Technologies of control
HP's involvement in the occupation industry
The Israeli occupation of the Palestinians is maintained and preserved by daily practices of
surveillance and control. In recent years, those practices have been increasingly relying on
technological mechanisms provided and managed by international and local corporations.
Prominent among those is HP (Hewlett-Packard Company)1, one of the world's biggest IT
companies.
HP's vast portfolio includes printing, personal computing, software, services and supply of IT
infrastructure. The company's headquarters are located in California, but it operates in 170
countries and employs more than 300,000 employees worldwide. In 2009 the company's
revenues reached 114.6 billion USD2.
In its corporate responsibility policy (titled “Global Citizenship”), HP heralds global health
and universal human rights as major pillars of its social agenda3. However, the values that HP
claims to promote might seem contradictory to the millions of dollars worth of contracts it has
with the Israeli authorities, choosing to be the provider of technological infrastructure,
services, hardware and maintenance of the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian population.
HP has a long and elaborate business relationship with the Israeli government. The
corporation and its subsidiaries are major providers of technological solutions to Israel's
systems of surveillance and identification. A recent example is HP's involvement in the
checkpoints4, which are a part of the separation wall apparatus declared illegal by The Hague
International Court of Justice (ICJ) in 20045. EDS Israel6, an HP company, is the prime
contractor of the Basel system, a biometric access control system installed in checkpoints in
the West Bank and Gaza. Another control mechanism HP is involved in is Israel's ID system,
which reflects and reinforces its political and economic asymmetries, tiered citizenship
structure and restrictions on movement and access7. Based on its successful implementation
of the biometric identification systems in the checkpoints, in 2008, HP was chosen to issue
biometric ID cards to the Israel citizenry. The execution of the project was accelerated after
1
the Knesset passed the “biometric database law” in December 2009. Additionally, HP
provides other services and technologies to the Israeli army. Among those is the
administration of the Israeli Navy's IT infrastructure, by which HP is assisting the illegal
naval Gaza blockade. Furthermore, Two of HP's technological services providers in Israel are
Matrix8 and its subsidiary, Tact Testware, which are located in the West Bank settlement of
Modi'in Illit.
The ID system – stratified citizenship
Israel's various mechanisms of population and territorial control and surveillance are mainly
focused at Palestinians inside Israel and in the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt). Those
control mechanisms exemplify the abuse of power by the Israeli authorities and the intensive
efforts to maintain the ethnic and territorial segregation of Palestinians9. The Israeli ID
system, which is used to privilege Jews and differentiate among all others, stems from a
strategy of stratified citizenship. The Israeli authorities issue different ID cards for different
citizens and non-citizens, either directly through the Ministry of Interior or through the PA
apparatus10. The Israeli ID cards can be grossly categorized by the color of their plastic
casing: blue for Israeli citizens and permanent residents, orange/green for Palestinian in the
oPt.
Blue ID cards are issued to all Jewish Israelis and Jewish immigrants to Israel. Blue IDs were
also issued to about 165,000 Palestinians who remained within Israel during the Nakba
(“1948 Palestinians”). The decision to grant some Palestinians Israeli citizenship allows Israel
to deny it from millions of Palestinian refugees who had been expelled or fled in 1948. Until
2003, the blue IDs included the label of “nationality”, under which Israeli citizens were listed
as Jewish, Arab, Druze, Bedouin, etc11. In 2003, the nationality label was replaced with
asterisks. However, the ethnicity is still listed in the population registry12 and additional
notations enable distinguishing between Jewish and non-Jewish Israeli identification card
holders (e.g. whether the name of the paternal grandfather is included, and the prefix of the
identity number).
According to a 2007 report of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
(OCHA), approximately 253,000 Palestinians living in east Jerusalem hold blue ID cards,
which specify the birthplace as "east Jerusalem" but do not specify citizenship. That is
2
because Palestinians in east Jerusalem are not citizens of Israel. Their residency status is a
result of registering in a census of Palestinian residents in the Israeli-created municipality of
East Jerusalem during the 1967 war. As in the case of the 1948 Palestinians, residency was
denied to Palestinians who were not present at the time of the census. Israeli authorities
continuously try to restrict the number of Palestinian residents of east Jerusalem. In 2006,
over 1,360 East Jerusalem ID cards were revoked from East Jerusalemites residing outside of
Jerusalem for seven years or more. Since 1982, the Israeli Ministry of Interior only grants
residency to a newborn, both of whose parents hold East Jerusalem IDs13.
The orange/green ID cards were issued after 1967 to all Palestinians in the oPt. As of 2007, an
estimated 1.98 million Palestinians were eligible for West Bank ID cards. Those cards state
religion, marital status, but contain no information about citizenship. Orange/green card
holders are required to obtain a permit to enter Israel (including the annexed areas of East
Jerusalem). The permits, which are issued only for specific needs, specify the length of stay,
the duration of the permit and the checkpoint the person can cross. Permits are often
confiscated or cancelled without notice and the denial of a permit is rarely explained. In order
to obtain a permit, Palestinians need to be approved by the Israeli General Security Services
(the Shabak, or Shin Bet)14. Since 2005, The Israeli authorities declared that it was mandatory
for every Palestinian requesting to enter Israel to obtain a magnetic biometric card, which
contains biometric measurements (fingerprints, retinal and facial data)15. The cards and
permits are issued from an Israeli controlled population registry, which contains information
about every Palestinian in the oPt above the age of 1616.
Biometric checkpoints: The Basel system
The checkpoints in the West Bank are often portrayed by Israeli officials as a security means
aimed at protecting Israelis from Palestinian violence. However, most of the checkpoints are
positioned inside the West Bank, isolating Palestinians from each other, separating
communities and making many towns and cities almost inaccessible. According to the UN
Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), in 2007, 2.4 million people in
the West Bank are affected by physical impediments to movement17. A B’Tselem report
stated that in October 2010 there were 99 fixed checkpoints in the West Bank, 62 of them
situated in between Palestinian areas. The movement of Palestinians is also controlled by
3
checkpoints deployed on an ad hoc basis without pre-existing infrastructure (flying
checkpoints). From April 2009 to March 2010, OCHA counted a monthly average of 310
flying checkpoints18. The quarter of a million Israeli settlers in the West Bank do not have to
pass through the checkpoints. They travel using bypass roads, available only to them, which
connect West Bank settlements to each other and to Israel19.
In October 1999, EDS Israel headed a consortium20 which won an 8-10 million USD contract
to develop and execute the Basel system, an automated biometric access control system, for
the Ministry of Defense and the Israeli police21. The Basel system, which was financed by the
US government following the Wye River Memorandum22, was designed to biometrically
control the entrance of permitted Palestinians from the oPt into Israel through the checkpoints.
The contract with EDS was signed in August 2000. The second stage of the project was to
develop a similar system for work immigrants at the international borders of Israel. In the
beginning of 2003, the Israeli police contracted EDS to execute the second stage of the project
without a public tender. The development of the second stage ended in September 2005. Since
then, magnetic cards have become mandatory for all oPt Palestinians wishing to receive
entrance permits for working inside Israel23.
The Basel system reads facial dimensions and hand geometry. Palestinians who are permitted
to enter Israel are enrolled into the system and issued a magnetic biometric card. The card
holds elaborate information including biometric templates and personal and security data24.
The system was first installed in 2004 in the Erez checkpoint, the main crossing point into
Israel at the northern end of the Gaza Strip25. Later, it was extended to other checkpoints26.
According to the Israeli military bulletin in 2010, the army operates the system in 12
checkpoints in Gaza and the West Bank, including the checkpoints which separate the West
Bank and occupied East Jerusalem (e.g. the Bethlehem and Qalandia checkpoints)27. Other
sources indicate the system was also installed in Eyal checkpoint in the West Bank28.
However, information concerning the full extent and locations of the Basel system is not
available to the public. Who profits from the occupation submitted an inquiry regarding this
information to the Israeli ministries involved in the project.
It is important to note that only a small fraction of the Palestinians who apply for such permits
is granted them. However, the biometric system collects and stores the biometric information
of all applicants. Consequently, while as of July 2011 there are between 25,000 and 30,000
4
Palestinians from the West Bank who have valid work permits which allow them to cross into
Israel - the biometric information of almost every adult from the west bank is held by the
Israeli authorities.
Currently, we are still gathering information concerning the continuing involvement of HP in
this project. We have issued a request for this information under the U.S. Freedom of
Information Act and we are also pursuing other avenues for retrieving this information.
According to information that is publicly available, EDS was still involved in this project in
February of 2007: a court verdict given on February 4, 2007 by the District Court in
Jerusalem regarding a private matter indicates that EDS was responsible for maintenance and
improvement of the Basel system at that time29. According to a 2010 corporate presentation of
OTI, who supplied the biometric magnetic cards for EDS, still provides these cards to EDS30.
31
The Basel system in the Rachel (left) and Erez (right) checkpoints. pictures taken by the Israeli army .
The Basel system is based in part on OTI's32 SmartID technology. OTI's chairman, president
and CEO, Oded Bashan, stated that "the Basel project will allow secured and easy personal
identification of people during border crossing while minimizing unnecessary contact and
friction"33. Reducing "friction", as Bashan put it, has become the new policy in checkpoints.
This reduction in friction is achieved by designing the checkpoints in a manner which ensures
that no physical contact is created between the people going through the checkpoints and the
personnel checking them. That policy is served better by privatized checkpoints which render
a more industrial and less military image. As documented by Neve Gordon34, the Israeli army
withholds its involvement from areas in which human rights violations are being committed,
such as checkpoints35. The checkpoints have been going through a gradual process of
privatization since 2006. Since a government decision in 2008, The Israeli government has
5
been gradually transferring the responsibility for all checkpoints and border passes into Israel
to the Immigration and Population Authority in the Ministry of Interior36.
The privatization of the checkpoints aims to turn the newly constructed checkpoints into
terminals that resemble international crossing points. By modernizing the checkpoints and
relying heavily on technology, Israel hopes to project a humanized image of its treatment of
Palestinians37. However, this humanizing appearance also reflects the isolation and dehumanization processes taking place in the checkpoints. As Eilat Maoz pointed out:
"In the new privatized terminals, the security procedures go through complete
systemization and dehumanization. The process is carried out in corridors
containing small rooms whose walls are made of unidirectional glass. A security
officer stands behind the glass and calls the 'examinee' into the first room over a
microphone. After the 'examinees' are told to leave their personal belongings in the
first room and to leave the room, the door has been locked behind them and the
security officer appear and go through their things. Once he has left, the 'examinees'
are then again called (over the microphone) to move on to the next room in the
corridor, where they are told to drop their magnetic cards into a bowl and pass it
through a small window to the computerized screening station"38.
The checkpoints themselves are protected with advanced technology in fencing, CCTV,
intrusion detection and electronic surveillance39.
The Biometrification of the Israeli Population Registry
On December 15, 2009, the Israeli Knesset passed the Biometric Database Law to include
biometric identification and biometric identification data in identification documents and on a
database40. The bill, first submitted on October 27, 2008, was ratified in a late-night Knesset
session, while excluding the media from the discussions41.
According to the Biometric Database Law, every citizen or resident of Israel will be required
to provide fingerprints and facial recognition data that will be stored on a national database.
Security officials will have access to the database. After the data collection, new identification
cards and passports will be issued to all Israelis. Since this new law has raised concerns about
infringement of civil liberties, identity theft and privacy invasion, a pilot of two years was set
in order to examine the implementation of the law. When the pilot ends, refusal to provide
6
biometric identification will be punishable by a prison term of up to a year42. The law
required setting biometric database regulations, which were approved on June 2, 2011, by a
special Knesset committee, in which only two MKs were present, one of them was Meir
Sheetrit, the initiator of the Biometric Database Law in his position as Minister of Interior43.
On February 27th, 2011, Michael Eitan, the Israeli Minister for Improvement of Government
Services, wrote a letter to Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu stating that the Justice
Ministry's Authority for Technology and Science Law issued an opinion showing legal and
professional difficulties in carrying out the pilot program. The process of choosing the
company that won the tender, HP, also raised questions regarding good governance44.
Israel's Biometric ID cards
On December 31st, 2001, the Israeli Ministry of Interior published a public tender45 for issuing
biometric ID cards for the population of Israeli citizenry. The offered contract, worth 100-200
million NIS46, included manufacturing magnetic cards containing a chip encoded with
personal details and biometric data and supplying them to the Population Authority in the
Ministry of Interior. By July 14, 2002, eleven offers were submitted to the tender, 10 of which
were declined by the tender committee47 for failing to comply with the mandatory
prerequisites. HP's offer was the only one that fulfilled the requirements and it won the
contract. HP's offered price was among the three highest in the tender, but the tenders
committee based it's decision on invalid data which presented HP's offer as lower than the
assessed price48.
EDS (an independent company at the time, not associated with HP), IBM and Be'ery Print,
which lost the tender, filed administrative petitions to the District Court in Jerusalem against
the Ministry of Interior and HP, claiming misconduct by the tender committee. All petitions
were discussed together on December 12, 2003. The judge concluded that HP failed to follow
the tender's preconditions* and decided to annul the tender. According to the ruling, the
execution of the tender prevented a fair competition and harmed the public's trust in the tender
process49. The decision to annul the tender was appealed in the Supreme Court by EDS,
which asked for an injunction on a new contract with HP. The appeal was denied and the
annulment of the tender was approved50.
The second tender
7
In August 2005, The Ministry of Interior published a new tender51 for the biometric ID cards.
27 companies purchased the tender documents but by November 2006, the due date for
submission, only two offers were submitted: one by a consortium headed by HP (together
with the French company Jemalto, the Belgian Zetes and the Israeli Pitkit) and the other by
Be’ery Print with CSSquare. At the end of 2006 Beery Print and SCSquares' offer was
rejected for failing one prerequisite. Once again, the only company that complied with the
tenders' preconditions was HP52. In 2006, the Ministry of Finance withdrew from the tender
committee, stating it would not collaborate with the process in which only HP can win53.
In May 2005, HP announced the launch of a new product, the HP National Identity System
(NIS), which “allows governments to build and deploy a complete infrastructure for security
and identity management.” The system includes biometric and personalization subsystem
integration. In the same announcement, HP stated that it would provide “new identity and
entitlement documents such as passports, driving licenses and identity cards to the citizens of
Israel”54.
On October 10th, 2007, the tender committee opened the estimated price envelope. A week
later, when the committee opened HP's price envelope, it discovered that the offer was 50%
higher than the estimated price of the tender*. A hearing was conducted on November 8th,
2007 and ten days later, the Ministry of Interior announced the annulment of the second
tender. The ministry announced it wouldn't publish another tender and requested an
exemption55.
In November 2007, HP Global expressed its discontent with the annulment of the tender and
tried to pressure the government in the matter through the State Controller and the US
ambassador to Israel56. On December 26th, 2007, HP filed an appeal to the Court for
Administrative Matters in Jerusalem against the decision to reject its offer and to annul the
tender57. On March 18, 2008, an expert report ordered by the Ministry of Interior declared that
the HP offer was unacceptable. Subsequently, HP withdrew its appeal. The company then
reached an agreement with the state to get priority in the negotiations58.
During that same month, the exemption committee of the Ministry of Finance authorized the
Ministry of Interior to conduct exclusive negotiation with HP about the price of the
production of the biometric IDs. Be’ery Print appealed that decision. On October 5, 2008,
Be’ery's appeal was denied59.
8
On December 1, 2008, the Ministry of Interior announced that it had reached a contract with
HP for producing and manufacturing the biometric ID cards60. The 270 million NIS contract
includes manufacturing 5 million ID cards, equipping these with computer chips and
providing backup and export services. On March 19, 2009, HP as the main contractor of the
project signed a five year contract with Zetes and Pitkit. Pitkit was contracted to manufacture
the smart cards, Zetes to load the cards with the information and HP to maintain the database.
At the same time, HP erected a new factory, called Telem, to manufacture the biometric ID
cards, in the Pitkit building in Caesarea61.
The complete biometric ID picture
In December 2008, the Ministry of Interior released another tender* involving the biometric
ID cards. The tender is for the procurement of biometric data (finger prints) and computerized
photographs for Israel citizenry62. The winner of this 8 million NIS a year tender was once
again HP, through its subsidiary EDS Israel. The company is to systemize the collection of
biometric and photographic data to install this system in the offices of the Population
Authority that would issue the IDs. The contract included equipment, programming, training
and implementation. In February 2010, the Jerusalem court on Administrative Matters issued
an injunction on the contract, due to an administrative petition filed by Comda against the
Ministry of Interior regarding the result of the tender. On August 8th, 2010, the petition was
denied63.
Ever since it purchased Compaq Computer Corporation in 2002, HP has provided and
operated the Aviv system - a population registration system for the Israeli Ministry of Interior.
The Aviv system administrates the databases for the population registry, the voters’ registry
for national and local elections and the firearm registration registry. In October 2009, the
Population Authority and the Ministry of Finance approved the preparation of a tender for a
new population registry system. The Ministry of Interior and the Population Authority were
authorized to conduct exclusive negotiations with HP without a public tender for the
continued the maintenance of the current system. On April 1st, 2010, the Population Authority
signed a 24 million NIS contract with HP to extend the contract for the administration of the
Aviv system to three more years with an option for another year. According to the tender
exemption, HP's revenues from setting up and maintaining the Israel Population Registry by
2009 is estimated to be around 100 million NIS64.
9
Providing Services and Technologies to the Israeli Army
Since 2006, HP has administrated, operated and maintained the Israeli Navy's IT
infrastructure65. 2006 is also the year when the naval blockade on Gaza came into effect. This
on-going blockade has devastated the already dilapidated economy in Gaza, preventing all
exports or imports and even preventing fishermen from fishing within Gaza's territorial
waters. Since early 2009 the Israeli Navy has been turning back humanitarian aid vessels
bound for the Gaza port, at times using excessive force to take over these ships. The attack on
the aid vessel the Mavi Marmara in 2010 killed nine international peace activists and aid
workers, and injured dozens66. The IT infrastructure HP provided to the Israeli navy is
estimated in several millions of NIS. As of October 2010, HP was still the provider of
technological infrastructure to the Israeli navy67.
This project was used by the Israeli military as a pilot for implementing the same system to
the entire army, which manifested in the 15 million USD “virtualization project” contract won
by HP in 2009. In this multi-annual project HP would provide the Israeli Army with IT
infrastructure68. On the same year, HP Global won another contract to supply all computer
equipment to the Israeli military. The value of the contract is unknown69.
Consequently, HP
equipment can be found in all Israeli military facilities, including the military checkpoints in
the West Bank.
Additionally, since January 2011, HP provides the Israeli Army's secret IT unit with CMDB
(Configuration Management Database), in another multimillion NIS70. Since May 2011, HP
has been providing an Assimilation of SAP ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) System to
the Israeli Army, a contract estimated in the hundreds of millions NIS71. The total estimate of
HP's contracts with the Israeli Army is unclear, since all published numbers are vague and
inaccurate.
Production in Settlements
By the year 2005, approximately 221,000 Israelis were living in illegal West Bank settlements
and an additional 185,000 were living in illegal settlements in East Jerusalem72. A UN report
from 2009 declared Israeli settlements as the most important factor driving the restriction on
10
the freedom of movement of Palestinians in the West Bank and East Jerusalem through
physical obstacles and administrative and legal measures73. Two companies which provide
technological services to HP are located in the illegal settlement Modi'in Illit in the occupied
West Bank: Matrix74, whose offshore division, "Matrix Global Services"75 is located in
Modi'in Illit76 and Tact Testware, a subsidiary of Matrix77. Since 1992, Matrix is distributing
HP computers, servers and virtualization solutions. Matrix personal was trained by HP to
provide software and services. Tact testware provides HP with licenses and services in the
field of testing and automatization78.
Modi'in Ilit (formerly Kiryat Sefer) is the biggest settlement in the West Bank79 with a
population of 46,200 (by the end of 2009)80. Modi'in Illit was founded on confiscated private
land taken from five Palestinian villages: Ni’lin, Harbatha, Saffa, Dir Qadis and Bil'in81. The
construction of the Separation Wall confiscated approximately half of the remaining lands of
the village Bili'n82, and this is still the case even following an adjustment of the route of the
Wall following the village’s appeal to the Israeli Supreme Court. The court accepted the
appeal in 2007 after it had been proven that Bil'in's lands were confiscated to serve the
expansion of Modi’in Illit83, and not to answer any Israeli security needs84. Modi'in Illit is
being constantly developed and expanded85 and in 2008 it formally became a city86. In a visit
of the Minister of Interior to Matrix Global offices in Modi'in Illit, the mayor praised Matrix
for its substantial contribution to Modi'in Illit becoming to a city87.
1
For more information about HP's involvement in the occupation industry, see:
http://www.whoprofits.org/Company%20Info.php?id=624
2
About HP, Retrieved from www.hp.com/hpinfo, on July 17, 2011 3
HP Global Citizenship: corporate responsibility policy, Retreived from:
http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/globalcitizenship/society/human_rights.html, in July 17, 2011.
4
See: Who Profits March Newsletter, 2009, "Privatizing Security – Corporate Involvement in the Checkpoints",
http://www.whoprofits.org/Newsletter.php?nlid=29
5
The International Court of Justice, Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall
in the Occupied Palestinian Territory: Advisory Opinion, July 9, 2004. Retrieved from: http://www.icjcij.org/docket/index.php?pr=71&code=mwp&p1=3&p2=4&p3=6&case=131&k=5a, On July 17, 2011.
6
In 2008, HP purchased EDS, which merged into HP and became an outsourcing unit in the company. Since
2009 EDS is called: "HP Enterprise services." For more information about EDS's involvement in the occupation
industry, See: http://www.whoprofits.org/Company%20Info.php?id=620
7
Elia Zureik, 2011. Surveillance and Control in Israel/Palestine: Population, Territory and Power. Oxford:
Taylor & Francis. p. 59
8
For more information about Matrix's involvement in the occupation industry, See:
11
http://www.whoprofits.org/Company%20Info.php?id=633
Helga Tawil-Souri, 2011. Colored Identity: The Politics and Materiality of ID Cards in Palestine/Israel. Social
Text 107, 29 (2): 71-73.
10
Tawil-Souri, 2011: 75-76
11
Tawil-Souri, 2011: 71-73
12
The Israeli population registry law, 1965 (Hebrew),
,
" – 1965,
Retrieved from: http://www.knesset.gov.il/review/data/heb/law/kns5_population.pdf, in July 17, 2011.
13
United Nations - Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), June 2007. East Jerusalem:
The Humanitarian Impact of the West Bank Barrier on Palestinian Communities, p. 10-11. Retrieved from:
http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/Pages1-23_Jerusalem_30July2007.pdf, on July 17, 2011.
14
OCHA report, 2007: 10, 12; Tawil-Souri, 2011: 77
15
Zureik, 2011: xv; OCHA report, 2007: 10
16
OCHA report, 2007: 10.
17
World Bank Technical Team, May 9, 2007. Movement and access restrictions in the West Bank: Uncertainty
and inefficiency in the Palestine economy. Retrieved from:
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Resources/WestBankrestrictions9Mayfinal.pdf, on
July 17, 2011.
18
Checkpoints, Physical Obstructions, and Forbidden Roads, Retrieved from:
http://www.btselem.org/freedom_of_movement/checkpoints_and_forbidden_roads, on July 17, 2011.
19
World Bank Technical Team, May 9, 2007.
20
For this project, EDS Israel was the prime contractor and systems integrator; EDS Access Control Solution
Division provided the Automatic Control Assemblies with the integrated dual biometric (Hand Geometry and
Facial Recognition); On Track Innovation (OTI) provided the contactless smart card technology and dedicated
data security system, Credentia provided the Enrollment and Issuing Subsystem; Oberthur Smart Cards USA
manufactured the smart cards; Visionics Corporation provided its FaceIt(R) facial recognition technology; RSI
Recognition Systems Inc. provided the hand geometry readers and Team Computers provided the HP desk top
and servers and field support and maintenance. For more information about each of these companies, see
www.whoprofits.org.
21
Roni Lifshitz, 1999, EDS will computerize the border passes between Israel and the PA (Hebrew).
.
.
,
, Globes, 1/9/1999.
Retrieved from: http://www.globes.co.il/news/article.aspx?did=168331
on
July
17,
2011; OTI smart ID cards to
power Israel - Palestinian border crossing, Globes , 20/8/03, Retrieved from:
http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=716639 on July 17, 2011; BC Kessner, Israel's Hardlearned lessons, HSToday, April 2006: 16-23. Retrieved from: http://www.controp.co.il/IMAGES/HST001.pdf,
on July 17, 2011.
22
On Track Innovations, Why Israeli security chose RFID and biometrics, December 8, 2003. Retrieved from:
http://www.rfidnews.org/weblog/2003/12/08/why-israeli-security-chose-rfid-and-biometrics/, on July 17, 2011;
" ,
, 5/09/04. Retrieved from:
http://www.globes.co.il/news/home.aspx?fid=2&did=833895 on July 17, 2011.
23
Tawil-Souri, 2011: 78.
24
OTI’s Smart ID Product to power Israel-Palestinian border crossing, August 20, 2003. Retrieved from:
http://www.contactlessnews.com/2003/08/20/otis-smart-id-product-to-power-israel-palestinian-border-crossing,
on July 17, 2011; Biometrics Applied to Protect Against Unauthorized Entry at Israeli Airport and at Palestinian
Border Crossing, Israel High-Tech & Investment Report October 2003, Retrieved from:
http://www.ishitech.co.il/1003ar4.htm, on July 17, 2011.
25
Israeli Police – Annual Report, 2005 (Hebrew).
–
, 2005,
'
89 . Retrieved from: http://www.police.gov.il/meida_laezrach/pirsomim/Documents/2005.pdf, on July 17, 2011.
26
OTI: Basel Project border crossing system extended to more access points, Globes, April 19, 2005.
Retrieved from: http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=906173, on July 17, 2011.
27
http://dover.idf.il/IDF/News_Channels/bamahana/2010/08/06.htm - Hebrew
28
http://www.kibush.co.il/show_file.asp?num=33455 - Hebrew
29
Arie Friedman v THE State of Israel – the Israeli police, 2007 (Hebrew). " (
') 1048/06,
'
30
OTI, Secure Contactless Smart Card Solutions. Retrieved from:
http://www.otiglobal.com/uploads/investors%5COTI_April_11.pdf, on July 17, 2011.
31
http://dover.idf.il/IDF/News_Channels/bamahana/2010/08/06.htm - Hebrew
32
For more information about OTI, see our website at: http://whoprofits.org/Company%20Info.php?id=642
9
12
33
OTI’s Smart ID Product to power Israel-Palestinian border crossing, August 20, 2003; This is the first
border control system to use contactless cards pre-programmed with hand and facial biometrics, Globes, 20
August 2003. Retrieved from: http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=716639, on July
17, 2011.
34
Neve Gordon, 2002. Out Sourcing Violations: The Israeli Case. Journal of Human Rights, 1 (3): 321-337.
35
Eilat Maoz, The Privatization of the Checkpoints and the Late Occupation
http://www.whoprofits.org/Article%20Data.php?doc_id=705
36
Ministry of Interior spokesperson announcement (Hebrew).
,
:
"
" .
Retrieved
from:
http://www.piba.gov.il/SPOKESMANSHIPMESSAGESS/Pages/201025750.aspx on July 17, 2011.
37
Zureik, 2011: 31
38
Eilat Maoz, The Privatization of the Checkpoints and the Late Occupation 39
Zureik, 2011: 31
40
The Law of including biometric identification and biometric identification data in identification documents
and in a database, 2009 (Hebrew).
,
" – 2009,
– 2217,
' 256
. Retrieved from: http://www.knesset.gov.il/Laws/Data/law/2217/2217.pdf, on July 17, 2011.
41
Knesset panel approves new rules to implement biometric database, Jonathan Lis, TheMarker, 3/06/11.
Retrieved from: http://english.themarker.com/knesset-panel-approves-new-rules-to-implement-biometricdatabase-1.365628, on July 17, 2011.
42
Knesset Approves Biometric Database, Israel High-Tech & Investment Report January 2010. Retreived from:
http://www.ishitech.co.il/0110ar4.htm, on July 17, 2011.
43
Jonathan Lis, TheMarker, 3/06/11. 44
Eitan: Biometric Database Pilot Illegal, IsraelNationalNews.com, 27/2/11. Retrieved from:
http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/Flash.aspx/205032, on July 17, 2011.
45
Telem tender no. 81/2001.
46
The tender was estimated before by the ministry of treasury in 400 million Shekels.
47
All tenders involving public offices must be approved by the Knesset tenders' committee.
48
EDS Israel v The state of Israel – the Ministry of interior, 2003, District Court (Hebrew).
" (
') 601/03
(
.
.
)
"
'
,
2003(4), 3117.
*
HP offered a card manufacturer (Austria card) which is not a sub-contractor and is controlled by a foreign state;
an invalid Standards association stamp; an unclear and incomplete insurance statement; HP failed to comply with
the requirement for experience; according to the tenders' regulations, choosing an only offer requires an
explanation which was not sufficient for the court. These findings were also stated by a professional examination
the interior ministry initiated to evaluate HPs offer.
49
Ibid
50
EDS v The state of Israel – the Ministry of interior, 2004, Supreme Court (Hebrew).
" (
)
3466/04,
(
.
.
)
"
'
',
23.5.2004.
51
Telem tender no. 40/2005.
52
Beery print v The state of Israel – the Ministry of interior, 2008, District CourtDistrict Court (Hebrew).
"
(
') 8543/08,
'
,
2008(4), 287.
53
Nurit Paltar, 2007, The smart IDs: an Eight years omission
(Hebrew).
:
,
,
, 20/11/07. .
Retrieved
from:
http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3473635,00.html, on July 17, 2011. 54
HP Announces New National Identity System Solution Built on Microsoft .NET Platform, HP News release,
May 27, 2005. Retrieved from: http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/newsroom/press/2005/050527a.html, on July 17,
2011.
*
The interior ministry assessed the tender in 250 million Shekels and HPs' offer was about 400 million.
55
Beery print v The state of Israel – the Ministry of interior, 2008, District CourtDistrict Court (Hebrew); The
smart ID tender was cancelled: The Ministry of Interior turns to a new pricing procedure (Hebrew).
:
, 19/11/2007 .
Retrieved from: http://www.globes.co.il/news/article.aspx?did=1000276188 on July 17, 2011. 13
56
HP versos the state of Israel: the US ambassador filed a complaint to Olmert abiut the smart IDs tender
(Hebrew).
:
"
,
, 16/12/07 Retrieved from:
http://www.globes.co.il/news/home.aspx?fid=2&did=1000286443, on July 17, 2011.
57
HP Israel v The Ministry of Interior – the tenders committee, 2007, District CourtDistrict Court
(Hebrew).
" 1173/07,
(
)
" , '
58
Athena Smart Card Solutions v HP Israel, 2008, District Court (Hebrew).
" (
') 1173/07
"
'
(
)
" ,
2008(3), 4791 ;
Beery print v The state of Israel – the Ministry of interior, 2008, District CourtDistrict Court (Hebrew).
59
Beery print v The state of Israel – the Ministry of interior, 2008, District CourtDistrict Court (Hebrew).
60
Ministry of Interior announcement, December 1st, 2008 (Hebrew).
.
-1
2008. Retrieved from:
http://www.piba.gov.il/PublicationAndTender/Publications/Pages/TzChachama.aspx, on July 17, 2011.
61
Pitkit
website
(Hebrew):
Pitkit
annual
report,
2009.
Retrieved
from:
http://www.magna.isa.gov.il/internet/Forms/2010-01-437547/PITKIT1209_isa.pdf, on July 17, 2011.
*
tender no. 28/2008 62
Computerized photograph and biometric data reception tender, 2008 (Hebrew).
' 28/2008. Retrieved from:
http://www.info.gov.il/nr/exeres/C7942DE7-9ED2-4CAD-83FC-D55A1C77A4DB.htm, on July 17, 2011.
63
Comda v the Ministry of Interior, 2010, administrative court (Hebrew).
" (
') 349/10
"
'
,
2010(3), 7748
64
Israel state budget for the financial year 2011-2012, 2010: 127 (Hebrew); Comda v the Ministry of Interior,
2010, administrative court (Hebrew); The plan to establish a new population registry system is on its way
(Hebrew).
,
, 4/10/09. Retrieved from: http://it.themarker.com/tmit/article/8324, on July 17, 2011.
65
HP Israel wins navy IT outsourcing contract, Globes, 14/8/06. Retrieved from:
http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000122601 on July 17, 2011; Israel Information
Technology Report Q3 2008
Business Monitor International
July 24, 2008. Retrieved from:
http://www.marketresearch.com/product/display.asp?productid=1830025&g=1, on July 17, 2011. 66
B'tselem: The Israeli Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories, May 31, 2010. The Gaza Strip: The
siege on the Gaza Strip: 1.5 million people imprisoned. Retrieved from:
http://www.btselem.org/English/Gaza_Strip/20100531_The_Siege_on_Gaza.asp, on July 17, 2011; Deaths as
Israeli Forces Storm Gaza Aid Ship, BBC News, May 31, 2010. Retrieved from:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10195838, on July 17, 2011. 67
Raviv Haim, HP Israel supplemented life circle management system (Hebrew).
, The com,
04/10/2010. Retrieved from: http://www.thecom.co.il/article.php?id=13789 on July 17, 2011.
68
Or Hirshoga, HP won an IDF tender for personal computers (Hebrew).
"
, 2/9/09. Retrieved from:
http://it.themarker.com/tmit/article/7945 on July 17, 2011.
69
HP won an IDF tender for personal computers (Hebrew)
70
Yossi Hatoni, 2011, Aman Group implemented HP's CMDB in an army IT unit in a project estimated in
millions of NIS (Hebrew).
.
.
.
.
"
,
, 13/1/11. Retreived from:
http://www.pc.co.il/?p=50601, on July 17, 2011.
71
Yossi Hatoni, 2011, Taldor, Adventech and HP won a tender to implement SAP ERP in the IDF; The scope:
hundreds of minilions of NIS (Hebrew).
,
.
.
" ;
:
,
, 3/5/11.
Retrieved from: http://www.pc.co.il/?p=59028, on July 17, 2011.
72
OCHA, 2007: 11.
73
Zureik, 2011: xv.
74
Matrix's homepage indicating HP as its technological partner: http://www.matrix.co.il/enUS/Pages/HomePage.aspx; Matrix information about the cooperation with HP: http://www.matrix.co.il/enus/about/TechPartners/Pages/HP.aspx
14
75
Matrix global webpage, indicating HP as its technological partner: http://www.matrix-global.net/about.html,
retrieved on July 17, 2001.
76
The Modi'in Ilit address in not indicated in the website, only in official documents of the company and also in
the D&B directory in Hebrew: http://dunsguide.dundb.co.il/D532610623.aspx, retrieved on July 17, 2011.
77
Subsidiery companies page on Matris's website: http://www.matrix.co.il/enus/about/SubsidiaryCompanies/Pages/homepage.aspx, retrieved on July 17, 2011.
78
HP's partnership with Tact testware, indicated in HP's official site:
http://h20229.www2.hp.com/partner/directory/emea/il/tact.html, retrieved on July 17, 2011.
79
Modi'in Ilit became the largest settlement, Shachar Ilan, Ha'aretz, January 9, 2007 (Hebrew).
,
,
. Retrieved from:
http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/spages/811492.html, on July 21, 2011.
80
Statistical Abstract of Israel, 2010, CBS. Retrieved from: http://www.cbs.gov.il/shnaton61/st02_15.pdf, on
July 21, 2011.
81
The wall in Bil'in and Modi'in Ilit's extantion to the east, Nir Shalev, Hagada Hasmalit, September 11, 2005
(Hebrew).
,
,
/
. Retrieved on July 21, 2011 from:
https://israel.indymedia.org/feature/display/3164/index.php
82
The head of Bil'in's village council v the government of Israel, Supreme Court, 2005 (Hebrew),
"
8414/05,
. Retrieved on July 21, 2011 from: http://www.hamoked.org.il/items/6542.pdf.
For more
information about Bil'in and land confiscation, see: http://www.bilin-village.org/index.htm
83
Documents reveal W. Bank settlement Modi'in Illit built illegally, Akiva Eldar, Haaretz, January 3, 2006.
Retrieved on July 21, 2011 from: http://www.bilin-village.org/english/articles/press-and-independentmedia/Documents-reveal-W-Bank-settlement-Modi-in-Illit-built-illegally; B'Tselem letter to the minister of
Interior, November 4, 2005 (Hebrew). Retrieved on July 21, 2011, from:
http://www.btselem.org/Download/20051104_Modiin_Ilit_Letter_Heb.pdf.
84
The head of Bil'in's village council v the government of Israel, Supreme Court, 2005 (Hebrew).
85
The great laundering of the settlement: Matityahu east authorized, Akiva Eldar, Haaretz, 2005 (Hebrew).
"
"
:
,
,
.
Retrieved on Juky 21, 2011, from:
http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/pages/ShArtPE.jhtml?itemNo=830245&contrassID=2&subContrassID=1&sbSub
ContrassID=0; Documents reveal W. Bank settlement Modi'in Illit built illegally, 2006; B'Tselem letter to the
minister of Interior, November 4, 2005 (Hebrew). 86
In spite of the harsh criticism: Modi'in Ilit turned into a city, Akiva Eldar, Ha'aretz, May 6, 2008 (Hebrew).
:
,
,
.
Retrieved in July 21, 2011, from: http://news.walla.co.il/?w=/21/1276699
87
The Minister of Interior visited Matrix Global during the celebration of Modi'in Ilit becoming a city, Nati
Duanis, July 23, 2008 (Hebrew).
,
. Retrieved on July 21, 2011, from:
http://www.economist.co.il/?CategoryID=1530&ArticleID=4338
15