Energy Efficient Retrofit of
Government/Public Buildings
Annex 46 (completed) and Annex 61 (new)
Dr. Alexander Zhivov
US Army Engineer Research and Development Center
IEA ECB Program Executive Committee Meeting
Technical Day
November 13, 2013
Dublin, Ireland
Introduction
• Governments worldwide are setting more stringent
targets for energy use reductions in their building
stocks
• To achieve these goals, there must be a significant
increase in both the annual rates of building stock
refurbishment and energy use reduction, for each
project (EU: refurbishment rate of 3% p.a., USA: 3%
p.a. site energy reduction compared to CBECS 2003)
2
EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive
(EPBD 2010)
• Member States shall develop policies and take measures such as
setting targets to stimulate the transformation of buildings to be
refurbished to a nearly zero-energy condition.
• A Member State shall not be required to set minimum energy
performance requirements that are not cost-effective over a
building’s estimated economic lifecycle.
• A nearly zero-energy building is defined as “a building that has a very
high energy performance. The nearly zero or very low amount of
energy required should be covered to a very significant extent by
energy from renewable sources, including energy from renewable
sources produced on-site or nearby.”
• The term “high performance building” (as used in Austria, Germany,
the Czech Republic, and Denmark) was developed by the Passivhaus
Institute (PHI) for the German building market, and has the same
definition as “nearly zero-energy.”
Major Drivers for Energy Use Reduction
in US Federal Facilities
• Building Site Energy Use Reduction:
 The Energy Policy Act of 2005. Federal facilities shall be built to
achieve at least a 30% energy savings over the 2004 International
Energy Code or ASHRAE Standard 90.1, as appropriate; energy
efficient designs must be life cycle cost effective;
– Department of Energy 10 CFR Part 433. Energy Efficiency Design Standards
for New Federal Commercial and Multi-Family High-Rise Residential Buildings
of July 9, 2013. Buildings must be designed to exceed the energy efficiency
level of the ASHRAE Standard 90.1 2010 by 30 percent if life-cycle costeffective;
 EISA 2007, Sec. 431. Sets refurbishment rates for Federal Agency
Building Portfolio and Site Energy Reduction Goals against 2003
Baseline at: 3% p.a., 30% by 2015
• Fossil Fuel Reduction. The Energy Independence and Security Act of
2007 does not require site energy reduction.
• Army Policy. Achieve eight net-zero energy (NZE) installations by 2020;
25 NZE Installations by 2031, all NZE by 2058.
Issues and How to Overcome Them
• Hurdles in the public sector to increase the number
and pace of energy retrofits:
– Absence of public funding
– Lack of knowledge about separated and bundled
(integrative) energy saving measures and the
resulting synergies
• In recent years, Energy Saving Performance
Contracting (ESPC) has been proven to be a very
energy and cost efficient application tool in many
countries to overcome these hurdles
Holistic Assessment Tool-kit on
Energy Efficient Retrofit Measures
for Government Buildings (EnERGo) – Annex 46
Operating Agent: Alexander Zhivov
US Army Corps of Engineers, R&D Center
2006-2010
Scope
Government/Public non-residential
buildings, such as:
– office/administrative buildings
– dormitories/barracks
– one storey production and
maintenance facilities.
Annex 46 Subtasks
A Energy Assessment Protocol (Canada, Finland, France,
Germany, USA)
B Technology Database (Canada, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Italy, USA)
C Best Practice Guidelines for EPCs (Canada, Denmark,
Finland, Germany, USA)
D Energy Concept Adviser Toolkit “EnERGo” (Canada,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, USA)
Protocol Content
Preface
Introduction
Part I: Energy Assessment Procedure
Energy assessment as part of energy management
Organizing energy assessment
Energy assessment as a means of continuous improvement
Key players in an energy assessment
Assessment procedure
After the energy assessment
Continuous commissioning
Part II: Energy-saving opportunities
Special features of industrial sites
Special features of non-industrial sites
Typical areas to look for improvement
Glossary
References
APPENDIXES A-O
Total: 380 pp
Published by the ASHRAE,
Distributed more than 1000 copies
Referenced in the ASHRAE Std. 100 ”Energy
Conservation in Existing Buildings”
Referred to in the ASHRAE Guide.
Appendices
Appendix A: Building Portfolio Energy Analysis
Appendix B: Example Level I assessment summary table
Appendix C: Recommended report structure for energy and process
assessment
Appendix D: Typical energy wastes and inefficiencies in buildings
Appendix E: Air barrier continuity, a quick guide to sealing air leakage
pathways in buildings
Appendix F: Air-leakage measurement in buildings procedure
Appendix G: Use of thermography in building energy assessment
Appendix H: Building energy balances
Appendix I: Rules of thumb for utility system ECMs
Appendix J: Some chilled water systems retrofit design guidance
Appendix K: Special features to consider in energy assessment
of old buildings
Appendix L: Some energy conservation and process
improvement measures/opportunities
(ECM/ECO)
Appendix M: Building life cycle cost analysis (BLLC)
Appendix N: Ongoing/Continuous commissioning
TEAM: Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Russia, Sweden, and USA
Scope of Energy Assessment
1. Building stock
2. Building
3. System
4. Component
Amount and Type
of Information
Depth of Energy Assessment
LEVEL I
Screening, rough and quick walk-through audit, concentrating on savings potentials
that may be achieved using typical measures, such as:
Analysis of consumption figures and benchmark data
Check of key energy use indicators, “holes in walls”
Review of the use of building automation
Listing of possible energy saving opportunities
Notation of needs for further surveys or deeper audit.
Level II
Full energy audit, recommended for large energy users, including:
Analysis of all energy using systems and equipment
Measurements (main air flows, temperatures, etc.)
Consumption breakdown calculations
Analysis of savings potential, estimation of investments
Listing of energy savings measures for implementation.
Level III
Detailed engineering analysis targeted to main energy using systems:
Analysis of measurements, data logging, thermography, pressure tests
Detailed cost estimated and descriptions for energy-saving measures.
Training and Energy Assessment Showcases
Training Workshop and Level I Energy Assessment at
USMA, West Point, USA,
September 18-28, 2007
45 experts from the USA, Finland, Germany and
Sweden
Ft Lee, USA
September 17-22, 2009
66 experts from the USA, Finland, Germany, Canada,
Korea and Sweden
Subtask B: Database of “Energy Saving Technologies for Building
Retrofits” with examples of best practices
• Document best practices of buildings retrofits with
energy efficient technologies
• Develop a database with case studies of promising
energy saving technologies
• Identify tools/computer programs and develop a
procedure to screen selected candidate
technologies/measures, and screen for
representative conditions
• Summarize results of the screening
analyses and the case studies
by categories and present in a
user-friendly format.
Examples of ECMs
Energy Conservation Measures Database
Representative Climate Locations for Annex 46
Participating Countries
Country
CANADA
Location
Edmonton (CWEC)
Country
UNITED KINGDOM
Location
London Gatwick (IWEC)
Vancouver (CWEC)
Miami, FL
Ottawa (CWEC)
Houston, TX
DENMARK
Copenhagen (IWEC)
Phoenix, AZ
FINLAND
Helsinki (IWEC)
Memphis, TN
Tampere (IWEC)
El Paso, TX
UNITED STATES
Lyon (IWEC)
San Francisco, CA
Marseille (IWEC)
Baltimore, MD
Nantes (IWEC)
Albuquerque, NM
Paris Orly (IWEC)
Seattle, WA
Strasbourg (IWEC)
Chicago, IL
Stuttgart (IWEC)
Boise, ID
Milan (IWEC)
Burlington, VT
Naples (IWEC)
Helena, MT
Palermo (IWEC)
Duluth, MN
Rome (IWEC)
Fairbanks, AK
FRANCE
GERMANY
ITALY
Energy Conservation Measures Simulation
Study Report
EnergyPlus based baseline models for the three building types were
developed and documented to evaluate the performance of ECMs
in representative U.S., Canadian and European climate conditions
Examples of ECM Fact-sheets
Retrofit Case Studies
76 case studies
Checks show
realized
retrofit
measures
Sorted by:
– Country
– Name
– Building
type
36 + 40 Case Studies
Subtask C: Develop “Best-Practice Guidelines
for Innovative Energy Performance Contracts”
• Identify and document approaches countries have
used to implement successful ESPC projects at
government facilities.
• Develop a set of consensus recommendations that
can be used to:
– improve existing ESPC programs
– implement new programs in countries that
currently lack them.
• Compile recommendations in a Best Practices Guide
for Innovative Energy Performance Contracts.
Best Practices Guide for
Energy Performance Contracts
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Definition of Energy Performance Contract
Motivations For Using EPCs for Government Facilities
Most Common Energy Conservation Measures
(ECMs)
Implementation Process
EPC Best Practices
– Policy and Legal Framework
– Pre-negotiated/Model Contracts
– Training and Assistance
– Competition
– Measurement and Verification
– Quality Assurance During Project Performance
Period
Continuous Program Improvement
Conclusions
Energy Performance Contracts
Financial Spreadsheet
Evaluation of Energy Performance Contracts Cost Efficiency
Energy Saving Contract Case Studies
18 case studies from:
– USA (9)
– Canada (7)
– Germany (2)
Subtask D: Develop IT-Toolkit “EnERGo”
IT Tool-kit “EnERGo“ based on the Energy Concept
Adviser (ECA) allows users to obtain extensive
information, according to their individual focus of
interest:
– Identification of areas of potential improvements
“Energy Assessment Protocol” (Subtask A)
– The increased scope/menu of the energy efficient
technologies and measures (database of “Energy
Saving Technologies and Measures for Government
Building Retrofits” (Subtask B)
– Implementation decision tools with tailored
recommendations on practical implementation from
“Best-practice guidelines for innovative energy
performance contracts” (Subtask C)
IEA Annex 46 – IT-Toolkit
IT-Toolkit EnERGo Content
Performance Rating Tool
Energy Assessment Protocol + 5 supporting tools
Operation and Maintenance Guide
Energy Conservation Measures Database
Retrofit Case Studies
Case Study Viewer
Energy Calculation Tool
Guide for ESCO Projects
ESCO Case Studies
Energy Performance Contracts
Financial Spreadsheet
Evaluation of Energy Performance Contracts Cost Efficiency
Info and Contacts
Annex 61: Deep Energy Reductions using
Combined Funding
• Meeting ambitious targets of energy use in buildings requires
bundling of Energy Conservation Measures (ECM) into integrated
deep retrofit projects.
• Bundled ECMs have synergistic effects – the whole is greater
than the sum of its parts.
• Most effective bundle depends on climate, building application,
energy rates, etc.
• Based on some national case studies employing this approach,
energy use in retrofit projects can be reduced by more than 50%.
• Annex 61 will use results from previous IEA ECBCS Annexes: e.g.,
Annex 46, which identified > 400 energy efficiency measures for
different government/public buildings; Annex 36, which focused
on educational buildings; Annexes 49 and 51, which explored
useful technology synergies, low-exergy heating and cooling
systems, and cascading energy streams.
• Annex 61 will integrate results from and collaborate with ongoing
national and international projects.
41
Some Examples of Deep Energy Retrofit Projects
Forststr. 7
(retrofitted)
Heilbronner Str. 19
(retrofitted)
Residential buildings renovation: 75% energy use reduction
Karlsruhe (Germany)
Residential building renovation:
78% energy use reduction
Freiburg (Germany)
42
Barracks renovation: 45% energy use reduction, Ft Polk (USA)
Bad Aibling NZE Community,
Buildings Retrofits
- Heating target:
25 … 75 kWh/m2a
~8 … 24 Mbtu/sq ft
- Insulation 15-30 cm (6-12 in.)
thick
- Windows with triple glazing
- Ventilation systems with
80 – 90% air heat recovery
- Partly solar roofs with thermal
collectors
- Highly efficient heating /
hot water technology with
heatpumps, storage tanks and
intelligent controls
Energy Master Planning
43
Examples of ECMs
Building Envelope Retrofit Guides
46
Handbooks for Building Energy Refurbishment
Details for Retrofit to Passive House Standard
A Catalogue of Ecologically Rated
Constructions (German and English Edition)
Public Private Partnership: ESPC- current situation
• ESPC:
– Integrative energy conservation and supply service including:
energy assessments, design, funding, construction, management,
performance assurance, operations and maintenance
– Payment to contractor  verified energy and cost savings
– Typical energy savings: 15- 30%
– Typical cost savings: 20- 50%
– Scope: single buildings, building clusters
– Issues: limited project scope BEMS, HVAC, mechanical + lighting
systems, energy generation.
 ESPC: proven tool to accelerate the implementation of energy
conservation measures by integrating services, know-how, and private
capital in the public sector.
 A way to resolve the funding and the performance issue.
 Positive experience with energy conservation measure bundles.
49
Public Private Partnership: ESPC
and New Business Models
• Energy retrofits are less costly to implement during
major building renovations
• But this requires a method of integrating the
performance of a general contractor (performing
renovations) and an ESCO (installing energy
conservation measures)
• The optimal model will depend on legislative
framework and contracting methods available, e.g.,
– Energy Savings Performance Contract (ESPC)
– Utility Energy Service Contract (UESC),
– Enhanced Use Lease …
50
ESPC Best Practices
51
SRM-ESPC Deep Retrofit Project Model #1
SRM
funds
Design/build
contract
ESCO
ESPC
ESPC
funding
General
Contractor
Building renovation
• Interior/Exterior
• Structural/finishes
Energy Saving Measures
• HVAC
• Envelope
(Insulation/Windows)
• Cool Roof
Funding
Management
Contract
• ESCO is awarded design/build
contract for non-energy-related
building renovation, and ESPC
for energy-related measures
• ESCO hires a GC, but provides
single point of contact for Army
SRM-ESPC Deep Retrofit Project Model #2
SRM
funds
Bid Build
Contract
ESPC
General
Contractor
ESCO
Funding
Management
Contract
Private
financing
• GC constructs the entire project, but
energy-related portion is implemented
under a subcontract with ESCO
• GC has two managers (Army and
ESCO), but the Army is ultimately in
charge of the entire project
Building renovation
• Interior/Exterior
• Structural/finishes
Energy Saving Measures
• HVAC
• Envelope
(Insulation/Windows)
• Cool Roof
Objectives
• To provide a framework and selected tools and guidelines to
significantly reduce energy use (by more than 50%) and improve
indoor environment quality in government and public buildings and
building communities undergoing renovation
• To gather and, in some cases, research, develop, and demonstrate
innovative and highly effective bundled packages of ECMs for
selected building types and climatic conditions
• To develop and demonstrate innovative, highly resource-efficient
business models for retrofitting/refurbishing buildings and
community systems using appropriate combinations of public and
private funding such as ESPC and other concepts to be developed
together with the building owners
• To support decision makers in evaluating the efficiency, risks, financial
attractiveness, and contractual and tendering options conforming to
existing national legal frameworks
• To engage end users, mainly building owners and other market
partners, in the proceedings and work of the Annex Subtasks.
54
Receptors
• Executive decision-makers and energy managers of
public and governmental administrations
• ESCOs
• Financing industries
• Energy utility companies
• Designer-, architect- and engineer-companies
• Manufacturers of insulation, roofing materials,
lighting, controls, appliances, and HVAC and energy
generation equipment, including those using
renewable sources.
55
Subtasks
• Subtask A: Bundles of Technology: Prepare and evaluate case
studies on existing deep energy retrofit concepts. Develop a guide
for achieving financially attractive deep energy retrofits of
buildings and building communities. The high-level
guide/decision-making framework will leverage other guidelines
that are currently under development, as well as fundamental
building science and technology and operational insights.
• Subtask B - Business models for market implementation: Develop
business models for deep energy retrofit/refurbishment of
buildings and building groups using combined government/public
and private funding to overcome existing hurdles in technical
expertise and funding, to reduce risks associated with deep
retrofits along the value chain, and in that process, to support the
necessary acceleration of refurbishment activities.
56
Subtasks (Continued)
• Subtask C: Demonstrate selected deep energy retrofit
concepts using combined government/public and
private funding, and prepare case studies describing
completed and/or partially completed projects.
• Subtask D: Develop an IT-tool for decision-makers and
ESCOs that emphasizes low-risk approaches for early
stages of design and decision-making.
57
Participating Countries/Organizations
Country
Organization
Austria
Belgium ??
AEE
Energinvest
Public Works and Government Services
McMaster University
CENERGIA
Danish Building Research Institute, SBi
Egedal Municipality
VTT
TBD
KEA
Passive House Institute
Fraunhofer ISE
Energetic Solutions
Die Bauingenieure
FAAG
MosArt
Poznan University of Technology
University of Linkoping
University of Reading
USACE ERDC
DOE FEMP
ORNL
NREL
NAESCO
Hannon Armstrong
Ebert and Baumann Cons. Engrs.
UTRC
JCI
Siemens
M.E. GROUP, INC
Pennsylvania State University
Atelier Ten
Building Sciences Corp
Canada ??
Denmark
Finland
France ??
Germany
Ireland ??
Poland ??
Sweden
UK ??
USA
Thank you for your attention
Contact information:
Dr. Alexander Zhivov
Alexander.M.Zhivov@usace.army.mil
+1 217 373 4519