia agreed to remove missiles in Cuba, and
U.S. agreed to never invade Cuba.
After the Cuban Missile Crisis, cooler heads began to prevail and there were a number
of treaties, agreements, and meetings, which eventually led to an end to the Cold War.
These people and events included:
1963–1991
Détente
Year(s)
1972
Details
President Nixon visited Red China, a first for an
American leader, and then established better relations
with Russia
1974
signed by President Ford and Soviet Premier
Brezhnev, placing a ceiling on nuclear arsenals
SALT II Treaty
1979
signed by President Carter and Soviet Premier
Brezhnev, agreeing to reduce the size of nuclear
arsenals
Afghanistan War
1979–
1989
SALT I Treaty
Soviet Union tried to take over Afghanistan, but
America covertly supplied arms and materials to help
the Afghans defeat the Russians

Mikhail Gorbachev 1980s
known as a reformer;
 initiated perestroika, a policy of restructuring
Russia economically and politically;
 initiated glasnost, a policy of making the Soviet
government more open and transparent.
Reagan/Gorbachev
1985–
1988
conducted a series of meetings resulting in the
Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty

Berlin Wall goes
down
1989
East Berlin opened its borders to the West, and
the Berlin Wall was torn down;
 protests against Communist rule and strong
feelings of Nationalism contributed to a
series of revolutions in Eastern Europe that
ended Communism in those nations;
 the Cold War officially ended.

the USSR
dissolves
1991
Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine,
Belarus, and Moldova were among the fifteen
republics of the Soviet Union that became
independent nations after the dissolution of
the USSR;
 Russian President Boris Yeltsin prevented a
coup attempt aimed at Gorbachev.
During the 1980s, the Soviet Union was beset by dire economic conditions brought on
by:

the Afghanistan War;
 failed economic policies; and
 increased defense spending.
Six of the major international Cold War leaders were:


Leonid Brezhnev (1906–1982)—He was instrumental in the Non-Proliferation
Treaty, détente with the U.S. (Richard Nixon), and the SALT talks in the 1970s.
Mao Zedong (1893–1976)—He was instrumental in the Korean War, Vietnam
War, Sino-Soviet split, the Great Leap Forward in which millions of Chinese
starved to death, the Cultural Revolution, and high-level meetings with Richard
Nixon.
 Ho Chi Minh (1890–1969)—He was president of the Democratic Republic of
Vietnam from 1946–1969. He was instrumental in the French Indochina War in
the 1950s and the Vietnam War during the 1960s.

Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918–1970)—He was a founding member of the Palestine
Liberation Organization in 1964 and played a role in international politics as a
non-alignment devotee. He led Egypt during the Suez Canal Crisis in 1956 and
played a role in the Six Day War with Israel.
 Fidel Castro (1926–present)—He is the Cuban revolutionary leader who stepped
down in 2008.
 Mikhail Gorbachev (1931–present)—He was instrumental in ending the Cold War
and was the leader of the Soviet Union when it dissolved in 1991.
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
Person or Event
Year
Details
Plessy v. Ferguson
1896
This Supreme Court decision gave legal backing to
racial segregation and "separate but equal."
Brown v. Board of
Education
1954
This Supreme Court decision declared racial
segregation in public schools unconstitutional.
Rosa Parks
1955
She refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white
passenger.

Martin Luther King
1955
He came into prominence as a civil rights
leader during the Montgomery bus boycott,
which was prompted by Rosa Parks's arrest;
 He was greatly influenced by Mohandas
Gandhi;
 King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in
1964.

Little Rock Nine
1957
Nine black students tried to integrate Central
High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, but
were initially prevented from doing so by the
Arkansas National Guard and a large, hostile
mob;
 President Eisenhower sent members of the
101st Airborne Division of the U.S. Army to
make sure the Little Rock Nine could
integrate the school.

Freedom Rides
1961
A group departed Washington, D.C., for New
Orleans by bus to see if desegregation was
happening at interstate bus station facilities
throughout the South;
 The group was beaten and their bus burned by
an enraged mob just outside of Anniston,
Alabama;

More Freedom Rides followed, with many
Freedom Riders arrested before the
Interstate Commerce Commission removed
the segregation signs at interstate bus
station facilities.

Birmingham
Demonstrations
1963
Martin Luther King joined other civil rights
leaders in demonstrations to end
segregation;
 Sit-ins took place;

March on
Washington for Jobs 1963
and Freedom
Police violently confronted the demonstrators
with fire hoses and police dogs.
This was the site of King's famous "I Have a Dream"
speech.

This legislation outlawed racially motivated
Civil Rights Act of
1964
1964
segregation in public places;
 It also prohibited employment and educational
discrimination.
Malcolm X and
Stokely Carmichael
1964–
1966
Both became prominent members of the radical, proviolent civil rights movement that included the Black
Panther Party.
Selma March
1965
Police violently attacked peaceful marchers in an
event known as "Bloody Sunday."

Voting Rights Act of
1965
1965
Thurgood Marshall
1967–
1991
This legislation eliminated literacy and voter
qualification tests, which had been used to
prevent African Americans from voting;
 It also put voter registration under Federal
control.

As an attorney for the NAACP, Marshall
represented the plaintiffs in Brown v. Board
of Education;

He was the first African American on the U.S.
Supreme Court.
Martin Luther King
1968
King was assassinated by James Earl Ray.
THREE PRESIDENTS, THE SPACE PROGRAM, AND THE
WARREN COURT
President
Dwight
Eisenhower
Term
Highlights
1953–
 Eisenhower started NASA, and
1961
 signed the Federal Aid Highway Act in 1956, which began
America's interstate highway system.
 Kennedy received a Pulitzer Prize for his book, Profiles in
Courage;
John Kennedy
1961–
1963
 defeated Richard Nixon for president in 1960;
 sent military advisors to Vietnam;
 was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald on November
22, 1963;
 Warren Report conclusion: Oswald acted alone.
 He signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law, which
Lyndon
Johnson
1963–
1969
made racial segregation illegal;
 signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 into law, which
eliminated the poll tax and literacy requirements;
 got America heavily involved in the Vietnam War.
The Space Program
The race for space began unexpectedly when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik I into
space on October 4, 1957. The shocking development sent U.S. officials into a frenzy of
activity in an effort to catch up to the Russians. Although Robert Goddard first
envisioned the liquid fuel rocket and the idea of going to Mars, the initial head of
America's space program was German-born Wernher von Braun, who is considered the
"Father of America's space program." President Kennedy set a directive for landing a
person on the moon before the 1960s ended.
There have been four major American space programs: Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, and
the Space Shuttle. Key events in America's space program include:
Flight
Explorer I
Year
1958
Friendship
1962
7
Gemini 4
1965
Astronauts
Details
unmanned
America's first satellite
John Glenn
first American to orbit earth
Ed White
first American to walk in space
Virgil Grissom, Ed
Apollo I
1967
White, and Roger
fire aboard craft; all three astronauts killed
Chaffee
Frank Borman, James
Apollo 8
1968
Lovell, and William
first humans to orbit moon
Anders
Neil Armstrong, Buzz
Apollo 11
1969
Aldrin, and Michael
Collins
Armstrong was the first human to walk on the
moon. He uttered the famous words, "That's
one small step for man. One giant leap for
mankind."
James Lovell, John
Apollo 13
1970
near-disaster in space
Swigart, and Fred
Haise
Skylab
Space
Shuttle
1973–
74
1981–
2011
Challenger 1986
Columbia
2003
several
first American space station
many
America's first reusable spacecraft
seven crew members
broke apart during launch
seven crew members
broke apart during reentry
The Warren Court
Besides being involved in the investigation into Kennedy's assassination, Chief Justice
of the Supreme Court Earl Warren was also involved in many important decisions,
including:
Court Case
Year
Brown v. Board of
Education
1954
Engel v. Vitale
1962
Abington Township School
District v. Schempp
1963
Court Decision
ruled that racial segregation in public schools was
unconstitutional
made it unconstitutional for a public school district to
impose a school prayer on students
school-sponsored Bible reading in public schools ruled
unconstitutional
a defendant had to be:
Miranda v. Arizona
1966
 informed of the right to an attorney;
 informed of the right against self-incrimination;
 told of his rights but could voluntarily waive
them.
THE LATE ‘60S AND EARLY ‘70S
The Vietnam War
Person or Event
Ngo Dinh Diem
Year
1963
Details
 staunch anti-Communist, but incompetent leader;
 overthrown with U.S. approval; assassinated.
Gulf of Tonkin
1964
Gulf of Tonkin
Resolution
1964
Operation Rolling 1965–
Thunder
1968
alleged attack on American boats by North Vietnam
Congressional resolution allowing President Johnson to conduct
military operations in Vietnam
almost-continuous bombing of North Vietnamese targets
 North Vietnamese forces attacked all over South
Tet Offensive
1968
Vietnam including the U.S. embassy in Saigon on the
Vietnamese New Year;
 The attack proved America was not winning the war.
My Lai Massacre 1968
The Pentagon
Papers
A group of American soldiers massacred an entire village of
suspected Communist sympathizers.
Written during the Vietnam War, the secret papers revealed the
1971
Federal government did not think the war could ever be won
despite telling the public a different story for years.
 Nixon and his National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger
wanted an end to the war, but neither wanted to give
the appearance America was turning its back on an
Vietnamization
1968–
1972
ally;
 Pulling out of the war too quickly would not give America
peace with honor nor would the South Vietnamese
government survive;
 This was a plan to turn the ground fighting over to the
South Vietnamese;
 It involved a gradual reduction in U.S. troops in Vietnam.
The terms mainly included:
Paris Peace
Accords
1973
 North Vietnamese forces could stay in South;
 Democratic elections would be held;
 American POWs would be freed.
 Saigon and other South Vietnamese cities were overrun
End of the War
1975
by Communist forces as American and Vietnamese
personnel scrambled aboard helicopters to safety;
 Saigon's name was changed to Ho Chi Minh City.
Protest Movements and Political Turmoil of the Late '60s
Besides the civil rights movement, there were many other protest movements during the
1960s. Two of those movements and their leaders were:
 The National Farm Workers Association, which was organized by Cesar Chavez in a
series of boycotts aimed at securing better working conditions and pay for migrant
farm workers in 1962 and the years that followed;
 Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), which was co-founded by Tom Hayden,
author of the Port Huron Statement. SDS led and sponsored many anti-war protests
including one at the 1968 Democratic National Convention. The convention provided a
platform for the protest movement to be seen worldwide.
There was also much political unrest, such as:
 the assassination of Robert Kennedy in 1968; and
 the aforementioned debacle at the 1968 Democratic National Convention.
The Nixon Years
Highlights of Richard Nixon's presidency include the following:
 Nixon defeated Hubert Humphrey in 1968 and George McGovern in 1972;
 Nixon's vice president, Spiro Agnew, resigned amidst scandal and was replaced by
Gerald Ford;
 Nixon was hit with the Watergate scandal, which included:
o
a break-in at the National Democratic headquarters;
o
the discovery of the crime by Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and
Carl Bernstein;
o
secret White House tapes that Nixon refused to turn over, citing executive
privilege and the claim that they would be damaging to him;
o
tapes revealed Nixon's guilt in the Watergate break-in; and
 Nixon resigned rather than be impeached, making Gerald Ford the next president.
evangelical
a Christian who emphasizes a belief in the Bible and salvation
extremist
a person who is absolutely fanatical about a belief system
glasnost
Russian term; to be transparent, open, and more accountable
globalization
the process of conducting business on a global scale
insurgent
one who rebels against established authority with force
jihad
a nonstop campaign of violence by Islamic believers
multiculturalism
the concept of integrating members of various cultures into society
perestroika
Russian term; to restructure economically and politically
PRESIDENTS OF THE 70S AND 80S
The Ford Years
The '70s had its own form of uncertainty. The decade saw the chaotic end to the
Vietnam War in 1975. The Equal Rights Amendment was presented to the states in
1972. Thirty-five states approved the amendment in the required seven-year time
period, falling three short of the necessary number for ratification. The amendment
eventually died out in 1982.
Despite this defeat, the women's movement did gain ground with the passage of the
Education Amendments of 1972 and Title IX, which opened the doors for more
opportunities to be given to women, particularly in athletics. Another major victory came
in the form of Roe v. Wade in 1973, which gave women the right to abortion.
The Carter Years
Jimmy Carter defeated Gerald Ford in the 1976 election. He was beset with a major
energy crisis in 1979 following the one that hit in 1973. The earlier one came about
because of America's support for Israel during the Yom Kippur War. OPEC
(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries), a coalition of nations who produce and
export oil, imposed an embargo on oil against the U.S., causing gas shortages and
much higher prices.
OPEC was composed of Venezuela, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Kuwait. By imposing
the embargo, these states actually hurt themselves in the long run as the U.S. sought
alternative fuel sources.
Between the Vietnam War, high oil prices, and inflation, the economy nosedived during
the Carter administration as unemployment increased while inflation and interest rates
skyrocketed.
On the upside, Carter was able to achieve some success in his foreign policies. He was
able to sign the SALT II treaty with the Soviet Union. He also brought together Egyptian
president Anwar Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin in a series of
meetings that became known as the Camp David Accords when the two signed a
groundbreaking peace treaty. Later, Carter gave official diplomatic recognition to Red
China, which opened the door for future relations in trade.
On the downside, Carter gave the Panama Canal to Panama beginning in 2000 and
was in office when Iranian extremists took American embassy personnel hostage in
Tehran. They did this after the U.S. refused to hand over Shah Mohammad Reza
Pahlavi, the deposed leader of Iran.
Religion Takes a Stand
For more than twenty years, the famous preacher Billy Graham had been a leader in
Christian circles in America. During the 1970s, others emerged as leaders who were fed
up with the radicalism of the '60s and perceived attacks on traditional Christian values.
This decade saw the rise of an evangelical movement led by Jerry Falwell, who began
the Moral Majority. This organization was opposed to women's rights and homosexuality
and played a significant role in getting Reagan elected in 1980. This period also saw the
rise of Dr. James Dobson and Focus on the Family.
The Reagan Years
Ronald Reagan defeated Jimmy Carter in the 1980 election and Walter Mondale in
1984 in what was one of the largest landslides in history.
On the domestic side, Reagan stabilized the economy through a policy that simply said
if the government put more money into the hands of consumers, they would spend it.
Bigger tax breaks were given to the wealthy with the idea they would use the extra
money to invest in companies who would then hire new employees. This "trickle-down"
economics, or Reaganomics as it became known, brought the nation out of the financial
plight it was in.
Reagan's down-home personality and his way of getting a message across earned him
the nickname, "Great Communicator." At the same time, his demeanor showed he
would not tolerate people or nations who threatened the U.S.
Also on the domestic side, he fired thousands of Federal air traffic controllers when they
refused to go back to work. He also appointed three Supreme Court justices during his
tenure: the first woman justice, Sandra Day O'Connor; Antonin Scalia; and Anthony
Kennedy.
The 1980s also saw a shift in the media's impact on society. Years earlier, television
programming was very clean. Families were wholesome and stereotypical in many
respects with the father working at a job, the mom staying at home playing the role of
homemaker, and all the children well-adjusted and well-behaved. Shows depicting
violence did not show blood while comedians starring in variety shows told clean jokes.
This changed dramatically with the advent of MTV and family sitcoms showing the
dysfunctional side of life. The Baby Boomers were now in charge of many companies
and government services. This was the group who:
 were born after World War II;
 fought in Vietnam; and
 participated in the anti-war movement.
Reagan's biggest contributions came on the foreign policy side. During his
administration:
 He supported Saddam Hussein in the Iran-Iraq War even though the leader had begun
the war;
 He sent Marines to Lebanon to stabilize that nation. It was here the Marine barracks in
Tehran were blown up by terrorists, killing hundreds;
 He retaliated against Libya and its leader Muammar Gaddafi, for taking part in terrorist
activities;
 He oversaw the Iran-Contra Affair, in which Oliver North allegedly went against the
Boland Amendment by supplying the rebel Contras with weapons in their fight against
Nicaragua's government, the Sandinistas. The whole affair began with the U.S. selling
arms to the Iranians in hopes American hostages would be released in Lebanon; and
 He took part in a series of meetings with Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev who had
instituted two radical new policies in his nation:
o
perestroika, which was a complete restructuring of Russia's economy; and
o
glasnost, which brought openness and accountability to the government.
FROM GEORGE H. W. BUSH TO GEORGE W. BUSH
The George H.W. Bush Years
The Bush presidency saw the Berlin Wall fall (1989), an end to the Cold War (1989),
and the dissolution of the Soviet Union (1991). It also saw continued upheavals in the
Middle East.
President Truman had pushed for an independent Jewish state. Israel became an
autonomous nation in 1948 and had been in three wars with Arab neighbors since:
 the 1948 war of independence against Egypt, Iraq, and Syria;
 the Six-Day War in 1967 against Egypt, Syria, and Jordan; and
 the Yom Kippur War in 1973 against Egypt and Syria.
Strife in the region continued in 1991 when Iraq and Saddam Hussein invaded
neighboring Kuwait without provocation. The United Nations stepped in and removed
Hussein's forces from the tiny Arab state.
On the domestic side, Bush pushed through passage of the North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) with Canada and Mexico. At the same time, he struggled with a
massive Federal deficit from the Reagan years that he was unable to bring under
control, which cost him the 1992 election to Bill Clinton.
The Clinton Years
Bill Clinton soundly defeated Robert Dole in the 1996 election, winning a second term in
office.
The Clinton administration was marred with by scandals:
 from the Whitewater affair involving Jim and Susan McDougal; and
 two to sex scandals;
o
one involving Paula Jones, who filed a sexual harassment case;
o
the second involving Monica Lewinski, who claimed to have had an
inappropriate affair with the president.
Clinton had lied under oath about the Lewinsky affair, which led to him being
impeached. Chief Justice William Rehnquist presided over his Senate trial at which the
president was acquitted.
The scandals overshadowed real progress made on the nation's economy. Also on the
domestic front, President Clinton saw passage of the military's "Don't Ask, Don't Tell"
policy that stated military personnel could not ask about a member of the military's
sexual preference as long as he or she did not advertise it. Clinton also saw passage of
the Family and Medical Leave Act, the Defense of Marriage Act, and America's
participation in the World Trade Organization (WTO).
International issues included the embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania, the
emergence of Saudi Arabian native Osama bin Laden and his call for jihad against
America, and NATO bombing attacks against Serbia and its leader, Slobodan Milosevic.
The George W. Bush Years
Bush defeated Al Gore in the 2000 election in one of the closest races ever. The U.S.
Supreme Court had to rule that Florida's votes were official, giving Bush enough
electoral votes to win.
Domestic issues during his presidency included:
 passage of No Child Left Behind, which brought accountability to the nation's teachers
and schools;
 Hurricane Katrina, which devastated New Orleans and the surrounding area when a
number of dikes gave way to flood waters; and
 a major recession caused by:
o
a massive Federal deficit;
o
spiking gas prices; and
o
the home mortgage crisis involving Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and many
lending institutions.
September 11, 2001
Four airline flights were hijacked by al-Qaeda terrorists:
 American Airlines Flight 11 out of Boston;
 United Airlines Flight 175 out of Boston;
 American Airlines Flight 77 out of Washington, D.C.; and
 United Airlines Flight 93 out of Newark, N.J.
The four planes were forced to crash:
 Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center, New York;
 Flight 175 into the South Tower;
 Flight 77 into the Pentagon; and
 Flight 93 into a field in Pennsylvania.
Nearly three thousand people were killed in the attacks, which were financed by Osama
bin Laden and directed by Khalid Sheikh Mohammed.
Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq
The 9/11 attacks caused President Bush to declare a war on terrorism, leading to
attacks on Afghanistan and Iraq.
In Afghanistan, the U.S. and Great Britain demanded that the Taliban government turn
over Osama bin Laden. When they refused, the United Nations authorized a show of
force, resulting in the Taliban being defeated. (The Taliban had been one of several
tribes who had fought against the Soviet Union in the 1980s and who had financed their
regime with the sale of opium.)
Once defeated, the Taliban fled to Pakistan, who went to war with them along the
Afghan border.
The United States attacked Iraq in 2003 to depose Saddam Hussein and destroy his
weapons of mass destruction. He had refused to offer proof the weapons no longer
existed. No such weapons were ever found. Since Iraq's defeat, insurgents have
conducted numerous attacks on military personnel and the Iraqi people.
THE OBAMA YEARS AND CONTEMPORARY ISSUES
The Obama Years
Barack Obama soundly defeated John McCain in 2008 after winning the Democratic
nomination over Hillary Clinton. During the campaign, he wisely refused public
campaign financing, which allowed him to raise extra money.
After being elected, he saw passage of a 780-billion dollar stimulus package to help
individuals and companies. He also signed an executive order to close the prison facility
at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba; however, his administration retracted the effort to close the
facility immediately.
Obama won reelection in 2012, defeating Republican candidate Mitt Romney.
Contemporary Social Issues
Gay rights has made strides in the past few years with:
 same-sex marriages being allowed in several states;
 anti-discrimination laws to protect gays, involving employment and housing issues;
 some states permitting adoptions; and
 many states passing hate crime laws.
Other contemporary issues and the controversies surrounding them include:
Issue
Immigration
Controversy
 People in favor of allowing or increasing current immigration levels
state:
o
New people add money and new ideas to the country;
o
They are very supportive of America;
o
Families have a chance to be united again; and
o
They help to finance government by paying taxes.
 Those opposed to this state:
o
Many enter the country illegally;
o
They overtax government health services;
o
They require special kinds of education, since many do
not speak English; and
o
Affirmative
Action
They take jobs away jobs from American citizens.
 Proponents of affirmative action believe the government should
right the wrongs of the past;
 Those against it state this is a form of reverse discrimination.
Some believe multiculturalism causes a loss of national unity and a
Multiculturalism splintering of society while others believe it is important to protect the
heritage of those who immigrate to America.
 Cons to bilingual education include:
o
Students invariably do not make the transition into
English-only classes;
o
Bilingual education students score lower on
standardized tests;
Bilingual
education
o
Many graduate without becoming proficient in English;
and
o
A high number of students become dropouts.
 Pros to bilingual education include:
o
Foreign-born students need to learn English while
studying other subjects; and
o
This kind of education allows students to be better
integrated into the American educational system.
Technological advances have paved the way for globalization in the world's economy.
It is not uncommon for companies to outsource labor or have foreign investors.