Examination of hemp oil with regard to its suitability
as fuel for engines adapted to pure plant oil use
Motivation, Summary and Outlook
nova-Institut GmbH, Huerth / Germany
&
Technologie- und Foerderzentrum (TFZ), Straubing / Germany
Authors of this summary:
Dipl.-Phys. Michael Carus, Dipl.-Geogr. Thomas Breuer, Dipl.-Ing. agr. Florian Gerlach
Client: Hanf-Info - Chanvre Info, Switzerland
August 2007
Hemp oil as fuel: Motivation, Summary and Outlook
1
Motivation
Since the rediscovery of the agricultural crop hemp and its high-grade raw materials fibres,
shives and seeds/oil, it has often been discussed if hemp oil could also be used as fuel.
At present, high-grade hemp seeds and the hemp oil produced from these, having an unusually high share of polyunsaturated fatty acids (75-80%), are mainly used in the food and skin
care sector and additionally as animal feed for birds and fish. Hemp oil, produced in comparatively small amounts, has difficulties establishing in other sectors (hemp oil in food-grade
quality costs about 7 €/l).
Nevertheless, the question raised by the study “Examination of hemp oil with regard to its
suitability as fuel for engines adapted to pure plant oil use” does make sense, namely for the
following reasons:

The quality requirements towards oils for food and skin care products are very high
and cannot be met by all batches. Therefore the use as fuel could be an interesting option for inferior batches.

At present, there are plans to cultivate hemp on large areas, e.g. 15.000 ha for the
chipboard industry. If seeds were also produced here by means of coupled use, the
amounts accumulated would be difficult to place in current market segments, and alternative applications would be desirable.

The behaviour of the prevailing rapeseed oil fuel at low temperatures might be improved by hemp oil admixtures.

So far, there isn’t any scientific study worldwide that has examined hemp oil with regard to its technical and economic applicability as pure plant oil fuel.
The study on hand intends to close this gap and answer the mentioned questions in a comprehensive way.
In Germany, the use of pure plant oils as fuel is particularly well advanced. This development
was motivated by the fact that the use of pure plant oils as fuel can contribute to climate, soil
and water protection. Furthermore, an increase of the added value in agriculture and the regions can come about by means of refining the products and selling them.
Research and development in Germany has intentionally focused on rapeseed oil as the most
important domestic plant oil. Here a lot of positive experience, especially in South Germany,
could be gathered in recent years. Meanwhile, a DIN pre-standard (DIN V 51605) for pure
plant oil fuel based on rapeseed oil has been elaborated and passed. Companies that convert
diesel engines to operate on rapeseed oil are geared to this norm. For the operation of combined heat and power plants (CHP), comprehensive experiences with palm oil and soy oil is
have been made.
In contrast, only limited experience is available for other pure plant oils such as hemp oil.
Their applicability will have to be judged in analogy to rapeseed oil. They will need to prove
their suitability as fuels for combustion engines that were converted to operate on rapeseed oil
according to DIN pre-standard (DIN V 51605). Therefore, the potential of those plant oils
certainly won’t be fully used. However, it is very unrealistic to assume that manufacturers
will develop motors especially for e.g hemp oil in the foreseeable future.
In addition, considering its high nutritional value thanks to its fatty acid spectrum, burning
hemp oil would really be a shame. It is furthermore susceptible to oxidation and thus certainly
nova-Institut GmbH
-2-
August 2007
Hemp oil as fuel: Motivation, Summary and Outlook
not the fuel of desire for engine developers. It is all the more important to carry out a disinterested analysis of its applicability as a fuel from a technical and economic point of view.
In the following chapter you will first find a summary of the technical analysis and then one
of the economic analysis. The former was conducted by the Technology and Support Centre
(TFZ) in Straubing (Bavaria), an acknowledged institution that has been active in this field for
many years, also significantly contributing to the development of the DIN prestandard (DIN
V 51605). The economic analysis comes from the nova-Institut GmbH in Hürth (North-Rhine
Westphalia) that has conducted a multitude of economic analysis’ in the field of renewable
resources over the past ten years.
2
Technical suitability of hemp oil as fuel for engines
adapted to the use of pure plant oil
In the technical analysis, three different hemp oil samples from varying production and processing methods (cold pressed, hot pressed, refined) were investigated for the properties relevant fuels and tested for meeting the requirements according to the DIN prestandard for rapeseed oil fuel. All analysed hemp oil samples met the threshold values for rapeseed oil fuel
regarding density, kinematic viscosity, cetane number, calorific value, sulphur content
and water content. The deviations from these parameters to the characteristic values of a
rapeseed oil fuel were small and are no obstacle to using hemp oil as a fuel.
The requirements of the DIN V 51605 on coke residue, iodine number and oxidation
stability could not be fulfilled. Especially the coke residue of hemp oil is twice as high as
that of rapeseed oil. This will negatively affect the operation of the engine.
The high coke residue indicates a high tendency to building deposits in the combustion chamber, on the injection nozzles and on the valves, which will lead to increased maintenance requirements, deterioration of the emission characteristics and disturbance of the engine operation.
The lower oxidation stability of hemp oil in comparison with rapeseed oil results from the
high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Hemp oil is thermally less stable and more susceptible to oxidation processes than rapeseed oil. Lower oxidation stability leads to decreased
storage stability and quicker deterioration, which will lead to gummings in the fuel and injection system and to faster depletion of the lubricating oil. For the storage of hemp oil, cool and
dark storage conditions are very important to reduce the deterioration processes.
The disadvantages of hemp oil concerning coke residue and oxidation stability could possibly
be improved by fuel additives. However, it has to be considered that there is almost no experience on using fuel additives for plant oils and that additional costs will arise.
Hemp oil showed a better low-temperature behaviour and thus a better flowability compared to rapeseed oil (20% less kinematic viscosity at 40°C), which results from the differing
composition of fatty acids.
The three hemp oil samples showed differences in the fuel properties, some of them quite
considerable. The sample “hemp oil refined” could comply with 12, the sample “hemp oil
cold-pressed” with 8 and the sample “hemp oil hot-pressed” with 6 of the 15 parameters set
by the DIN V 51605. “Hemp oil refined” showed the best properties of the samples
tested.
nova-Institut GmbH
-3-
August 2007
Hemp oil as fuel: Motivation, Summary and Outlook
Conclusion
The research indicates a high risk of operational disturbances and changes in the emission behaviour if hemp oil is used as a fuel in current engines adapted to plant oil use.
However, there are possibilities to improve the fuel properties by optimizing the processing
process or by usage of additives. Furthermore, the use of hemp oil in engines specifically constructed or adapted to the properties of hemp oil might make it possible to use hemp oil as an
alternative fuel in the future. This would require further and extensive investigations concerning the effect on operating behaviour and emissions when using hemp oil as fuel in engines
adapted to plant oil use.
However, it has to be considered that the plant oil compatible engines currently available are
only optimised for the use of rapeseed oil in mobile applications and some for palm and soybean oil in stationary applications. If hemp oil would be used in those engines not only technical problems would occur but a loss of warranty would also be very likely.
Mixtures of hemp oil and rapeseed oil
In order to check the possibility of improving the aging stability of hemp oil by adding rapeseed oil, defined amounts of rapeseed oil fuel were added to the hemp oil and analysed in further studies.
By adding 80% of rapeseed oil to refined hemp oil, the demands on oxidation stability according to DN V 51605 could be fulfilled. As a positive effect the viscosity compared to pure
rapeseed oil was improved by adding hemp oil. But it has to be noted that high quality hemp
oil is needed for making those mixtures. More research in the field of fuel quality for hemp
and rapeseed oil mixtures and engine test runs with those mixtures have to be done to evaluate
the feasibility of those fuel mixtures.
Conclusion
A mixture of rapeseed oil with up to 20% hemp oil may turn out to be feasible as a fuel
in plant oil compatible engines, but more research has to be done first.
3
Economic suitability of hemp oil as fuel
The economic analysis shows that even the cheapest type of hemp oil is considerably more
expensive than rapeseed oil, even in the case of high rapeseed prices.
The pressing technique for hemp oil is not different from the one for rapeseed oil. The optimum valorisation of the coupled product press cake constitutes an essential factor for the cost
valuation of both oils, but does not make much of a difference for hemp and rape. The price
for hemp oil from local oil mills is significantly higher than the one for rapeseed oil – partly
due to lower oil yields, but mainly due to the higher seed costs and the lower oil content of the
seeds. Even if the hemp oil was hot-pressed, resulting in a higher yield, it remains more expensive than rapeseed oil.
Coming from small-scale production that is common today, hemp oil costs at least 2.34 €/l
(in case of good valorisation of the press cake), totally ruling out the use as fuel. Under largearea cultivation and with hot pressing, the minimum price of hemp oil could decrease to
0.91 €/l.
The minimum prices of rapeseed oil as calculated in the three scenarios range between 0.58
and 0.78 €/l, thus being considerably cheaper.
nova-Institut GmbH
-4-
August 2007
Hemp oil as fuel: Motivation, Summary and Outlook
The mentioned figures mainly depend on the seed price (considerable fluctuations exist particularly in the rapeseed sector), the oil content (primarily depending on the strain) and the
valorisation of the press cake (heavy regional fluctuations). Particularly the latter can have a
strong regional influence on the minimum price for hemp and rapeseed oil.
All in all, it becomes clear that the hemp strains available today for the production of
pure plant oil fuels do not constitute an economic alternative to rapeseed at all. Only if,
by means of modern breeding methods, considerably higher seed yields per hectare (from
today about 1 t/ha to 3 to 4 t/ha) with a simultaneously increased oil content (more than 40%)
were achieved, this analysis could change. So far, the breeding potential of hemp as an oil
plant can’t be estimated.
Apart from first activities in Canada, however, no relevant breeding activities in the field of
hemp oil yields are recorded worldwide. With regard to the use as pure plant oil fuel, this
means for hemp that in the foreseeable future only low-quality charges that cannot be marketed at a high price in the food, skin care or animal feed sector come into consideration
for fuel production from an economic point of view.
There is another possibility if hemp was cultivated on large areas for fibres and shives (e.g.
15,000 ha for the chipboard industry) and the seeds accumulating in coupled use cannot be
fully sold on the existing markets. If in this case the additional expenses of coupled use
should turn out to be profitable also at lower seed prices (on the level of rape), from an
economic point of view this would be another possibility of using hemp seed for the production of hemp oil fuel. It has to be investigated, however, in further studies whether this is
the case.
4
Outlook
In the future, hemp oil will not play a relevant role as a pure plant oil fuel before engines are
well developed or modified for the use of hemp oil and hemp strains are developed that grow
considerably larger seed yields with improved oil content. Both things won`t be the case in
the foreseeable future.
From today’s point of view, the use of hemp oil as pure plant oil fuel will be restricted to
niches and special cases. From an economic point of view, such special cases would be inferior qualities or large amounts of seeds from coupled production with hemp fibres that cannot
be sold in the high-quality sectors food, skin care and animal feed.
From a technical point of view, it could be an interesting option at the moment to use hemp
oil as an additive to rapeseed oil. If a maximum of 20% refined hemp oil is added to high
quality rapeseed oil, the problematic oxidation stability can meet the requirements of DIN V
51605. The low-temperature behaviour and viscosity compared to pure rapeseed oil can improved by adding hemp oil. But more research in the field of fuel quality for hemp and rapeseed oil mixtures and engine test runs with those mixtures will have to be done to evaluate the
feasibility of those fuel mixtures.
nova-Institut GmbH
-5-
August 2007
Hemp oil as fuel: Motivation, Summary and Outlook
References:

Emberger, P, Thuneke, K., Haas, R., Remmele, E. (TFZ) (2007): Prüfung von Hanföl
hinsichtlich seiner Eignung als Kraftstoff für pflanzentaugliche Motoren (Technical
Analysis). Straubing, April 2007.

Carus, M., Breuer, T., Ortmann, S. (nova-Institut) (2007): Untersuchung von Hanföl
auf seine Eignung als Pflanzenöl-Kraftstoff (Economic Analysis). Hürth, August
2007.
The studies ma be downloaded without charge at:

European Industrial Hemp Association (EIHA): www.eiha.org --> Studies

nova-Institut GmbH: www.nova-institut.de/nr --> nova-Publications & Shop
nova-Institut GmbH
-6-
August 2007
Examination of hemp oil with regard to its suitability
as fuel for engines adapted to pure plant oil use
Figures
nova-Institut GmbH, Hürth
&
Technologie- und Förderzentrum (TFZ), Straubing
Authors:
Emberger, P, Thuneke, K., Haas, R., Remmele, E. (TFZ)
Client: Hanf-Info - Chanvre Info, Switzerland
August 2007
Hemp oil as fuel (figures)
TABLE OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1: CONTAMINATION (EN 12662) OF THE HEMP OIL SAMPLES ON ARRIVAL
3
FIGURE 2: FIGURE 2: PARTICLES FROM POLYMERISED HEMP OIL ON THE FILTER MEMBRANE OF
THE SAMPLE „HEMP OIL COLD-PRESSED“ BEFORE CONDITIONING, SHOWN BY A
MICROSCOPE
3
FIGURE 3: COMPOSITION OF FATTY ACIDS (EN 14103) OF DIFFERENT SAMPLES OF HEMP OIL
4
FIGURE 4: DYNAMIC VISCOSITY OF DIFFERENT SAMPLES OF HEMP OIL, MEASURED BY A
ROTATION VISCOSIMETER, WITH A COOL DOWN/UP SPEED OF 0.5 K/MIN
4
FIGURE 5: DENSITY AT 15 °C (EN ISO 12185) OF DIFFERENT SAMPLES OF HEMP OIL
5
FIGURE 6: FLASH POINT (PENSKY-MARTENS) (EN ISO 2719) OF DIFFERENT SAMPLES OF HEMP OIL 5
FIGURE 7: KINEMATIC VISCOSITY AT 40 °C (EN ISO 3104) OF DIFFERENT SAMPLES OF HEMP OIL
6
FIGURE 8: CETANE NUMBER (DIN 51773, MODIFIED) OF DIFFERENT SAMPLES OF HEMP OIL
6
FIGURE 9: CALORIFIC VALUE (DIN 51900-1,-3) OF DIFFERENT SAMPLES OF HEMP OIL
7
FIGURE 10: COKE RESIDUE (EN ISO 10370) OF DIFFERENT SAMPLES OF HEMP OIL
7
FIGURE 11: IODINE VALUE (EN 14111) OF DIFFERENT SAMPLES OF HEMP OIL
8
FIGURE 12: SULPHUR CONTENT (EN ISO 20884) OF DIFFERENT SAMPLES OF HEMP OIL
8
FIGURE 13: CONTAMINATION (EN 12662) OF DIFFERENT SAMPLES OF HEMP OIL
9
FIGURE 14: ACID NUMBER (EN 14104) OF DIFFERENT SAMPLES OF HEMP OIL
9
FIGURE 15: OXIDATION STABILITY (EN 14112) OF DIFFERENT SAMPLES OF HEMP OIL
10
FIGURE 16: PHOSPHOROUS CONTENT (EN 14107) OF DIFFERENT SAMPLES OF HEMP OIL
10
FIGURE 17: CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM CONTENT (EN 14538) OF DIFFERENT SAMPLES OF HEMP
OIL
11
FIGURE 18: ASH CONTENT (EN ISO 6245) OF DIFFERENT SAMPLES OF HEMP OIL
11
FIGURE 19: WATER CONTENT (KARL FISCHER) (EN ISO 12937) OF DIFFERENT SAMPLES OF HEMP
OIL
12
FIGURE 20: CHANGE OF OXIDATION STABILITY (110 °C) (EN 14112) OF HEMP OIL AND RAPE-SEED
OIL STORED AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES
12
FIGURE 21: CHANGE OF KINEMATIC VISCOSITY (40 °C) (ISO 3104) OF HEMP OIL AND RAPE-SEED OIL
STORED AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES
13
FIGURE 22: TEMPERATURE DEPENDED BEHAVIOUR OF CINEMATIC VISCOSITY (ISO 3104) OF
MIXTURES OF HEMP OIL AND RAPE-SEED OIL
13
FIGURE 23: INFLUENCE OF THE SHARE OF HEMP OIL ON THE KINEMATIC VISCOSITY (ISO 3104) OF
A MIXTURE OF HEMP OIL AND RAPE-SEED OIL
14
FIGURE 24: DYNAMIC VISCOSITY OF MIXTURES OF HEMP OIL AND RAPE-SEED OIL, MEASURED BY
A ROTATION VISCOSIMETER, WITH A COOL DOWN/UP SPEED OF 0.5 K/MIN
14
FIGURE 25: INFLUENCE OF THE SHARE OF HEMP OIL ON THE POUR POINT (ISO 3016) OF A MIXTURE
OF HEMP OIL AND RAPE-SEED OIL
15
FIGURE 26: INFLUENCE OF THE SHARE OF HEMP OIL ON THE OXIDATION STABILITY (110 °C) (EN
14112) OF A MIXTURE OF HEMP OIL AND RAPE-SEED OIL
15
nova-Institut
-2-
August 2007
Hemp oil as fuel (figures)
max. limit value
according to DIN V 51605
Contamination
150
mg/kg
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Hemp oil cold-pressed Hemp oil hot-pressed
Hemp oil refined
0 KEm001Hanföl
Figure
1: Contamination (EN 12662) of the hemp oil samples on arrival
Figure 2: Particles from polymerised hemp oil on the filter membrane of the sample „hemp
oil cold-pressed“ before conditioning, shown by a microscope
nova-Institut
-3-
August 2007
Hemp oil as fuel (figures)
Hemp oil cold-pressed
Hemp oil hot-pressed
Hemp oil refined
Share
60
mass-%
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
C16:0 C16:1 C18:0 C18:1 C18:2 C18:3 C20:0 C20:1 >C20
other
Fatty acid
07 K Hs 015
Figure 3: Composition of fatty acids (EN 14103) of different samples of hemp oil
Hemp oil cold-pressed
Hemp oil hot-pressed
Hemp oil refined
Dynamic viscosity
600
mPa*s
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Cool down/up: 0,5 K/min
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
Temperature
10
°C
20
07 K Hs 018
Figure 4: Dynamic viscosity of different samples of hemp oil, measured by a rotation viscosimeter, with a cool down/up speed of 0.5 K/min
nova-Institut
-4-
August 2007
Hemp oil as fuel (figures)
min./max. limit value
according to DIN V 51605
Density at 15°C
950
kg/m?
940
935
930
925
920
915
910
905
900
895
890
Hemp oil cold-pressed Hemp oil hot-pressed
Hemp oil refined
07 K5:
Hs 005
Figure
Density at 15 °C (EN ISO 12185) of different samples of hemp oil
250
min. limit value
according to DIN V 51605
°C
240
Flash point
235
230
225
220
215
210
205
200
Hemp oil cold-pressed Hemp oil hot-pressed
Hemp oil refined
Figure
6: Flash point (Pensky-Martens) (EN ISO 2719) of different samples of hemp oil
07 K Hs 006
nova-Institut
-5-
August 2007
Hemp oil as fuel (figures)
50
max. limit value
according to DIN V 51605
Kinematic viscosity at 40°C
mm?/s
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Hemp oil cold-pressed Hemp oil hot-pressed
Hemp oil refined
07 K 7:
Hs 007
Figure
Kinematic viscosity at 40 °C (EN ISO 3104) of different samples of hemp oil
54
min. limit value
according to DIN V 51605
52
Cetane number
50
48
46
44
42
40
38
36
Hemp oil cold-pressed Hemp oil hot-pressed
Hemp oil refined
0 KEm010Hanföl
Figure
8: Cetane number (DIN 51773, modified) of different samples of hemp oil
nova-Institut
-6-
August 2007
Hemp oil as fuel (figures)
40000
min. limit value
according to DIN V 51605
Calorific value
kJ/kg
39000
38500
38000
37500
37000
36500
36000
35500
35000
Hemp oil cold-pressed Hemp oil hot-pressed
Hemp oil refined
07 K9:
Hs 008
Figure
Calorific value (DIN 51900-1,-3) of different samples of hemp oil
1,0
max. limit value
according to DIN V 51605
mass-%
Coke residue
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0
Hemp oil cold-pressed Hemp oil hot-pressed
Hemp oil refined
07 K Hs
014Coke residue (EN ISO 10370) of different samples of hemp oil
Figure
10:
nova-Institut
-7-
August 2007
Hemp oil as fuel (figures)
180
min./max. limit value
according to DIN V 51605
g/100g
Iodine value
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
Hemp oil cold-pressed Hemp oil hot-pressed
Hemp oil refined
07 K Hs
009Iodine value (EN 14111) of different samples of hemp oil
Figure
11:
20
max. limit value
according to DIN V 51605
mg/kg
Sulphur content
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
*
*
Hemp oil cold-pressed Hemp oil hot-pressed
07 K Hs 022
Hemp oil refined
*below detection limit
Figure 12: Sulphur content (EN ISO 20884) of different samples of hemp oil
nova-Institut
-8-
August 2007
Hemp oil as fuel (figures)
30
max. limit value
according to DIN V 51605
Laboratory 1
Laboratory 2
mg/kg
Contamination
20
15
10
5
0
Hemp oil cold-pressed Hemp oil hot-pressed
Hemp oil refined
Figure
07 K 13:
Hs 004Contamination (EN 12662) of different samples of hemp oil
36
max. limit value
according to DIN V 51605
mg KOH/g
Acid number
34
33
5
4
3
2
1
0
Hemp oil cold-pressed Hemp oil hot-pressed
Hemp oil refined
Figure
14:
07 K Hs
003Acid number (EN 14104) of different samples of hemp oil
nova-Institut
-9-
August 2007
Hemp oil as fuel (figures)
Oxidation stability (110 °C)
8
min. limit value
according to DIN V 51605
Laboratory 1
Laboratory 2
h
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Hemp oil cold-pressed Hemp oil hot-pressed
Hemp oil refined
07 K 15:
Hs 010Oxidation stability (EN 14112) of different samples of hemp oil
Figure
100
mg/kg
90
85
80
Phosphorous content
max. limit value
according to DIN V 51605
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
*
Hemp oil cold-pressed Hemp oil hot-pressed
07KEm002Hanföl
Hemp oil refined
*below detection limit
Figure 16: Phosphorous content (EN 14107) of different samples of hemp oil
nova-Institut
- 10 -
August 2007
Hemp oil as fuel (figures)
Calcium and Magnesium content
75
mg/kg
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
max. limit value
according to DIN V 51605
Calcium content
Magnesium content
*
*
Hemp oil cold-pressed Hemp oil hot-pressed
Hemp oil refined
*below detection limit
07KEm004Hanföl
Figure 17: Calcium and magnesium content (EN 14538) of different samples of hemp oil
0,07
max. limit value
according to DIN V 51605
mass-%
Ash content
0,05
0,04
0,03
0,02
0,01
0,00
*
Hemp oil cold-pressed Hemp oil hot-pressed
Hemp oil refined
*below detection limit
07 K Hs 011
Figure 18: Ash content (EN ISO 6245) of different samples of hemp oil
nova-Institut
- 11 -
August 2007
Hemp oil as fuel (figures)
1000
max. limit value
according to DIN V 51605
mg/kg
Water content
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Hemp oil cold-pressed Hemp oil hot-pressed
Hemp oil refined
07 K Hs
012Water content (Karl Fischer) (EN ISO 12937) of different samples of hemp oil
Figure
19:
10
min. limit value according to DIN V 51605
Oxidation stability (110°C)
h
Rape-seed oil 80 °C
Hemp oil 80 °C
Hemp oil 40 °C
Hemp oil 20 °C
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 h 168
Storage time
07KEm005Hanföl
Figure 20: Change of oxidation stability (110 °C) (EN 14112) of hemp oil and rape-seed oil
stored at different temperatures
nova-Institut
- 12 -
August 2007
Hemp oil as fuel (figures)
60
max. limit value according to DIN V 51605
mm?/s
Cinematic viscosity
Rape-seed oil 80°C
Hemp oil 80°C
Hemp oil 40°C
Hemp oil 20°C
50
45
40
35
30
25
0
07Em006Hanföl
12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 h 168
Storage time
Figure 21: Change of kinematic viscosity (40 °C) (ISO 3104) of hemp oil and rape-seed oil
stored at different temperatures
225
100% Rape-seed oil
80 % Rape-seed oil / 20 % Hemp oil
50 % Rape-seed oil / 50 % Hemp oil
20 % Rape-seed oil / 80 % Hemp oil
mm?/s
Cinematic viscosity
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Temperature
60
°C
80
07KEm003Hanföl
Figure 22: Temperature depended behaviour of cinematic viscosity (ISO 3104) of mixtures
of hemp oil and rape-seed oil
nova-Institut
- 13 -
August 2007
Hemp oil as fuel (figures)
220
mm?/s
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
Cinematic viscosity
Temperature at 0 °C
Temperature at 10 °C
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Share of hemp oil
70
80 Vol.-% 100
07KEm007Hanföl
Figure 23: Influence of the share of hemp oil on the kinematic viscosity (ISO 3104) of a mixture of hemp oil and rape-seed oil
800
100% Hemp oil
80% Hemp oil 20% Rape-seed oil
50% Hemp oil 50% Rape-seed oil
20% Hemp oil 80% Rape-seed oil
mPa*s
Dynamic viscosity
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Cool down/up: 0,5 K/min
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
Temperature
10
°C
20
07 K Hs 017
Figure 24: Dynamic viscosity of mixtures of hemp oil and rape-seed oil, measured by a rotation viscosimeter, with a cool down/up speed of 0.5 K/min
nova-Institut
- 14 -
August 2007
Hemp oil as fuel (figures)
Pourpoint
0
°C
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
-20
-22
-24
-26
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Share of hemp oil
70
80 Vol.-% 100
07KEm009Hanföl
Figure 25: Influence of the share of hemp oil on the pour point (ISO 3016) of a mixture of
hemp oil and rape-seed oil
10
min. limit value
according DIN V 51605
Oxidation stability (110 °C)
h
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Share of hemp oil
70
80 Vol.-% 100
07KEm008Hanföl
Figure 26: Influence of the share of hemp oil on the oxidation stability (110 °C) (EN 14112)
of a mixture of hemp oil and rape-seed oil
nova-Institut
- 15 -
August 2007