Non-conventional Energy Sources:
Market Survey and Commercial Applications
Professor Saifur Rahman
Electrical & Computer Engineering Dept.
Virginia Tech
05 March 2007
At Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi
4/10/2007
(c) Saifur Rahman
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Outline
1. Introduction to non-conventional energy
sources (wind, solar and hydro)
2. Resource assessment for wind, solar and hydro
3. Capacity factor and capacity credit calculations
4. Technology assessment
5. Global developments of wind and solar projects
6. Renewable energy and climate change issues
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World Energy Consumption by Fuel Type
(1970-2025)
700
Quadrillion BTU
600
Oth
500
ers
lear
Nuc
l
Coa
400
300
l Gas
Natura
200
Oil
100
Year
0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
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Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook
(c) Saifur
2005 Rahman
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Global Oil Production
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Wind Energy
Off-shore
4/10/2007 Wind Generation, North
(c)Sea
Saifur Rahman
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Installed Wind Power in the World
Cumulative Capacity 19971997-2006
80,000
70,000
Megawatts
60,000
Total World
Rest of the World
50,000
India
40,000
Denmark
30,000
USA
Spain
20,000
Germany
10,000
0
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
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Source: BP.com, 2006 and World Wind Energy Association, Germany as of 29 Jan 2007
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Wind Power Highlights
Global
GlobalWind
WindCapacity:
Capacity:
German
Germancapacity
capacity::
73.9
73.9GW
GW(end
(endof
of2006)
2006)
20.6
20.6GW
GW(end
(endof
of2006)
2006)
•
The current installed wind power capacity generates more than 1% of the
global electricity consumption.
•
At the end of 2006, Germany hosted 27.9% of annual world WTG capacity
•
This is followed by Spain (15.7%), USA (15.7%), India (8.5%) and Denmark
(4.2%)
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Saifur
Rahman
* World
Wind Energy Association, Germany, 29
2007
* International Electricity Information, EIA, 2006
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Wind Energy in India, 2006
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Offshore Wind Energy is “Next Wave” of
New Wind Project Construction in Germany
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Current world’s largest
Offshore wind worldwide
Location
Country
Online
MW
No
Rating
Vindeby
Denmark
1991
4.95
11
Bonus 450kW
Lely (Ijsselmeer)
Holland
1994
2.0
4
NedWind 500kW
Tunø Knob
Denmark
1995
5.0
10
Vestas 500kW
Dronten (Ijsselmeer)
Holland
1996
11.4
19
Nordtank 600kW
Gotland (Bockstigen)
Sweden
1997
2.5
5
Wind World 500kW
Blyth Offshore
UK
2000
3.8
2
Vestas 2MW
Middelgrunden, Copenhagen
Denmark
2001
40
20
Bonus 2MW
Uttgrunden, Kalmar Sound
Sweden
2001
10.5
7
GE Wind 1.5MW
Yttre Stengrund
Sweden
2001
10
5
NEG Micon NM72
Horns Rev
Denmark
2002
160
80
Vestas 2MW
Frederikshaven
Denmark
2003
10.6
4
2 Vestas 3MW,1 Bonus 2.3MW
and 1 Nordex 2.3MW
Bonus 2.3 MW
Samsø
Denmark
2003
23
10
North Hoyle
UK
2003
60
30
Vestas 2MW
Nysted
Denmark
2004
158
72
Bonus 2.3MW
Arklow Bank
Ireland
2004
25.2
7
GE 3.6 MW
Scroby Sands
UK
2004
60
30
Vestas 2 MW
587
316
Totals
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Source:
BWEA (http://www.bwea.com/offshore/worldwide.html)
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Offshore wind turbines
Horns Rev, Denmark
14-20 km off the
coast of Jutland
80 x 2MW = 160 MW
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Source:
BWEA © Elsam A/S
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Offshore wind turbines
Uttgrunden, Sweden
7 x 1.5MW = 10.5 MW
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Source:
BWEA © GE Wind Energy
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Offshore wind turbines
Blyth, UK
2 x 2MW = 4 MW
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Source:
BWEA © AMEC Wind
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Offshore wind turbines
North Sea, The Netherlands (3 MW)
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Source:
Saifur Rahman ©
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Offshore wind turbine and Generator
North Sea, The Netherlands
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Source:
Saifur Rahman ©
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Large Rotor Blades Shipped by Water – Offshore Wind Projects
Minimize Transfers
GE 3.6 MW rotor (104
m diameter)
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Solar Energy
Solar Thermal Heating
Solar Thermal Electricity
Solar Photovoltaics
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Installed Solar Photovoltaics
Cumulative Capacity 1992-2004
3,000,000
Total OECD
Kilowatts
2,500,000
2,000,000
Rest of OECD
Germany
1,500,000
USA
1,000,000
Japan
500,000
0
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
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Source: BP.com, 2006
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Biodiversity Monitoring Project in Bangladesh
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High Altitude Train in Tibet
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Electric power everywhere, but cannot reach it
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Electric Power Grid Cannot be Accessed
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Photovoltaics for Railway Signaling in Tibet
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Solar Photovoltaics, USA
Rooftop PV Test Facility at Virginia Tech, USA
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Solar Photovoltaics, USA
4 Times Square, New York
Building-integrated PV panels of
up to 15 kW of power
Thin-film PV panels are located
on the top 19th floors of the
building
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Rahman
Source:
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
(NREL)
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Solar Photovoltaics, Germany
Lehrter train station, Berlin
Number of module: 1,440
Total area: 3,311 m2
PV output: 325 kW
Electricity generation: 274,000 kWh/yr
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Source:
http://www.cler.org/predac/article.php3?id_article=511
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Solar Photovoltaics, Japan
Bridge
Shiga, Japan
60 kW
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Platform
Gunma, Japan
200 kW
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Source: Mitsubishi Electric
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Climate Change
Global warming
World sea levels rise
Loss of the arctic ice cover
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Trends in Atmospheric Concentrations and Anthropogenic
Emissions of CO2
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Global CO2 Emissions by Region
(Million Metric Tons of Carbon Equivalent)
(2001-2025)
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Global warming and CO2 level rise
Earth has warmed by
about 1°C since mid-19th
century; can go up by
another 5.8°C by 2100
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Global warming
Top five warmest years worldwide since 1890s:
(1) 1998, (2) 2002, (3) 2003, (4) 2004, (5) 2006
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Loss of Arctic Ice
THE Arctic ice cap could disappear completely well before the end of the century under the impact of
global warming, according to observations released yesterday.
The Times, London. 29 Sept 2005
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Observed Sea Ice
Source: Impact of a warming arctic, Cambridge University Press
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Polar bears on thin ice
Source: An environmental Canada Greenlane site
Studies of ice cores indicate a rapid rise in greenhouse gases in the past 150 years
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Abrupt Climate Change
Rapid changes in ocean circulation are linked to an abrupt climate change 8,200 years
ago that had global effects. Indeed, greenhouse warming is a destabilizing factor that
makes abrupt climate change more probable.
Source:
4/10/2007
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute
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Thank You!
Any questions?
Saifur Rahman
Email: srahman@vt.edu
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