DEc. 6, 1861.
THE
339
ENGINEER.
..I
•
COKING
OVENS.
•
FIG .I.
,
FJC..S.
~IG .Q
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•
F'IC. 7.
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F I G .4 ·.
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1\
fiC.3 .
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ON A NEW MODE OF COKING IN OVENS, destroyed that the oven. must be laid off for rerairs,:rar too frequ ently the beat being purposely kept up in the rest of the oveus till they
APPLIED TO THE STAFFORDSHIRE SLACK.
to make the plan commercially successful.
are in their turn charged. On the second day the ovens Nos. 2, 5,
T~e
plan of coke oven forming the subject of the present paper,
the mvention of Mr. Henry Eaton, of Bordeaux, is believed to fulfil
the requirements of a good coke oven more completely than o'Vens
on the ordinary plan or those having flues underneath t.he floor.
About the middle of last year the writer, having to dP.cide ou the
class of oven, to be adopted at his Tursdale Colliery, in the county of
Du1·ham, after a carefu.l investigation into the merits of various plans,
determined to build an experimental block of 12 ovens on Mr. Ea ton's
plan at the W oodside Iron works, Dudley, with the intention noton.ly of
testing the value of the ovens for coking Nort:h country coal, but
also of trying what could be done in coking the intractable slack of
the Staffordsbi.re thick coal, the 11 fine" of which has hitherto been
thrown away as waste in ve1·y large quantities. The success was
so f::rr comp.Jete that it was botl.l decided to adopt this system. at the
Tursdale Qolliery, where two bloc}ts of 12 ovens each are now in
operaHon on this plan alia a third in progress : an,d a second block
bas also been erect.ed at Woodside, which bas been. at wo1·k for two
months.
The ovens, twelve jn number, are arranged in the form of a.
circular block, as show11 in Figs. 1 and 2, of 44ft, diameter,
round a high chimney in the ceutre, which causes the draught
to be c:cJUal upon n.U the ovens, so that the coking proceeds
in all ahke with equal regularity. Each oven A, Figs. 3 and 4,
opens at the back by a flue iuto the regulator B, from which is a
smaller flue leading into the cbim,ney C. At its junction with the
oven the size of the flue is about 18in. sqt:are, reduced at the
regulator B to Sin. square, and at t he foot of the chimney it is
only 6jn. square. 'l'be regulator B is a rectangular chamber
covered by a montble plate perforated with holes for the admission
of ale to the gases disengage:l in the process of cokin~. 'l'he square
chimney C is divided at the base by diagonal partit10ns D, Fig. 3,
rising a little above the flue levels, the effect of which is to distribute
the draught of the chimney uniformly over the twelve ovens in four
sets o1 three ench. The flues do not enter the chimney at the same
level, b~t the middle one in each set of three rises above the two on
either side, and thus space is economised in the size of the chimney
at the base. The top of the chimney is 3ft. square inside, but this
is larger than necessary, and it need not exceed 2ft. 7in. sq•1are.
The chimuey is lined with l;irebrick for 12ft.. or 15ft. of its height
from the base, to p1otect th~ red brickwork from tbe inteusity of
the combustion which there takes place. It will t.Lus be seen that
the arrangement of a central chimney and its division at bottom by
four partitions creatt.>~ a most uniform draught in each oven of the
block, and this unilorm.ity is one of the most important elements to
be secured in cohlng.
The chimney and ovens rest on a. foundation E, Fig. 4, made up
of cinders and dry rubbish free from any combustible iugredients,
well rammed in to secure solidity, over which is laid about 9iu. of
concrete. 'l'he whole biock of ovens is contained by brick walls
bound together by bolts and straps, t.be latter being wrought to t.lte
form of the door frames, wruch are thereby held in their places.
Each oven is covered in by an arch1 shown in the transverse section,
Fig. 5, every portion of which is a.n arc of the same circle. The
turning of t he arch h.as been found to be a. m11tter of some difficulty,
to ensure permanency; but ba.s been satisfactorily accomplished
in the following manner. To make a perfect skewback for this
arch, the angle at which the arch beds on the partition walls
of the ovens should vary a t every point of the walls, on account of
their diverging from one another, as they all radiate from the centre
of the block. But it hJIS been found best to adopt a medium angle
throughout, and cut the last arch bricks on each side of the even to
bed properly to their place. The rest of the arch bricks are all bedded
in planes parallel to a. centre Hne through the middle of each oven;
so that nfter starting from the skewbacks, as the lines of bedding
planes lengthen and approach the centre, they leave a parallel strip
the whole length of the oven and the arch is easily keyed in.
This done, the centreing being constructed iu three convenient parts
can be easily taken to pieces and removed through the mouth of the
oven.
The charging of the ovens, where one kind of coal alone is used,
is done by wagons holding about 10 cwt. of COIJ. each, which
run upon a circular railway F, Fig. 4, on the top of the ovens.
When the charging i11 completed, the movable hopper G is removed,
and the hole in the roof of the oven closed by a large slab, and luted
all round to make it air-tight. Where a mixture of coal is needed
it is usually more conv~onient to fill at the mouth of the ovens. The
plan, Fig. 2, shows half the block of ovena with the railway for
charging through the roof of the ovens, and half without the
charging orifices in the roof. The progress of the coking can at
all times be inspected through a sight bole in t he top of the door of
e&()h oven, which is closed by a small fireclay plug. When COIApleted the coke is withdrawn very easily from the ovens, as the
partition walls are radial and d iverging from each other. For
watering the coke previous to drawing a. water main JI, shown in
section in Fig. 4, encircles the block of ovens, having suitable
standards fitted with inwn.-rubber hose pipes; at the end of the hose
is attached a long gas tube, which is put iu through the mouth of
tlre oven, and moved about to direct the water over the surface of
the coke. For facility of handling t11e tube and working the tools
used in drawiug the coko a small portable crane I, Fig. 1, is provided, easily shifted hy a couple of men, having a. double book roller,
sho'Wil in Fig. 6, over which the tools move easily.
The mode of woJ·king these ovens is iu the first place to dry
thern off in the usual way, which takes four to six. days from the
• From tbe "Transactions of the Institut ion oi Mechanical Engineers," first lighting of the fires. When . sufficiently heated, the ovens
Nos. 1, 41 'i, 10, are cleared of nshes aud charged on the first day,
May 21id, 1861.
By Mr. AuuNnER B. CociiR.~..N:E , of Dudley. •
MANY varieties of coke ovens have, from time to time, been invented with a viev.: to economise the cost of coking, which have
met with variable success; and attempt~ have recently l.leen made
to perfect the adoption of flues undernea.th the floor of the ovens
wrucb .were tried so long ago as 1858 by Mr.• Joseph DunWng, and
have SJnce been attempted frequently, but w1l.b only partial success.
T he ~ubject of c:oking has a most important bearing upon railways
et:pectally; and 1f coke could be obtal!led at a cost approximating
more nearly to the price of large coals than can possibly be the
case. under the ordinary system ot coking, whereby little more than
a y1el.d of fifty p~r cent. is .obtai~ed, Lhe advisability of agai n
revert10g to coke 111 locomohves tnstead of coal would be considered, and would probably be judged expedient.
In the ordinary plan of coking, the oven in wbich the process is
performed is a round chamber, about lOft. internal diameter, as
sbown in Fig. 7, the floor of which slopes gently from the back to
t he frout; the oven is covered ~n by a. dome springing at about 4ft.
from the floor, and rising to about 8ft. at the rugbest point- At the
centre of the dome the charging orince is siluated, which serves as
a chimney in the simplest for·m of oven, and as the entrance into the
general flue of a tSeries of ovens where a separate chimney is employed. The coke is drawn out through the dooDin front of the
oven, and, in some instances, the coals are also charged through the
door. In such an oven, wbether it be.open-topped, or whether the
gases and smoke, instead of being allowed to escape immediately
into the atmosphere, are conveyed along a. general Jlue to a suitable cbinney, the process of coking is carried on from the top of
t he coals only, travelling downwards until it reaches the floor of
the ovens. But the coking could not be carried on without a. considerable quantity of air being admitted during a certain period at
least of the process; and the fact is that the coking is effected at
the expense of the combustion of a certain percentage of the coke
which the charge of coals ough t to yield. Were not air admitted
the process would stop; and as it is, the ovens are subject to great
irregularities from the uncertain draught in variable stares of the
atmosphere. This is evidenced by the fact that if the drauf?ht of
an oven is interfered with the oven does not get "burnt off' as it
ought to be, requhing, perhaps, a day longer to be completed, or
even more; and when the oven is drawn it will be found that the
coke is accompanied with the objectionable appearance due to what
are called " black euds" or partially coked coaJs. This great evil
has been in a measure corrected by the adoption of a tall chimney
to a. series of oven.s, but in that case arises another objection : in a
long series of ovens it is difficult to make the influence of the
chimney felt throughout; and consequently of the two systems the
original one is still prefened in some instances.
In connecting a. chimney to a series of ovens the arrangement
found best is to place, say, 48 ovens iu a. double row of 24 each, back
to back, with a central .flue passing between the two rows into a.
chimney occupying a central position in the block of ovens. But
even in such au arrangement, where the farthest oven is separated
by only 11 intermediate ovens from the central chimney, it is found
impossible to preve.n t the speedy burning off of the oven nearest the
chimney, and the tardy burning off of the farthest, tho intermediate
ovens varying in their regularity accol;ding to their distance. It is said
!be ov.en neares~ t~e cbim~ey is c,apa?le of being burnt of! without
lD!entJOnal admu~s1on of atr, wbj.ch m the ol.beu ovens 1S usuRlly
allowed to enter by only partially closing the door; but the real/act
is that t.he draught oi the chimney, exercising its greatest force on
the nearest oven, draws in a quantity of air,timperceplibly, though
not the less certainly, through the imperfect joints of the temporary
door and of the external and internal masonry; and each oven only
apparently requires more air as it recedes from the chimney. At the
Gloucester Rail way station t.he writer believes it was attempted several
years ago to correct this evil by arrAnging a series of ordinary ovens
• in a circle around a. central chimney, and no doubt the difficulty, as
regarded the draught, was removed ; but, from some cause or
other, the whole system is now swept away. Such an arrangement,
however, as that of a central chimney with the ovens arranged in a
circle round it, would evidently constituto a marked improvement,
so far as regularity of draught for each oven is concerned ; but
it is equally clear that, with the ordinary construction of ovens,
as above described, much ground would be sactificed by such a
plan.
The r·eld of ordinary coke ovens rarely exceeds 50 to 62 per
cent. o the coaJ supplied. 'l1 be experiments which bl\.ve been
made to bring about the adoption of fiued ovens have pointed
to the importance of roiling use of the wnste beat from the
ordinary coke ovens to nssist in the process of coking. I ndeed
all tlued ovens have one common object: to make the waste
gases circulate in ftues either beneath the tloor of the oven,
where they are ignited by suitable arl.ruission of air, or, as
in one instance, around the top, sides, nnd floor of the
oven. As may be supposed, tM rapidity with which the coking
is performed is greatly increased, and the nou-admission of
air to the conteuts of the oven is a. source of great increase in the
yield: but tl1e wear and tear on this cln...c:s of ovens is excessive. In
one jnstance, where the waste gases are rondo cOmpletely to envelop
the oven, the wear and tear amounts to no less than 6d. per ton of
coke produced; and in a receut plau the writer understands the !lues
underneath the floors of the oYcns are in a. very short time so
8, 11, are charged, and on the third Nos. 3, 6, 9, 12. By this plan
of charging tbe.h.eat of Nos. 12 and 2 is assisting to impart heat
through the part1t10n walls to No. 1 between them; the same takes
place with Nos. 4, 7, 10, each between a pair of warm ovens. For
twenty-four hours, therefore, Nos. 1, 4, 7, 10 have the advanta~e of
adjacent beat, by w bicb time they ba.ve acquired sufficient temperature to permit of the drawing and charging of the one set of adjacent ovens Nos. 2, 5, 8, I 1 on the second day without injury. Indeed, the first ovens have acquired a. sufficient degree of temperature
to assist in start in~ th~ operativn of coking in the oveus charged on
the secon? day. The same remarks apply to the charging of ovens
on the third day, those of the first and second d~y both now assisting to start the coking process in Nos. a, 6, 9, 12 charged on the
third day. For twenty-four hours the ovens charged on the
fi rst aud second day are now reacting upon one another, whilst
lho~e cb~rged on the third day are being urged fonyard to a degree
'j"h1ch will enable ~em ou the fourth day to pe11lllt of the drawing
and recharging of Nos. 1, 4, 7, 10.
In applying the new plan of ovens to the coking of the fine slack
of the Staffordshire thick coal, it is mixed either with bituminous
slack from Sou th Wales or with a smaller portion of pitch, in order
to impart the necessary caking quality, the want of w hich has
rendered the Staffordshire slack incapable of conversion into coke
by any plans previously tried. Tn either case the requisite bindi ng pr~perty is now obtained,.and the ~ke is produced in lumps of
large s1ze and excellent quality, and 1S found of particular value
in the blast furnace. With a mixture of 45 per ceut. of Stafford$bire slnck an~ 55 ~er cent. of bituminous Welsh slack, the yield
regularly obta1ned m the 1irst block of ovens at Woodside which is
only 42ft:. diamet~r, has a~?unwd to from 55 to 60 ~r cent. of
coke. W1th a m1-xture of 10 pllr cent. of Staffordshire slack and
25 per cent. of pitch, tbe)'ield has been from 50 to 53 per cent. of
coke. '.rhe fluctuations in the yield arise from the variations in the
quality of slack obtained fron1 different places, some requiring more
bitumen to bind it tcget~er. "V:here the binding is not perfect conSiderable waste exrsues m drawm g the coke. To correct trus has
been the object of some recent experiments, in which a mLxture of
44 per cent. of Staffordshire slack with 44 per cent. of Welsh slack
and 12 per cent. of pitch has been used, resulting in a. regular yield
of from 60 to 65 per cent. of coke. Specimens of coke are exbibi!-ed to illust~te th,e respecti':e binding power of the different
mlXtuxe~ descnbed. rhe bes~ y1elds b~wever, as may be supposed,
n~·e obtawed from .co~Js w~1ch contai~ a sufficient proportion of
bttumen to secure bwdmg w1thout admuture; such ~ the bituminous or caking coals of Durham, Newcastle, and South Wales from
w~ich .results of 67! t-o 70 per cent. yield of coke are u niformly obtamed m these ovens. These results have been obtained from coaJs
supplied from the Britbdir Colliery in (South Wales Pease's West
Colliery in Durham, and the Tursdale Colliery in Du~ham.
. In the first block of the new ovena at Woodaide, which gave the
~1elds of coke above stated from the Staffordshire slack, the partition walls between t.l~e ovens were. ~uil~ 9in. thick. It is l'vident,
however! tb~t the thmner the parhtion walls the more perfect is tho
commumcatron of beat between the ovens; and the writer found
in the erection of the fh·st block of ovens, that 9in. make too thick
a. wall. The consequence of this mistake was that the quantity of
coke produced ~as not so great as expecw~, since it was absolutely
nece_ssary to ass1st the progress of the cokmg by a. large admi~iou
of arr. In France, whe1·e Mr. Eato~ made ~is first experiments,
and where the new ovens bave been m operat1on for several years
the partition walls were about 6!in. thick. At the Briton Ferr.Y
Ironworks, in South Wales, where it was decided to adopt this
plan of ovtns from the success of those at Woodside when they bad
been at '~ork only.a fe~ weeks, the partition walls were built only
half a brrck or 4!m. thick, and the results were more satisfactory
thar;1 any that Mr. Eaton bad obtained in France. This was to be
attributed solei~ to the diminish~d thick~ess of. the partition walls,
and led the wnter to test the pomt prachcally m the first block of
o\"ens erected at Tul'Sdale. . In o~der to .make a .f~ir comparison, six
o~ens o.f the block ~vere built w1tq 4}-m. pa.rtlt10n wa.U~ ~nd six
w1th 9-m. walls. 'I ba result w~ tbM, in the same time, 1tt per.
cen~. more coal ?Ould be C?ked !n the ovens separated by only
~-m .. walls than m those Wlth,9-m. walls. The thickness of 4Jin
1S as little as can be snfely used for the partition. walls, and it wu
at first feared they might prove a little weak, being Sift. long with
an average height of 4}ft..; but, bound as they are on all ~dges,
they have proved to be thoroughly substantial, and it is intended
to adopt th1s t~ckness in fu.ture. It has already been a.dopted with
perfect safety m the two Instances above mentioned, at Briton
FeiTY and at Tursdale.
The economy secured in the new plan of oven a.rises from the
circumstance ~bat tb~ hea~ requi~ite .to. start and urge the
oven f01·war~ 1S supphed ch1efiy by rad1at1on from the part ition
walls.; and m a few cases only, owing to peculiarity of coal U;
it at all necessary to assist the progress of the oven by the ~d­
mission of air. 'fbe principle of the oven aimed at is the entire
exclusion of air, in order to prevent entirely the waste that takes
place br pn1:tial ~ombu~tion o~ the co~e i~ the ordinary process;
nnd th1s obJt.>Ct 1s atlmned wllh certruu nch gaseous or bittuninous coals. But, when dealing with illtractable material, air ii still
n~ded: from two to threesq uare inches of air space given beneath the
door are amply sufficient to meet the case of the mb:ture of 45 per
cent. of Staffordshire slack, and 55 per cent. of W elsh bituminous
slnck. Whatever air is given to nny oven it is of the g1·eatest importance to introduce i t at the commencement of the coking process
and not at the end. When introduced during the first period of
•
•
THE
340
tho operation its effect is to mix with and burn the gases which
nro being disengaged in great abundance from the ooall!, doing the
coko very litUe injury; whilst its introduction towards tho end of
the operntion is productive of serious misclJiof, for when the gases
are boginnin~ to clear ofi' tho air is free to attack tho surface of
tbo ooko, and does so. 'l'o this fact th ere is a remarkable and curious oxcoptiou in u,o case of tho manufacture of coke from a mixture of t H.affm·dshire slack and pitch, whiuh seems to bo n.ccounted
for by tho formation of a silicious film or eruRt over the onttro
surface of tho col<o, which most eil'ectually shields it f·rom tho Mtion
of tho air. In all oases, however, after the gases h ave ceased to be
evolved in quantity sufficient to fill tho oveu, the further admission
of air is prejudicial to the finishing off of the charge, by cooling
down both the coke and the oven wl1ich contains it. At this period
of the operation, therefore, as is found the case in the first block of
ovens erected at Woodside, it is necessary entirel[ to exclude the
ingress of air, in order to prevent the rapid loss o boat which the
oven otherwise sustains. When the air is thus excluded the oven
has acquired a sufficient beat to complete the expulsion of all tho
gases that remain to be evolved, whtch aro seen to issuo burning
as small jots of flame from the cracks in the mass of the coke.
The r egulator B, Fig. 4, allows the admiasion of air beyond the
oven throt.gh the perforated cast iron plate which covers it, fot·ming
a. perfect smoke consumer.
'!'be area of tho flue opening from the regulator into the chimney
is a matter of considerable importance, and admits of an officieot adjustment by simply inserting pieces of firebrick iu the passage of the
flue. This is a particular convenience where from any exceptional
cause the admiJ:lsion of a considerable quantity of air is needed, as
already referrAd to ia the case of the first block of ovens erected at
W oodsido. Horo the simple reduction of the area of the flue from
49 to 30 square inches at its passage out of the regulator occ oned
a.n increased yield of 5 to 6 per cent. of coke. For with the fl • e full
open, the draught of the chimney drew in more air than was
r equired when the greater part of the gas bad boon driven off, and tL
surface combustion of the coke ensued with an intense heat, while
the yield waa sacrificed. It was found impossible to djust the
supply of air so nicely as to prevent waste while the ,., king proceeded, except by means of reducing the area of the flue, which
proved quite efficient. Since in all classes of ovens perfectly airtight work can scarcely be secured, the rogt.lation of the area of
tho flue is a matter of importance even where the air is purposely
excluded during the coking, in order to prevent its being drawn
into the oven through the innumerable small interstices in the
brickwork. '!'be prwention of the undue admission of air by
this simple expedient was attended with a diminution of the quantity of coal which cou Id be cokad in the same time; but this \VO.S
counterbalanced by the increased yield of coke from the smaller
quantity of coal charged. It may be that the checking of the draught
has a beneficial in.fluence by causing the gases to lie back a little
lcogor in the oven and thoro expend a little more of their heat by
being more completely consumed. On the other hand it is possible
to reduce the Oue area. too much: for, when it was attempted to
work with the flue reduced at the passage from the regulator from
49 to about 23 square inches area, the effect ceased to be of any
benefit,, a!ld, on tl~o contrary, was. .slightly !njurious in retarding
the rap1dity of coking, and percepttbly lowenng the temperature of
the oven.
When the coking is completed the communication between the oven
~nd the chimn.ey is cut off by.adamper, ~onsisting of~ plain vrrougbt
uon plate, whtch prevents a1r from bemg drawn 1n turough the
brickwork whilst the coke is lying as it should do from two to four
hours after disengageruent of gas has to aiJ appearance ceased. The
fact is, however, tuat a slight dU;engaf?ement is still, though imperceptibly, going on, which is made manifest by opening the door of the
oven, when imruediately the gas is seen burning at the surface of
the coke. It thus gives an improved appearance to the coke to let
it lie a little, by getting rid of a tinge of dark colour which exists at
the bottom of the coke if drawn too soon after being done.
As regards the general size or the new ovens, it is thought at
present that 44ft. external diameter will prove the most convenient,
as shown in Figs. 1 and 2, though at the Tursdale Colliery tbe first
and second blocks are constructed 48ft. diameter. 'l'he objection to
the large size is the necessity of providing for a greaUy increased
expansion of the structure.
As regard, tbe quantity of coke which can be produced from I.L
block vf ovens, the secoud block at WoodsidA, 44ft. diameter, has
turned out about 60 tons of coke per week during the two months
that it has been in work. '!'he first block at Woodside, 42ft. diameter,
bas scarcely turned out 56 tons per week, for the reason already
given of too great thickness of the partition walls: whilst the first
block at Turbdale, 48ft. diameter, whore half tbe wo.lls aro Hin.
thick, and l1al! 9in. is capable of turning out 80 tons per week. '!'he
blook of ovens at Briton Perry, 44ft. diameter with 4!-in. partition
walls, is turning out from 66 to 70 tons of coke pe1· week; and so
satisfied are the proprietors that a second block has been erected.
All t·ogards tho time occupied in coking, an ordinary oven or 11ft.
inside diameter, with 95 square feet of fioot· area, will burn off a
charge of from 5! tons to 6 tons or Newcastle or Durham coals in
72 hours. One of the uew ovens, with 97 square feet of floor area,
in the lirat Llock at Tursdale, 48ft. diameter, with 9-io. partition
walls, burns off 4t tons in 7'1. hours, with only a tri!linf? difference in
tho gross amount of coke produced. But no account IS here taken
of the irregulol'itics to which ordinary ovens are subject., and of
wbicb some idea mar be formed from an incident tlJat took place
with the firtJt block o the new oven11 at 'l'url!dale. Red brieka, having
succeeded perfectly in tl.te chimney at WooW!ide, wore employed
without habitation in tbat at 'l'ursdalo; but owing to the increased size
of tho IJlock of ovens, 48ft. diameter instead of 42ft., and tho more
i ntense character uf the combulltiCin of the bil umiuous coals as
compared witlt tbo mixture of Staffordshire and W elsh slack, the
heat was too great aud caused the rod brickwork to melt1 and ended
by closing up every flue. 'l'ho chimney was then lined with firel>rickB; 'but during the timo occupied iu lining it, the ovens, which
wero thou working in effect as ordinnry open-topped ovens, worked
most irregularly, never came up to their proper t1mc, and in ono instance a three days' charge occupied six days to bu1·n off. It is uot
meaut that ordinary ovens would be f1·equou1ly subject to such an
extreme irregularity as that just mentioned; for, in tbo absence of
tho central chimney, an oven of tbo new fonn is ill-caleu lated to
create a sufficiont. draught; whereas , in an ordinary dotue ovon
with chimney at top, eve•-ything is pretty favourable for the admillsion of the requisito ail'. hrcgularities of ono or oven two days, in
ordinary ovcntl, an~, howeve1·, of not unfrequeut occuneuce; aud,
coupled with tllo accident wbich led to tho necessity of working the
new oveus at 'l'ursdale CoJiiory without the assistance of tho
central chimney, tbey show of bow great importance the ehimucy is
to secure good and roliaulo rc~;ul ts.
'l'ho cost. of ert.~ction of a ulock of ovens on the now construction
has boon as follows at tho Woodbide It-onwodcs, the uloclc being
44ft. diameter:£ 8. d.
36,000 fire-bricks and clay .. .. .. • • . • . • 112 0 0
27,oOO red bricks and mormr
. . . . . . . . . . :J:i 0 0
Cnst and wrought ironwork
. . . . . • . . . . :n 10 0
~00)8 • .
••
••
Labour In cxca.vatlon, bricklaying, and
concrete, &c.
. . . . . . . . . . •• . .
8 I0 0
.•
70 0 0
,•
••
••
••
.•
••
••
••
-
815 0 0
This gives £26 6s. as the cost per oven, complete with water Jlttings, coke benches, and tools, but exclusive of any attendant conveniences for keeping tho coke in stock. 'l' h e cost is, of course,
subject to the add1tion of carriage of materials for erection at any
other site, nod minor modifications for tho variation of circun.btances. Wboro a. mixture of coal is not wan ted, tho ovens can be
mado with a circular rail way so as to be tilled from tho top, as at
'l'ursdale, the additional expense of which is about £6 per ovon.
'l'ho cost of working the new ovens whore a uniform quality o!
coal is used is slightly in oxcc~s of tho wot·kiug t,f ordinnry ovens in
•
ENGINEER.
one particular only, that of loading up the coke from the benches
into the w~ons. In a straight row of ovens nothing is simpler than
to run a tratn of wagons alongside the benches, off which the coke
is conveniently filled at ono lilt. Against this thoro is the advantage that the labo ur of cleansing and cllarging the coal in the case of
the new ovens is divided over a larger quantity of coke produced
from the same quantity of coal ; so that reo.lly the diJJeronce, if any,
ia bnt slight. '!'he working cost per ton of coke made has been as
follo,vs, in the ovens already at work at 'l'ursdalo, 48ft. diameter:Two men dmwing oven, levelling coals, manu-}
facturlng, and lceoplng c•1ke benches clean,
6d. per too.
o.tSs. each per do.y (coke made perdo.y 12 toM).
Two hoys cleansing coals nnd charging with}
tuba1 M 2s. 8d. eaeh per day to feed three
11
h)Oelt8 Of OVODB , , • • • • • • • • • • • •
Wheeling and loading coke Into wagons . . . .
21
Intere~t on outlay, ao.y £4(10, to cover incl·} l!
dcnto.ls, nt 6 por cent.
. . .. .. . • ..
Redemption in so.y seven years . . • • • • • •
at
Wear anu tear, say . . .. . . .. .. · • · ·
t
Royo.lty
..
••
.•
••
..
.•
••
•.
Totnl cost of coke, exclusive of coo.ls . .
8
.•
• . ls. 7d. per ton.
In Staffordshire, with the mixture of slack aud the charging done
at the mouth of the oven, instead of from the top, as might bo
expected, the labour is somewhat greater, while the 01;1tla.y.is abo~t
£ i5 less per block. The cost p er ton of coke made m thJB ease 1s
as follows : Four men dro.wing JLnd cbo.rglng ovens, }
mixing slack, &c , JLt 3s. 4d. eaeh per
.. l B. 6d. per too.
ciJLy (coke made per do.y nlno t.oDB)
JntcrcsL on outlay, say .t!876, at IJ per cent.
1!
4
Rcdemptlun in say seven years
. . •• • •
W Cllr and tear say .. . . .. .. ..
••
t
Royalt;y
.•
•.
••
••
••
..
••
••
••
-
3
Toto.! cost of coke, exclusive or slack, &c. . • 28. 3d. per ton.
To the above particulars of cost it is simply necessary to add that
of mat.el'ial to al'l'ive at the total cost of the coke manufactured.
Taking the value of a north country bituminous slack at 8s. 6d.
per ton, and a yield of 68 per cent. of coke, the cost of coals would
be 5s . 2d. per ton of cake produced. Adding this to l s. 7d. the
cost of working, the total cost of the coke into wagons would be
6s. 9d. per ton. It is, of course, imvossible to flx OJ? ~ny uniform
pnce at which to charge the slack : some oollienes produce
" duff," as the sruall of the coal is called, in such abundance aa
to make them glad to have a means of getting rid of it; others
set a higher value upon it. Hence it is for each in his particular
circumstances to determine bow far the adoption of the new system
is economical.
It is easier to arrive at the real cast of the coke manufactured in
the Sto.ffordshiro district, where slack, suitable for the purpose, can
be bought in any quantity at :.!s. 6d. per ton. Assuming tbid price,
the mixture of 'lb f er cent. of Staffordshire slack at ts. 6d. per ton
with 56 per cent. o W elsh slack at 12s. per ton, will cost 7s. !Id. per
ton: and a yield of 57i per cent. makes the cost of the coke 13s. tid.
per ton. Adding this to 2s. 3d. the cost of working, the total cost of
the coke amounts to 15s. 9d. per ton.
The mixture of 44 for cent. of Staffordshire slack at 2s. 6d. per
ton with 44 per cont. o Welsh slack at 12s. per ton and 12 per cent.
of pitch at 20s. per ton costs ds. 9d. per ton ; wbioh, with a yield of
62~ per cent., makes the coke cost Hs. per ton. Adding this to
2s. 3d. the cost of working, the total cost of the coke from this
mixture amounts to 16s. 3d. per ton.
'! 'he mixture of 74!! per cent. of Staffordshire slack at 2s. 6d. per
ton with 27! per cent. of pitch at 20s. per ton costs 7s. 4d. per t<?n;
but the yield in this case is onl{ about o:.!t per cent. of coke, owmg
to the ve1·y volatile character o the pitch, and the coke therefore
costs 14s. per ton. Adding thi..l to 2s. <:Id. the cost of working, the
total cost of the coke made from Staffordshire slack with pitch alone
amounts to 16s. 3d. per ton.
As regards the wear and tear on the brickwork of the new ovens,
there seems every likelihood that this iavory small and unimportant.
A small allowance has, however, been made in each or the above
estimates of the working cost. The first block of ovens erec~d at
Woodside has been in .>peration since June, last year, a penod of
nearly a year, and does uot show th.e sligh~st indication of requiring repairs to the brickw~rk. A httl.o reprur has been. needed at
the doo1· frame castin~s, ow1ng to the 1rregu!a~ e;'panston of the
casting by beat and Jts weak form; but the h abiltLy to fra.oture
in the faulty plan first adopted has been in a great m~ure corrected
by au amended form of !n.t.me.
Amon~ the advantages ~vbi~h att:ach to tbo ne~v form of
ovou is 1ts compactness, which lB of 1mportance, and IB a reason
why the oven should be much cheaper in its construction than
ordinary round ovens.
T aking the case of .a double . row of
ordinary ovens place.d back to back, 11ft. mternal. diameter,
the floor area of wh1ch would be 95 square feet, w1th a flue
between them common to both leading to a chimney, such a seric.s
of six ovens in length, or twelve ovens in the double row, would
cover a space of ground 81 X 28 = 2,362 square feet; whereas the
space ooverod by the ~rgtJst block of the new ov;ens yet erected,
48ft. external diameter, JS only 1,810 square feet., while the floor area
of each oven is 10(1 square feet, the partition wal~ in ~his case being
5iin. thick. Including the coke benches 9ft. w1<lo 1n the case of
tlie double row of ordinary ovens, the ground occupied would be
84 x 46 = 3,864 square feet: whilst i!l the caae of th~41lft. block of the
new ovens a greater area of ground IS covered, taking a.squaro larger
by 18ft. than the diameter of the oven, giving ti6 X 6.6 4,366 square
feet; with the advantage however of larger stacking room for the
coke, fo1· whilst the bench room in tho first case cited of twolvo
ovens in a double row is 81 X 18 = 1,612 tsquare feet., that.of the
'18ft. block is 2,546 sq uare feet.
In connection with tho subject of rapid coking, a few interesting
laboratory experiments have beon made at the writer's works. 'l'be
material operated upon was tho coal from the Tursdale Oolliery1 the
composition of which was as follows:-
DEc. 6, 1861.
was introduced into the cold muOlo, and the temperature raised in
an .hour and a half to oberry red, instead of occupying only one hour
as ill the former case. T he resulting yield was 67-50 per cent. of
coke.
In the fifth experiment a crucible introduced into the muOle at a
d~ll cherry red heat and kept at that temperature for ouo hour
yteldtld 6!1·40 per cont. of coke. A second crucible raised in one
hour to a dull cherry red boat and kept at that heat for one hour also
yielded 69·40 per cent. of coke.
. It appears from. these experiments that tho more rapidly the coal
~coked or the h1gher the temperature of the oven into which it is
1ntroduced, the lest! the yield; and this is, no doubt, due to the
groa~r. readin~ss wi~h which c?mpounds of carbon and hydrogen
contatrung an mcreasmg proport10n of carbon are formed, the moro
sudden or the greater the intensity tho h eat. On the other hand it
was noticed in tho above experiments that the coke more slowly
made was more bulky, that is. less dense than that made more
rApidly. This result fully accords with that obtained in some fiued •
ovens in the north, the Invention of Messrs. Breckon and Dixon ;
the coke produced by the flued ovens being much denser in
character than that made in ordinary ovBns. 1Iow far f.old is
interfered with by tho use of flues is a question which admits of
further inquiry; and, at some future time, the writer may be in a
position to make a comparison between Tursdalc coke l'roducod
ill llued and non-flued ovens in order to determine th1B point.
Taking an average, however, of several specimens of coke produced in ordinary ovens from North couutry coal, the spcciflo
gravitr is only l·OO, whilst the specific gravity of 'l'ursdale cake
made m the new ovens is 1·47. However much therefore this high
specific gravity of the coke may be due to some Ia vourable peculiarity of the coal, it is evident that in the n ow modo of coking both
yield and density are secured. '!' here is~ further obj~ction to coking
from the bottom of an oven:up wards, aa m ovens b.avmg .flues underneath the floor, from the faot that the two processes meet in an
irregular plane about one-third of the way up from the floor of the
oven, and there result two measures, so to speak, of cake. This is
perhaps a trivial objection, inasmuch aa it interferes only with tho
commercial appearance of the coke, and is no r eal detriment to ita
quality; still it is one which is obviated in the new ovens.
ROYAL SCOTTISH SOCIETY OF ARTS.
December 10, 1860.
I
ON TH E CONCRETE USED IN TftE L ATE EXTENSION OF THE
LONDON DOCKS.
By Gsonae RoDEB'I'SON, O.E., F.R.S.E., Resident Engineer, New
Works, L eith Docks.
IN the late extension of the London Docks at Shad well, the polnt·
which appeared to me to be moat worthy of, and to afford the
greatest scope for enlargement, was that of hydraulic lime. F irstly,
because there were (in my mind, at least) many nne:x.J?Iained difficulties and contradictory statements collllected with 1ts theory and
practice; seoonclly, because the manufacture of the Jias lime used
on these works being in the hands of the company's ongincen,
afforded advantages for inveatigation which might never occur to
me again on such an extensive scale. .An investigation into the
theory of hydraulic lime, and its manufacture into mortar, formed
the subject of a paper read before the Institute of Civil EnginoofiJ in
April, 1858, to which the present one on concrete is a. sequel, completing the monograph on the lime used in this ono work.
I also read a paper lately before the Royal Society here, upon
the "Solidification of Lime, and Cements,'' which was founded
partly on the London Dock experiments and parUy on o. continuation of them at Leith Docks.
'l'ho new works made by the London Dock Company consist of a
new basin thrown into one with the old Shad well basin, and two
large locka 35uft. long and 60ft. broad, parallel with the former 1
small ones; one to lock vessels up, if necessary, from the rive r '
Thames to the ba.siu, and the other for vessels proceeding to the
E.astern Dock, the water lev~l of w h!ch is usually kept above Trinity
hiS"h-wator mark by a pumpmg engtne.
Borings of the gro~tnd occupied by the new works showed how
ad vantag(Jously concrete could be used in their construction. Below
the first 8ft. oi made grouud and brick rubbish is a bed of
brown clay some 6ft. or 7ft. thick; thou a bed of pMt, averaging
6ft., but often much thicker, full or remains of beech, oak hazel.
and other trees; 'l'he lower .raxt of ~his peat '_Vas full of veins and
lumps of sesqu•l>hospht\te of ll'On, nahve Prussta.n blue. 'l'bis made
no excellent pigment when gt·ound up with gum water, of a delicate
smalt col?ur, w~ich I used in tinti~g w orking drawings. Below
the pen:t IS a thm bed o~ clay, tb~ brt~ht blu~ colour of w~ich wu
very likely duo to this colounng matter 1n the overly10g peal
Under the. peat and clay is a. th1ck bed of flint gra.vel, 'l'bamBII
ballast, which extended nearly over the whole area of the new
works. ln some places it was tine enough to form sharp clean sand
for mortar, in othe1· places coarc>e gravel well adapted for concre!A!.
'l'bo chief matel'ial fot· concrete was, therefore, on the very site of tLe
worka ready for use, and the whole expense was saved likewille of
bru·ging it up to llattet·aea Park, where we wore permitted to shoot
out the excavations. Under the gravel, at an average depth of 80ft.
below 'l'rinity high-water, lies the solid London cla?,:, into which, o{
course, most of the foundations had to be carried. rhe bed of sand
and gravel was moro than 12ft. thi ok at the two looks, but thinned
out completely at the north wall of the basin. '!' he bo.llast wus in
sullicieut abundance to supply all the concrete required for IoundatiOilil and eouuterforts, and to leave enough over to ma.ko it worU1
while usiu~ it for tbe dock walls themselves.
'l'he subject uatumlly divides itself into two divisions-the manufacture and the application of the concrete.
1'/te .lllanufactuT·e.-'l'he great m11ss of the concreto was mado
with naturally hydraulic lime, blue lias from Lyme Regis, iu Dorset.shu:c, which requires no artificial mixture \Vith Pozzuolo.na or
minion to 1·endor it capable of setting perman ently under wnter.
'l'ho word" concrete" ill tu is paper implies, therefore, that made
with blue li~M~ lime, unless otherwise specified. 'l'ho Dorsetshire
Carbon
• • • • • • . • • . . • . . • . • • . • . • 81"46
lias was tbo only lime burned on the worka; alllia.s from Warwickllytlrogcn . . • • . • . • • . • • • . . • • • • • . .
7·tm
tlhiro or L eicestershire was 'bought ready burned Ct·om tho
2'01
NI t.ro~ en • . • . . . • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . .
merchants. Lias requi•·es much greater care in burning than
Sulphur
•• •• •• . • •. •• . • •• . • •• ••
1·s~
AtJll
. • • • • • . • • . • • • • • • • • . • • . • • H·26
richer limes, bec1~uso any sudden o1· extra beat, which would do litllo
DUferonce {oxygen) .. . . . . . • . . . . .. • . .. 3·14
harm .t? Dorking liro~, gr~atly injures~ by forming a glass botweon '
tbo s1lica and tho ltmo tn tho stono, tnstead or only driving oil
1oo·oo
the water and carbonic acid. 'l'ho combinaLion between the bilica
The yield of cok o which any coal is capable of producing depends nud lime, to whieb lias owes its Lyd.ranlic pro~JOrLies, ought only to
in a certain mc~U~ure upon its constituents. In general tho gaseous tako place i.n the humid way-i.e., with the assiStance of water, nClor
products cannot be expelled without carrying off with .tuem a. the applir.ation of tho lime aa mortar or couc1·ote. Lias comes from
certain proportion of carbon. Could all the hydrogen, mtrogen, Lymo lwgis in two diiieront fonns-tho ono with n. clean coucboidol
sulphur, and oxygeu be oxpollt>d without carbon, the codl of which fracture, aut! the othor of a shale>' nature, aRproaching in appeartbe above is an aualy.,is ~;hould yield nearly !!5 por cent. of coko: ance even to clay slate, but q lUte soft. '1 ho sho.Joy lias, which
but tlio highest result obt.uiMd in the laboratory was only 69t por contains so much clay as to ho.vo the propertius of a cement, is not
cent. 'l'ho yield of coke, bowevur, is dependent al11o, to a certain so dot~imble as the Lard clean stone, because it carries less sand, and ~
extent, upon the rapidity witb which the coal is raised to tho cok.Jng is, therefore, u•ore ox ponbive. 'l' he stone cost 'is. 8d. a ton when
temperature, as the following fivo expodmouts willshow:s llipped at Lyme, but lOt!. !Id. before it was stacked round tho kiln
In the 1\rcit experiment two crucibles carefully covered, contain- at London, which is as much as tho same stone costs delivered at
ing 1'ursdalo coal, wero introduC?d in~o a close mu~e, so ~bat access the worka of the new graving dock at Leith. Freight to London is
of air to the contents of the cruc1lllo was rendered 1mposs1ble. The alwa.:ys heavy, for there 1s uo steady return freight like ooal to be
muO~e w~a at a very bright red heat, and the c;ucible having been had. Nol.witbstanding the high price of tho stone delivered at
put tnt.> 1t the mouth of the muOle was temporarily stopped. ln ono Sbadwell, and having to pa:y freight on thousands of tons of water
hour afterwards the crucible wus remo ved, and the percentage of and carbonic aoid, to be altGrwards driven ofi' by the heat of the
kiln, the cnginee:--in-chief of the dock company, the late Mr. Rendol,
coke in one m-ucible was 62·18 aud in the otho1· 61·28.
In the secoud experiment a ct-ucible was introduced into tho determined to burn the limestone in London, as the extra. cast
mutllc wbon cold, and the temperature gradually raised during one would be a comparatively small item in such extensive works. It
hour to cherry red, and then maintained for half-an-hour at a. bright was very desu-able to have tho bost possible limo whore concreto
was to play so important a part.
red heat. The yield in this case was 6G·l 2 per cent. of coke.
Two egg-shaped draw kihm of brick wero, therefore, erected, of a
In tbo third experiment two crucibles woro introduced into tho
muillo wbeu at a bright r od heat, but not so hot o.s in the first total height of 43ft. from the Uoor to the top of the dome, aud an
experiment, and the tempera.tw·o was maintained for an hour. One extreme internal diameter of 14ft., contracting to 5ft. at the firo
bare, and 1lft. Gin. at 82ft. abovo tho door. The practical objection to
crucible gave 64·77 per cent. of coke, a.ud tho other 64:·:.!0 per cent.
In the fourth experiment a crucible, as in the second experiment, having a Ios'! diameter than tbis 11t tho top 1s the difficulty that
=
•
D:sc. 6, 1861.
THE
w ould arise in charging the kiln with evenly distributed layers of
coal and stone tipped in from bnrrows at the top through the
wi ndows in the dome. n bn.s likewise been objected that a contracted top to a kilo prevent:! the escape of carbonic acid, although
it has a counterbalancing advantage in con1ining the beat, and
throwing it down with a reverborntory effect on the charge. This
theoretical objection appears to bo fanciful. It was found necessary, after these kilns bad been working for a short time, to
dome the mouth over with a bnck arch to prc,•ent stones from
flying into tho neighbouring streets. '!'he chimney at the top of
this was only 3ft. in diameter, and yet no difference was afterwards
perceptible ~ither in the time required for burning, or in the percentage of unperfectly burned stone. On the other hand there is
litUe dou bt thnt the dome acted economically on the coal required,
for the average of 7,000 tons of limestone was little more than ono
too of coal to llt tons of stone, the limits being 1 to 10 and 1 to U .
Carbonic acid came away freely after the kiln had been lighted for
three hours, and arpearcd to have ample room for escape. An average of 11 ~ tons of stone burned by one t<>n of coal is very high ;
but the coal was ·welc h, and cost .tl ls. n too. Newcastle coal, or
bituminous coal in ge neral, was inadmissi ble, lor it was essential to
have little or no smok e from kilns in the heart of London. At
L eith one ton of the coal of tho neighbourhood appears to burn
only 6 tons or 7 to ns of !ins, but the coal is only one-third of tbo
price of W elsh coal. 'l 'he bnrrows of coal and properly broken
stone ~ere li!ted to the top ?f the _kil o by a hoist worked by the mortar m1l1 engme, and \~ore t1pped m thr~ugh tb.ree openings in each
dome n.s evenly ns P?SStb!~. A.fte1· tbe kiln was hgbted these windows
w ere kept cl<>sed w1th bo1ler-plnte shutters. The [cost of charging,
including bre.'lki~g UJ? tho sto.ne nod coal, wn.s Is. 6d. per too of
~e two when ~L"\:ed m the lti_ln. Unless the demand for quicklime w as very rrregular, tho kilns were always kept lighted; but
whe never they w ere allowed to go out the charge of quick-lime
was left in the kilo, ns the plar.e most free from moisture. Whenever the fire is let out in dmw kilos tl1e next charge is nearly sure
to burn irregularly, and thero is a considernblu loss of beat in rewarm ing the kiln. Dmw kilns nro l.iablo to irregularity from apparently slight causes, buch n.s the direction of the wind, &c.; and in
the ShadweJI ltilns there was also a. perlllilneot tendency to burn
quickest dow n the side warmed by th e adjacent kiln, for they were
both in one block of building. llut draw kilns are better suited for
burning lias than ftare kilns, os the heat is m ore uniformly distributed through the charge; the1·e is, therefore, less danger of overburning the lower half and underburuing the uppet·.
Each kiln held 11)0 to ns of stono, and burnt 21 tons per diem.
The two together produced 25 tons of quick-lime every day, a
quantity sufficient for about 97 cubic ya1·ds of m ortar, or 170 cubie
yards of concrete: 9 tons of coal will bum I 00 tons of stone, which
produce 59·37 tons of qu ick-lime, or 1,583,bushels of g round-lime,
enough for 400 c ubic ynrds of concreto, when the ballast is modt'lrately
dry. Drawing the lime from the kiln cost
per too of quick-lime.
'!'he total cost of the bumt lime amou nted to 24s. per ton. When
quite hot from the kilo, 26ld. bushelsof ground-lime went tojthe ton;
but after keeping somo timo a tou swelled to 30 bushels, whic h is
w hat bought lias usu~lly w eighs. A bushel of lime, ground when
fr esh bw·nt, contains, therefore, one-seventh more lime than a bushel
of stale lime; and a cubic yard of concr11te, of specified proportions,
is so much the better when mado with ft·el.b lime.
Coke wn.s used in tho kiJn for a short time, but it wn.s found to be
8 per cent. dea1·cr thnn 'Vclsh coni; and, moreover, tho heat given
out by it wns too quick and s trong, casing many of the stones over
with a vitrified silicate, which hindered the freo c,capo of carbooi,;
acid. 'Vheu coke was bur!Jt, therefore, the percentage of unburnt
stone w n.s raised much abovo the usual a.verage of 1! or 2 per cent.
'!' he equally burnt and softest lumps, u~oually, of a buff colour,
were picked out for griuding; a nd the remainder more of a liver
colour, slaked for mortar, in the manner describt'd in my p..'lper
before alluded to. '!' he lumps were first broken tolerably small by
hand, and thou crushed still smaller between iron rollers r evolving
in t he h opper of the griud!otones. 'l'bcse rollers were at first made
fluted, but it was found tl1nt strong proje<'ting cogs did the work
more effectuaJiy. 'l'he hopper wn.s fed with lumps of lime by an
endless chain of small wrought iron buckets worked by the engine.
It was inwnded that these ~:~bould bo self-acting, and tiredge the
lime up from a well; but it was found necessary to have a man
cons tantly feeding thoro with a spade, or the supply was not
regular.
I may mention that a similar end less chain of cnst-iroo buckets
was1m ed very successfully for dredging a hole through the gravel,
into which the pile~ of tl1e cofferdams were dropped, a,n d then driven
into the clay. By menus of these dredgers, fir piles were got
down through conglomerated gravel like "Blnckwall 1·ock," in
which it was found a.lmost im1>os:.ible to drivo elm. The sides
of a bole 20ft. deep stood quite porpeodicular when there was a
head of wo.ter on the hole, the hole being made large enough to
take in about four piles in a row.
T he lime wn.s ground to a lino powder between two pah·s of
horizontal French burr millstones; the uprer one revolving at a.
speed of ninety revolutions per minute. Bach pnir of stones was
able to grind :1 tons of quick lime pet· hour, at a total cost for
grinding of 1d. per bushel whcm the coUBumption was 360 bu~ohels
per diem; less, if moro limo was used. '! ' his is made up as
follows :-Feeding and attending to the hopper and lift, ~d. ;
engine power, ~d.; meru.uring tho lime into bags for the cootractor, nnd recutt..Wg the stoucs as the furrows became worn,
the remaining ~d. A bushel of lime ground fre:Jl from the kiln
'*eig bed 84 lb.; and at this weight the total co~ot was ll!d. In
buying ground lime from a merchant, if tLo purchaser buys b~
weight, he ~ys fo1· tl10 water ab:;orlx:d from tbo atmosphere; if
he buys by measure, ho pa) s Cot· tho expansion caw.ed b)· that
moisture: t he CaiJ·e:.t w11y for both parties would bo to specify the
bushel to be of a cert;liu awrago wci~ht-say for lias from
L yme Uegis, 80 lb. This would allow for the lime not being
quito fresh, but w ould 1)revcut it from b!'ing too stale.
T he grind.. tones wcro COilllJOSc<.l of burrs from the frcl>hwater
beds of tbo Paris ba:.in, bOt 111 two radiated rings in cement, and
bncked up with phtstor of l'aris and JUI)rtar. 'l'ho" t.kirts" or out~ido
burrs were 5iu. thick; tho Cl!ttlml ur " hij;h burn;" somewhat
tl1il;ker, to allow for the" swall\lw," which is~~ slight depres::.ion iu
the couta·e of the upper ~tone, about \!ft. in diamewr, and, at most1
8iu. deep. '!'hill o.c~ ~~ n !dud of dit>tributing reser voir for the limo
us it fall:. from tho hoppot· between the :.tones.
'l'he face of tbo lllUUCS wt\.i divided into ton "quat·terings"
by "ma.:.ter furrow,:," oach of them being tangeutinl to ~o
imaginary circle couceutric. "ith the btoue, ttu~ called . 1ts
"draft."
'l'ho biZo of thlll regulatl.ld tho quauuty of hme
passing through tho btunes iu a g1 ven time... A rac~ius of ~iu.
w as found to griud !JU bu:.hcls per hvur of o. blllhcwntly tine qu!lhty.
'l'ho p:u"l.icle:. of limr, "hirhug rouud near the centre. of tho t.touc,
by tbt:ir centrifugal ,·elucity pa::.:. to" t\rdll the oub1de along the
mru.te r furrow s, being gro•1nd liner as they reredo from ~he _ceu~·al
depression. Each wa:;tcr furrow had two other d~:>tnbuhng
furrow:. leading o•lt of it, pnrallol to tho f? rmer ma..te~ furr~w.
T he furrows aru shallow groovus, 01· rnther rucks about Hm. wtde.
with the cutting rdge sbnrp, nod t • e other be'•elled.
'l' he grnvel Jouod on tl1E1 works \IlLS not always so free from
clay as could be wished. lt bad often to be screened to reduce the
quantity of sand to the proportions ucce;:.snry to form a good mortar
wi th the limo used. Concreto is 1enlly minulb ruuble work of
pebbles set in mortar, more or le:.s perfect according to the care
taken in m ixing the ingredients.
I u theoretically perfect
concrete, tho mortar &hould be made, fit:.t, _to insure .a
perfect matrix for the }JCbbles to be embedded m; but this
is not the wmal procticu in this country. 'l'h~ er~'\t mabs ?f
the ooncrcto wns compo::.cd of ono meot:.ure of h~ hmo to stx
m e:I6Ures of grnvel; L>uth uoing meoburcd by boxc;s, and not by
guess-work. Sometimes, bowevo1:, a layer of gmve! was,cpr.ca~ out,
1ft thick aud then li me laic! ovor 1t for a doptb of l!m. llns 1s uot
10 good
way of mcnburiug liS by boxc:s, !Jccrmso ti.lo lime faUs
lt
'
d
ENGINEER.
341
between the pebbles, and tbo concrete is richer in lime than the
The concreto portion of the basin walls was 17ft. Gin. broad at tho
engineer inte nds, which is no advnntago to the work, and is, of bottom, nod 11ft. Gin. at the top, the fn.ce being curved at first to a
course, a loss to the contractor. 'Vben the hallast was moderately radius of 11ft., and then carried up with a batter to the bottom of
dry, 12 cubic yards of gravel and 2 cubic yards of lime made 11 cubic the brickwork, which was perpendicular. Whenever concrete is
yards of concrete, mi..'<ed nod deposited. The s hrinkage from the dry faced with rag stouo it should be built with a batter, and the layers
materials wa.s then 22 per cent.; but if the ballast happened to be slightly inclining a wny from the face. All danger of the wall
very dry, the shrinknge was more, and the same quantities made bulging out, or o{ the face work peeling off, is then avoided. T h e
only 10 cubic yards.
Kentish rag stone facing \Yas hammer-dres:.ed on the j oints for a
A cubic yard of concreto requiries about 38 gallons of water to specified distance in, and care wn.s taken to have at intervals long
bring the dry materials to tho requisite state of fluidity. Of this wedge-shaped stones, with the broad end inwards, tailing w ell into t he
quantity nearly 8 gallons enter into chemical combination with the concrete, which was carefully packed between the joiuts when fu-st
oxide of calcium in tho lias, and 30 gallons are either absorbed me- deposited. About two feet high of face work was first set, and thou
chanically by the pores of the lime, retained by capillary attraction the concrete deposited in two layers of about one foot thick each.
between the grains of sllnd, or lost by evaporation . After the The first layer was allowed to harden for a.t least twenty-four ho urs
concreto bn.s been mixed and deposited a gradual expansion takes before the second was deposited, and they were always arranged so
placo from the chemical action of tho limo slaking; tbe less of this as to break joint. A layer or concreto does not t horoughly incorswelling, howeve r, the botto1·, as it disturbs the setting of the mortar porate w ith a previous one unless the meeting surfaces be kept
round the pebbles, and causes friabi lit y in the concrete. Whenever rough, and froo from sand. llut, by sweeping off all sand, and, if
concreto is mndo with quick lime (as it usually is) there must be a necssnry, picking tho faco in farrows, nnd by brealting joint with
certain amount of fl"inbiiity from this cause; and, therefore, when it the layers, all danger is avoided of eithe r a ve rtical or horizontal
is importont to hn.ve no swelling, a.s in blocks of concrete whic h ru n of wl\Ler through a mnss of concrete. The brickwork of the
have to be lifted, recourse must be had to slaked lime, or else to upper half of the wall, with its counterforts, wns not laid on la ndcement, which contracts rather than expands in setting. In the one h lgs, n.s in tbo lock walls, but was fo1· three feet set in superior
case the concreto is long in hnrden iug, having more moisturtl iu it mortar, wi~h hoop iron band every three o r four courses.
than the lime can absorb; and in the use of cement more e xpense is
The above rlescript.ion l\pplies to the east, west, and south walls
incurred. P ortland cement is, ho wever, not so expensive as might of the basin; but the north wall varied materially from the ge neral
at first appear from tho cement being double the price of lime, section, and was al together very instructive from the diffic ulties eobecause the proportion to the bnllast may bo considerably reduced. countered in building it.
'!'he east end of the wall had been
Somo experiments on the expansion of concrete proved to me that commenced in the us ual way, by takiog out the excavation of the
it varies a little with the season of the year. In bot s ummer weather basin in front, and of tho wall to the n atural alope of the earth,
the expansion of 1 c ubic foot in twenty-f<>ur h ours after mixing was when alarming cr.teks appeared in the churc hyard of St. Paul's,
as much as lath of its bulk, usually lt'rod ; but in frosty weather Shad well, and thn whole ground on which the High-s treet and this
it rarely exceeded 4'-;:th. 1'he fo rce exerted in the ex pansion was church, with its b 'l1.dsome s teeple, were built, appeared to be slipalways &ufficieot to "burst the box in which the concrete had been ping into the works, for a length of &OOft. Any one who w itnessed
depo:.itcd ; the amount might even be measured by the distance the the fall of tho terrace .• t Ramsay Gardens some months ago will
nails were drawn out. "'hc never the expnn~ion exceeded ~th of understand, on a sma I scale, the result of such a catastrophe.
the bulk, I considered the concrete too rich in lime; that there was The excl\vations were a t ouce stopped, and borings made in the
moro than would, when slaked, fiU up the interstices of the sand and c h urchyard and adjoining s t reets, outside of the pnrliameot.ary
flints, and coat ~ach g rain with a thin J?Ollicle of lime. More than bouod.'lries of the D ock Oompaoy. The surface of the London
this is not required, for too thick a coatmg of lime ca\OSes weakness, clay was found to rise suddenly in a slope of 1 in 10 from the
and not strength.
basin to t he liigh-street, so that the whole prism of earth, resting
'l'be gravel and lime w ere mixed wgether on a platform of planks, on an incline, was only kept up by the weight of the earth in .£:-out.
and were turned over twice in tho dry state, and t wice with water, It was necessary, U1orefore, to alter the charactor of the wall, and
gradually added. T he concrete was then wheeled in barrows, and to stop the excavation of the basin till the w all was completely
shot into the required pln.ce from planks a few feet above. The idea built, and ready to take the thrust of the ground behind. F or the
that couorete should bo thro wn in from a g reat height is e rroneous; better protection of the church, which w as in more danger than
for it then fnlls with too great force and disturbs the setting of the houses, a perfect forest of p!les was driven into the clay in front
mass below, causing unnecessary friability. This was pnr- of the churchyard. 'I' hese were in four or five rows deep, several
ticu lll.rly ooticea.ble in the deep pits for the couoterforts of the n orth feet apart, and connected by walings at right angles to the basin
wall of the basin, whore tbe concreto had unavoidably U> be thrown wa ll. Tbo grouud w as nex t taken o ut in pits, in the liue of the
from a beigbt of 30ft. '!'he force of the blow set the whole mass in wall, 50ft. centre to centre, 20ft. wide, and 40ft. back from the
motion for some feet down, even after setting bad fairly com- coping. These wero carried well down iuto the clay, and the
meoct.d. L ins co.ncrete sets slowly, and in this case it was bottoms c ut iu s teps, sloping away from the basin. The pits were
impossible to wait loug eno ugh for encb laye r to become perfectly filled in solid with concrete, up to the level of 17ft. below hig h
hard before depositing another, n.s the wall had to be built with the wator, the faco being protected by 2ft. thick of Kentish rag as
utmos t .expedi~ion, as will bo seen bereafler. Anything gai ned in usual. B rick arches were then turned from pier to pier, to supdensity by o. fnll of wore than 6ft. is more than counterbalanced by port the upper half of the wall, which was of the ordinary chathe disturbance to the maas below. 'l 'he grand rule in concrete is, racter.
n ot to disturb it after sottiug has once commenced. ·wherever it is
'l'o prevent tho ground between the piers from falliug through
necessary to shovel it into cornert~, or pack it between stones, it into the basin, vertical brick arches, 3ft. thick, were turned frol!l
should be done at once, and tho concreto not touched again. 'l'he counterfort to counterfort, nod backed with puddle or concrete.
swelling of the lime during slaking causes enough natural friability, These arches were founded in t he clay, on the top of a strong slope
without increasing it by after-d.i:.turbance.
of concrete, faced with a foot of puddle, to protect the s urface from
By arrangement in tbe con tract with Messrs. W. Cubitt and Co., the water. The wall carried at the back of it a c ulvert 4ft. in diathe contractors for the greater portion of the pem1aneot w ork, m eter, for keopiog up the water level in the Eastern D ock or the
ground lins lime WM sold to them for lOd. per bushel ; and at this N ew Basin if required.
price the cost otuwkiog a cubic yard of concrete was as follows:A.fter the couoterforts were finished, and the arches turned, the
ground iu front of tho coping line was excavated, and the toes
a. d.
3f bushels or llmo at IOd. . . • • . . . . . . .. . . 3 1!
of th e slopes and piers put in with P ortlaud cement coocret~, in
LoM!Iog, wasto, aod bngs for do.
.. .. .. . . .• o 3
the proponiou of ono of cement to nine of gravel. This sets fastct·
o..uiug gravel
0 6
than lins concrete, and is h eavier, a cubic foot of each weighing
WbceHug do. (say 5 runs) .. .. • . . . .. . . .. 0 4
139 lb. and l t9 lb. respectively.
Screenio~: and oclecling ao.
•. . . . . . . . . . . 0 8
Before tho wate1· WllS let into the basin, the n orth wall resembled
M ixlog and deJ)oll tl.ng .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . 1 1
a massive viaduct more than a quay wall for ships to lie against;
PJa.tfvro.u
. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 0 ll
but after the wnter was admitted. the arch es w ere n ot seen, a.s their
Total co~t per cubic yard = 6 8
crowns w ere 8ft. below water level.
As tbe quantity of gravel fit for eoocrew was uncertain before
1'bo use of concreto by Mr. He ndel in the L ondon Dock exte nthe ground wns opened up, for the sake of simplicity the whole ex- sion is an excelle nt ox.ample of wh at good engineering ought always
cava tion bad been estimated as barged away; and for each cubic to be, viz., t he npplicatio u, in tho best and most economical form, of
yard of gravol used n.s concreto a certain deduction was made in the the material closet at baud, so long as that is consistent with
monthly payments.
strength and durability.
'l'he supply of water for mixing the concrete were obtained from
pipes laid down to tho various parts of tbe works, either from the
street mains or from the launder of the pumping engine. Jo mixA PnEDJOTlOM DY Mn. R l!NNlE.-lle w as much s truck by tho actiing large quantities the expense of laying pipes is soon saved.
vity and enterpnso apparent in that town (Liverpool) compared
The .Application.-Concroto was applied on the works of the w ill.t Bristol. "Liverpool," be said, "has taken firm root in tho
London JJock extension in several ways :-1st, in foundations for co1.1ntry by menus of the canalB; it is young, vigorous, and well
mn.sonry or brick wo rk, as a means of spreading the weight over a situated.
llri~tol is :;inking in commorcial importance, its merlarge surfnco; l!ud, n.s tbe cheapest m e thod of reaching a good chants are rich nod indolent, nod in their projects Lbey are always too
foundation in the ch\y or gravel, whether for walls or piers of late. Be:.idcs, tho plaeo is badly ~oituated. 'l' here will probably
warehouses, &c. ; 3rd, in the dock walls themselves, wherever the arise another port somewhere neat· the Severn; but Liverpool will,
concreto would not be exposed to the alternate action of wind and nevertheless, coutinuo of the fit-st commercial importance, and theit·
water; 4th, as counterforts or buttressrs, ou which nothing was to wa~er will bo tw·ned into wine. -Live.t of tile En!Jit!Urs. B!J Samuel
be afterwards built, but where weight was wanted.
.Snult4.
Jn aU thel>o case:. it is to be noticed that it was applied as a mass,
!noN SuJPS.-'l'he four improved Warriors ordered and now buildin the monolithic form, which is t be true use and value of concrete.
ing-the Achilles, nt Cbntham; tbo Miootaw·, at the Thame;. Iron"~benever it is m oulded in to t.eparate blocks, to be afterwards set in
proximity t<> each other, concrew becomes no inft>lior sub..,titute for works; tho Captain, at Mr. Laird's; nod tbe Kortbwnberlaud, nt Mr.
Maro'.,-arc each and all of th em to bu larger, lung~:r, stronger, and
btone, although often nu ccooomical and useful one.
'l'he whole of tho ~ide walb of the two locks rested upon a bed bWiitor than nu~· that havo guue bt:forr. Ju tact, when wo luuk u.1ck
of concrete, of a thickn~::..q vm·ying very much with the level of tbe ou our btid buL vigort~us coml'Clltion with the r'rcucb, wo liud tlm~
clay, from 3ft. to tiio. 'l'ho iuve1t of the lock chambel"l:l was laid on t~ur l.u·.,t ntt.ciD}>ts ut 1ron bhip~ "ere iu ruauy iwportaut }>UI"tic•Jhu·,.
concrete, and the bpandrilt! of the arch fill ed up with it. 'l'he hi;;h below tLo t.l.auuanl from wluch the ~'rroch :.tart~:d w1th 1.:~ Gloin·.
clJimncy of thu pumping engine bou~e t.tood on a square of concreto .13ut tuo diiii.lreuce is that tbo }'nmch huve adhered to t heir otaodnrd,
of cont.td~rable thickness, tho pumping engine itself resting on \I bile wo havo Ct~llbt.lull y 6trivcn for improvements uud lliiJrO
beech pili Ill:). As tbi ~ chimney was very clo~o both to the pur11ping iUIJnvvcweut"; ond thll re,ult is that, :.o far as our pr>l>eul. knowwell (L!!ft. in dinmetor) nnd to tho excavation for the lower duck, h:cJj;o goes, wu have attniucd pcrfcc~ion, wh ilu our ucighl>Ourl) :no
there was ~;omo ri ~k of unequal settlemeuL A plumb-bob w:~S, Cvhlpa.mtlvt'ly t1t1ll drudgu•g at th o bu~tum of tho form. 'l'h 1t thi~
therefore, left ~:~u,peudcd iu t he chimucy, which at once would give ~>t.ltt~lu cuL of tho motit~ ut t no two C<>un~dcJ in irvu ships io JH.!rwarning of any inclination oitltcr w:~y. Somo time nfter thu fcctly wcll-fouudcd wu thiulc wo can t.how. Ouly :\ tow wcokJ
chimney wns built, tbo l'lumb-bob showed that the shaft had ~iucu oue or twu of ou1· uJo:.t eminent shipbuilder.;, thoroughly Clll ·
iuclined SO\'eral inch0;1 towards tbe excavation. .A qunutity of vcroaut. with irousidcs, vi.,itod llumo of tho J:'rcnch dodcy.u·ds to :.o.:J
lime,toue w.1:~ nt ouco ~;taclwd round tue base of tho chimney who.L was duiug th1•rc. '!'hey woro allowed tu iu,pco.:t s<>me of tho
on the oppo:>ito side, which brought the shaft back to its porpeu- iron-clad frigatl'll building, all tho works couu.!d.:d '' 1tb wi.Jiclt
wcro a<.l Vtluculg mn1·h moru sluwly thau t iJey had IJeen luu to expect.
dlculnr.
Voucreto was used ns tho cheapest mc:1us of reaching tbo cll\j, 'l'hu.se which they iu~pccted wcro merely W<>odeu ;,hip:> pluteJ,
in the fouudations for tho h1tticu swing-bridges ovtr the locks, tiJe 01· to bu plntcd, with apparently little, if a~ all, mol"O than :Jiu.
bridge pili rcshng on l\rche::., tho pier::. uf which we re of concrete up iron. 'l'hcy wore mo::.tly Vtl~cls of from 3,uuo to 3,5Uu tons;
to a certain heigut. Colulllus of concrete woro built up likewise in iu fact, frigates and two-dcckors cut down and much t.u·eogtbthe proper placed, upon which crnnl!li aud capsta.ns might be placed, eued in tlteu· scantling, to ~.enable them to carry armour from
}'t·om the WllD~ of great tonnage, a flat floor,
when J"(.'quired. 'l'ho whole of the wall::~ aud iron columns of ll.te eud to end.
new warehou~>e rested on trenches of concrete about 8ft. wide, and and large dbplacemeut, it was cvideo~ that they would bo
averaging, perhaps, 8ft. in thickness; from the top of the natura.! so immer:.cd by the w ght of their armour as to bring their portgm''el to the level of lift. below high water. As the concrete here sills dangerously near tho water, and render their guns all but usell'ss
was not to bo exposed to the direct action of water, it wns made in n. seaway. Nor is this thdr only fault, for their wooden frames,
of Dorking or grey stone lime, in the proportion of one of ground not having the .. t .. ngth of our iron ves::.clt>, which are as rigid aa
lime to eight of bnlltU.t. '! 'his limo carries more sand than lias; is bolts, work so much when stt:aming inn. sea'vay as almost to work
but freely hydrnulic, and, iudeed, not permanently so at all. It is tl1cm to pieces, and make docking and fresh caulking necessary after
the hme used iu L ondon for bnildiug purposes, and by some engi- every gale. llut the worst of all their defects is that the iro n and
the oak do uot. go weU tog!llhcr, and wo may infer, from the causes
neers even in dock work, when mixed with Pozzuolana..
By far tbo lo.rgebt quantity of the b'l-avel found in the excavation being alike in both cases, that tho framework of the 1· rench ships
was ut>ed up in tbe coustruction of the walls of the basin, in which will rot n.s quickly n.s our owu floati.nP, batteries did-that is to say,
everything below the le\•cl of lift. from high water was of concreto within some eight or ten years. l'hese defects are very w ell
faced with 2ft. of Kentish rag btooe, to prowct the surface from the known to tbo Admiroltii'S or other Governments bebides our o wn,
disintr,.mting effects of water. At this low level there was no fear au cl tl1e result. ill that tbo Continental Powers are coming h(lro to
of ves:'els rubbing agnim,t the rough !aces of the rag stone. '! 'he have thci1· iron fligntc:~ built, iustend of going to Franco; nod thus,
general type of tho bnijin walls was much the same as that of t bo through the medium of our private firms, encourngio g s till hll"lher
W11st Jnd1a .Junction Dock waUs, whcro Mr. Roodel used concreto tho monol'<'ly w o ha vo almost gai ncol in lh<' mauufac turo of lhcso
great bhips of Wl\r.-1'itnel.
of ono pnrt of Portland cement to uino par~ of gnw~l.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
..
•
0
•
THE
342
E NGINEER.
S C OTT' S S TE A M
DEc. 6, 1861.
BOILERS.
F IC. .Ib
F IC.3.
F IG .4· .
F"I C. I.
F IC .2.
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I
I
I
I
I
FIC.3a.
I
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F I C. 2 !'·
THE first part of these improvements, by George Scott, of Alpha
Wo1·ks, Isle of Dogs, applies to oscillating cyliuders, and is as follows :-The t runnion bearings are made hollow, so as to form a.
receptacle for the steam. Suitable openings, passages, or ports are
formed in the bearings for the purpose of t he admission to and
withdrawal of the steam from either of the sides of the piston so a.s
to reverse the motion, they th us acting in place of the present ordinary valve faces.• The trunnions of the cylinder, through which
the steam passes from the bearings into the cylinder in order to
work the piston, are fitted wiU1 suitable ports, openings, or passages
to admit, cut off, or withdmw the steam to and from the cylinder.
The steam may be admitted to, cut off, or withdrawn from the
cylinder, and to and from either side of the piston by either trunnion
entering at one trnnuion and passing off at the other.
The second part relates more especially to a new and efficient
method of exposing the exhaust steam from the cylinder to the cooling and condensing action of cold water or 11ir, and also to tbe mode
of construction of the condenser, so that cleaning and repairs m&y bo
effected with Pase, despatch, and efficiency. This surface condenser
consists of a chamber or chambers containing large areas of surface,
composed of sheet copper, brass, or any other suitable metal, divided
into narrow cham hers, such chamber or chambers being respectiv ely
appropriated for steam and water, each space or chamber divided by
a number of small square cotTugated rods or strips of copper, brass,
or any other su itabl~ metal or material, thereby changing the direction of the flow of t be condensing water or air and steam to be
condensed, and also acting as sw.ys to prevent the collapse or bursting of any sheet or sheets fonning the space or chamber or chambers.
Each of these chambers or spaces are fitted with proper passages and
1·cceptadc:; for the condensed steam to be returned to the steam
generator or generators, boiler or boilers, as feed water to be again
converted into steam. '!'he thin copper, brass, or metallic plates, m·
of whatever suitable material formed, with their corrugated divisions,
are built upon a suil&ble metallic plate or plates, and capped or
covered with a <.'orresponding plate or plates, and fitted with iron or
other metallic clnmps passing from the top to the bottom plate, these
clamps being fitted with screws or wedges bearing on the upper
plate, wherelly the whole mass of plates :we powerfully pressed together, and thereby forming steaw tight joints, or a small hydraulic
pump may be used for pressing and retaining the mass of plates together. By these methods of forci ng and keeping the joints together
the slacking of the screws or wedges, or the withdrawal of the
water from Ute hydraulic pump, each sheet forming the spaces,
divisions, or chamllE'r of the condenser can bo taken out, cleaned,
repaired, or renewed, and expeditiously replaced. F or forming this
surface condenser plates placed on their flat sides and kept with a
epace between tllem hy distance pieces on tile edges of the plates as
they are built up, which are then forced together and retai».ed in
the1r relative positions and dist.-mces from each other by the means
above described.
'l'he third part of these improvements is a means for saturating
highly superheated steam. This is effected by introducinr, into the
steam pipe near the cylinder or any other suitable place a. jet or jets,
1lrop or drops of water, water mixed with oil. tallow, or other sa.tul'atiug or lubricating substance or material, in such proportions and
at such times as m·e mo:.t suitable to produce the desired saturation,
and reduce the temperatnre 15ufficien tly to prevent injury to the
tJides or other part.<; of the cyli nder. For this purpose a vessel containing a supply of the saturating liquor or substance is connected
with a cup, similar to grease cups, and fitted wiLh a stop valve or
" Thb phm is not now. It is furthermore objectionable io permitting
ncithor lap uor lc:\d oo the vulve•.-1-:o. 1!:.
I
cock which is opened as r equired by an eccentric or other means
producing a vibrating motion.
The last part of the improvements consists of the means of connecting the tubes or pipes of steam generators, of surface condensers,
of hothouses, or any other tubes or pipes where it may be necessary
to remove them expeditiously for cleaning, repairing, altering, or
substituting new portions for any that may be injured or worn out,
and formin~ a close joint for steam, nir, gas, water, or other fluids,
and which IS effected by means of a tube or pipe hent in the form of
a semicircle or other suitable portion of a circle or other cu1·ve, or of
an angular form. The ends of the tubes or pipes to be connected
have a V formed on the end of them, and tbe bent or curved pipe or
tube has a. corresponding recess turned or formed in the metal surr ounding the oriHce, into which the V fits, and the circular or bent
portion of the connecting tube or pipe has a hole drilled or formed,
1 0 that a bolt mny pass through the tube or pipe, with nuts on the
outside of the bent or curved part, which, when screwed up, tightens
the v -end of the pipe or tube into the co1Tesponding end of the bent
or curved pipe or tube.
F ig. 1• is a sectional plan, in part) of a horizontal oscillating
cylinder. A is the steam cylinder; B, piston and rod; C, C•, trunnions; D, D•,;nu, nu•, openings or ports in trunnions for the admission and exit of tho steam from the cylinder; E, E•, part of the bed
plate, made hollow.to be used as a steam chest; F, crank; G, bearing
for shaft; H, crank shaft; K, K•, Ku, K•11, ports or passages connected with ports or passages D, D•, Du, n•u. The water supplied
to the generator is regulated by a pump, with two or mot·e plungers
working one within the other.
Fig. 2• is a vertical cross section. A is the cylinder; C, C•,
t runnions; D, D 1, Du, D 111, pMsages or ports; E, E•, steam chest;
F, c~>De beariugs, made hollow with suitable paSS<\geS or ports;
K, K•, pass.'lges, opening or ports for conveying the steam to cylinder; L, L1 steam and exhaust pipes; ?If, J\ll, stop valves for admission of steam or exit of exbnust steam; N, three-way cock for
ad~.ission. of steam Jrom gene:ator or boiler to cylinder.
l! 1g:
1S a vertical clevat10n of steam cylinder, showing the
tr_unn1on and bearer in section. A, cylinder; B, piston rod; C, trunmon; D, D•, poti.> or p~snges; E, .~team chest; F, cone bea1-iug:;
G, G 1, ports or passages ID cone Leanogs; H, gre:~se cock, for lubricating with water, oil, tallow, &c., to saturate the superheated
steam.
Fig. lb is a. sectional elevation of water tank, in which tbe series
of plates and distance pieces arc placed. A is a section of the sides
of the tauk; B, B•, B11 , three of the series of plates and distauce
pieces between thent; D, D•, Dn, grooves or channels for the adm ission and exit of water or air between each; E, clamps; F, tightening screw:;; G, inlet for uucondensed steam : JI, outlet for condensed steam; I, inlet for condensing medium; K, overflow ;
L, passages for uncondensed steam.
Fig. 2b is plan of same.
Fig. ab is a different modo of forming tho distance pieces frGm
that represented in Figs. 4b , 5b, GL, and 7b .
l!'igs. 4b and :)b are enlarged views in part, being a sectional elevation and plan of distance pieces, and plates for tlte admission un-i
exit of the water or rur u.,ed for condensing; D, D•, grooves or
channels; L! opening through which the uncoudensed s~m pa...ses
from one senes of plates to another.
Figs. 6b and 7b are enhuged views in part of sectional elevation
and plan of distance piece:~ and plates for the admission and exit
of the uncondensed steam; D, D 1, groo\•es or chaunels; L, opening
through which the uucondcused steam passes from oue series of
plates to another.
Fig. Sb is a Cl'l'l'tll):t!t'J :.trip rlaceu uct ween t ht' I)latt'S in order to
a•
direct the currents of water and steam respectively from a. direct
course, and thereby ensure a more perfect condensation of the steam.
These corrugated strips form a support also for each plate while
under the pressure required to hold the apparatus fi.rmly an d tightly
together.
Fig. 1 is a. vertical cross section of the arrangement of the tubes
or pipes. A, A 11 A 11 , is a section of the straight tubes; B, steatn
receiver; C, cylinder of engine, as fixed to the side of tbe generator ; D, grate-bars and furnace; E, Et, En, ~~~~. E•m, Emu, are
the tubes or pipes. surrounded by fire-clay tubes or pipt>s as protectors; F, axle mounting two wheels, G, G• ; H, band fly-wheel ;
I, small pulley; K, perforated plate, through which pnsses the
smoke and :unconsumed gases; L, chimney; M , Mt, brickwork,
forming sides of furnace.
Fig. 2 is a longitudinal vertical section; A , A •, A u, t ubes or
pipes; D, Bl, steam receivers; D, grate-bars an d furnace; E, tubes
or pipes, surrounded by fire-clay tubes or pipes; F, section of axle;
G, wheel ; K, perforated plate; L, chimney; M, brick-work; N,
fu·e-door; 0, 0 1, hot-air chambers containing curved or bent tubes
or pipes P, P 1, P 11 , put; R, connecting tube or pi~ between tube
or pipe alJd steam receiver; S, s•, COlJe joints; 'I, 1'•, •ru, '1' 111,
bolts passing through tube or pipe, and bent or curved pipe or tu be
with uuts to screw up the joints; V, Vt, tube for pipe plates ; W,
feed end of pipe or tube; X, spiral water diffuser or circulator.
F ig. a is a. section of a. mode of joining bent or curved and
straight pipes or tubes together. A, straight tube; P, bent tube;
:R, B 1, joints; C, C•, orifices on either side of bolt; D, bolt and nut;
E, l'late embracing collar F on straight tube or pipe.
Fig. 4 is a sectional plan of same, showing both tubes connected
wiU1 the bend; A, A 1, tubes; P, bent or curved tube; B, Bl, joints;
D, bolt and nut; E, plate grnsping collars F.
Fig. 5 is a sectional plan of anoU1cr way of connecting bent or
curved tubes or pipes and strai~ht ones. A, A1, straight tubes; P,
bent or curved tubes; B, B 1, jomts; D, D•, hooked sh-aps with set
screw; F, F 1, collars on tubes.
Fig'. 6 is a. section of same. A , straight tube, or pipe; P, curved
or bent tube; B, D1, joil\ts; D , D•, hooked su-aps with set screws ;
F, F 1, collars on tubes; G, opening of curved or bent tube or pipe.
Tu<: FENS.-The success of the Cambridge Fen men in resisting
the reclamation of the wastes encouraged tbo~e in the more northern
districts to tnke even more summary measures to get rid of the
draincn;, and restore the lands to their former state. The Earl of
Lindsey had succeeded, at great cost, in enclosing and draining
about 35,000 acres of the Lindsey Le,·el, aud induced numerous
fanne.rsand labourers to settle down upon the land, to plough and
so'V: 1t. They erected dwellings and farm-buildings, a.nd were
bus1ly at work, wh en the Fen men suddenly broke in upon tht!m,
des~•·oyed their buildings, killed their cattle, and let in the w;1ters
agam upon the land. So, too, in the West nnd Wildmore Fen district, between Tatter:;ball and Boston, in Lincolnshire, where consider~b!e progres!l ba.d been made by a body of " adventurers" in
reclamung the wastes. .AJter many years' labour and much cost
they had succeed~ in draining, enclosing, and cultivating an
edensi ve tract of dch land, and they were peaceably occupied with
their farming pursuits when a mob of F en men collected from the
sun-ounding di stricts, and, under pretence of playing at football,
levelled tbo enclosures, burnt the corn and the houses, destroyed
the cattle, and even killed many of the people who occupied the
laud. They then proceeded to de.stroy the dminage works, by
cut~ing across the embankments and damming up the drnins, by
whach the country wns inund:~lcd, and restored to its original coudition.-Lire.• of the J~'ngimte/'6. Bu Scu11uel ,Smilct.
•
I
-
DEc. 6, 1861.
•
THE
343
ENGINEER.
RYDER'S MACHINES FOR FLUTING ROLLERS.
-
In all parts of machinery and metals subject to vibration o r concussion the patentee applies the soft metal rnsulntion by tho in torposition of a thin layer of soft metal between the striking or the
outer surfaces and the main body of the metal, or between the metal
to be protected a nd that point where it may be attached to any other
part, nod where the vibration becomes concentrated.
For small work in iron it is preferred that the soft met.nlshould be
lead, or a composition of lead nod antimony; but the hard ness of
the metal must be increased or diminished according to the sizo and
weight of the parts to which it is to be applied, aud the resistance,
and the nature of the concussion and strain it may have to bear.
TnE ~hN.u BnrooE.-Mr. Telford afterwards stated to a friend
only a fevv months before his denth, that for some time previous to
the opening of the bridge his nnxiety was so extreme that he could
scarcely sleep; and that a contiuuance of that condition m11st have
very soon complt>lely underm ined his health. We a re not, therefore, surprised to lear n that when his friends rushed to congmtulnte
him on tbo result of the first day 's experiment, which decisively
proved the strength and solidity o( the bridge, they s hould hnve
found the engineer upon his knees engaged in prayer. A Vlll!t load
had been taken off hlS mind; the perilous enterprise of the day had
been nccomplished without loss of life; and his spontaneous act \VM
thankfulness and gratitude.-Livu of tht EngiTittn By Samuel
Smilu.
l
__
I
1--+--, ,
F I G .3.
FIC. 5.
'l'DEIIJI improvements, by William and TLomns Ryder, of Bolton-IP.Moors, in mncb ines for fluting rollers consi~>l, first, in the application
of a worm and worm wheel for driving the liuk motion by which
t he table or cnrringe supporting the rollers to t>e fluted is moved to
nod fro under the cutters, or by which the slide with the cutlers is
m oved to and fro over the rollers; the worm nud worm wheel combined w ith the link motion are nlso npplicnble for moving the tool
slide of shnpiog mnchines. The second part of the invention consist in an improved mode of conslructin~ tho brackets nod dies for
holding the rollers to oo fluted on tho table or carriage.
Fig. 1 is a side elevntiou of o. machine for fluting rollers to which
the improvements are applied, and Fig. 2 is nu end elevation of the
Slime.
I n these views a1 a1 , are the t~ido fram es; b, the bed plate; c, the
table or carriage; and cl, the cutters, which are constructed in the
usual manner; e is a horizonte.l shalt, to which motion is given by
a driving strop JXISSing around the pulley e1, to this shaft is fixed
the worm t 2, geariug into the worm wheel f, which is fixed to n
short shaft (1, revolving in a bush fixed Or Cl\St to one of the frame
sides; on the face of the worm wheel f is tho slot lever f 2 , in
which is the adjustable studf', fitting into the slot lever g, whose
fulcrum is at g• ; near the top of the lever g is j ointed one end of
the link or connecting rod h, the other end of which is jointed to
the table or,carringe c, consequently when tho worm wheel revolves
the table or ca rringe is moved to nod fro on the bedplate b, the
amount of traverse being varied according to the distance of the
stud [' from tho centre of the wheel f. 'l'his improved mode of
giving motion to the table or carriage is nlso applicable for giving
motion to the slide with the cutters, nod it combines great power
w ithin a small compass. The worm nnd worm wheel combined
with the link motion, in the manner described, is.also npplicnble for
moving t he tool slide of shaping machines.
Fig. 3 is an elevation, Fig. 4 a plnu, nnd Fig. 5 an edge view of
the improved brackets and dies for holding the rollers to be fluted ;
i is a pinto, shown also in Figs. 1 and 2, to which tbe two rows of
brackets j nro cast, between the brackets nre supported the di es k,
the le vel of each being regulated by the set screws l; tbo end of
each roller to be fluted is supported in ono of the dies k, ns shown
in F ig. 3, nod the rollers are held in tho dies by the clips m. In
constructing theso improved brackets And dies tho plate i i• secured
to the bed of a plauiog machine, and each side of each bracket j,
and the spaces between them, are planed out nccurntely, the grooves
of the dies k fitting the brackets j, nod tho other parts of the dies lire
also planed out on a planing o r shaping machine, by this me:ms the
construction is simplilied and the labour diminished
vibration and crystalUsalion by the interposition of the so{t metal a,
which absorbs or checks the vibration.
Fig. 6 i~ a. longitudinal section, and Fig. 6 is a cross section through
the line L, M , showing tbo invention applied to shafts at tbe bearings
only. d is a shaft reduced in diameter nt the ben ring in the ord inary
\vay; e, e, are projections upon tho benrin~, but not extending the
whole length of the reduced part; one of the collars b, after having
been turn od, is shrunk on hot. 'l'hese collt\rs are under cut or
re bawd to ad ~nit the outer bard me!.'ll ha be or bearing surfAce cwithin
it; this bearing surface has nlso a nu m btr of projections e•, e', on
the insic!P, wbich come midway between the projections on tho
shaft. Ilavin·.· put the tube c in its place in the rebate of the collar
alre:~dy fixed, the soft metal a is run in between c md d, o.nd the
remniuing collar is then shrunk on bot.
MARSHALL'S PREVENTION OF TilE FRACTURE
OF METALS F R OM CRYSTALLISATION.
Turs invention, by John Mo.rshall, of Livorpool-road, Middlesex,
consit:ts in coating, covering, or surrounding all metals, whether
simple or compound, which, when in uso, are in a state of motion,
accompanied by vibration from percus~ion or any other cause, with
a coat or covering of a simple or compound metal, or other material
of a softer nature thnn that of the metnl to be protected from cryl!talli64tion, and in again coating, covering, or surrounding the core,
protected as described, with any metal that may be thought fit that
lS hllrd enough to form the frictional or outer surface.
The improvements may be applied throughout the whole length of tbt> metal
to be protected, or only at those parts which form the bearings. The
main strength of the metal is in the core or con trnl part, the protecting soft rnet.nl or other coating protects or intmlntes the core !roro
vibmti on, while the outer hard metal can ho mnde of any hardness
to resist frictional wear. Tbt: vihration of percussion communicated
10 the ou ter C.'lsing is prevented from passing to the principal metal
or core by the soft metal or other insulator betwe~:o them.
Fig. 1 i11 a longitudionl ~Section of an nxlo consll·ucted according
to the invention ; Fig. 2 is a cross section on I lie lino A, B; Fig. 3
ia a cross section ou line C, D ; and Fig. 4 i~ nu t•nd \'icw of no a:~. le
showing nut nnd washer. b is a tube, having ib ends coned out;
c is a rod of n·rought iron or skel, of n dinmt:IA:r less than the iuside
diameter of the tube b, with screw thrE'aW. cut upon its ends; d is 1\
con1cal nut, and e a conical washer of copper; a is n coat of soft
metal surrounding the core c, and run in between it and the tube b,
both tubo and core bein~ rnised to n temperature equal to thnt of
l be melted soft metal. The nuts d nre kept screwed up during tho
cooling, and the contraction of the tube b s~:ts nnd binds nU tight.
'l'he tube b Ui stroug enough to keep th e wheels in their proper
places, nod forms n frictiono.l surft\Ce for the t\Ale-boxes; the inner
core c, which ill tlae main s trength of tho tule, is protected froo1
c
FIC . IO.
Figs. 7, 8, :md 9 show the invention npplicd to a &haft at the bearing, \vhere, from the form of the shaft, the collars cnnnot be shrunk
on in one piece. The method of construction is the same M that
before descriood with reference to Figtt. 5 and 6, with this exception,
that the colla;"~; lJ nre divided into two or more parts bolted together,
and tbe bt\rd metal tube or Leariug 11urfacc c is also divided iuto two
or moro vnrts, held in their places by the rebate in the collars.
}'igs. 6, G, 7, 8, nnd 9 may be taken as exump)e,.. of the modo of
protecting the bearings of shafts, crank-pinto, studs, and such like
parts of mnchinery, e:s:cept I hut "hero by construction thtN are
collnn:t upon them, 01· parts that will have tho .same effect, thtJn no
extra collars will be required.
Fifts. 10 nod 11 show the invention applied to connecting rods at
the s traps nnd biJtts. c is the butt; d, the strap; IJ, IJ, tbe brnsses.
Soft molal a is placed between tlae brnsses and butt and the briiBscs
and strnp, nw s!towu iu the li~urt·s,
A Smr CANAL IN CnESnrnE.-A public company wns ~ot up a
Live rpool, in 1827, to forma broad and deep ship canal, of about seve n
miles in length. from OpJl06i.te Liverpool to near Hilbre It~lc, in the
estuary of the Dee: its object was to eonblo shipping to avoid the
variable shoals tuad sand-banks which obstruct t he entmnce to the
Mersey. Mr. Telford entered on the project with great zeal, and his
uo.me was wid y quoted in its support. It n.ppeared that one of its
principal promoters, who had secured the right of p•·eemption of
the land on which tho only possible entrance to the canal could be
formed on the northern side, suddenly closed with the Corporation
of Liverpool, who wero opposed to the plAn, and "sold" his
partners, us well as the e ngineer, for a large sum of monoy.
'l'elford, disgusted at being made the instrument of an apparent
fraud upon the public, destroy~d all the documents relating to
the scheme, and never afterwards 6poke of it except in terms of
extreme indisnatioo.-Lit:u of the Engineer~. By Samuel Smilu.
Boor AND SHOE Murxo BY ll!ACDIN&RY.- The American Slaoe
ar~d Leather ReporU:r says:-" 'I' he trnveller who passes tllTough the
towns of Q,uincy, the W eymouth&, Brain lees, A bingtoos, a nd
B1 idgewnten:t, will miss the noisy industry which might have greeted
bi:~ enrs in former times. Tbo sharp click of the sewing-machine,
nnd the quick tap of the hammer, are no longer heard; but every
little shoe s hop by the wny-&ide is alive with the cheerful voices of the
journeymen, M, with nimble fingers, they pierce the sole or draw tbo
t broad; and every cross-road lending to tbe larg!l manu factories ia
dotted with people seeking fresh work or returning with tho products of their labour. A single party in Boston employs about
twenty manufacturers. ono or whom gets out 4,000 pair of s hoes
weekly. T he work is usunlly cut in one shop, given out to bo
made, and when returned is packed, if shoes, in 50 pair cnses, o r
boots in 24 pair or 50 pair cases, and sent to the A ssil.tant
Q.unrtennnster"t~ department in the city of New York, where they
must be dellvered at the e:cpen!lll of the contractor. 1.'be largest
contracts awarded in Boston were 200,000 pair each to M essrs.
Ware nod 'l'aylor, and Zeoas Senrtl. and 50,000 pair to Jenkiu~,
Lane, nud Sous. At the lnrge manufactory of the lost-unmed firm,
in Eost Abington, about 1 ,000 pair of army shoes and 200 pair of
cavalry boots arc made daily, giving contilnot employment to 700
hauds, ns, in addition to their 50,000-pair contract, they a re (ulfilliug
several other large orders.
'l'us NAVY.-Ponrs:woUTu.-The ships in r eserve at Portsmouth
nre the Duncan, screw, 99 guns; the Shannon, screw, 51 guns; the
Euryalus, screw, 5 1 guns ; the Pundoro, screw, 5 guns; the Vigilant,
screw, 4 guns; th e StromiJoli, paddle-wheel, 6 guns. There are
seven gunboats of GO horses' power nud 2 Armsuongs each. Tho
total of t he first-cl:lSS reserve is, then, 216 guns, 2,360 horses' power,
and 14,838 tons, exclusive o( gunboats. Of these, the Duncnn is
being rigged by the dockyard nuthbrities, nod can bo made ready in
a very short time. 'l'he Shannon, the :Burynlus, the Po.ndom, and
the Stromboli are rigged, stored, nnd armed, and require only th oil·
crowfl, powder, and shell lo be put on board, to enable them
to proceed at once to sen. 'l' ho Vigilant received her armament on Saturday, consisting of one of S ir \ V . .Arms troug's
I 00-pounders for her after pivot, a G8-pounder s mooth bore for her
forward pivot,: and two 32-poundors for brCtadside guns. A
few days would place her in the the same J>Osition as the fou r
preceding vessels. The gunboats are ready fo r sea a t an hour's
n<•tice, in accordance with regulations previously n oticed, and their
officers and crews and engineering bt.nff nro told off to them on
board tbe harbour guard nod gunnery ships. The second-clt\SS
reserve consists of the following vessels :-'l 'ho R oynl Sovereign ,
screw, 13 1 gUllS; the Victoria, screw, 121 guns; the Prince of
Wales, screw, 13 1 guns; the Duke o( 'Vellington, screw, 131 guns;
the Nelson, screw, 86 guns; tho F rederick Willinm, screw, 8G j;,"Uns ;
the Sutlej, screw, 5 1 guus; the Shnrpshol'ter, screw, 8 guns; the
Plum per, screw, 12 guns; the Coquette, screw, 4 guns. 1.' here aro
besidllS six gunboats of 60-horso power nud two guns each. 'l'he
total of the second class being, exclusive of gunboats, 761 guns,
6,262 horses' power, and 26.31!4! tous. Of these the seven first na med
can be made ready for sea at n very short notice, the Roynl
Sovereign , Victoria, and Prince of Wales aro newly-built vessels,
with ntlw machinery of the most modern c haracter. The N elson,
Frcderick 'Villiam, and SuUej are converted vesselti, with new
machinery equal to the preceding. The Sharpshooter, Plumper,
aud Coquette require some repnin1 befo re they can be commissioned.
The gunboats would also require to have their outfit completed. The thtrd class comprises :-'l'he Octa vin, screw,
61 guns; the Prince .Regent, screw, 86 guns; the 'l' ri!Juuo,
screw, 81 guns; tbo Glasgow, scro' '"• 6 1 guns; the Furiouw,
pnddle-wheel, 16 guns; the Nimrod, screw1 6 guns; the Roebuck, screw, 6 guns; the Fury, paddle-wheel, G guns; tho
JlighOyor, screw, 21 guns; the Sparrow hawk, screw, 4 guns ; the
Vulture, paddle-wheel, 6 gun11; the Sampson, paddlc-whool,
6 guns; t he I nftexible, pnddle, G guns; the Cruiser, screw,
17 guns; nnd nine gun boats, of 2 guns nod 40-horse power each.
Thu total of the third clab::l, not including gunboats, kl 781 guns,
5,700-horse's power, and 28,2510 tous. Of the fourth clas~>, the F ox
scrow storc..hip, of 200-hor..e power and 1,131 tons, can ouly bo
reckoned fit for sea service on a di:;Laut station. In addition, a re
the Rosamond and Volcano paddle steamer floating factories, the
former of :180 horsP.s' po\VOr nod 1,069 tons, fitting up as a facU.ry;
the latter recently fitted ns such, and r igged and stored in rendiDI.'tHt
for immediate service of 140-horso power and 720 tons. 'l'he
three classes of reserve thus comprise eight line-of-battle ships,
six frigates, four corvettes, nnd twolvo sloops, giving a grou d
total of 1,861 guns an~ 72,386 tons, propelled by 13,9~2 horses'
power of engines nominal. 'l'ho gunboats attached, not in cluded
au tho abov" ti~;m·e~, aro twenty-ono in numLer, with 42 gunil, aud
a horse-power of 960. 'l'bis, however, does uot include gunboats
and mort.~r ves.-:.els laid up nL lla.ttlo.r, neither does it include tho
lllack Prince. All doubtful vcs~cls in the reserve nt the J>Ort,
bUCh n.s the Retribution nnJ the l'enclope, ]Xlddle frigate~, lJnvu
nlsv been tbr011 n out of thu return in order to confiua its IU.t to
ships really effectivu at pre:.ont, or that could be rendered so \\ 1th
but litUo delay in tbo event of nu emergency. The ship!! in comlni ..sion for service at the port nro - the Bdgar, screw, 89 guns; the
Jl ero, screw, 89 guns; the Warrior, scrow, 40 guns; the Orpheua.,
&crow, 21 guus; the Trafnlgo.r, screw, 8G guns; the Chaoticlecr
screw, 17 guns; the totnl beicg 8<1\! guns, 3,650 horses· powor, and
17 ,1!37 tons. Of these all !Ire ready for immedinte scrvrce in (I)I y
pnrt of tho world, e:cccpt the Chonticleor1 which vessol Ln11
1 uciovi the officers nod crow o( tho W llilp.
w
•
344
•
THE
E NGINE ER.
throughout the length of the valley, and sho,ving that the soil of
INSTITUTION OF CML ENGINEERS.
that valley, and of those of which it was a type, wo.s maintained in
a state of wetness very closely approaching complete saturation.
December 3, 1861.
.As re~nrded the third result, that under-drainage diminished
Gsonoe P. Bmotm, Esq., President, in the Chair.
evaporation and so les~oned the rain fall, it was observed that, as Great
T 11£ p.'lper rend was " On tho Discharge from U nder-draiDilge, aud Britain was surrounded by the ocean a sufficient supply of water
its Effect or\ the Arterial Oha.nnels and Outfalls of the Countr·y," by would be obtained from that source. br. Dalton had stated that, in
England, the &verage quantity evaporated from a wat er surface was
Mr. J. Bailey Den ton, M:. Inst. 0. E.
'£his paper contained deductions from a. series of experiments 44·43io., while Mr. Charnock showed it to be 35in. a.t llolmfirth ;
made at llinxworth, to ascet·taiu the relative fall of rain on the both in oxce~ oi the rainfall, with the quantity of moistut·e precisurface, and tb11 disch'\rge of water from the under. drains. The ex- pitated as " dew" added.
In conclusion, the hope wa.s expressed that sufficient bad been
periments extended from l et October, 1855, to 31st 1t:!ay, 1857.
'!'hey w ere made on fields containing abont 100 acres, in equal pro... advanced to sh ow that the tendency of under-droinago, 1\.S at preportions of the two descriptions of soil into which the agricultural sent progre88ing, was to augment the ot•dinary ftow or rivers at
land of Groat llritain requiring d raining might bo divided, viz.:- that period of the year when the soil wn.s saturated to the extent
The surcharged free or porous soils, and the absorbent retentive of its capability, and that the time was n ot far distant when tho
soils, usually, though incorrectly, called "impervious cbys." A subject of this paper would force itself upon the attention of the
description wRs then given of the lands experimented u pon, M well country.
With regard to the Act of last Session, which enabled the proa.s a.nalyscs of the soils. Also tables which had been published
in the" JourMI of the Royal Agricultural Society," v ol. xx. (1860), prietors of the lower lands to remove mills, dams, weirs, and other
showing the cU\ily rainfall, tbo discharge of water from the drains, impedimen~. un der certain conditions, it wa.s explained that these
the height of tho barometer, nncl thermometer, and the tempernturo legal facilities, though they would aid in the removal of certain
irremediable obstruction~, did not involve any actual reduction vf
of the soil at l Xio. and 42io. respectivf'ly, below the surface.
The whole estate was dmined by one connected system of works; mill power in the aggregate. On the contrary it was believed that,
but the mode of draining necessarily differed. Thus, the "free soils" in a majority of oases, the point aimed at would be, not the de,trucwere drained by occt\.Siounl and wide draios from 4ft. to 8ft. deep, at a tion of the mill, but the means of dischar·ge into the milltail, and
cost varying from £1 lOa. to £ 3 10s. per acre; while the "gttult tbat many valleys would be divided into a series of smaller areas,
clay'' wa.s drnined uniformly, by a parallel arrangement of drains feeding each other with increased water s upply, by the actual pro26ft. and 2ift. apart, and 4ft. doop, at a cost v arying from £ 5 1us. to cess of draining.
£ 6 10s. per acre. In the latter case the number of drains was increased to a me.ximum, the object being n ot only to remove excess CIVIL AND l\IECHAi.~ICA L ENGINEERS' SOCIETY_
of wetness, bnt to p romote tho aeration and disintegration of the
Thursday, November 28th, 1861.
soil.
It was remarked that the average annual rainfall in the district wa.s
Mr. F. CAMPIN, President, in the Chair.
24in., which had not been excooded in the three years preceding the
ON OEOLOGY, I N JTS RFLATION TO MIN ING, ENGINEERING,
experiments. 1'he greatest fall in t wenty-four hours, during the
AND AGRICUL'l'UHE.
eight months from October to May, was •542in., and the total fall
By ROBERT c. p ATEasos.
was 10 04bin., while the average faJJ, over the same period, amounted
to 13in.
Tus author first considered the materials composing tho earth's
.After some ~eneral remark'! as to the time when under drains crust.-gmuite, gneiss, I!Orpentiue, slate, marble, sandstone, coal,
commenced discharging, a.nd upon the condition of the free soils and chalk, clay, and sand, noticing the position in which these r ocks
of the clay>~ at lliuxworth, prior to under-drnioing, the author pro- were generally found in different parts of the world, investigating
ceeded to consider the effect of that opera.tion. On the " free soils," their 110.ture and mode of for mation. lie then passed ou to the two
nod in fact on most of the mixed soils, it was obsen,ed that uo water great divU.ions into which all rocks may be classed: those occurring
could run from the under -drains, unlit the wawr had been raised, in regulnr stratums or layers, termed stratified, aud those which are
by descendiog rains, to the level of the drains-which was not fouud in mount.ain -like 1oasses, such a.s granite, and do not exhibit
exactly the caae with "cla.y soils"-and that as the surface springs any signs of stratificatioe, termed unstrat.ified. It is from the
r ose higher and higher before draining, so tho lowest drains would former th:tt all fO&il re~ins are obtaiued, no trace of organic life
begin to run first, and as soon a.s the water bed of tho whole area ho.ving yet been found in the unstratifi~d rocks. Reference was then
dr·ained, formin g an inclined plane, had rison by degrees to the made to the use of fossils in geolog}, how, by their specific nature,
height of every drain , the whole sy,;tem would be ot work, and not by their mode of grouping, and by the succession ouset·vable with
t ill then. The quantity discharged by the drains did not I'Opa·esen t regard to them, they chtu·acteri:.ed geological formations.
The
the whole of the infiltrated wa\Or1 which iuclu<led the water dis- stratified rocks were cla;.sed into three \VeiL-marked seric , each of
charged by the drains; the water which gravitated to the outcrop these series being capable of further sub-divkion. 1'hoy are the
springs; and the moisture which r ose from the sub oil beneath the paleozoic, or primary; the mesozoic, or secondary; aud the caindmins uy attrnction into the soil ubove them, to be d ispersed by ozoic, or tertinry. T hesub-divi::,iouof these sel'iesare the following:evaporation nt the surfa.cc. T he quantity of wa.ter di!lPAteozoro.
llisozoJo.
CArNozoro.
cb.a.rged by the surcharged " £reo soils" was mtber more than
two-tbir<LJ of the rain which fell on the surface, the actual
quantities being 1G3,5.jll and 127,120 gallons per acre, or
CRETACEOUS
PEJUt.U...~ 01' .MAONESI.AN
7in. and l Uin. respectively.
This proportion h ad reference
RECENT
Luu:sroxE
t o th11 rainfall of eight mon1bs only. It tbo discharge or the
WEA.LDEN
whole year were comp1red with the rainfall it would be found to
PtElSTOC&I>E
CA.RBONlFEROUS
oo less than one-third, ari:.iug from the fact that, while the diRchargo
PunueCK
of t he remaining fonr months was ver-y trifiin~r, tho rainfall was
PttOCRNil
D1:1vONtAN or Otn Reo
llin., or25u,uov gallons per a.cre. If the mean discharge for twelve
SANDSTONE
OotrT£
months or the free and mixed soils were taken together, it would be
MIOCENE
found to amount to one-fourth of the corresponding rainfall, a
SlLURU.N
Lu.s
proportion which would give Gin. in depth, or 185,732 gallons per
EocENI>
NEw RED
TnrAss
rc
or
SANDSTONE
acre as the mean quantity of water discharged from such soils to
C.urnRIAN
t he outfalls from underdrnining, a result not inconsistent with the
experiments of Dickioson, Dalton, and Chnrnock. 'l'bis qunntity
The author commenced his r eview of the geological rpechs by
was, for the most part, n ow water rescued from evaporation, nod
beginning with the Cambrinn rocks---the base of thu Paleozoic age
w ould, p1'o tanto, sw~:ll tho ordinary flow or ri vors.
It was stated that, undor ordinary meteorological and phy~;ical -atatin~ thaL they con,U.ted cl:iefiy of blates and sandswnea. A bovo
conditions, the under-drains of the free soils would begin to dis- the Camorian rocks occur the Silnrian by tem, so wdl known by
charge in the month of October, or the beginning of November, the rcsenrches of Sir Rodcriclc Morchisoo It is divkible into three
1\nd those or tho clay soils in tbe eud of November, or the beginning groups: the Ludlow, \\reu lock, and Llandelo series, consitsting of
o( December. Thus, at ITinxwor·th, the drains from the clny soils dark laminated shales, saodstones, and lime:stones. 'fbc fossils are
did not commence to discharge nt all till the eod of Novembor, by eminently marine. Ono of the most characteristic is the lily oncriuite,
w hich time 3llin. of rain bad fallen, or just sufficient to fill the well known for its beautiful appearance. The iudust.l'inl products
inner pores o tho soil, though the water had not risen to the of this sy:stem are of littlo importance.
'!'he next system is the Devonian or Old Red Sandstone. It owes
h eight of the drains. .After ceasing for a timo, they commenced
a continnous discharge early iu January, when the 1vater in tho soil its colour to the per-oxide of iron, consisting of alterne.tiOWJ of sandhad r isen to the ht'igbt of th e drains. The tables showed that, as stones and limestones. The principal fol!siJs are the cephalaspis,
the ci:arnctet· or the subsoil became more open and mixed, sudden ostreopolis, and displac.'"Lnthus. '!'be products of this sybtem are flagdischarge W<\.S lessened. It wa.s when, by repeated rains, the clays stones for paving aud roofing slates. Hestiog upon the Dovooian
h nd had their pecuHar property of retention fully satisfied, and hold rock!! is the carboniferons system, which, hke the Silurian, is
within them aa much in their drained condition as they were capable divisible into three groups-the carboniferous slate.i, the mountain
of holding, that they were in that state which fitted them to dis- limestone, nod tbe coal mea:.ures. 1t is from this sy.. tem that all
charge the lnrgest proportion of any subsequent rainfall in the tbo coal and iron is obtained; it is to the products of this system
11hortcl-t time. '£be tot.'\1 quantity of water discharged by clays annu- that Britain o«·es the proud mechanical and manufacturing position
ally w as small compared with that discharged by free soils. 'l'he she now enjoys. At this point the author d wt.lt at SvUle lengt.h
H inxworth experiments showed it to bo only 59,93l f?allous, or upon th e question of the formation of COt~J, and of tbe g reat aud
2ll~. pe~ acre. If this qoan~ity were regular over the diSCharging incalculo.ble advantage that U1e coal n.nd iron of this sy~:~tem
penod, 1t would not matcnally affect the nrtelial system of the bad conferred upon the world. 'l'he indu~1rial products of this
country. But as o. large portion of the heavier rainfnlls was im- system-besides coal and iron-are b ujJdiog stone.i of the highest
mediately discharged when the soil wa.s saturated to the extent of quality, and limestone used in making hydraulic cement, and as a
its capability, aud when the free soils would be discharging at lc.'\St tlux iu iron smelting. 1'he rocks above the carboniferous system,
1,000 gallons per acre per diem, anrt the rivers might be preoccupied and completing the Paleozoic epoch, a1·e mngne::.ian limestones. TIJc
by th eir present natural supply, and by the water~ that passed ofi fossils found in thi:~ :-.ystem ar11 few and scanty plants, like tho:;o
the surface without entering it, another fenture of importo.nce or tlte coal measures, with fish 11.nd reptiles. '!'he mng nesian limep resented iliolf.
stoecs arc qua.rried for building purposoe. They dress well, and
The ~eneral r esults of under-drainage, on tho arterial water are exceedingly durable.
supply and outfalls, seemed to the author to be :-First, to render the
The Secondary Period.- The r ocks which form the base of this
surface more C.'\pable of absorbing the ro.iu tbnt fell upon it; period are c.'\lled trias~ic, consisting of sand rocks and huge masses
secondly, to lower the discharge of the upper surface springs in a of rook salt. 1'he labyrinthodon is found in this sy:.tum, with its
slight degree; and, third ly, to withdra.w from the power of evapo- footprints impressed on the slabil of sandstone. '!'he economic
mtion all the water which the under-drains discharged.
products aro sandstones, limestones, gypsum, o.nd rock salt.
U pen the flrat result thoro could be no difference of opinion. Il
The author next took the Oolitic t.yt~tem, as embracing the lias,
drained land wore deeply cnltivated there would scarcely be nny the oolite, and the wenlden. The Lias is composed of dark limestones
overflow from the land surface. But there were circumstances which and bluish clays; the oolito cons6ts of limestones, grits, and
must interfere with the complete absorption of which a drained soil shelly con9lomerates. Both the lias and the oolite wet e formed
under man no influences, ns the fos -ila te,tify. The wealden, on the
W i\.S susceptible, and would prevent any very son ible reduction of
t bo floods. J.t'rcshets, from such circumstances, would still prevail; contrary, is afresh water deposit: it consists of Limestones, clnys, and
though, as steam cultivation n.nd deep ploughing gained ground, a shales. 'l'ho organic rcmaius of tho Oolitic Mystem arc exceedingly
greater proportion of tbe rain would be admitted, and, to a certain abLAndant; vcgetaule remains occur in ttuch lJrofusion ns to for111
extent, Hoods would be diminished.
beds of coal. The chat-actcri.btic fos:.ils (I( the pcdod Wl!rc amWith regard to the second result the deduction appeared equally mon ites nod belemnilcs, and of the vertebrat.a, tLe ichthyobl\urus,
clear. It had been shown by .Mr. Charnock, iu his Jlolmsforlh the ple~io:.aw'US, &nd the ptcrodaclyle. '!'he economic products of
experiments, which extended from 1842 to 1846 inc1u~ive, that the e,ystem are building stones of high quality obtained from tue
cvapomtion from an undraincd soil, maintAined in a state of satu- oolite of ilath and l)orllaud, togetJ,or wiLh pa.ving bl.ouos, J'Ootiog
r ation, wa.s Sin. more tho.n the rainfall, while that from the same flags, aud limestone, for mm·tat· and hydraulic cement. lronstouo
soil, when dmined, was 5in. less. The effect of under-draining and coal are also obtained from some of the Yorkshire oolites.
upon the muin perennial springs which supplied the river-s, WOB,
The next system is the cretaceous, so called from the chalk which
therefore, to in..:rcase and not to diminish their flow, as bad been forms its mob' notable feature. It is divisible into two weU-delined
slated; a circumst.'\nce considered of great advantage when viewed groups, the chalk and the greensand. '!'he chalk itself is again
i n relation to the increa:,iog pollution of the ri vcrs by the discl1arge divided into the upper nod lo,vor chalk; the uppet· being the 1uorc
of t own sewage. Again, tho benoficml effect upou vegetation of compact, with but few tliut.s; the lower havJUg regultlr band~:~ or
lowering the lltanding-water bed during tbct:pring and carlya:.ummc•·, Jlint occurring in it. 'l'ho greensaod, so nnmcd fr·om its colour,
when all vcgl'table life wns in its most sensitive stage, could not be imbeds uo lular sandstone~:~ aurl depo:.il.:i of fuller'r~ eo.rth. Tile
overrated. 'fho Hinxworth experiments showed that in March, Ol't>anic remains of this IIYI:IIem arc numcrou , and aa·e eh icily mnriue .
.April, and Moy, the t.emper.ltoro of the drain ed soil wo.s higLer by '!'Le following are a. fow of the fo:.:.ils :-tipatauyus, ccrauguumm,
2 •IC0 . Fah. tLa n t he undrained soil. As ~ further illm;tratiou of the gah:ritcs, bO.thites, belt"nu1ilo:., hamites, trigonia, pla:.:io,tvmn, c.
evil of ~ bballow water-bed, it was mentioned that, durin9 the 'l'bo econoruic prvducl.>l of th e b)'blllm aro chalk aud 1hut. 'l'bo chulk
turvJy for th e drainage of the '!'est Valley in 1852, a Violent is u;.~:d iu rnahing li)UI'nulic cement. Flints, when cnlcilH:d aud
t torm occurred, which ulew down mo.ny trees. It was \llen ground down, uN Ut>ed in the mau ufacturu of glass and porceltliu.
fon od that tbo r elative height of the several treij bottoms formed l:lome of the phosphate flints of the ga·eensuud are also ground down
one line, or inclined plane, precisely agreeing with the water level and used aa manure.
~
DEc. 6, 1861.
The Tertiary Period.-The author divided this period into three
gt·oups-tbe lower, middle, and upper tertiaries, and spoke at some
fcngth upon the London clay, the coralline rag, recent depo~>its
~n~ th~ drift, d~vo~ng lbe la.lter part of his paper to geology
tu 1ts dt.rect npphc.'\llon to engmeenng. 'l'o the cavil engineer a
knowledge or the general principles of the science, and of the
physical geography of the place, which is to be the sphere of the
undertakiug, is hi)(hll important. " 'I' he nature and composition of
the vat;oua dcposi~. varying, as they do, from loosely coherent beds
of.gi'O.vcl, sand, o~ clay, to r~ks of cr·ystalline texture and hardness,
lVtll often determme the chotco between two .Proffered lines of road
or the course to be pursued in a. certain distnct; for example, whe~
the. beds are loose and porous, they are JrequenUy to bo avoided;
wbtle, on lhe other hand, a. rock, though hard &od crystalline, may
present a valuable stone for masonry, and may thus repay tee cost
of penetrating it, since an excellent supply is to be JI"'O'lred
on the spot for the mere expenM of quarrying the materiAl. As
regards the cout>truction of thc~;o and other public works, an acqMintauce with geology is therefCire now found to be of such et!ICDtial importance as to constitute a part in the ed ucation of those
who o.re desti ned for the profession of engineers. In tunnelling tho
geologi&t is tlle best pioneer. !le alone eau point out the state of
the various strata, and the nature of the rock to be cut through
the probable amount of water con tained by thc:m, and the besi
method of drainin g it off. In the formation of a railroad or canal
a vast advantage is to be gained by an acquaintance with the atructure of the land to be operated upon. 'J'he setting out of the line
depends upon the geological character of tbe county, and in carrying the work into execution much labour and expense may be 111.ved
by uuderstandiog how the various soils passed over should bo
worked."
'l'be author then concluded his paper by noticing the advantages
which a knowledge of geology conferred upon the a.rcbitect, tho
builder, the miner, and the agriculturist.
A discussion followed t he reading of this paper, in which the
president, 0. G. Gumple, W. Shields, J. B. Wafton, A Ro.wlinson,
.Professor T ennant, and the author took part.
THE P ENINSULAR AND ORI ENTAL STEAM
NAVIGATION COMPANY.
TnE a.nnu.al meeting of this eompo.ny was b old on Tuesday at the
offices, Lea.denhall-street; .Mr. Wilcox, M.P., in the chair.
.Mr. liowell, the secretary, read th e report, which stated that the
company stood possessed, on the 30th of September last, of stock in
shipi, less the amount set apart for depreciation, amounting to
£2, U!!l,7VO; also of freehold and leasehold property in England,
and docks and premibes at Calcutta, Bombay, and other stations,
£1 :.!2,btitl ; and l!tock.i of coals, naval and victualling 6tores, amount-iug to £.J30,~l!l; albo cash at bankers', investments, bills receivable,
bnla?ccs iu agents' band~, and dcbld due to the com pany, £ 5bl!,681,
mnkmg the total lll>Sets £3,295,670. The capital received from the
proprietors amounted to £2, LOo,ouo, t.nd on debcntclres to UOO,OOO;
wtut capital .£2,GOU,OOU. 1'he liabilities or the compt.ny, in bills
payable and othot·" ise, amounted to £338,943, mak.iug the total
~~vittLl and lia.bil ities £ 2,938,9•13, showing a surplus of £ 356,727.
I uis surplus was represented by the balance at tho credit of the
guanwtee insuranc_e fund. The gross revenue from freight passage,
money, postal serv1cc contra.cts, chartet money, and other sources,
amounted for the twulve months ending the 30th of t eptember last
to £2,2t18,289, and tbe expenditure, including interest on debentures,
rc~:>crves for iusumuce, wear and tear, and depredation, to £2,131,432,
leaviug a net profit of £156,~5 7. 'l'o tLis was added £ 1,033 from
tho pr11ceding year, mnking a disposable sum of £157,890. From this
Wl\8 deducted £143,500 for the d1 videod Of 7 per Cent. for the year,
leaving a balance of .£!4,390.
'l'ho proprietor~:~' underwriting account showed a balanco of
£89,0~1 , OUt of which £61,500 was deducted for .. payment to the
propnctors at the rate of 3 per ceut., leaving £2~,441 to be carried
to the guarantee insurance fund, which would then amount to
£3j6,727. The directors bad recently accepted tendon; for the construction of three new iron steamers, namely, two of 1,900 tons ca.ch
aud 40V-horse pow.cr,and.oneof about 2,600 tons and 500-borae power,
to rtplace fom· s h1ps winch bad ber:n sold. 'l'be last new ship, the
Mool.tan, bad completed two trips between Southampton and .AJexo.ndna, .and tl.e result bad been ~:ouch as not only to justify tho
expectations held out, bot to warrant the director~:~ in the further
adovtiou of tho prin<'iples introduced in her machinery for the porpo:.o of effectiug economy in the consumption of fuel. '£ho
.lt'onno,n, Granaun, nnd Shanghai wero still under charter to tbo
}'re~ch Govt:r~r;ucot i~ tb.o East. '! 'he lladdington, bioce her conv er,wn to a sallmg shtp, bad added fairly to the general profit.li of
the com ~~y, and had gained a hig h character as a fiiSt and lll&fo
cargo bhlp tn the ilombay trade. SIJO was despatched from Southampton on t!Je 1!lth of May last witb new sets of IJoilors for no less than
1i vo of tho company's stetllllers on the Eastern s tations, and arrived nt
ll~ng Kongiu 101 days. '! 'he freight of these boilers iu ordiuarysailing
sl11p.s wout.l not have cost less than £10 oOO. Since the l4St meeting the C~iua ~~it service was, at tbe request of the Govern ment, restored to at<>. ongaual condition of a fortnightly communication. Tho
two new ~hips of 1,9u0 tons referred to above were destined at present t~ reruforce thocompany's fleet engaged in this brAnch of tbcir
opemuons. 1' hc whole po::.tal service between Englnud and India
niJd C h~nn ":a~ bo!ng c:m icd on subject to a ter~nination on twelve
m~n.ths notice, l:tther from the Govorument or the company, tbe
on~LUa l term of the contract ho.vin g expired. 1'be necessary notice
of twel":e mo~ths bad not been serv<Jd on or by the company, aod
the detailed ume-tablo of the operations of the mail service for the
year 11S6:l bad jus~ been agreed to between the directors and the
l'os.tmru;ter-Genel'lll. 'l'be whole service, including tllat with .Aust;aho, bad u~vcr boon worked with greater efficiency and punctuahty thu.u durt~;tg lho la:.t tw~:lve months. During the past year no
casualty creating 11. char ge on the underwriting account had occurred
to au);' of Ihe company's ships; and when it was borne in mind that
the dlbt.'\nce unoually traversed uy the fleet amounted in the
agg~cg~tc to not l~s than 1,2ti1,3f>(J miles, and that much of tLe
ua vrgutloo W:t$ of a peculiar and intricate character the sharoholuurd might, ll!l uudenvrit.crs, fairly congratulate' themselves
oo such a result. An instalment of £ 5 on the new shares
\va.s p1~id on the lrit ~f April last,-£1$0 bad consequenUy been paid
on ~uose shares, lc.wmg £20 on cach,-in all £ 4uo,oou, available as
captt.ul. '!'he sum borrowed on debentures had reached its limit of
.tJ vv,uOO, aud the directors did not experience any difficulty in the
rcne,~·al ot· re~i:,~:~uo of the bonds as they fell due. 'l'ho comn,crcral opcrat•.ml!l of tbc company during the year had been on
the wholo satr~rnctory; and wuilu in recent repoa·ts the directors
ha~, Ill .adv<:rt.iug to o. p!·ogt'Collive udvanco in the receipts, to
!JOiut, w1tb regret, ton proporuouate increase iu tb e expenditure, duo
ehrctly to thu enbnnccd co:.t of coals, they were enabled in tbo
nccoun~. of the vrc.:s<:nt Jear, which exhibited a blight falling o~ in
tho t•ecctpt.s, to tthow tlJat there was a more than correspond1ng
uirn iuution in tho expeuditme. '!'bey were cont>equently enabled
to I'OCOilUllend the llblltll d tvideod of 8~ pet• cent., making, with the
3! per com. already paiu, 7 pet· cent. ior the year. 'l'he Amounts
pttyt~b~o under the prc,ent report would, therefore, stand as follow~:
-lJa vtdend, 3 i pet· cent. ; underwriting account, 3 J>Or ceot. ; 10
~11, vi per ~ent. ; aud these payments would be made, free of
mcomc-uu:, m ouc wnrrant, on tbo 27th of December.
'!'he chainnnn, iu moving the !Uloption of the report, said tbey
had forty bbips <m dl!lt..\ot ::.tutions, llotno of them having a. difficult
nnd intncate navigt~tivu to perform, not coo of which be was happy
l.t.l bliY bad llll;t With any c.-::.ualty dul'ing the year. Jlo migh~ albO
cou~ratulate thcut ou o. diw.inution in the co:;t of coal to distant
t>l.ltruu!l, but tJrcy could not rely for any length cf timo on tbo
lluctuahooll in 1hc t.ldpl:'iog marht. A diuunution in the consum ptioc (!( c:val had arit>eu h'OlU tire general iuu·oductiou of the superheatiug principle and other mechnnicnl appliauces. '£his bnd l>een sbown
cout~picuously in thoit· ln,t new blJlp, the Mooltnn, of 2,6v0 tons
burden, hav111g engines of 400-boNe power, and, although the pro·
•
I
D EO.
THE
6, 1861.
portion o( power to tonnage was small, it was important that those
results were obtained, after giving a. very satisfactory speed. During
the trial trip those engines consumed rather less than half the usua1
amount o( fuel. They would readily perceive the importance of a
reduction in the consumption of fuel when he reminded them that
they had paid as touch as £800,\JOO for fuel in one year. Great
credit wns due to Messrs. Humphrey, who built those engines, and
also great credit was due to Mr. Alien, one of their managing directors, who superintended those improvements, and, having been
brought up an engineer, be was e nabled to do so satisfactorily. He
(the chairmo.n) knew the anxiety llr. Alien felt in having undertaken a most unnecessary responsibility to benefit the company-be
feared a failure, and achieved a su~. .As to their revenue, there
was no falling off in the general traffic; the falling off was confined to the specie freights, which they all knew were fluctuating
items, and depended on the exchanges.
A shareholder seconded the motion for the adoption of the report,
and said be thought it very satisfactory in every respect.
Mr. Gliddon contended that the directors had not furnished sufficient materials in the statement of accoUllts to enable the proprietors
to form a. sound judgment as to whether the utmost r evenue had
been obtained, and as to whether th o expenses were no more than
they should be. Ho wanted a variety of details,-the average
numbers of passengers per voyage, the e xpenses of each station, the
number of men employed in each s hip, the cost of maintenance,
and so forth. He said the fares .charged were higher than those of
any other company, and recommended a reduction in the fares with
o. view to secure a greater number of passengers.
Dr. Beattie thought the report was highly satisfactory. It was
very gratifying that none of their ships bad been lost during the
year, aud that the consumption of fuel had been reduced successfully, a.s shown by the voyages of the Mooltan to Alexandria and
back. The success of this operation was entirely due to the exertions of tb~ managing directors, and to their engineer, Mr. Humpbrey.
He believed that about 40,000 ton of coals had been saved
by these improvements, aod when they were more e xtensively
adopted in their fleet the s um available for dividend would he increased.
Captain Coffin wished to know whether the .Australian route was
a. paying one.
The chairman said it was, most decidedly. The directors had
taken caro that it should pay them even without traffic.
Mr. Jones thought the objections of Mr. Gliddon were groundless,
a.s the accounts bad been on the table in the office several days prior
to the meeting for the inspection of the shareholders. He had
exercised his privilege, and had obtained all the information be
required.
Mr. Anderson, one of the mana.ging directors, replied to the
various observations. If all the details U1at had been spoken of
w ero to be given at a general meeting it w ould occupy two or three
days instead of as many hours. ~'ho n umbe r of passengers by each
ship wa.s stated in the newspapers. The operations of t.he company
had been always conducted with the utmost economy consistent
with efficie ncy. The coals and stores w ere supplied by tender from
fifteen or twenty dilferent firms, and the best provisions were obtained
at a moderate rate. Instead of 7 per cent., their dividend for the
past year was actually 10 per cent. Their fares w ere quite a.s low
as those of any other steam navigation company. The fares of the
P e ninsular and Oriental were all round at the rate of 3d. per nautical
mile. The Royal Mail Company ch arged 3!d. per nautical mile,
and Cuntu-d's Company ~· per nautical milo, being only a farthing
less than their company charged, although Cunard's Company
obtained their coals at 14s. per ton, while the Peninsular and Oriental
Company had to pay five times that amouut for distant stations.
Cunard't~ Company found no wines, but their company did.
The report was then unanimously adopted, and a dividend at the
rate of 3i per cent. was declared for the six months ending the 30th
of September last, and 3 per cent. for the year ending at the same
date from the insurance fund, both pe.yable on the 27th inst.
The retiring directors, Captain W. H. HaU, RN., and Mr. T. M.
Weguelin, ~i.P., were re-elected; and also the retiring auditors, the
Earl of Leven and Melville and Mr. A . .Mackenzie~
Mr. Uadow, the deputy-chairman, stated that there was not a
single it~m in the accounts that could not be fully and satisfactorily
explained to any shareholder.
'l'he proceedings concluded with a voto of thanks to the chairman
and d irectors.
Annexed is a list of the company's fleet, in addition to which there
are three screw steamers building, of a total of 6,400 tons and
1,300-horse power, and eight transport store and coal ships, o£
10,277 tons, making a total of 83,385 tons and 17,771-horse
power:-
345
EN G INEER.
MI SCELLANEA.
LETI'ERS TO THE EDITOR.
hTET.LJOENT young mechanics are now required for enlistment in
( We do not hold ov.rsel11u rupontible for tl~ opini01W of our
the .Royal Engineers.
Corrupondenta.)
TJJR Society of Engineers gave their annual dinner, la.st evening,
at Radley's Hotel, Bridge-street, Black!riar~.
011 17,316 persons employed in the construction of the Roman
R I FLED CANNON.
railways, 6,71:!1 are w omen, who assist the masons.
Sm,-.As rifled cannon are at present attracting so much attention,
A SKRroos fire which occurred this week, in Gravel-lane, South- perhaps you will think the ioUowing worthy o£ a place in ~·ne
wark, was attributed to the spontaneous ignition of fatty substances. ENOINEER.
'J'be superiority of the smooth boro over the riiled gun for perTJJE Collingwood, 80, line-of-battleship, converted into a screwsteamer, has made 10.415 knots an hour in her trial at the Maplin forating armour plates is a proved fact.
This superiority arises from the relatively high initial velocity of
Sands.
s hot from the smooth bore.
TilE Madras Railway report states thnt, owing to the decay of
The lesser velocity of shot from rifled ordnance is due to the
wooden sleepers and fastenings, the use of iron ha.s been introduced sharp turn of the groov~. Now, I have never seen any statement
during the last year.
as to the rapidity of r evolution necessary to ensure accuracy. I
To& total number of persons killed by the fall of the house in would, therefore, suggest the construction of a gun which woul d
High-street, Edinburgh, has been ascertained to be 35. The rescued be a. mean between the ordjnary smooth bore and the rifled gun,
and escaped were 32.
t.Pcuring enough of th e former to give a high initial velocity to the
lT is intimated that the engines for the "improved Warriors" &hot, and enough of the principle o£ the latter to ensure a certain
will be of 1,600-horse power each. If double " trunks" be used, amount of accuracy of .fire, which, I tLink, could be dono as follows:we presume they will be 120-in. cylinders.
L et a. gun be constructed as you suggest
Tn& Smithfield Club Cattle Show will O(>en, on Tuesday next, at
with a. bt~el chase-a. muzzle loader. Let
the Baker-street Bazaar.
Mr . .Avcling s traction-engine went
this gun be ritled with si:< grooves, about
puffing through the Strand yesterday on its way to the place of
(for a i-in. gun) fin. wide, and tiu. deep,
exhibition.
these groovus to make but tho twentieth
MR. M. HB~rRY, of 84, Fleet-street, has issued his Inventor's
part of a revolution, so that they will offer
Alman ac in its usual neat style, and containing a consh.lerable
very litlle moro resistance to the shot than
variety of matter, useful and interesting to inventors and
if they were straight. 1'he shot for this gun
patentees.
is shown iu the enclosed s.(etcb, showing a
A RAILWAY is to be constructed t.o connect Cape Town with
lon gitudinal and cross section of t.he shot,
which is made of cast iron, with the six
Wynberg, a viUage distant about eight miles from town. 1'he
company is limited, and the nominnl capital will be £ 100,000, but
dovetail grooves "F," F, cast in it; into
these grooves are driven endways tho pieces
the line is expected to be completed for less.
of brass, "C, C," C, which fit the groove
TBll Manchester mail express train, leaving L ondon at 9 p.m. on
of tho gun protty accurately, at least su!liSaturday last, aud arriving at Mancheswr at 2·45 a.m., came near
cit!ndy so to prevent the body o£ the shot
beiug throw•n from the liue, at Heatou Norris, by the engine
striking and running over one o( three horses which had lain down touching the chase of the gun, so tbut the shot re:.!.;! ou, and is
entirely supported by, those brass sups, the hinder ends of which
to sleep on the line.
are cut off sharp, as sbown, iu order that Lhey ma.y scrap out auy
AT the last meeting of the Copiapo Extension Railway in Chili 1 depo~;it before them in the grooves when the gun is being loaded.
it was s tated that the grndients on their line wete very heavy; ou
•• D" is a disc o£ very soft iron or copper, slightly too large
14 miles they averaged one in 30, and on the next 91 miles one in 22. (or the bore of the gun; Lhis is hammJred slighUy hemispherical,
Their engines were very powerful, had eight wheels, and could take so that it may go in easily, but its edges will scrape the gun, and
50 or 60 tons up those gradients.
remove depo:.it iu loadiug. "D" is secured to the shot by the
A DEPOTATlON from the Royal Institute of British Architects have rivet" E'' cast i uto it.
bad an interview with the Right lion. W. F. Cowper, M.P .,
As soon as the gun is discbarged 11 D" is flattened up against the
at her :Majesty's Office of Works, Wbitehall-place, on the base or the shot, so as to fit tuo chase of the gUll air-tight, and
subject of the Thames embankment. 'l'he deputation consisted o( pnwont wmdage. I think tbis will be found preferable to any
Mr. W. Tite, M.P., president; Messrs. Charles Barry, T. L. Donald- leaden sabot. lt may be fired with safety over troops ; it will cause
son, E. M. Barry, A.R.A., C. C. Nelson, B. Fl$rrey, A. Asbpitel, no galvanic action, and, above all, it will not lead the g un. llard
J. Edmesltm ,J. W. Papworth, J. Fergusson, W. Haywood, nnd Mr. w ood may be used iru.tead uf brass for the groove pieces " a, C."
T. R. L ewis, honorary secretary.
I think this gun would possess more accuracy of fire than any
Tu£ Times understands that the l OO-pounder Armstrong guns, the smooth bore, inasmuch as the shot would have a. considerable velocity
issue of which bad been temporarily suspended during some experi- of rotation, and it also permits the use of an elongated projectile,
ments, will now be again delivered for service. It is added, also, which the ordinary smooth bore doe.s not.
Perbaps you can inform me if a~:y m%ns are provided in the .Armthat the lOO-pounder Armstrongs have been successfully fired with
shells filled wiLh molten iron. " The Arrostrong shell, when em- strong gun for ramming home the shot tight on the powder. A
ployed for this purpose, is lined with a non-\!onducting material, very small space between them would be sufficient for the fracture
wruch effectually confiues the heat, and prevents it from in the ol almost any gun, and would, in any case, add to the recoil.
November 19th.
V. P .
slightest degree injuring the outer covering during the intorvnl
required for loading."
TIIE PATENT LAWS.
Tu Times states that some further experiments with the .Armstrong gun$ took place last week under the direction of the Ordnance
Stn,- I have been much surprised to fiud that mnny of my fdend.s
Select Committee, when two lOO-pounder guns of the ordinary regard me as the author of the paper on "Patent Laws," read before
service pattern fired a large number of consecutive rounds at the tho British Association in Manchester. I was not present at any of
Woolwich butt. The rapidity of fire wa.s nearly uniform through- the meetings on that occasion, nor do I know anything of tho learned
out. One l OO-pounder tired its last 50 rounds in 3it minutes, and professor who happened to bear the same naxue as my~;elf.
the other lOO-pounder fired its last 50 rounds in 33! minutes. This
So far from taking up the pen either for or agaiubt the patent
included every stoppage. The guns were not sponged for 70 aud laws, I am one of tbol:iO who are an.xiously watching the discw.sion
80 rounds respectively, and remained clean t.o the end. ~'here was now going on, in order to be able to see where, and to what extent,
no escape whatever of gas from the breach.
alterations may be effected; for that the laws in question may be
IT appears from a return made by the Minister of l'ublic Works, modified and improved I suppose few are inclined to deny.
that the tot.'\1 traffic receipts on the railwa.ys in France for the nioe
But in any case I cannot subscribe to tbe opinions advanced by
m onths ending the 30th of September la.st, amounted 011 9,891 kilo- Professor ~gers until: he t.hall have adduced arguments of a far
metres in length (6,147 miles) to £ 13,348,462, and for the same period more practtcal and wetgbty character than those contained i n his
of 1860 on 9,384 kilometres (5,832 miles) to £ 11,918,501, showing nn Manchester paper for tho eutiro aboliti on of patents.
increase of £ 1,429,961, or 8·18 per cont. The aggregate length of
Queen's College, Birmingham, Dec. 3, 1861.
T. D. Roorms.
the old lines over which the traffic was carried was 6,994 kilometres
(4,347 miles) against6,983 kilometres in l860; and of the new lines
2,897 kilometres ( 1,800 miles) against 2.401 kilometres (1,491 miles)
Tons
Ts~ Builder states that a. new and important yellow pigment has
last year. The total receipts on the old lines for the nine months
(Customs' HorseService.
amounted to £11,590, 131, or 41 1478!. per kilometre, and on the new been.mtroduced under the name of aureolin. It is said to possess
power.
llleasurelines to £ 1,758,331, or 17,541!. per kilometre. For the corresponding the 10valuable and long sought for combination of qualitiesment.)
period of 1860 the receipts amounted on the old lines to £10,400,868, brilliancy, permanency, and transparency.
Calcutta. and Suez.
630
'l'ru GALWAY LtN&.- By the l >ost-otfice r~>port it appears that
2,440
1. Simla, s.
••
and for the new lines to £1,517,683, show ing an increase on the old
Suez,
Bombay,
and
China.
600
2,352
2. Columbian, s.
lines of £ 1,189,263, or 11·11 per cent., and an increase on the new the public loss upon each letter conveyed last year to the United
Southampton
and
Alexandria.
400
2,257
s. Mooltan, s..•
States by the Galway steamers was Gs. But the great~st absolute
lines of £2411,698 or 4· 16 per ceut.
Calcutta. and Suez.
4 65
2,186
4. Bengal. s. . .
Tns traffic receipts of railwRyS in the kingdom for the week loss wa.s on the West ludian line; £2UO,OOO of the £t40,0UU subsidy
Calcutta. and Sues.
450
2,127
6. Colombo, s ...
Calcutta. and Suez.
ending tho 23rd of 'November amounted to £498,076, and for the being a dead loss.
460
.
2,0!15
6. Nubla, s.
Southampt.on and Alexandria.
460
2,020
7. Ccylor1,. s. . .
corresponding week o£ last year to £495,il7, showing an increase
<;:on:oN CuLTlVATION IN VJ:~llZO&t.A.-Mr. Frederick II. IIomming
Calcutta.
and
Suez.
000
2,018
8. Nemc~ns, s . . .
of £2,359. The gross receipts o( the eight railways having their wntes from 25, Moorgate-street:-" .t\mong the numerous countries
Calcutta. and Suez.
~20
2,017
I 9. II indostan, p.
termini in the metropolis amounted to £224,50 1, and for the corre- in every part of the world now competing for the honour and the
Southampton and AJexandril\.
450
10. Pera, 8... ..
11,01'
sponding week of 1860 to £218,i66, showing an increase of .£5,735. profit of ~upplying England with cotton, the great difficulty is to
Suez. Bombay, anJ China.
400
2,010
11. China., s.
••
The increase on the Eastern Counties Railway amounted to £1,09 L ; kuow wbtch to select, Rl! 1 .doubtless, were ~11 fairly appreciated, somo
450
Calcutta o.nd Suez.
1 982
12. Co.nd io., s. • •
SouthamptOn and Alexandria.
on the Great Northern to .!3, IR7; on the Great Western to £1,460; would be found far bUpertor to others. 'I he advocates of each will
460
1,950
13. Indus, p.
••
Calcutta
and
Suez.
500
1,9! 2
14. Malta., s.
on the London and North-Western to £1,489; on the L ondon, eud.eavour to mak~ known and understand the !.everal advantages
••
suo
Suez,
Bombay,
and
China.
1,646
16. Orissa, d.
••
Brighton, and South Coast to £231 ; and on the L ondon and wh•ch they respectively posse:.s, and 1 claim this privilege on bt>bali
Marseilles
and
Alexandria.
400
1,640
16. l!Jo.."8ilil\, p. ••
South-W estern to £ 850-total, £8,308.
But from th is must of Venezuel~ a .co~try bitbcrto so little known, which will be
4. 0
Suez Bombay, and China..
.. 1,632
17. Jeddo, a.
be deducted £9<!, th~ decrease ou the London aud Black- fou~d upon mqwry, rf U?t ab;>olutely to be primll$ i11ter JXlru, to be
400 Southampton and Alexandria.
1,618
18. Delta, p.
••
wall, and £ l!,479 on the South-Eastern, together £2,573, leaving the entrtled t1> stand very brgh m the competitive scale. ~'he threo
300
Suez, Bombay, and China..
1,6 3
19. Beho.r, s.
••
outhnmpton and Alexandria..
in crease, as above, £ 5,735. The receipts on the other lines iu tbe grand objects are quantity, qualtty, and cost of freight. A glance
800
1,6i3
.
20. Ellora, s.
300
Suez, Bombay, and China.
l,S38
United Kingdom amounted to £273,575, and for the corresponding at tho map will show that Lho ports of Venezuela aro as near to
21. Emeu, e.
••
Ceylon
and
Sydney.
400
1,491
22. Sal~ett.a, s. ..
period of la.st year to £276,951, showing a decrease of £3,376, Li.v.erpool as New Odeans, nutl Oil at this time vessels are constantly
Ceylon and Sydney.
400
1,401
: : Benarcs, 1. ..
wbich, deducted from the increase on the metropolitan lines, leaves smlmg f~om Englau~ to that country with cargo, which tiud little
Suez, Bombay, and China.
450
1,360
! ~ Pottinger, p.
the total iucrea.se £ 2,359 ns compared with the conespouding week or. nono m return, frc1J;ht would 11:1 ways be readiJy and cheaply obCcylon and Sydney.
400
1,330
26 .Northam. s . . .
of 1860.
tamed. As to quauttty and quahty, ( ha.vo rec~:ived a letter from
Suez. Bombay, and Cbina.
200
1,2U
26. Ottowa, s. • •
Suez, Bombay, and China.
470
The following appointments of nav!\1 engineers have been made ~h. Orme, her Majesty's miuistcr in Ycnezuela, from which I
1,190
27. Singapore, p.
Suez, Bombay, and Chinn.
HO
1 ,190
since our last :- R. L. Canney, chief engineer, to the Asit\1 addi- extract the foJlo,viug, noc1·ely pn:roiriing that Mr. Ormo ho.s for some
28. Oan~:cs, p. • •
Suez,
Bombay,
and
China.
276
1,186
211. Bombay, s...
tional for the Sha.r pshooter; 0. A. Bydder, chief engineer, to the l~me be~towed ~u~h a~tention upon this subject, and hns conSuez, Bombay, and Cbino..
275
1, 185
so. Madras, s. ••
Asi~ additional for the Inflexible; E. Clemeuts, chief eugincer, to t.tdcred tt of sufficteut tmportance to urge it upon Laer Mnje:.ty's
400 Suez. Bombay, and China.
1,182
31. Pel.in, p. ••
the Satellite; W. Waterfielu, engineer, to the Spider; J. Hitchie, Government.
lie &>ay:>:-' J u:.t ns it requires much trouble
Marseilles and Alexandria.
400
1165
Sl!. Eu doe, p. ••
•
engint!er, to the Satellite; J ohn Jolly, in the llannibal, promoted to to work the gold o~t of tbo ore, so does it require uncen.... mg
210
lllan.eilles and Alexandria..
1,124
33. Sultan, 1. • •
Suez and ~lauritius.
230
en~:ineer; J. Singer, first-class as 6tant e ngineer, to the Satellite;
efforts to develop, rn n busy occupied counti·y like Engla, d
969
34. l\ oma, s.
..
Marseilles
and
AJexandrio..
200
832
W. H. G reen, first-class engineer, to the Sbeldrake; G. L. Thoma.soo, an idea and an uudcrtakiug which, hke the pre!>ent, undoubted!)!
35. Valett.a, p. ..
220
China
Coast.
816
36. Cadiz, s.
••
first-class assistant engineer, to the Spider; E. W. Thomas and offers an excellent field for the capitul aud ir..dttbtry of our nctive
210
China.
Coast.
&12
37. Aden, s... ••
R. J. Hancock, second-class assistant engineers, to the Sheldrake; r!l-c~. 1'hero .c~n
n~ doubt that cotton can be growl! in unSuez anJ Maurit.iw.
200
7!J6
38. N~paul, s. ••
WiUiam K elly, second-class assistant engineer, to the Satellite; Jnn~t~d quanht!es 1n this country, and of tho best qtullity if tho
286
Peninsular.
782
39. 'rngus, p.
••
J. R. Beer, acting secoud-class as:,istant engineer, to the Spider; postltons be properly chosen. ~or need the civil wtw, which at
Marseilles and Alexandria..
260
751
40. V cc~is, p. • •
J. Edmonds, acting second-class assU.tant engineer, to tbo Satollito; present exists in this couut1·y, interfere matetially, if at al!, with the
180
Chin a Coast.
700
41. Azoff, s.
••
Chnr~cred to French Oovemmcnt
165
675
George Griffitbs, engineer, to the Indus, as supernumerary; cultivation, presuming that wnr llo prolonged, for cottou is not an
4 2. l•'ormosa, s...
Penlnsulnr.
140
642
48. Albambro, s.
F. Lowis, engineer, to the Greyhound, vice Griffiths; James Lonth- nrticle that either coutouc.ling party can cat, lik~ oxun or coffee, nnu,
Chartered
to French Oovemment lenn, engineer, to t.Le Indus, for lho Spnrrow, vi~e L e,vis; G. Dat- cousequeutly, wonld bo left alone. Dut were tt evcu cout>uUlnLJe
160
561
44. Oranada, s...
l OO Chartered to French Goneromeut
6!6
45. Shanghai, s ...
chelor, acting engineer, to the Cumberlnud, additional, for tho prer·autions could
taken
tho choice of the localitil•ll for culti:
Red ·ea Lighthouse Service.
60
340
46. Union, s.
••
Britomnrt; J. 'I'. Page, first-clnss as:.ibtant-cngineer, to the Cumber- mtit.u, added to it., LcJUg rvrdgn provcrty, wLich would rtndcr it
45
Bombay Harbour.
86
«17. llozagon, p ...
45~
land, additional, for the Sand fly; Grorgo F. Williams, Gn,t-clnt;s ~ale. l tru:.t, hvwen:r, thtlt W<tr will not alwa)o cxbt here, aud
Under repair.
1,6b3
4:!. R1pon, p. .
assistant engineer, to the A&io, ns supernumerary, on the Ceutud1>
~1at ,w\l ba,·e seen .tloll wor .. t, aft, r three lo!1 0 ) c.1r· uf t•ontcu16,471
C6,i0~
having been paid off; J ohn M. S111ith, chief e ngine<:r, aduitio unl, tl().u.
I refer." tth l' cul lll.r. :c-utlbf.t~: ttou h• th~ l•lltcr 1 rt of
to thr 1!ea nder; G eorge Aitche,on, c hief enginee r, to thciJumlx-rku11l, t bt" . cxtra<'t, comtu~ frotn ... uch uu.h,.pu.t,lLl«: authoruy, a:. it • •1rl'ly
Tne LANCASIJIRE Conos MJLL!I.-llcturos from 1,233 mills, ordi- " ' illiam Burgess, in the "-atennan, promo ted to engineer; All'xnnJPr cou~rrus whot I Laso :,mu tu. m111y !'~quu·<·r, <U thi::. imJ • '"t.~ut
narily employing 266,507 per~ons, show a dimiuutiou, at present, Clorke, lin,h:l[U;S os:.istant eu giuccr, to tho Volcano; Charlc::. JJulford bll iJ)cC~, tLat, unu~r all till' 'anoUb !'ullUc.tl clt;lD(;l'~ 111 ,he COli Ill 1y.
in tbo Urgent, promoted to fin:~t-cl,l~~ ass6tant- eugineer; H. C. Old- • tho nghtl:l of ~o!l!tglllk.'r.. ou~ nt.llJ rupcrty :u-c im·al"i.l\tl) H'}•<<'ll u.'
0 ( 3-1 per cent. from their ordinary &calo of employment.
A :PROFITABLE STEA:.t&ruP Lt~l:l.-'fhe chairman of the Penin- kn ow, f!econd-class assi:,tant-cnginccr, to the Edgar; J. Wood, tlcting 1 haYOlllSO oflictallctlct•ll U~ the ::!UntO luall, Ill Wllich l ~Ill ·•llllt• n:.cd
sular nnd Oriental Company having been asked, at the late second-class assistaut-enq-ineer, to tho Spid;,r; 'l'homns Uritlltll•, tu ntttte tlmt the Govc.rutUl'HtnroJ l>rti'~H·d to culiCl·uc cvcry I'' ,.,iiJioJ
meeting, if the Auotralian li~e was pa.yiog, r~plied tb~t the dirccto~s nctiug second-cla.ss a.s~tstant-cngincer, to the Cumbcrlnnu, tltl advantage aut! fac1hty fur the cult"·•tlton 1•f cottun lo~ h •··• l"'l\
bad taken good care to obtain a subs1dy for 1t1 sufficwnt to make 1t tmperumnorary; William M'NciJ I, ttcting second-class Bb!li,tnnt- Cll)lital nnd cnlerprisl.'1 so t\::1 to :.ccurc a pr~>lita! •lo rc:,ult to the und~r­
lltkcrtl."
engineer, to the Hogue.
pay, oven it it had no traffic
---
.
.
!'o
uo
.
•
uy
-
•
346
THE
GREENWOOD'S CONSTRUCTION
ENG I NE E.R.
'
-
DEc. 6, 1861.
-·--
AND WORKING
OF SAW FRAJIES.
I='IC. 2.
FIC. I.
F IC.3.
•
•
TIIR chief object of this invention, by Thomas Green wood, of
J,ecda, is to effect an economy in tbo construction and in tho setting
up of mnclainory for sawiug wood. This it is proposed to effect by
giving moro compactness to tho mcchnuism, nnd thus ennbling it to
bo set up on a smaller foundr1ti on tlu111 is nt present rcqnired to ou~<uro
tho Rt.alulity of sawing mnchinery of equal working capncity. 'l 'hus,
instend of wOI'king the saw fm111o by t.h o nid of the usual app\i;mce~
of n crauk t~lmft driven by a stmp nnd pulll'yll from tho motivopowe•· engiuo, nod a fly-wheel for ectunlh,iug tbo motion vf the
crank shalft. n bt~m cylinder is set up in no inv(lrtcd position ou
the top of the framework, willain which the snw frame i~ mounted,
nnd the snw frame is connected directly with the pendent pistQn rod
or rpds of the inverted steam cyhodor. 'l'ho tnwerse, th erefore, of
tho )>i~ton will imprwt the requisite reci procating motion directly to
th e 11MV frame, nnd avoid th6 necessity for providing :1. more oxtended foundation than is required to etll'ry tbo frn.mowork u { the
snw mill, while, at the ~>atno time, this nrrang.:mont will involve the
simplifying of tbo construction of tbo mocht\uir~m.
Anotber improvement is to drnw· back th e saw blades nfter
the c:omplctioo oC ench cut from contact with the wood undcw O!)Mf\t ion, so thnt the snw teeth may be cle:u- of the wood during tho
ascout or the rr.amc.
l'' il(. 1 Hhows, in front olovation, the ' improved nrrnngomenl o f
saw lrnmc, the fram ework being partly iu section; 'Pig. :l is a ~oido
elevntion with one side fmmo roroovt!cl, 110 ru1 to ~>how more clearly
thu working pnr~; and :E'ig. 3 i11 a plan ol pnrt of the valve und
feed motion ~!.
A, A, nt·o the upright side fmm es or 11tundnrds of the machine,
couuccted together at top by n cros~-picco n, B, which i:~ firmly
bolted thereto. Set up upon this croijs-pieoo is the in vorted I) team
cyliudor U, the piston-rod D of wlair.h projects downwnrt.U through
nu opening iu the costing ll, and is keyed mto a socket E. P ondont
from tlai!l llOCkOt is the SaW frame J.o', .Jt', which ill COmposed Of tWO
11 prig his nnd two cross-bars; into thi~ movable frame tho Hnw
blndcs arc kr·red in lho usunl tmmnor. 'l'<' the upper ends oC tho
uprig hts F, l!, nro secured socko~ .Jt' •, F •, which correspouu witb
th o 11uekot B, uud through the110 sockc~ n round btLr E • is pas~ud,
for the pUI')JOM) of bUlotnining the St\W ft·amc, nud yet leaving it !reo
to II Wiug !hereon. Affixed to the oppo~ito ends or this oor E· ore
I ho 11liding }lieced, G nnd K, which lh into nod work up o.ud down
in I!Uitnblo grooves mad6 in the uprtglat frames A, A, nnd formiug
n rdidu pnrnllel with th6 cylinder. Bach end of the lower croa.~­
pieco of the frame l'' _is provided with a pivot, upon wloich nre tbo
sliding ph:ce~ G•,
'1'1teso blidinf$ pio~co.:l fit into und work in vertical grnOVI'Ii formed in the two upnght tilides or guide plntcs If, ll1
which 11lidos n1·o mounted in horizontal guides on the inuct·
fnco of thu 11tandnrds A, A, to ndmit of tltoir receiving a to-tmd-fro
motillu 1 {(lr rho purpose to Lo presently uxpluiucd. I id n cross}Jicce uuiting tho two slide.:1 lf, Jl ; this Crodll-lJieco is cast witl1 o.
bUCket , iuto which tlae llnd of tho }Ji~ton -rod ot a small 11tenm cyliudor J is keyed. '1'ho cyliudcr
ill IIUIJ)lOI'tcc\ at the back or the
framo by o cr.>st-picco A • , wl1ich is \totted to the lowet· part of
tho framework, ami it is inteuded to ll11lVO the &!ides H to-mad-fro
on their guide:~, nnd, by that nll'nn'l, to rock ' lto snw frame on its
fulvum rud E•, so M to keep the tooth or the biHV blades up to thei r
11"0rk during tl16 dOWD StrukO Of t\JO bi\W fa•am01 find draw them
away frorn tbo work at tbe completion of over·y ~>ucb stroke. '1'hi11
nrrl\l)gement, therefore, will euablo the bOW frame to ascend to
r epeaL the down stroke without the poiuts of t bo teeth being dnnvu 1
ntl lwretoCoro, over the work.
j'he to-nnd-fro motion of the slide~ II for nccompli~hing this
ro.. nlt will require to be very slight; tho strolce, therefore, of tho
p6tou of the cylinder will bo proportionately shor~ nud to provqut
a•.
nny undue movement or tho s\ide.i stops r., L, are cast on U16 upright frnmes A, A, wboroby th e trnvct-se motion of the slides H, H,
will be effectually limited.
'l'ho sliding pieces K (see Fig. 2) nro shnpod so ·as to form n cnm,
and not against two friction bowl os mouu tcd on the uppor nttd lower
extremities ol f\ T -shaped rocl<inS' lover M ; this lover is keyed upou
1\ horizontnl &ht\ft ?.11, which roclu in suitab16 jourocda iu ~he ~>tau­
dards A, A. To the lateralrmn of thit1 lover M is jointed tho lower
curl of a connecting rod N, the u~par end of which i:~ jointlld to nu
nrm keyed upon a rock ,;hnft 0. 'I hit~ rock sh,\ft Cllrries anothor arm,
which 111 connected to the v.1l vo ,;pindle 1' of the steam cylinc\or C.
On tho rock shafL ?If• of lho l uv<~r M i:1 keyed au nrm :u~ (1106
1-' ig. 3), which cnrrie~ a stud at il:f O>.trumity. 'f his stud takes iuto
n btnall sliding piece, working in a slot in tho lever Q. 'I' his lovo1·
is mountad upon a st ud fixed in tlt o mo.in fmming. ·ro one end of
thio~ lover (s"6 Fig. 2) is ali..'\Chud n connecting rod Q1 for nctunting
th e vnlvo bolonging to the small cylinder J , and iu a Hlot iat tlto
oppollito end of the levot• Q. io~ mounted a stud, which i:1 ntt.uchod
to the upper end ol n rod Q2 , extending to tho levet· R upon
tho Ullual foed motion S for rnoving forwat•d the timbet·; 'r is the
carri~~ogo ltlr supporting tho timbet· to be out, nnd pMsing it through
tiJo 11aw fromo.
Co.u.s CusSfl'IIID.-A t tho P olytechnic Association or New Y ork
Dr. Stcvon11 S.'\id :-"Practically, the following has come to bo 1\
di vi11ion of coal into sovornl kiod~ or grado:~-ConLi without or with
but little fla.miog qut~litius, or containing but little llitumon, aro
C.'\ lied nuthrncitc; coals emitting a flame for a short period, a somianthrncito, containing i8 JlOr cont. or cnruon, nnd 13 pur cent. of
bitumen; coals containing 50 per cont. of Cllrbou or more, unll
1\J per cont. or more of bitumen, with 50 or UIJ per cent. of Mlh,
bituminous coni; coni co utnining n smaller pur cont. of carb.:>n thrw
bitumen, n canucl coal, nnd if 11. 1:11111\ple resembling caunol co ult\in!l
more tlmu 40 per cont. of nsh, it is called bitumiuous shnlo or shi.,t.
A litill further tli vi:! ion of tllC' cnnucl could be mndo with o. olonror
conception of tLo great subjuct. All those cannel.s contniuiog n
very 11mall per cont. uf o:>h, sny 2 or 3 per cent., and ts > or !10
per cont. of bitumen, wo she>uld c,1ll fossil bitumen, and umong thcde
wo t.hould cltb& the Inmous boghcnd or St'otlund nod Alburt coals of
Now llntnswick."- United Statu R11ilroad and Minin!J Rt!Ji&ter.
AcctoKNTS ON Fa&Ncu HAlLWAYs.- We fiud the following iu the
Re11ue Contemporaine :-" On the Northern, Strn:.bur~:, " restorn,
Orleans, nnd Moditerrancnn lines of rnilway, 2,130 truins ruu every
dny, nud tbo distance porformod is altogether 19~ 1 000 kilometres
(~ths of n mile each), making 1\ total of 7i7,450 troius, and more
tlmu iO,uuo,ouo of kilometre:~ i11 tho year.
'l'ho numbur of
pn&~cngcrs conveyed on those lines in the ycnra ft•otu 185U tu 1860
wn.~ nlluut 31 U,tiUO,IJUO, nud dul'iug that ped~ld the loss of life by
accident:~ wns 44, or onu out of 7 ,OUO,OOO.
Does thcro
oxiijt a humo.u undertaking whcro materinl forces nro nscd iu the
mid~>t of difllcult circumstuncc!l nod with the co-opomtiou of such n
con~ider·nblo num ber of men, whtch would engage not to moko n
greater number oC victims? The nbovo figure,;, token from officinl
source,_, bovo nn eloquonce which cannot be eobily weokoucd, and
ngainbt which oOirtuntious too lightly br·ought cnnuot provuil.
Whnt additional force do not thCb6 cnlculutiuus acquire when tboy
are comptu·cd with th6 number of cnrrio.go accidents which tnke
plnce io one year in the l:'ublic th oroughfares of Puris nlouo? In
J 860, for ins t.nnce, the officialtilatilltic:~ iuform UB that the c~unlticl!
of thnt kind amounted to 9:.!0, which occnbioued tJ1o dcnth ;or 80
lJCI'IlOUII 1 nnd serious injuria:~ to 679 others. '! ' bus tho circulnllon oC
cnrrlngos in Pari& hns lod to ulmost ns mnny violout dontha iu ouu
year as tho circulntiou on Ihe fl·ouoh rail Wl\)'8 iu leu y enrs.''
"r
T uRNING SALT
ATEit INTO FnEsn.-.Wo hear of n dibcovcn•
•
mndo nt Adelaide which is much more satisfnctory thnn nowt1 of
fmitles~, if not fat.;\1, exploring 11xpeditionR to the interio•· of A\18·
trnlin. Mt·. Noalo of that city, while mnking certain ohomicnl oxporimonli, di<Jcovored a wo.y to convert snlt wntcr· into fresb wntot·, by
simply th rowing in subst.\ncu ~ which pa·otlucc n vi•>lont offervcsccnC6·
On subiitlonco of tho comm•>linn n deposit tak''" plnco; tho wntcr is
filt.oro,l ofT pure :~.nu palatllblo, llnd i11, ns onr reporlot· says, preferred
by m.\ny pllrsou-s to tho supply from tho W1\terworks. Should i ~
appca.r that the chemical Hub, t.m rci required nro ioexpousivo, 11ud
that the proce.s~ is npplicllblo on n largo scnlo, tbis dibCo very will
bo pnrtic~tlnrly wdul in part>~ of tho country where snlt lakes tnos~
prov.\il, nod ou board ships at 'l'n. Wo hM•o not heard whotber Mr.
Nenl hns mn.do known whttt the ri''JUired chemical substances &re,
but w6 commend. the matt{•r to tho uttentiou or sanitary funclionnri03.
It3 import.nnco nt tho pn•M•nt time nppMrd to be greater because of
the endeavours now makinK in many places to provide tho boat
wat.or thnt eau be got {,n· bousolwltl ptii')JO.ies. 'fhe arLebian woll nt
l'n<~sy, which has b~on bor!\d ton dt!pth of 677} moto1·s through difficulties that often hindorod tho work, and 11eomod nt tim011 iusurmouut.'\blo, now yields water t•nou~h to supply hnlf a million of th6
popnlntion of Pnris. It i~ romnrlmt..lo thnt tho opening ,,( this Wllll
h ns dimini~hcd the supply of wntor to the ono whiclt hM Uowod
copiou~ly fo1· many ycar11nt Un.'nclle.-Citamberl'l J ournal.
FoneroN AND. CoLONIAL JOTTINGS.- Severn\ French ongioeera
under the direction of M. llounrdinl, hn vo made :~ partinl exploration of the Isthmu:~ of D1\rien, and aro to sail for Dnrion ngain noxt
month to rnake :1. dotaik•d survoy of the lino for o. ship Cllnol
between the .Atlantic and Pncilic Oce:uas.-A letter from Herllu,
llnted Nov. 27, BllYII :-·" 'l 'ho .Minibtr·y of llnriue ill much occupird
with the coast lino of r.tilw1ty 1 which is of so much import.nnco for
the dofouce of the COD.$t.
N(•gociations will be communcod
wi th Moclclenburg, then with Hunovot·, tu in<luco them to coopemlo in the estalalit~hment ol thia line, which Prussit1
wnuld be inclined to complete oven at her own expcnl!c.
Tho rnil wny ill nlrenrly complotcd from Konigsberg to
Dnntzic; it hns now to be continued from Dnulzic to S tettin,
nud thence to Hamburg through Mt,cklenburgh, nnd to the
port or Jahde, through llanovor.-lt is stated that the l!'ronch iroocas!'d frignte Norruaudie, now at Uberbourg, has occomplishrd
14 French l;nots per hour during her trial trip.-Letters eau now
be rcgi.,torcd to every Bl'itish colony except 'l'asmanin nnd
Vancouver'r> Islnnd.-A C'r\p6 '!'own communication, under dato
October 21, says:-" 'l'hc t'r1po 'l'owo Hnilwny and Dock Compauy
uufortunately appear to htwo givon their work to a contrnotvr, with
whom they hnvo bad n dit,putu 1 too loug oven to givo an out.lin6 of
in this lettol'. 'l'ho matter l1 ns como before the Supromo Court, who
hav6 this morning decidud that tl.e compuny ar·o under their co utt·not
tO11\kO }>OSSl;ssiou Of the WOI'kS 1 1Jllltlt1 &c., 1\lld thorO ill DOW6VOry prOtlfJeCt of its being complotod nt nn cnrly dute."-An iron-clad h·igat6
hns llc~:u contructed for in Philalli!lphin, for t he United Stlltcll'
Govommeut. Sbo will bo ~ ·l•rft. Ion~, 58ft. bcnm, and 80ft. deptl1
of hold. 'l' be pi:\ tell of iron with which she is to 00 clod will ench bo
20ft. long, 18iu. wide, nnd ,I !in. thick. 'l'ho spar deck will be of
iron, and the guns w illllo plnced ou the lower deck. Her anunmcnt
will consist uf sixteen of the lar.;e:~t sized rifieJ cannon. Over
9110 men nre uow cmtJloyed in the United Shtes' Arsenal at
West Troy, N.Y. Every workshop is crowded to its utmost Cllpncitv, :md th e scene of labour it~ coutiuued both nigb•. and dny.
'rrm ConoN Q.usstrON.-On lo'ridny last thoro wvre 26<l,U60 bales
of Amoricun cotlon in I..ivorpoul, ns ngaiust 891,).00 at tlte snmo
time last year. 'rbe S uruts counted 289108Q billet~ ~ninBt 91l,O:.!U
bn!es at the santo tiruo ln~t yenr.
'
THE
DEc. 6, 1861.,
TO CORRESPONDENTS.
Yol. xi. of THE ENOI!aKR. can tt01D bt lvJdft'onl t~ o~t, price 181.
• • • ~lfot' binding~~ wlu~M can bt had. from. ~ pllhlilh.er, price 21. 6d.
uuh.
• • • We mmt requut thole of our corrupmdentl 1Dho duire to be rifcrrtd to
maker1 ofmachintry1 apparaiUI, « c., to ltnd t~r namu and addru1u, to
1Dhich, after pllhlilhmg t~r inquiricl, 1De 'Urillf~arrl any ldttr1 1Dt may
recti.:e in an1wer. Stu:h an.n.ctrl, pllhlil~ to catch ~~eye of an anonynww
que~-ilt, art in mo1t caau merdy advmiltm~nu, 111hich, ve arc ntrt • ur
reader• 'lllill agree 111ith w, 1hould bt a:duckd a1 much a1 pouiblc from tAil
column.
ENG INE E R.
THE ENGINEER.
FRIIJ.A Y, IJEOEMBER 6, 1861.
OUR IRON-CLAD SHIPS.
Admiral Sir Charles Napier now alive he would,
we think, admit that the defensive and offensive resources
A . C. S. (Ferrol).- We lrnow only of Silver'&.
of the country were being at last developed at a rate
W. D.- fYe cnnnot comp1·~nd your quuti.on.
K. S. D. -Your advertilemcnt 111iU, doubtl<lf, bring a ''t&ponae.
sufficiently rapid to justify the most confident hopes of our
T. C. (Derby).- JI'Jiqt a,., 1ee to t~olice, Y our plan il by t~o meant nnD.
M. BROTRERS (South Shields). - .AcJdrua M 1·. Thon~.a~ Da11iaon, Bngineu, permanent security. Desirino- nothing so much as peace,
0Uu{IOUI.
we were never better prel?are3 for war. In but very little
NOR.Tll M OOR F. Co.-Afu.ra. B<uton, A IMt, and S1n, a re t~ makerl of if any fear of domestic mvasion, we possess means also
.A ppold'a pump.
R. W. L.-We cannot 1ay, off hand, and 1hould p1·obably have to m4kc a \Vhich give us every reasonable assurance of success in an.Y
lengthy 1earch in o1·der to a~eertain.
distant encounter. In tho number of our ships, in the1r
DORU.ut.-No, tl~ plain cylinder boiler would not -raite 10 much 1ttan1, nor be rate, speed, and the formidable character of their armament,
a. economicaL of fuel a1 t~ Cornith.
A. B.-Get Haddon'• t wo ahiUing .dlgtbra, in Wtale'a ~eriu, and Proju.or in the practical invulnerability of some of them, and, added
Young'• key to 1~ 1amc, price la. 6d.
to all the rest, in the patriotism of our navy, other nations
A. 0.-.A =tc addrtu tfl to th~ Sterdary of t~ .dnJwur Plalc Commilli.o•l,
should discover something to check their readiness to insult
IPutminn er, S. JP'., wtll reach him.
A. B.-I( bra~& (9 copper to 1 tin) wiU not an&wer for the nul, 111.2kc it of our flag, however little tliey may care at heart for the first
1orought iron, ca&t harckntd in the centre hole.
VKNTILATION OV MINI'.S.-A COrrtapondtJU, 0. A ., propOitl tll!lt mi•ttl' lit requisites of international intercourse. It may not be
11tnlilattrl by t~ r"rijlcation ca>Utfl by/he repeaurl a:ploliOTiil of j!J•t da1np prudent to despise any enemy, but it requires some pre;n tndoacd cylincler1 or ~pacta. TM idta may be wiful.
sumption to believe that the Americans would seriously
think of opposing their naval force to ours. We should
FUSIBLE
METALLIC ALL OY.
.
.
have no need to land so much as a corporal's guard upon
(To tM Edi tor of The Bn giJUtr.)
their shores, and it is difficult to understand what substantial
StR,-Will you kindly convey to yonr correspondent M. d'A (Nov. 22), In defence their coast fortifications would oppose to a prolonged
~nswcr to his Inquiry, that there Is o. po.tent o.lloy, consisting of eo.dmlum,
ono to two po.rts; bismuth, seven to eight parts; tin, two; le:ld, four, fuses fire from a few of our plated frigates, built or building. Of
between 150 deg. and 160 deg. Fah.
these ~ships, especially of the "improved Warrior'' class,
Further particulBrs mBy be learnt by reference to the "Chemical News" now in progress, we cannot have too many. If they cost
of No,•ember 18th, 1Sti0.
H. C.
half-a-million or more each, no other nation can build them
Topsham, Devonshire, December 2nd, 1861.
as cheaply, nor produce, nor afford the cost and maintenance
THE ROOF OF THE MANCHESTER EXHIBITION.
of as many as Great Britain. The Times is already urging
(To tilt Bditor of The Bnginw·. )
that the Adminlt;r give orders for at least three more
StR,-Your correspondent "B. 0 . A." can bBrdly have put his questi<>n beyond those now m hand, and in this recommendation we
to rmy one here. ~!Bncbester can boost of mBny self·rnl.sed men who, by
enterprise, sheer hBrd work. Bnd persevero.nce combined genero.lly with heartily join. With the extra work which is likely to be
some special tnlent or acquirement, hBve worked up from the lower ranks, thrown upon the dockyards, these ships would, no doubt,
Rnd have estnbllshed great centres or industry, which will throb with active as they should, be constructed in privhte building yards.
lite and usefulness long after their founders' hands bBve ceased to labour.
One of these men is Mr. Wm. Br~mingho.m, of Pendleton, MBn chest.cr, And just as the Warrior was thought to be rather underwho, at the close of the Exhibition In 1867, purchased the roof, and trans- sized for her service, it mi~ht be found that frigates 450ft.
ported it to Darlington, where it now covers bls new Ironworks, which bill
fair to be the most complet.e and perfectly Bmmged works for rail making long, and of 7,500 tons to t5,000 tons would be still better
in the kingdom. 'fhe roof is, I believe, one of tbe best and most simple of than those now in course of construction. Such ships
its kind; it is erected on cast iron piiiBrs, and in two spans of 56ft . each, could carry, each, 80 of the heaviest guns now used, or
making the total width 112ft., by 400ft. long, but the contrast between the
ponderous steBm hBmmers, rolling mills, Bnd other appli:mces for tho 50 or 60 of even double the present greatest weight, if
mr~nulacture of Iron rails, &c., and the rare and costly works of Brt, tho
such ordnance be yet found altogether suitable for
delicate and Br tistic gems that formerly rested beneath its sh~e, is most
It appears certain, however, that guns
striking, and any ono tho.t bns witnessed both scenes may well exclaim, naval service.
"What a change is here," nod should your correspondent ever journey so must be made of not merely double the present maxifar north be will see to what a good use has been put the roof of the Man· mum weight known in the service, but of 15, 20, or
cbester Exhibition.
A MANCUESTER MAN.
~5 tons' weight before any decided impression can be
Manchester, December 2nd, 1861.
mado upon the 5~ -in. plates now adopted for ships' armour.
Ill 0 B · P RE S S U RE EN 0 I N .E S.
\Ve believe that it will soon be found that the best and
(To tlu Bditor of The E nginetr. )
cheapest armour plates will be those made by the Bessemer
SIR,- I have rend with much Interest the account given of Perk ins and process, by merely melting pig iron and decarbonising it by
Williamson's boiler for bigh·pressure steam in your number of the 2:lnd
Inst., p. 807, and the experiments. or five hours' duration, m:lde with it. blowing aix· through it for a few minutes. 1'hose who have
'J'here are, however, some omissions mndc of important elements for cal- seen massive bars of this metal coiled and twisted under
culating the real \'alue of the boiler; for there are no statements g1ven of enormous force, into almost any and every form of which a
the following particulars:1. What was th e temperature in the chimney while the evaporation was mass of ductile lead is capable, will understand how this
kept up at 14 or 16 cubic feet per hour?
compamtively new material can withstand t ests to which no
2. What wns the temperature of the water in the boiler at the commenceordinary rolled (still less hammered) u·on can be subj ected.
ment of the five hours· experiment?
S. What quantity of WBter was in tbe boiler at the commencement of tbo And it 'has, at the same time, a cohesion and power of reexperiment, and what quantity wns fed In during the continuance of tho sisting penetration, unequalled by any other iron, its own
experiment, and Bt whBt temperature 1
4 . Whether the JOO lb. of anthrncite coal used included the coal wed for tensile strength ranging from 40 to 50 tons per square inch.
getting up the steam?
Still further, these plates could be made by this, and only
6. What pressure of steam wM mBintained in the boiler during the ftve
by this, process, of any length, width, and thickness, say
hours ?
up to 40ft. long, 7;ft. wide, Gin. thick, and weighing 30 tons,
6. What is the space occupied by the boiler alone with Its dimensions?
I hope you will ogrec with me in thinking that answers to the above and perfectly homogeneous throughout. And, finally, there
qu1sUons would make the account of the experiment much more valuBble;
and that Messrs. Perk ins and WillialllliOn will have the kindness to 11i\•e is every reason for believing that these plates could be prothem in your col u mns.
duced at a good and sufficient profit for £15, or, at the most,
Are 832 squBre feet not an enormou~ amount of heating surto.co for a
high·pressuru boiler, evBporating 84 cubic feet, or, at the outside, 15 cubic £20 per ton, instead of £35, as no\v paid. Bessemer metal
is no more than decarbonised pig iron, purified \Vithout
feet of water per hour?
T. J. E.
November 29th, 1861.
fuel, with less than 10 per cent. waste, and almost without cost for handling, and it is difficult to understand how
A CHEAP COCOA MILL WANTED.
it can be as costly as puddled bars, notwithstanding that it
(To the Bdilor of The Engineer.)
Sta,-Among the mBny !\l'ticles of dom05tie utility supplied to the public possesses excellences which would be vainlr. sought in
by our manufacturcr4. there is yet ono wanting, u11mcly, o. cocon fto.kinjt' Lowmoor iron. \Ve tt·ust that Government will, at length,
mill, at a price within the reach of the multitude. '!'his is a vital nell0.>1>ily commence the manufacture of this material in the royal
to many who take stron~ exercise, aud with whose constitutions the orui·
u11ry bevemge.q of tea and coffee do n ot agree. Cocoa is aiP'eed to bo establishments, as Colonc.:l \Vilmot had once arranged to
the material tor the most nutritious drink, while the Brticlo fro:u which carry it out at W oolwich, and as the London and Northwe have 1.0 make lt cannot, when In B condition suitnble for use, be ob·
tained in a •tBte of purity. I have drank it for years, but could llnd in Western Rnilway are now arranging to carry on the
London, after diligent search, but three vendors who dispensed genuine process nt Crewe. By this proces:1 we believe that, while
f\a.ked cocoa, while I bave been unable to obtain it genuine a t o.ny shop we should have plates of far better quality than at present,
in some of tbo principal t.owns in EngiBnd. 'fb e grocer, having the nuts
and nibs for sale, and which Bro gcncro.lly obtainablo, says "buy them, we should save enough, in plating a dozen frigates, to comyun know th ey are genuine, good, but you h11ve no mill to grind them, plete a baker's dozen without additional cost. VI/o have
neither have J ;" and if I boil them without their being first crushed or heard of an ing~nious, but, we fear, costly, mode of convertflaked in a mortar or mill, tbcy may be digested for hours without dissolving, " hi le the llromB, being high ly volat11e, evapornte~, leaving a. lla\•Our· ing cast iron p1ates into tough malleable ix·on armour, which
l&.B, brown fluid. Now as in :Spain, and the colon le'! which beiOn!(td to mode is simply that of decarbonising highly heated cast
that country, a man in abject poverty ii described as too poor to buy COCOQ., iron in contact with "red ore," as is done in Birmingham,
here a working man is n<>t rich enough to buy o. coco11 mill, nnd be
cannot Bfford to spend BD hour In prcparms- ~is meal, by bruising tbo cocoa. in making some of the parts of Hobbs' locks, and as is exIn a mortar.
tensively practised for larger castings in t.he United States.
A coffee mlllm11y be had for a few shillings ; surely there is :m openiug
The Bessemer treatment, however, would, we think, be
for the cocoa mill for home and export trade.
Cocoa would bll in morC> gcncml u~u but for the vile trnsh that i' mixed found much the cheaper of the two.
with it; even t he \Jest contains a lnrge proportion of fecula, while other
The new ships, the Achilles, the Captain, the l\Iinotaur,
53mplcs are coutamloated w1tb Bnlmal fats, wec\·illy bbcuit powucr, clay,
and the Northumberland, are to be 400ft. long, 59tft.
&c., some contnlning about lu pu C<!nt. only of tllcg~nuine article.
'l'llc..e mixtures must h11ve a far difl'. ,rt:nt effect 1.0 tlmt production which beam, and to have n tonnage of 6,81'5, or 645 tons more
Linn:cus called the food lor the gow.
'fiii':OBROMA CACAO.
than the \Varrior. It is announced, in advance, and just
as it wns once asserted of the \Varrior, that they \vill have
MEETINGS NEXT WEEK.
INSTITUTION OP Ct\'IL ESOl lllliiiiS.-Tucsdo.y, DcccmberftOth, at 8 p .m. thirty-six lOO-pounder Armstrongs on the main deck, and
l>i~cus.ion upon Mr. &iley Den ton's paper "On the IJi~charge or Uud<:r·
21 of the same guns on the spar deck, besides two
druinage, anu 1111 J::lrect on tbu Arterial ChllDneb and Outfalls of the
200-pounder Armstrongs in the bows, and a pivot gun of
t:ountr)."
Ci\'IL AND MICUASIC.U. EliOISEl!RS' SOCJETV.-Tbunday, at 7 p .m. , " On the same size in the stern. \Ve do not see why, howe,·er,
thu H:lddon 'l'utmcl," by John S. Allcn, C K
these ships should, nor do we believe that they will, be
'! 'll K ENOJNt:llll can lie luul, by ortkr, from any mw&agmt in town o•· count~!',
equipped with a battery so much inferior as this would be
and al the 11uriou.t railu:ay &tatiou~: 01· it cm<, i f pl'ifc-red, lie 1UpJ!t'l4.1.
(except only for long range), to even the ordinal'Y
di,·t..;tfl'tJfll t/~ O.JliCt 011./l~jOUOlDLIII/Iel'liU : ti8-poundcr guns. \Ve haYe al:owed ourselves to be carried
Haif·ytar/y (i•tcludiug <Wu/.lt number),
154. 9d.
}'early (uiCludi•tqtrcv duublt IIUT•Wtrl), £1 111. Gd.
away wit h the mistaken idea that, in the costly Armstrong
I/ crtdit bt ~<&Am, an utra c/UAr!Jt of tu:o t!tiUi"{l' aud 1i:J:pmce 7>t1. alltiUtll guns, we had provided our8elves with ordnance every way
tciU ~ t1Uide.
superior to the old smooth bores, whereas their superiority
TUII Esot:>'El!R u t·tgutercdjor trailllnUiion abroad.
.Advl'l'lil 't1llil•'• cawtOI be gw•ranlt~d iuatrtion 'll•Jitu ddiveretl b fore cigh t consists only in range and prccb.ion, their actual power, as
o'clock on T h1Jrl l11y tVt:l,iuq i•• torh 1Cttk. Tltt clwrg.· ;or )our li111:1 "'"I ,icge guns, being interior to that of cannon mado half a
umler i4 li-•1/·11-<:I•••Oii; tuclt line ujl~t1CUJdi,IU:peuct. 1'k• li111: IJWfO{I I
century ago. ~hould out· ships have occasion to test the
f.i u 1110rd1: bluch urt cl•argetl I~ ''"'"' 1 ute fur 1/~ lfX1C1 1/uy )UI. .A} I
,olidity, whatever that may be, of the masonry of }~orts
1w gl" O•J~erl>*lil./!1111 froul 1ht QIUIII'f mill. be GCCVIIlJ'<'IIi..·d by 11ump1 "''
puymmt.
Hamilton, Lafayettc, and Hichmond, in Xew York harL •u,, rtl tinglo ll1t a lverlimntl.t an. l puhlillling dtparlmenl of t1.i1 p~pel · bour, forts which a contributor, by no means critical, to
ort ttJ ~a wreued to t11e pubhaka, b!R. fSIIRNAlll> LUXTO!<; altotlur teller<
t his month's Art Jotmwl, pronouuces "almost impregcut~l com1aunicatirnt1 to be (1.(/dru•t'.t to lite EdUu1' IJf 'l'ull E~Oili&EU1 IUT,
Stru11d, Lo11d0111 W.C.
nable," the old smooth bore~ will assuredly be the guns
-
WERE
347
•
upon which the heavy work must devolve. The Armstrongs have one advantage over the cast iron guns-that of
inflicting injury, at a far greater distance, upon troops,
earthworks, and upon timber-built vessels (wheJ?ever a
timber-built ship may happen to be hit at a great d1stance,
which, we take it, will not be often), but, for general
naval service our new wrought iron ordnance is, we fear,
an improvement in the wrong direction. Having confidence, however, that a wise decision will secure for the
four ne'v iron frigates the same effective class of armament as
that now possessed by the Warrior, we may remark merely
that the armour of the new vesse)s lias been defimtively fixed as 5t-in. plates from stem to stern, making
2,000 tons of plates, instead of 950 tons, as on the
Warrior. At the back of this thickness of iron there will
be lOin. instead of, as in the last named shi:\), 20in. of t eak.
TI:Us increase in the thickness of the plates lS opposed, the
Times informs us, by some of the highest authorities. We
are only glad that their opposition has not had sufficient weight to prevent a very wise decision on the part of
the Admiralty. It may be that the 41in. plates are
practically invulnerable to the guns of the present day, but
if ever Captain Blakely's or Mr. Longridge's propositions
are listened to and acted upon, we may, and, no doubt
shall, have guns capable of throwino- a 600 lb. shot in at
one side of the Warrior and out at ilie other. The resistance of plates to punching increases only as their thickness,
as every boiler-maker knows, although somebody has attempted to make out that the resistance increases as the
square of the thickness, which can only be the fact with
regard to bending, as in the case of beams. 'fhe Prince
Alfred lOin. gun, 'vith an under charge of powder, has, it
appears, already indented a best 4 ~in. plate to a depth of
6in., and it will be well if we reserve our opinion a.s to
the impenetrability of armour plates until our ordnance
engineers and gun-makers, both in and out of W oolwich,
confess that they have done their best.
It will be upwards of two years, it is admitted, before
our new iron frigates 'vill be m commission, and it is to
these, and not to our plated timber ships, on a design
" taken from the French," that \VC are to look for a
substantial increase of ow· naval establishment. Considering the comparatively small beginning already made, and
the time required for getting suitable ships ready for
sen·ice, and considering the constant contingencies to which
we find ourselves exposed in every quarter of the world,
let us, by all means, have a few more" improved Warriors"
put in hand.
ENGINEERS AND CONTRACTORS.
IT would be interesting to know how much of our
practice of en~ineering is due to the professional engineer,
and how much to the contractor. In some cases-we will
not venture to say bow many-the latter are the real
engineers, and the former occupy the merely nominal
position of intermediate agents between those for whom
the work is done, and those who do it. As for engineering competence, we are much inclined to believe that many
of the contractors could better dispense with the engineers
than could the engineers with the contractors. Were the
latter disinterested, they might, \VC think, be safely left. to
do their own engineering in a large nwnber of cases. But
as their interests are by no means identical with those of their
employers, itappears to be necessary to set over them some representative of the latter, and who should not only be competent to reject their work, but be competent also to do it.
himself. In America certainly, and, possibly, elsewhere,
the plan has been tested and abandoned of employing great
contractors to build railways at so much, gro s, per mile,
"finding ever ything, and doing their own engineering,"
the payment being partly cash and partly in shares and
bonds. I t was generally found that the works were
"scamped" from beginning to end, so as to make the cash
payment cover the whole cost, leaving the shares and
debentures as clear profit, and which a shrewd speculator
was seldom at a loss to dispose of to advantage. Yet in the
construction of a steamship, which requires an amount of
knowledge and skill by no means inferior to that required
in the planning and execution of many large engineering works, contracting ship builders and engine builders
are safely trusted to " find everything and do their own
engineering." In mechanical engineering contracts the contractor, indeed, is almost always his own engineer, or at least
the employer of the engineer. \Vhat, then, is the difference
between a railway and a steamship, that a practice which
holds good in one cnse should fail1n the other ? It is probably the fact that while steamships are things to be reproduced in numbers, all much like each other, there is far
greater variety of construction in railway work. The original
det ermination of the route is a matter which requires a
judgment and skill which the mere contractor has no occasion to exercise, and for which his pursuits in no way fit
him. 'fhe choice between a direct line across country, 'vith
heavy cuttings, tunnels, and viaduCt$, and often steep gradients, and a longer line accommodating itself to the natural
features of the ground, the consideration of the character
of the stations, and general works of construction, and tho
adaptation of the rolling stock to the line, are not, of course,
matters to be left to a mere contractor, any more than the
design of a palace or of large !?ublic buildin~s is to be
left to a working builder. 'Ihen, too, works of civil
engineering cannot, as a. rule, be subjected to a prearranged t est, with the convenience and certainty of
proving a boiler or working a steam engine. Iron
bridges and girders may be tested, no: doubt, but it
would be difficult to say how a contractor could have
tested Eddystone lighthouse, or the London Docks, or
even Waterloo bridge. In such works, capitalists and the
public must throw themselves upon tho knowledge,
skill, and honour of the civil engineer, knowing, all tho
\Vhile, that contractors could be found, in plenty, who
would do the work, it~ tlteir otcn tcay, for one-half, if not
one-fourth of what the works in question arc actually
made to cost, and knowing, moreover, that to employ such
men would, in all probability, prove the dearest policy in
the end.
Except, therefore, in the organisation of h is men and
348
THE
plant, and in the consequent economical applicat ion of his
resources t o his work, t he contractor should never get t he
start of the engineer, who should always kno \v bow to
execute his own plans, and what they ought to cost, rather
t han be t hr own upon the contractor to know if, and how,
t hey can be cro·ricd out, and wbat[ricc he may choose to set
upon his work. With really goo engineering there ought
not t o be the opportunity of contractors making such large
fortunes as many of them do. Not that we regret their
success, but the fact that they arc so successful is a clear
p roof t hat they get the best of the engineers. How many
engineers, indeed, are really under the influence of t he
contractor who carries out their plans! "Can you do
this ?" is oftener put as a question, to the contractor, than
t he simple or der , " D o it, and let it be done so and so."
H ow many of t he appr enticed "young men," who will
soon commence t o operate upon the capital of the nation,
are taught , or h ave the opportunity of k nowing how
t heir handsomely d rawn and nicely coloured designs ar e to
be carried out in practice. " Ah, well," we shall be told,
" these arc only matters of detail." So they are, and
detail, in engineering, is a very great deal, although not
ever ything. A nobleman or a prosperous tradesman may
employ an archit~ct without knowing or caring whether
he can work after his own plans. Meritorious design,
with grandeur and artistic effect, arc what the wealthy
client r equires.
There is a luxury in building, and,
it may be, in p aying for , a costly house.
'l'o o wn
such an on<:: is at least o. distinction, and cost may
thus be something to boast of. But, in the case of
engineering works, commercial considerations must generally be p ar amount to all others, for the fitness and
security of t he w or k it elf become matters of pounds,
shillings, a nd pence. At all events, the engineer is
honourably bound t o exer cise the greatest prudence and
economy consistent with the character and requirements
of the w ork in hand. This he cannot do if he bo not,
on all points, absolutely independent of the contractor ,
knowing ho\V t o conduct every operation for which a cont ractor is employed. The sphere of the latter, and that in
which he may be, and almost of necessity must be, superior
t o the engineer , is in the or ganisation and management of
labour. But when he can di cover better modes of
executing "'ork than arc suggested by the engineer, the
latter will find himself at a disadvantage. In this way,
we apprehend, t he cost of engineering \Yorks is often
~reatly increased thr ough what mm,t be called the
Ignorance of engineers-often an ignorance of details
which t hey ar e above learning.
'!'he old class of
engineers, among whom was Brindlcy, working for
3s. 6d. a day, Smeaton and others were men who
w ent thoroughly into e,-ery part of their work. They did
not contract mer ely to supply designs, whose authort1 were
not permitted to avow themselves, nor were they in the
h abit of t hrowing themselves upon the skill of their cont r actor s; and cer tainly, as we believe, they newr made
unprofessional "arr angements" with them. There is so
~uch <~!vision of labour now-a-days-one ma~ making it
hlB busmess to exert a leverage upon capitalists, another
to supply plans t o order, a third to manipulate the contractors, and, perhaps, a follrth to obtain the credit for
t he eflorts of all the rest-that it may become difficult to
say w hat is an engineer. Engineering is becoming, perhaps, as much political as professional, but, as long as it
r emains construct ive, we t rust that the knowledge and
s~ill w hich should distinguish the profession will be maint amed, and that none of the proper functions of the engineer
will be delegated t o the contmctor.
LIT ER AT U R E.
LitJu of the EnfJi:neers : with .an A ccoumt of tkeir P tincipal
Worka, compt·utng alao a H 1slory of Inland Com1nu-nication
iA Britai11.. By SAMUEL SMJT.Es.
[FmsT NoTICE.]
" L n;ts of t he Engineers" ! K o, no, Mr. Smiles, not so !
The t.ltle should have been, " Lives of Some Eminent En..,.in eers," of which these two volumes arc a welcome inst~l­
ment; t o be followed, we t r ust, by others, till we get the
series complete of those men who, more than any other
men, have helped to make these islands of Great Britain
wha~ they are in their physical attt·ibutes, natul'nl and
acquared.
W hat is an E ngineer ? Technically, ono who contrives
or constructs eng~nes or machines. Professionally, one
who has been nr tacled t o an en"'ineer in char.,.~ of large
works of construction. I n the glden time th~ technical
e~gineer was so both in the right of his own brain, and, after
tlmes, hands also. In these modern days an engineer is simply
a conver tible te~·m for a man of business 'vho regulates
gen~ral ~xp cndtture and arrangement of works, and hires
eng1?eermg tal~nt from those who possess it, taking credit
~o h~ msel f for 1t as t hough t~ey were mere copying·clcrks
m h 1s office. The work done 1s analo"'ous
to that of hou c0
building, n mere repetition of parts, multiplied more or
less. Any number of pupils may pay-or their fi·iends for
t hem- appr entice fees 1i·om £100 to £1,000, and at the end
of their t ime be as much engineers, in virtue of the number of ci~ars they have smoked, as batTisters may be
lawyer s m virtue of t he number of dinners they have
eat en.
Engineers proper are something quite other than this.
L ike p oets, they are born, and not made by human art. A
rhy~estcr is not. a .poet, neither is a drawing cler k an
engmeer , r ule be his lines never so neatly. The true En,.ineer is be who knows by instinct the true forms of mat fer
to apply to given ends, as perfectly as the bee ot· the
beaver; and adds to those instincts the cultivation of
practice and n wide-spread knowledge of the materials
furnished by the Creator ou a~:d above and below the
ear th's surface. These mat<'rials it is the business of the
engineer to modify in form, by chemical and mechanical
agen~y, into secondary creation's good for the progress of
man 10 that secondary nature we call Art.
. In t~is sense ~ngineers-i.e., men of original minds, of
10vent1ve faculttes- ar o by no means numerous. Take t he
ENGINEER.
DEc. 6, 1861.
P atent Office list of inventors, and the book eller's catalogues of poets- small contrivers on the one hand and small
rhymers on the other, inclusive-and it will be found, on
comparison, that the poets are t he most numerous. "\Ye
do not seck to set up a 'Vatt in comparison with a Shakespeare-\vc recognise that mind is before matter, spirit as
greater t han mathematics ; but the creative spirit that made
heat our bondslave and set human muscles free from
drudgery, and that gave the printing-press to multiply the
· words of the poet to the ends of the ear th, was also something more than material. The words of the poet are
much,-Natw·c's or iginality; but the thoughts of the brains
t hat winged those words are Nature's ori~inality also, albeit
that the course of time has made thetr practice a mere
mechanica l formula.
Engineering is the process which wins the world from
the wilderness, and converts it to the uses of civilised
man, making rough places smooth, and unwholesome
places healthy. The early engineer needed to be what the
Germans call a manv-sided man. He had to invent new
forms of matter and organise them, and he had also to
organise men, whom he did not invent, but whom he
picked out from the crowd by the aid of his J?erceptive
faculties. Verily be was a man in his own r1ght, this
early engineer, and not in the right of other men . The
masons of old were men of this class- the teachers of the
taught, who built chw·chcs and other buildings ; and the
mill wrights of the last centuries were the rea1 engineers;
men who could take hammer and chisel in hand, as well
as square, and rule, and compasses- who gave no orders
they were not themselves competent to fulfil. Grand men,
these; the reality, and not the sham, of the earth-great
by k nowing, and not g reat by hearsay only, as has come
t o pass now.
'l'ho basis of all engineering is the instinctive perception
of the mechanical principles of gravity and elasticity, and
their r esults, cohesion, and disintegration. If a man possesses not this instinctive perception he may be an organiser of men, but he cannot poa:,ibly be an engineer in the
higher sense of the term. And this organising quality is
not to be despised; it is the quality largely known as the
business faculty. A man may possess it without the engineering faculty, but an instinctive engineer mu t possess
it to some extent. The perfect organiser, without the
engincet·, could do nothing; the engineer, witltout perfect
organisation, could do much. He is the origi:::ator, and
therefore it is that the mass of mankind instinctively pay
him more reverence than they do to the mere organiser,
for without the originator the earth would be without
form, and void. lt is true that the mass does not r ecognise o.ri~i na lit~ until it is ~erified by outward success, and
the ongmator 1s held to be a mere "schemer" till that
point is attained, "practical men" holding that the great
" scheme of creation" was nothin~ till it was realised in
the firmament and all that it contams.
Success in our days is measured by the amount of money
a man accumulates, and those who are called civil engineer s
have some of them been highly successful. They may,
po sibly, not be engineers at all; but, if thev have the
reputation, they can get the direction of largc.works, and
they can find numerous contractors, who arc the real
organisers, while the real en!?incers arc in the back ground,
r eady to sw·mount any difficulty that may occur. That
the public r everences the real engineering faculty is e"Videnced by the anxiety which is displayed by pretended
engineers to obtain a reputation for mechanical skill or
invention. One man boasts that he is a practical man and
can wield the hammer and chisel; another claims an invention that is only his own because he has purchased it; a
third insists that he is a still more thoroughly practical
man, for he never uses any new thing till it has been t en
years in successful practice. I n truth, it is only original
minded-men who can judge of originality, and though it
may be a very wholesome thing to ba,·c a drag put upon
executive practice, the assumption of wisdom maintained by
the ignorant in high places is all also an evil of great magnitude. The general result is, that engineering has become
a business rather than a. profession, and, as the mass
engaged in the bu incss dislike innovation, the gravity of
practice counteracts the elas ticity of origination. Engineering and contracting have come to be almost synonymous .
The filling a purse by the process of filling up a. share list
has become a highct· object of ambition than the study
bow to give mankind another and newer lever over the
powers of' nature or a new clement of dw·ability in construction. The men of old, some of whom a1·c ~:~et forth by
Mr. Smiles, were men in their own right-the modern men
have largely taken their name in vain.
Great Britain is, emphatically, the centre of constructive
progress. It is not without r eason. It has coal and iron,
and other metals and minerals in close conti<>uity, and it
has a climate in which, other things being ~qual, a man
may perform more and a greater days' work than in almost
any other part of the globe. It has, moreover, a race of
men second to none on earth, garnered together from all
the nations of the earth, because here is found the home of
freedom, and refuge for the oppressed of all the nations of
the ca1 th. ' Vhcncvcr freedom raised its head und was
stricken down in Europe, thence came the best blood to
congregate here to join itself to the Norse and other blood
that had, from the fu·st, made Engli hmen men of mark;
but, to crown all this, the sea has CYCr been as a wall and
a. defence to the island, while serving the other purpose of
a water road, the connecting link between the North and
South.
The work of :\lr. Smiles opens with •c.. Em banking and
Dt·aining "-winning the land from the water where nearly
dead levels, of great extent, offered the most fertile and
profitable lands ior the plough, ~uch as Romncy Marshere engineers wt•re known by name, but whose pca·ccption
wus nt work to mark the eastward t endency of the shingle
al~mg the ~>hore from Deachy Head to the South Foreland,
forming natural banks, only requiring to be connected by
artificial hnks, just as the men who Ii,·c on the ~;bores
the North Sea plant stakes in the sand and wattle them
\vith straw 1·opes to encourage the deposit of silt. Whether
the men who did t his work wero imported or indigenous,
of
matters little. Upon the whole, w hen the sea was shut out
from its tidal visits, the land was got more cheaply by thia
mode than by the proce s of clearing hill forests, and of
a better quality.
I n treating of the ear ly 'l'hames embankments, Mr.
Smiles gives u!l a. picture of a time when p eople needed
almost to be web-footed, and fish lon.,.ed to dwell on it. It
is the his~ory_ of all ri;ers running th~ough .alluvial ground
where ram 1s plentiful. At first the r1ver r uns in a
deep central boa cw·ving round angles of hard ground.
Gradually the alluvium borne in the wat er deposits in the
bed, and r aises it, till it makes a lateral overflow, and a
new course is taken ; and this proces!l is r epeated again and
again till, at the mouth a delta is for med, as on the Nile,
the Mississippi, the Ganges, the P o, and other rivers, where
the mouth is a broad estuary, and not confined between
rocky boundaries. The engineering process is simply an
imitation of the embankments made by natur e, with the
leaks stopped ; and, by this process, the Mississippi, at
New Orleans, is made to run on its own bed at a very considcrable elevation above the houses. The French ter m the
Lcve6, literally the "uprisen," well expresses t his condition.
I n Italy the prnctice of irrigation from the gr eat rivers rendered men familiar with the art of river em banking; and, aa
is told by Mr. Smiles, that H enry VIII. imported Italian
water engineers to r epair t he banks of t he Thames at
Greenwich. The lo\V lands, even yet in sufficien tly reclaimed, are a great gain to food production, and especially
for green food, as testified by the Greenwich orchard and
market gardens, now r apidly becoming things of the past ;
but the bad and improvident L Pgislation which permits
them t o bec(imc building sites, has resulted in grave
injury to human health; and, fight against it as we
may with sewers, it is not practicable to grow t herein the
finest race of men as well as the finest growt h of veget ables. As we grow more intelligent the mar sh and
meadow lands of the river level will all be thoroughly
drained; but the sites of dwellings will be remol'ed
to the hill slopes rising above the level, which will
be reserved for gardens and orchards. The highest
physical nature of man is not to be produced in fens where
the white fog rolls like air-waves after sundown. Modern
skill has so facilitated transit that there is no longer auy
need for the ground worker to live over his plants by
ni~ht. North and South London may be connected by
ratls 'vith these mutual garden grounds, spread out wide
between them on either side a pellucid stream, when the
attention of the Legislature shall get finally concentrated
on this only true solution of the problem. ·w ant of cheap
and facile transit is the only reason why people prefer a
contiguous marsh to a more distant hill.
In the yea!' 1621, the par adise of cockney fisher men was
formed by the burstin"' of the 'l'hames bank, and the formation of the lake at Dagenham breach, redolent of mud
and weeds, and fi sh, nod any quantity of gnats. And so
o. veritable web-footed engineer had to t ravel fa1· out of
Holland, bight Cornelius Vermuyden, one whose mother
was a Wordcn Dyke, and who was himself born on a dyke,
and had superintended dyke making from his childhood.
And the man who sent for him was t hat very J ames VI. oC
Scotland, and I. of England, famed fot· h is pedant ry, for
his "counterblast to tobacco," his dislike of drawn swords,
and his escape from the Gunpowder Plot, real or imagined.
But he was evidently more than all this, for he had a clear
perception of the value of water as a. servant, and its
mischief ns a master, and he had the wit and shrewdness
to choose those men who could put his ideas in practice.
And so Vermuydcn kept the Thames t o his tether by stopping up the hole in the bank. He came from H olland,
"A land thnt lies at anchor, and is moored,
Wherein men do not live, but go on board;"
and, after his Dngcnham trophy, he drained " ' indsor Park,
and then set to work on Ratfield Chase, at his own r isk,
and that of his friends, for the consideration of one-third
of the land to be re:scued from drowning. And D utch
capital came in, bt.t was ill-rewarded by popular r iots
and continuous litigations, which interfered" ith legitimate
profit!!. But how far the Crown. in the bargain with the
Dutch, had interfered on the popular rights does not appear.
Cornelius Vcrmuydcn suffered in pur:>e, and was beset on
all hands, both by lJutch and English, but his webfootedness r emained; and, after dabbling for a tow years in a
lt.od mine in Derby~>hirc, he made a dead set at 'the Great
Fet..' • since known as the Bedford Level. He entered into
a COO\.(act to do the work for a cession of 95,000 acr es of
the r eclaim, but so loud nu outcry rose against the for eigner
that the scheme, in that form, was given up. The Duke
of Bedford and others undertook the work, and Vermuyden
became their engineer. Subsequently, as funds ran low, he
procured fresh funds, and became the possessor of a large
quantity of the land. H e did h is work, and thought of
nothing else dw·ing the whole war s of t he Cavaliers and
Roundheads, but before he had concluded be bad sold eYcry
acre of land he had gained from the water for his own
account, whether at Dagenham, Scdgmoor , Mnlvero, or
H atficld, or the Bedford L cYcl, then petitioned Parliament almost as a pauper, and finally went abroad, and
died, not one shilling the richer for all the land he had
created for the English nation .
Long after this, in the year li07, the great Dagenham
b \each broke out anew, and Captain P elT), a Gloucestcrshtrc man, who had served as a lieutenant in t he Royal
Navy, and afterwards became engineer to P eter the
Great, of Russia, from 1698 to 1712, and made his escape
ft·om Russia without ever having been paid any salru·yCaptain Perry, after the breach had seemed hope le s, undertook to stop it, after the naYigation of the Thames seemed
to be imperilled. H o w as t--ucccs:sful aftl•r five years'
hnnllalJour, nnd his whole recompense was the reputation
he achieved, which procured him further employment on
Rvo H arbour and on the H atfield l ,cvcl.
'Vcnnuydcn nuu l.Jcrry were both in::.tances of the fact
that moncymnking is rarely n rcbult or projecting new
~hing·:s-i. e., original things. The qualitie~ to be admired
m both men seem to be less cnginccrin..,. than pcx·scverance.
'l'he wt·iter once held discourse with a ftottcrdam innkeeper
on the comparative conditions of E ngland and Holland.
1
~
1
aJ
•
•
1
1
DEc. 6, 1861.
THE
" Why," he said, "England begins 10 per cent. better than
H olland, when 've have t o pay that annually as a tax imposed by nat ure to keep out the sea." 'l'hat is quite true,
but the processes arc simple. The banks are raised to
keep out t he sea wat ers, and the powers of nature are used
in t he form of a windmill to pump up the land water, the
gravity of air formed into wind by t he clastic action of
the sun's heat, pushing on the mill-sails. Or, in modern
t imes, the elastic heat of coal in t he steam engine, is made
to force up the water. The essence of the whole is to
mnke a bank impervious to ~ ater either by great thickness
or by a t enacious material. This process is the every-day
practice of Dutchmen, since they fixst settled down on these
swamps, and becomes as simple as ploughing, or any other
mode of working the earth.
here sluices are used to k eep
out the sea and to permit the lan d waters to \lass, t here is
much mechanical skill required, and this it 1s that tests
t he skill of the water engineer. 'r he drninage of land,
where the1•e is an outfall, is not a mat ter of great difficulty
provided the outfall be constant and there be no le~a l impediments. Nature is th~ great engineer. She 1s constantly at work breaking down hills and levelling valleys
by frost and water trar.sit. The snows and bogs arc her
reservoirs for the constant supply of rivers, and which we
shall be forced t o imitate in artificial mode, when we
have dried up by drainage the natural sources. \Vere
there no Irish bogs there would be no Irish rh-e1'S, and t he
process of timber clearing in .S witzerland has prevented the
protection of t he snow, w hich now comes down in
avalanches instead of gradually melting, and makes the
R hone alternately a totTent and a dry bed. As drainage
goes on the rh·ers of Great Britain will dimin ish in size,
save during actual rain, and artificial stores will need to be
made to supply our waterworks. Doubtless this will be
done as effectually and more healthily t han by t he natural
process, but we cannot ignore it.
•
'V
(To be continued.)
LA GwmE A FAD.URE.- Privnte advices from P11ris and Toulon
assert tb11t the armour plates of the iron-plated frigate La Gloit•e
h ave become loosen ed upon h er s ides from the s hip's w orking when
at sea., a n d that s he consequently leaks to s u ch an ex tent when
under steam that she is i n rea lity unseaworthy. 'l'he quality of h er
tu'I'Tlour plates is also suspected to bo of a very inferior charact.or to
those manufaetured in this country. This la.s t supp osition, it is
said, has arisen from the fact of two armour plates having been supp lied to the Spanh.h Government by the firm which manufactured
those for La Gloiro as specimen plates for t esting, and which were
said to b e e ven superior to those supplied to tho French Governm ent . The Spanish Government tested the plates n.fter tho fashion
adopted in this country, at 200 ynrds 'vith 8-in. guns, and the result
was that the plates broke in pieces each time they w ere struck by a.
ehot.-Timu.
AT t:>aoEsunnn:ss.-The Timu says, if anything
were needed to show that the French are still at a loss to make really
g ood armom· plates, it would b e fo und in the recent offer of the
a uth orities a t T oulon to U1o 'fhamcs Ironworks. l'lhen the great
expe riments at Shoeburyness aga in st the 'Vnl'l'ior target h ad
proved that the plates and the t.ide of the ship generally w ere practically invulnerable to the fire of Mtillery, no matter how concentrated, the Thames Company were offered llie ir own terms to manufacture 1,000 tollS of s.i mila.r plates for t!1e dockyar~ at 1'oulon. This
p rop osition tho T hames Compt~ny dcchned, allegmg truly that they
l1a.d already as many orders of the kind in b&nd for om· Govemmeut
IU! they could compass. Had only one or two plates been orde red,
it would have meant nothing more than that the French were
a bout to experiment on them t\8 wo had done oun.c}v:es . :Su.t with
the Protectioni.J.t leanings of French docl,;·yard offictals, 1t IS not
too much to pres ume. that afwr the trial at Shocburyn~ s ~ey must
h ave known that tbe1r own armour p lates were vastly mfenor to the
\ Vanior's when they we nt the cxtr~;me length o f t1·ying to get fot•
t hemselves no less than a thousand tons of such plg,tes from an
E n glish firm. 1' b e experiments upon the target, the success of whic h
wos so unequivocally endorsed by our n eighbours, took place
a t Shoeboryuess, in the presence o f the L ords of the Admiralty and a large number of naval and 1\lilitary officers,
s cientific gentlemen, and others.
The target was o. pedcct
s ection of the Warrior's broa.dsidt>, 20ft. long and lOft.
high, made by the T hames. Iro!1 Comp~n.y, of exactly the
same materials as the 'Varnor 1lself.
Ilus was erected at
200 y a rds' dista1;ce from a battery of six guns-two solid 68-pounders, three of .Arms trong's lOO-pounders, and ono 120-poundcr
s hunt gun. E very one knew before the experiments commenced
that such a target w ould stand no immense amount of poundi~g,
&n d the chief curiosity was evinced to see how the teak backmg
w ou ld sup port the plates, and, above all,. how th e rivets iu the
r ibs would resist the tremendous concuss1on. No one, however,
was p repar ed for the astoun~i ng su~ess o f the result that di.d
e nsue a nd w hich showed 1tself at the closo of the expenment.s', during which the ta19ct was su~jected to ev~ry conceivable ordeal of artillery practice, yet surnved comparatively uni njured 1 and practi cally as invulnerable as evor. '1 he guns were
fh·ed in volleys of threes, and fou.rs, and si:l:~s &imulta.neously. Their
s ho t w ere concentrated upon whtte s pots pamted o n what were supposed to be the parts most likely to yield. On these the fire of tlle
m ost tremend ous missiles-lOO-pounders, 120-pounders, and e\"en
2UO-pounder bolts-were directed, with a force nod weight that
seemed irresistible, but in vain. 'fhe shot flew off in rngged
splin ters1 hissing through the air, the iron plates became almost red
h ot u ndc r tho tremendous sh·okes, and the whole target rang like a
h uge gong, but nothing more. A s a rule tbo 68-po unders left their
m ark in massive d ents more deeply than the lOO-pounder Armstron gs, but the live percussion shell of eit~er. ilid little mo1·o .than
diseolour the plates with the ~;moke of the1r 1mpotent explos1ou~.
T wo discharges each of three 200 lb. cast i ron bolts were fired in ~ouc­
ccssion at two different spots, but though, of com·~e,. tho pl~tes had
b een often s truck before in the samo place, the addi t.tOnal I~ Jury was
comparatively trilling. A grand flnal salvo was giVen With all the
six gun s, tnuned three on each of the already bnt~red spo~. As
the guns were loaued, each with 16 lb. of powder, this volley,w fact,
w as equal to a 600 lb. shot fired at the target with lOU lb. of po~vder.
T he effect of this tremendous trial was to make a. gap on one s •do of
t he target about 15iu. long, and 5in. deep, driving the iron, in fact,
o.J most into tbe teak. Some bolts of the pllltcs wero also lessened,
a nd the p lates themselves began. to crack under their ~ong orde,~l.
Y e t, stran ge to say, even under thi.s the s trong. teak backing was st 1ll
uudistm·bed ami not even the pamt on the nvets had started. J n
fact, as rep~e.:.eu tiog the sido of a ship, she w ould still havo ~eu
perfectly water-tightand uninjured. 'l'he tongu<:ing and groov1ng
by w hlch the ed~'es of the pla.te3 are dovet.'\illlll i uto each other hl\d
giVen way as ,;e nlways ruaiutained it would, and some of the
plates the~eh·c:~ had started outwards as nn1ch ll>l an inch and a.
half. But tb o t.-u·got, as a tnr~ot, wa.s as gooll as ever. 1'be rll is
only one possible condition in wbich the 'Yarrior could .be p laced to
bo exposed to a oonccntratcJ fire a.;, ~oe,·erc as tlu\t to wh•ch bcr ~:-• c tion was subjected a t ::>hoc bury ne~,, and that would l.le if ~oh~; ~otrandcJ
within 200 yards of the guns of a. powerful fo~tr;;~,., E vc u ~ht•u, m
s uch & last extremity, we aro ' 'cry much mchned to behevo the
W arrior would bo quite as formidable to the fort o.s the fort to
EXPERDIENTS
bor.
/
/
ENGINEER.
2666. LOti iS H I!SRV FJ\EJ)IRIO M&LSR.'I'S, South-etreet, Finsbury, London.Dat.cd 18th December 1854.
2519. Jous MASON and LEOSARl> lU1111Ril1', Rocbdale, Lanouhirc.-Dated
30th November, 185-l.
2510. CEOI\011 GoWLAND, South CMtle-s t reet, Liverpooi.-Dated 29th
November, 185il.
THE PATENT JOURNAL.
Condatud from tJu J ou1'71(JL Q/ the Commwionrn of PattnU.
Grants of Provisional Protection for Six Months.
1999. M~NTAOITII .W•oSELL, Friars-green, Exeter, D~vonshirc '' Jmprovcment.a m IUll.Chmery or apparatus for mnkmg 1>lam twi~d nail~ spiral
fluted nails. and other similar drh•iog articles or a twisted ort pirai fluted
form thro•I!Chout or in part."-Petili&n rt.rordtd l Oth .dug1.11t, 1$61.
2333. ~ou1s CA.BRIEL A!JOl'STK CoND!tO~, ponai, Fr:lnce, "An improved
cenlnfugnl. apparatus •. m~nded for purifymg, wash~ng, drJ ing, moulding,
or cxtl"ttCtmg from hquldR, sub•tances or matcmals of \'arious kinds
which aro deposited or pourod for this purpose in movable biiSkcts o~
boxes fitted In the said nppnmtus."-Petition 1't<'OT'Clcd 19th &ptanbtr
1Ml.
'
2460. Tno:~JAS WAnW1CK, Birmingham, "An improvement in the mnnufacture of umbrellas and )Xlrn.sols, nod improvement.a in machinery to bo
used in tho mnnufacture or umbrella.., and pamsoh."-Partly a commu·
nicatiou {rom Charles Augustus Van Kirk, Philndclpbin, U.S.-Pdilioll
1·tt:o>·dtd 3rtl OctoiJtr, 1861.
2596. Jo~.MF.S LAWSON and III!SllT CARTER, Woolwich, Kent, " Improvements in metal musical wind instr uments.''-Pttiti&a r<cordt<l 18th
October, 1861.
2625. FR.INOIS ALTON CALVJ!RT, Manchester, "Improvements iu engines to
be propelled by compressed atmo"'Phcric air or steam.''
2628. F!lRR.IR Ft;NTOS, },'ishguard, Pembroke, "Improvements in obtaining
and trcatin~t fibrous substances.''- Pttili&IU •·uordtd 2ht (ktobcJ', 1861.
2GH. Jons WtLLIAll Wn.sos , Bamsley, York,hi rc, "lmprovtlments in
machinery for diglring and cultivnting the soli, :md in ste:~m engines
connected therew ith, and for otller agricultural purposes.''-Pailion
ruordtd 23r<t October, 1861.
735. OBORO& JIOLCROI"T, J\ianchestcr, " Improvcmeut.a in tbe construct ion
of biMt fumnces for smelting ores."
27311. r.vsALL 'l'uo.lus, Un.iou·Mrcet, Berkeley.square, London, " I mprovements in rifled ordnance and projectiles.''
27J7. Do~.v1o L&'I'O, Skinner-street, Snow-hill, London," Improved moulded
india·rubber boots, shoes, and other like nrt1cles.''-A commwticatiou
from General Buruet, Roe de l' Ech iquier, Paris.
2750. WILLIAM BrcKJ'ORD S)HTu, Cnmborne, and W1LLIAM Bt:NNt:TTs,
'fuckingmill Cornwall, "Improvements in tbo method of, and apparatus
tor, prevendng tbe injurious ell'c~ts OCCIISionod by smoke, sulphur, nnd
the deleterious gases whicb e~capo from sta.cka, chimney•, calcining
bouse.s, chemical rmu olher furunces.''- Pttilwu• ncordtd ht NoL·rntba',
1861.
2765. J OUN COIIBRT A.'"DRnSON, Portland·placc, S11mner-ro~, Croydon,
Surrey, " Improvements in appamtus for projecLing cricket balls witb
aocumcy.n
•
27i0. Wlr..LIA'll TuOMM WSSTON, Tmfalgar-squnrc, I..ondon , "An improved
spring and fiiSteuing npplicablo to gates, doors, nnd other useful purposes."
-Petition• l'tcordta 4tll Novt~nb(J', 1861.
2790. FREil&RICK GEOROE STUBER, St. Jnmes's·ro:ld, Brixton, Surrey, "An
improved hygrometer for measuring the humidity of the atmo,phere,
dAmpness of beds, garments, nnd for other sim1lnr purposes.''-Pttuion.
ret:()rdo/. 6th NOI:nllba', 11>61.
2794. ALEXANDER WtLLlAM WILLIAMSON, Unh•ersity College, Oowcr-~treet,
Lonrlon, " Improvements in tho construction of steam boilers.''-Ptlltion
''tcordccl. ith November, 1861.
2802. TuOMAl! Cu URCIU1A.'I' DAIIBY, Little Waltham, Essex, "lmprovemcnt.8
in the con,truction of hor.;e hoes."-Pttoti&n rtcordta 8tll ~·ov~r, ISUI.
2S56. JOSEPII VA uon..u;, Birminghnm, "An impro\ ement or improvements
in the manufacture of bayuncll., and in a111XU'lltus or macumcry to be
employed therein."
2S64. J onll LK.SLIE, Esq., Conduit..street, Hano1·er·'<JUare, London, "Improvements in the manufacture of gns.''-Pauio•u r(co,·dtd 13tll Not~,
18Ul.
2806. ALFRIID OnMEROD Lu·s&TT, Manchester, "Improvements in apparatus
for llenling or boil ing fluids tor domostic or other pur po-e$.''
2868. WILL!AM ll£AP, Asbton·undcr-Lync, L1111cashire, "All improved
instrument for cutting pipes a nd bars of met..'\1.''
2870. RODERT lli!ATII, St. Ccol'fl'e';,.plnce, Hyde Park Corner, London, "AD
impro\ emcnt in umbrcllll!l nrd p arasols.''
!?S72. GoonoB IlAWKSI..E\', Three .\lilt-lane, Bromley-by·Bo\1'1 London,
"Improvement..~ in apparatus for sounding nlarums and actuating
ventilalOrs.''-PIIih•m•'·erorcl.t<l H tii. Novt1'11.b(J', 18Ul.
2874. CnARLI'.ll ll&!IRY MINCHEN, Mnnchester. " Improvoment.ain ventilntors
for railway nnd ot her carriages. and for other >imilar purpose~."
2 711. JAlii'.S SrRATT, C11mdcn-road \'illa.s, Comden Town, London, •• Improvements in the preparation of food for hogs, dogs, cat.s, and poultry,
an!l in apparatus for ~ho same."
28i . WtLLI.u& EDWARD NEWTOS, Chancery-lane, London, "Improvements
in steam engine governor•. " -A communication from Wellington Lee,
E~t Nineteenth-street, New York, U.S.
2880. Ws1uom STAUF'EN, London-road. Southwark, Surrey, "Improvemcnt.s
in the mnnufactu1·e of brushes, and in 1>reparing cer tain veg~:lablo fibres
for •uch and other n~es. "- PttUio11" rtC•Jrcte I I {lth NOt'tmbtr, 11:)61 .
2S~t. Jostr•u Boom. 'l'uoAuS WILLI.u& Cu.urot:as, and JAMIIII Cu.u& BERS
Bury. Lnncashrre, " I mprovements in loolllll for \l'ca\' ing.''
2 -1. MATTII&W GIBSON, St. And re\\ 's Work~, Gallowgnte, Newcastle-onTyne. " I mprovements in reaping and mowing machines.''
2886. Do~.vw STEWART, Newcasllc-on-Tyne, " l mprovcment.a in hydraulic
cotton pre~c• • worked by sto ;m.'"
288S. JOSEI'II ELSE and 'J'IIO~IAS GODPREY, MnnsOeld, Nottinghamshi re,
" An improved wasbiog apparo.tus.''-Pdition~ rtt:ordtd 16ll• Bovtnwtr,
Erra. t u m .
2936. !-'or "Gole" re3d " Col e."
Notices
to Procee d.
1821. WJLtiA~ SAVOO.Y and PAUL liA1:0."ES SAvoav, Olouoostcr, " An improved winding appnmtus, particular ly adnpted for steam f.loughing,
wi nding at pits. q uarries, and other s uch like purposes. ' -Pailiim
recorcibt lOth July, 11:161.
1829. WILLlAM Pa1ell, Lambeth, Surrey, " Jmprovemen t.a ln tools for cutting
shive~ und other oonJcal blocks."
1530. RonllRT TIIATCII&R, 8 rO<lk Mills, Oldham, Lanca.!>hlre, " lmproveme~t.~ In lubricatol"'! ror lubricating the various part.s of machinery. ·•Pttuwn• rtCOI'dta 20th J ?My, 1861.
1~1. Jos~:ru
BEATTI&, Lawn-place, South Lambeth, Surrey, "Improvements in armugcments in buildings und sllips, with n view to the
extinguishment or accidental fire t herei n, nnd also m tlle ventUation
thereof. ''-PetitUm. rtcordt<l 2Znd July, 1 61.
l SH . TUOMAS Ouv, lllll's Cottages, Union-road, Wandsworth, Surrey,
" An improved method of pr.paring flax from old materia.U for apinni ng
and other J>urposes."
1846. UOBKRT 'l'IIOMPSO!I, Charltcn, Kent, " Improvements in machinery
for culling wood ."-PttUi(nU ncordtd 23rcl Jul!l, 1861.
1858. ALFIIED Wooo, Lc11 cs, Sussex, "Improvcment.a in apparatus employed
for fcnnouting purl>Osc.~ In brcwin!l' beer, QS also for stori ng beer, and for
gcncrol purposes of fcnnentatlon."
1859. RrCIIAI\D 1'uRELPALL, Bolton, Lancashire, " I mprovemcnt.a in machinery or apparatus for opinning cotton or otller fibrous mnler>al."
1862. BKN!i.Y CooK, Manchester, " Jmpro\od apparat us for pllDchlng or
loarking tbo )Xlttem cards used in we&vfng figured fabrics."
186J. WTLL1AM LoNOMAlD, l nvor, Galway, I reland, " Jmprovementa in the
manufacture of iron.''-Pttit•oiU rtt:orcitd 2HI• J wy 181i l.
1S69. EDWAJ\D RAI!t'ft:LY, Kcarsley, Lancashire, .. improvements in extrncting copper fr·ow its ores."-Petilion recordtd 25th J uly, 1861.
1Di7. WILLIAM WtOFALL, Sheffield, Yorkshire, ·• Improvements in the
manufacture or bru;hes and brooms.''-Pttltion rwwcl.td 26th July, 1861.
1S80. Roo&aT EL»Y 0AIIROOD, H igh-st reet, Cbetm.sford, Essex, " l mproveDlCnl" in mitre boxes nnd hhootiog boards.''
lS~ l. JAȣ11 BEETEN H. IIRBERT, Newman -stroct, London, " I mprovements in
firc-gunrds ...-Pttuwtt• ,·ecordtd 27th July, 1~6 1 .
1SS7. GEOnor: StURBOOR, Woolwicb, Kent. "Improvements in the construction of breech-loading 6rc-arrus.''-Pttition. rtcordcd 29th J wy, 1861.
1897. '1'110.11As BIUDFOitD, }'leet -street, London, " Improvements in washing. churning, '\\Tinging, and mangling machin es. ''- P ttilion rtcordtd
3011~ July, 1801.
1912. ll t.NRV &uAw, Lo'\\cr Ormond Quay, Dublin, " I mprovements ln wo
gas m~t.crs "
1914. EDWARD J AliEB MUVORIDOP:, St. John's Villas, Adelaide·road, St.
J ohn's-wood, London, " l mprovement.a in machinery or apparatus for
w~hing clothes and other textile artieles."-Paitiom rtt:ordtt.t l .t .Augaut,
I Sill.
19H. J~DWAt\D DANIRL JouNSON, Wilmiogton·square, London , "An impro,•ement in the con~lruction of ccrnro seconds walches.''-Petition
J'tCOrtbcl :,11, .d14g1Ut,
1~11 l.
J9j!/. OEOROE Porn~, Edinburgh, ll idlothian, N. B , "improvements i n the
con truction of cl:u.tie·steel nutt~. "-P ttition. record«J 6th .A~t.
l bGl.
1963. EDWA&D Too1us ll l1011£S 1 Chancery·lane, London, " An improved
whcel-bru·row wagou.''-A comrounirotiun from Jean ~lath ieu Rey, j un.,
'l'our·non, Ardilchc, l'mncc. - P.tition re..o• dtd 1tlt .dugu.tt, I SUI.
198!1. Cuo~.aLI.S Lilt; and 'l'IIOMAil KEliP MACE, Bir mingllam, '' An i mprovement or impro\'Cinent.s in backing or co1•crmg the backs or rouudntions
of rnihod and cut pile fabr>cB. "-Petit•o" r«<r"e t 9th .d1eqwt, 186 t.
2()1)1. A~TOINB GARU.'I'O, Boule,· art l3t Marlin, Paris, " A now or improved
appamtu~ I or cutting Uf) and reducing dye and ot.ber wood. ''-Paili.on
rtCCird <l I ~tl• A UglUt, LSU I,
2031. Jous BETu~LL, King William-strect, London, " Jmprovemcnt.a in the
manuft~cturo from ~wa~i !Al of journals, axle-boxes, and bear ings for
umchincry, axles, nnd spindles to work in, stnoking pipes, buttons,
crucibll::i, and pot.s, for cllcwical and smelting purpooes, and a lso of e.
lubr>mting compollDd for rnilwny nod otllcr carriages."-Pallton. rtcord.W.
I .'ill• .4. uq rut, I 8tH .
2453. A:<on&w W\'LEY, Allsop's-place, Rqrcnt's Park, London, "Improvement'> In flr~·..rms."-Pai•unt ruordta 2rod Octob(J', 1861.
2i91J. AL~XAND.&a CUAJ'LIN, Suckville-:<lre~t, Lonuon, " I mp roved comb ined
winding engine boiler and cooking nod diotilllng apparatus, including
iwpro1•oments ah;o IIPIIIicable scparntely.''-P ttition recor·<Ud 71/o Octobtr1
1blll.
2528. TIIOMAS PETER BE!INETT and JAlii'.S COLLIBJI., Gilnow l!ills near
llollOn-le-Moor<, Lanca.-.hire, ·'Certain •mpro,•emeot.s in or applicable to
sell-actlng mule. for ~puming."-Ptt•lwrt ruorckd tuth Octob(J' l :!Ul.
2618. l 'Rf.UEI\1CK Jous Jo;, .A.'I'S, G.IS Work•, llurseferry-ro!lll, \Ve..tminster,
"An improveJ modo or, aud apparatus for, carburetting ga.:.cs for the
purpose uf illuminutiou."-Petitwa recor!Ud 19th October, 1aj61.
26tJ2. Joux COWPI!l Il&ATON and JonN D&.A.'I, llothcrham, Yorkshire," I mprovements in tbe construction of t.aps or cocks. "-P•litiCin rtt:ordol. :l4th
UctCilit>', 18U I.
269~.
186 1.
2891. FIUWER1eK CAES,\ n PAETOW, Manchest.cr. "Improvements in machi·
nery or nppiU'I\tu.s for ral•in~r and finishing fabrics.''-A communication
from Tilltnan Es, er, Burtscheid, Prussia..
2896. RtCJMRD AI\ClllBA.LD BI\OO)IAS, Flect..slrecl, London , "Jmprovement.a in reaping machines.''-A communication from CJTIIS llall
McCormick, Chicago, U.S.
2 98. 0l11LLAUllll PROOO!i·BoNNETON and MAl\TIII! OUILLAU:UE PRODON,
Thicrs, l>uy-de-Dome, France, •• Improvements in mean s or apparatus
for rolling metals.''
2900. Gl'-OllOI! PARRY, Ebbw \'ale Ironworks, Monmoutb, ''Improvements
in the manufacture or iron and ~otcel.''-P«~ion• rtcotd.d. l Stl• N ortrnbfr,
1861.
2902. JAMJ>S Hl'l:IIISOWAY, Robcrt To\\>11, York~hirc, "Improvements in
machinery or npparntus to be u~ed in the working, 'winomg,' or mining
of coni, clny, shnle, nnd other minerals or earthy matters."
2908. RICrtAaD A&CIIlBALO BuOOM AJ~. Fleet..strcet, London, ·• huprovoments
in brcech·IOading fire-arms."-A commuuicnlion from Gcorgo White,
New York, U.S.
2910. FR£DBRICK Lmu: StO'M' am: )lARK TOAILII'SON, Rocbdale, L:~ncMhirc,
" Impro,·cmcnts in the con>lruclion of vc'ISCis or apt>:~ratus for ~upvlying
lubricatin{;' matter to mcchtmi;,m.''-Pallio••• rtc!fl~ 19th No~em!Jcr,
1861.
2912. JOIIN ll&NI\\' JonNSON, Lincoln's-inn-f\cldR, London, "hnpro\•emcnt.•
in machinery or apparatus for cutting lrregular :md curvillncM fonns m
wood or other simiiM substances. "-A communication !1·om Hobcrt
?>larchcr, x cw York, U.S.
29Hl. WILLIA:M POD)IORE BAYLI8S, The Lloyd's, Ma<lcley, Shrop•hirc, "I m·
provemcnts applicnble lO buildin!,'S in order to facilitate the extinguishing of any conllagmtion wlueh may happen therein."
2918. LYNALL TIIOMM, Union-,treot. Berkcl~y·squaro, London , "Improve·
ments in tbo mode or manufacturing nod con;,tructiog wrought iron
ordoo.ncc."-Paition8 f'(COI'dcd 20th No~e-mbtr, 1801.
I nven tion Prot ected for Six M~nths. by the
:::.pecificatlon.
Deposit of a Complete
2910. MtCIIABL Ht:..'I'R¥, Fleet-street, London, " Improved mean~ of ri!ndering steam-light lbo OJ>tning for the pa...s:ago of the pbton rod through
the cylinder co\•er in stearu engines, which me<ua- aru applie<lblc al;,o to
otbor parts or steam engines and parts of other engines, machines, and
apparntu~ for the rontlenn)( there~f. stcnm-tlght aud fiuid; t ight.':-A
communication from J~l'llllCT~quo Mrlhon, BoulOI'tll't St. Mnrtm, l!nns.DtpoliUtl c"t<l l'tco,·cle<l 221lcl Noct1'11.bcr, 18tH.
Patents on whlch the Stamp Duty or £ 50 has been P aid
2714. CU.t.RLF'.S II.A.'\COCK, WClit-street, Smithflcld, London.-Dalcd 291h
November, 1858.
2iW. C~AI\08 WILLIAll DALES, Ipswich, Suffolk.-Dated Ist December,
lS5S.
2839. 0 EOROIII I'mouSSON WILBO:>, Bclmout, Vnuxhllll, Surrcy.-Datcd lOth
Uecembcr. l~S.
2878. 'l'uo\l \8 Moss, Cain. foru-~trect, l slingtun, London.-Datcd 1Gth
December, lSbll.
!?751. Lt\' 1 llr~<>ELL, New York, U S.-Dated ht Decell'lber, l'l!iS.
2731. Joux Cot LSON, Newark, Nottingham~hire.-Ualed aoth November,
1S5S.
2757. WILLIM1 non&nTSON nnd JAMF.S CCTIIJ\1& Oaon,\R, Dundee, I~orfar·
sbirc, N. ~.-Dated ~nd Uoccmb~r, ll:> .•!l.
28\1~. JA:.Itli JONES AsToN, U•mgh ly bll\;et, London.-DnteJ lilh Dc.:cmber,
1858.
'!77'!.. RonuT Lr:oo, A'hby-,tr;;ct, Clcrkcuwcll, J.ondon -Datod 4th
December, 185!1.
Patents on which t he St amp Duty of .£100 has been p~.id.
2494. WAllrJ'.R BLUNl>ELL, Now llro:ld·st rcct, Louuon.-Datotl :luth Novem ber, l!i~4.
CIIII\LKS ST&n;Ns, Charing-eross, London, "Improved ap piU'I\tuses
for intllcating escaJ>CS of light.tng gti!J from tbo con,·oylog pipes, and
detcrminmg the 1>reciso lcakmg IJinces or the said pipes. "- A communication from l.:llarle. Antoinc Foumier, Paris.-PctiiWn. rtt:orcUd 26th October,
l!Slll.
27:!3. Root:RT W ALTER. Wr:.'l'I&LD, Bir mingham, " An improvemen t or im·
prove111cnkl in tlle mnnufacture of pulley rods for curtains, commonly
called ' l~rench pulley rods.'"
27:!4 HOBI>.RT WALTtR WtNP11'lLD, Birmingham, "An improvement Or impron:mcnts in orutuuenting metallic bcd~teads and ot her 1\rticles of
mctalhc furniture "-Pttilwrt• recoriUtl. 3tltlt Octobn-, 1861.
2i8.>. Or.onot: D.!.\'11&:1, Serle-str.:el, Lincoln's·lnn, London, " I mprovements
in lire-arms and ordMncc.''-A communiC<\tion from Benj&m tn Franklin
Josl) n, .~toningtcn, Connecticut, U.8.-Paitio•t rtt:ordta 6th N oefuwer,
186 1.
2iUO. JonN H ANOOCI\, Nottingbnm , " lmprovoruent.s iu the lllanufacture of
loop•d fabrics, and iu machinery to be employed t~orcin.''-Pttition
rccorcl.rt.l 7th i'{01)~•nbcr, I Sill.
2813. GEO&o& I)IJ'tiO!I, GI!L'>gow, Lanarkshire, N. B., " Improvcment.a in
boring nvpnmlu•, such a:. Ill used for mining 1>•Jrposes."-Petotion recorcltd
'.Jtl• ,\ O•'triWu, 18tH.
287$. WILLI.\:11 EDWARII NBWTON, Chancery-lane, London, " I mprovements
in 8tC.Illl en{;'ioe govcrnors."-A communication from Wellio (fton Leo,
!>(l.'jt Nin<:teentb-slrcct, New York, U.S.-Petiti&n recordccl 16tll B IYIJt>M(J',
lll61.
29o . RI CUARD ARCOJBA.LD BnoOMA.'I', Fleet-street, London ," I mprovem en ts
in broech-lo:ldin~ flr.:-arms.''-A communicnlion trom George White, New
York, U.S.-Pttilioll rtcOI'cltcll9th No,;tmb.r, 1861.
And notice is hcnmyg1vcn, that all persons having an interest. in opposing
any ono or such applic.~tions are at Uberty to leave particulnrs In \\Ti~<ing of
their objcctiom to such applicat ion, at the eaid Office or tbo Conl missioners,
within ~wenty-one d~yd nltcr tlle date or the Oazette (nod uf tlle J ollr!lal) in
wbich this notice ill ilisucd.
List of Specifications published d urin( the Week udiJac
30th November, 1861.
976, 9d. ; 977, 9tl. ; 9i8, 7d.; 979, bd. ; 9SO, 7d. ; 981, Gd. ; 982, Gd. ; 988,
3d.; llot, Is. lld.; 9tn, au.; ll:sG, Sd.; us7, id.; o~s. ad.; Oo9, Od.; 990, 3d. ;
991. :!d.; oo~. sd.; oua, 7d. ; 1194, c.d.; 119{1, lid.; 1196, ad.; !X17, :111.; !198, act. ;
U99, Ud. ; 1000, 8!1. ; 10111, ~d.; lOO~, Utl. ; l OV:l, Uu.; lOQ..I, lltl.; 1005, Is. 4d . ;
1000, :ld.; IOJ7, 3d.; l OOS, :ltl.; 1000, till.; 1010, bd. ; 1011, :ld.; 10lt, lld. ;
l ulS, 3d. ; 1014, ~d.; 1014, 3d.; IOIU, ls. 3d.; IOli, 4s . • d.; 1011!, 3d.; 1019,
3d.; 10~0, 7d. ; 10:!1, Sd.; 10:!2, lld. ; 1023, 3d.; ION, Su. ; lU:W, GU.; 1026,
3d.; 11.1'!7, IS. 4d.; 102$, 18. 4d ; lOl!ll, 18. Gu.; 1030, 3d.; 1031, 9d. ; 1032,
3d ; l O:l;l, !Id.; 10.;4, iH. ; 1035, 3d.; I03U, 7d.; 1037, lOd. ; 1038, 9d. ; 1039,
JOd. ; lu40, 3J.; 1041, Is. 2d.; 1\14:!, 3d. ; 104:1, 5d. : lOH , Sd. ; 1045, Is. 4d. ;
li»U, ad.; 1047, 3d.; 10~, au. ; lu~9. :lu.; 10so, 9d.; 101>1, lod. ; 105·~. 311.;
10.:.a.•d.; 10~4 , .11.; lOCiS, 711.; 10.'JU, l Oll. ; 1067, Is. 1d. ; 1058, 9d. ;
10511, h. 4d.
•.• Specifications will be forwll1'llcd by Mr. Ben net t Woodcroft, Great
Seal P.lt<:nt Olhce, Suullll•mpton-buildin!.'"'• London, on receipt by hun of
the amount 01 price nnd J!u~wgc. ::,um' c:.cceding 5s. mw.t oo remitted by
poot·Qlhcu or ler. made pa)ablu tO him at the l:'o~t-office, Uigh Uolborn, lO
Air. ~enuet \l'oodcroft, Grt:~t. Seal Pt\l<:nt. OtBcc.
1Iox&Y Onot:us -It is
un~.lt:r.. tooJ that the money orJcr sy stem is
to bo ut.udcd to .ln:.tralia nnd tho <.:ape.
'l'nE }h.ruoPOLit.\.'1 H IILWAY E:o.u1~E~.-Uyanaecountina morning
papcl·, it appears thllt it is .. uy dnmping the ends of t ho tubes" tbat
tho Underground railway eugiucs nro provon tcJ f rom smoki n g .
What becomes of tho draught i'
T HE
350
AB8TRAOT8 OP 8PECU'IOATION8.
Tlie folWteiJ19 dueriptw111 ore f'fl4~/ron' AbllNUIIfNpGrcd trJWwly for
'.l'UI El!OINUR, C&l the t>.{ftu qJ ll4r Mojuty'• Commwiont!'l qJ Pa14nu.
(
CLASS 1.-PRIME MOVERS.
Tncluding Fized Steo.m and otlrer Enginu, H or•e. W ind, and W«Uer
.M iU., Georing, B oiler1, Fitting•, ~c.)
122,. T. C. Boli'TIIT, Cambtr~edl, "Obtaining and applyi11u molive powr by
turO·hydrav.l~ m.can•."-DC&letl 14th Moy, 1861.
Thl, m otor, which tho Inventor calls "1\ero-hydmullc," hns for Ita basis
tho cmploymcn~ or air and wu.t.or In their nnturnl condition, and 11.8
principles aro, First, tbo prc..,.1uro oxorcl~ed from tho lower to tho upper
)'XIrt by t ho fluid In acoordnnco with J>n.scal's prlnciplo ; Secondly, tho
nppllcatlon or tho hydro!!tatlo pnl'lldox ; nod, 'l'hlrdly, now pr!nclplos
dlscovcrod by tho lnvontor hlm.IICI(. Tho ntlpllmtus conslets or u. corlnln
number or lmpcrvloUJ 11lr chnmbcre fixed on n movnblc ILXI.e ln tho contro
or n t11nk full or wnt.or. Tho nlr chnmbore commun lcnt.o with e~>Ch othor by
m eu.na or tu boa, whloh allow t he nlr to clroulnto when tho rn.stonln~r&llxed to
t ho tubes or the nlr chambore nro open,-Not proceeded 1ouh.
CLASS 2.- 'l'RANSPORT.
ENGINEER.
o.bout 201n. t o tho 8ft., o.nd tho shot 18 brought up by the cho.ln of buckets
and t nlls from tho upper rcocr.t&clo on tho driving wheel In plo.co of WAter.
Tbo driving whcol ~ mo.do 1 m liar to All ovcn~hot wo.ter wheel, and turn•
on a Bhart which gco.n1 with tho vertical shaf t or tho mU I by me&os or u.
bcvol wheel. A drum la ado.ptod and aorvcs to mai ntain tho weights In
th o drlvlnK wheel t ill thoy ho.vo dosconded to tho bot tom; a lower rccopt.aclo rccolvoa tho weights fnlllnJr from tho driving wheel, and conducl.e
them Into u. division which 1t liCJlllrlltcd from tbo lower r cocptnclo, 11nd Is fed by mcnn~ or a 8hovoL Th o lower roccptllclc ho.s a alopo or
20ln. to tho yArd. Tho I!UbJtnnccs used to t.ako t ho plnco or water
In tho overshot wheel nro ehot, or metal of similar slu. Tho vertical ahaft
of t ho mill 18 fuml1hed with n pinion which genre with a bovol whcol on
t ho shnft or tho drlvlnll wheel ; tbo ah11f t or tho drlvtog wbcol roste In "
bcnrlng nt cnch end. 'l'ho vcrtlcnl ehlllt wor ks In bear ings nt Ita top cnd1
nnd rost.ot In " seekot M tho foot. Tho vortlcnl ahllft !net mcntlonoa
put.ll m motion tho grlndlnrr stonoa, which aro nrmngcd liS In ordln11ry
mills.
canno~
bo described without retcronco to tho drnwlogw.
CLASS 3.-FABRICS.
I ncluding M achinery and llfeclumicaJ. Opera.liom ccnnected w itll Prepariri!J, .lJianufacturirag, Prirating, Dyeing, arad DruliTI!J Fabric•, tj'c.
1216. A. 0. VAUTiliR, Cl•armton-le·Pont, Poril, "Obtaining jlbrotU
mattriat• a11d JXIJH:I' p v.IJl from wariotU trttl, 1hrub1, and planti."Dattd 13th May 1861.
Tho objoct.a or thla lnvontlon 11ro, Fln~t, to produco sil k, or o. fibrous
CLASS 6.-BUILDING.
1811. R. A. BIIOOIIAN, Futt·•trut, London, "Porlab/.4 uorkfng apporfllw..,.
-.A commwnlca tion. -Dattd 28nt Jlay, JBGl.
'
These appamtuaoa con11Jt , F11'8t, or a h ollow upright acrewed or otbw.
wtso Rxod on " atnnd; upon tho upright 11 " 1lldlng colla;, ll(ijWitable by .,
thumb-acrow, and formed with an eye for the reception or a plntlo ron:nld
In o. pleco with or fixed to t.n openwork plate or frt.mo for the IUpport o1
pots, panJ, or of other articles r oqulrtng to be expoeed over the fire. Som..
tlm01" rod or bar, having hinged to the top or lt a circular or other ahaped
disc to sorve"' n tablo or av A t5creon, 18 Inse rted In the hollow uprfaht aoc1
18 n<\JUJtcd to t ho height required by me&ns or " prcsaur o acrew. ' 'J'be
aecond 11ppamt111 consists of o. atllnd carrying two fram01, each or wblcb
eupporl.e a crooked upright, t erminating nt top In an eye throuah whlcb ,.
bor luntnl bar 11 pas~ed . On each of thoso bare la n running collar f~
aupportlng u. plate or frame for holding utlclos requiring to bo eX)lOHd \o
tho llro, almllu.r to tho plato jUI~ montfoned.
J
CLASS 8.-CHEMICAL.
Fwl
a11d Lighti11g Matcrialt, Preparation afld Prut:rVali&n of l'ootl,
I ncluding Brick and Tile Jfacliin.c1, B rick., Tilu, Drai11 Pipu, and
lloiJie Fittiii!JI, lVarmirag, V entilating, ~c.
1269. A. 0. PONTON, ArHllglon·vll/41, OlVton, " Conwini11g togtlhv 1iliceou1
potctltr, uuo 1ulld ma11t1 qJ anvform, by mtalt.l of ndpliv.r. "-Daltd J 8th
May, 1861.
ehlllt of tho mnchlno UJ>On a pBir or holding di.Bcs or tramcs. The cutting
edgu or tho cutter or cutt.cr.l nro In opposlt.o dlrccllons, so that, by lmJ>Br l.lng n clrculu reciprocating m otion to the dlece, they will nltomnt.cly net
upon nod dress tho edges or tho 1latcs which arc presented t o them upon
stntlonllry cutt.ore or kni ves n~ each aldo of tho m11chlno. Tho r cclprocntlng
motion or th o dl- oud tholr cutter or cutters mny bo tler!ved from n r ovolv·
lng cmnk or cronk.s driven by 11 pulley 11nd bnnd, nnd 11ctlng upon ll lover
nrm or nrms !ut on tho m11ln eh lilt, or by 11ny other convenient mechanical
contrlvllnco. T ho diiJercnt elzcs of tho 1lntcs u.ro gnuged by suitable gn.ugca
on eu.ch aldo ot tho mnehlne.
1299. S. P. M ATTIIEW8, Wolvul•a•npton, "Door-locl:l, locl:-•pind/(1, a nd
mnter!&l resembling silk, from tho mulborry t reo, without tho Int ervent ion
knob1."-1Jattd 2tnd..ilfa~, 1801.
of tho silkworm. 8ocondly, to produco fibrous ml\terlnls of silky u.nd oth or
This Invention con8l8t8, Firs~, In obt11ining llddltlonnl security by cho.ngc·
chnroctor from vnrlo111 other treoa, ahruba, nnd )Jinn t.s. Thirdly. w obt.l\ln
pnper pultl. F or t heso J)ltrJl0801 tho l)lt.tcnt.oc opcmt.ca on the trees, shrubs, 11blo guard~ contained In u. port11blo box, which snld box can bo applied to
or plnnt.a, or on tho bnrk, rind, or lc11vcs or tho required pnrt or ptut.s nny other door-lock.. Secondly, hl h11vlng solf-lldjusting splndiCo'i with slldo
or tho ~roos, 'ehrub~, nnd plnnts, In a moist, wet, or dnmp condition, pro· crobs, which provont t he possibility of BLet~ll ng the out.or knobs (n common
nnd lncron~~lng ovll), nnd to provcnt suoh dCJHOdt~tloDB Is the or1glu of tho
forrlng to cnrry on tho proccllllnll continuously ns posalblo.
1225. J . Dvtt.OOOll and J. Dur.to uou, D~U:Cil<len, near .dccrington, "Loonu." ntorcsnld lnlprovomcnt.S.-Not procttdtd wit A.
1286. W. C. Forumm, Gib•on-1trut, Lan&btlh, "Driekl and •lob• impn'llio1U to
-Dated H ll• Mav, 1861.
dam11. "-Vated 20th lt1av. ! Sill.
Tho pntont.ocs clu.lm, Fln1t, tho omployn>ont In onch loom or ono or more
Tho object of th is lm•ontlon Ill to produ ce br icks or&IRbs glazod or vitrified
thin 8trlps or m etal or other mt~tcrlal, cnch hnvlng a projection which pn\Ses
In
the lntor lor, nnd thereby to render t bcm portcctly Impervious to dnmp,
through the spaces or thu reed, for tho purposo or cnnsln~r tho stoppngo of
nnd nt tho al\mo thno, by 11voldlng glru:lng tho cxt.orlllll surfnccs, to prosorvo
~he loom whun thoro Is no weft, or whon the wcf~ Is broken ; Secondly.
tho omploymon~ In weft stopping motions or nn Improved weft fork with tho u.dhcslvo proper ties or orJinnry br!ck.s or 11lo.b•.
ono pron~: lnrgcr thnn tho other, nnd nh10 tho short fork with th o conducting
wlro; T hirdly, tho employment In tomples tor loolllll or an extrn comb or
CLASS 6.-FIRE-ARMS.
polntor nt cnch aldo or tho cloth, tho modo or giving them motion by me11ns
of lovers 11nd tappet.s, nnd 11lso tho Inclined positions of tho teeth or tho I ncluding Gun• , Swordl, Cannom , Sl•ol•, Sliellt, Cunpotodtr, Implement• oj' Jl' ar or for lJejetiCtl, Cv.n Carri<Jgu, ~c.
comb• or polnt.ol'l!; f'ourthly, tho Improved modes or giving mot ion to tho
rollers of tho tomplo; and, Fifthly. tho sevoml comblnr~tloDJJ of pnrt.s
12,4. F. N. OIBBORSil, Adtlaide-place, London BridCft, , ' ' Buclric tngtii."described In connection with tho weft motions nod temples.
Dattd l cltli May, lSUl.
1226. 0. S. OOODALL, Drigllo111', l'orl:lhire, " Jl'ire card covving for
This htventlon consists or thrco prlnolp:U p11rts, vi~.• Fint, tho targo~
cardin(lto..,, flax, .tc. '-Doted Hth May, 1861.
or n)lpnmtUll which lt I~ Intended tho bullet.s or project• lea shnll strike when
T his Invention hns r ofercnce to hnprovorncnts In wire card covering tor firO<l from thn rltloor gun: l:lccondly, IlD clcctro·l.'lllvnnlc npp~~mtUllwborcby
which lottcN pt.tent wero j,rrantod to t ho prc.-.cn~ pntcnteo on tho lOth tho blow of a bullet or projcctllo on nny pnrt or tho tt~rve~ Is mlldc to ~>Ct In
U ccombor, 1S6!i (No. 28SS), In tho apcclficntlon of which ltls shown tha~, action cortaln appnrntu.s and tronaml t to another npp11rntus slgnt~le In·
In order to plnco nnd sccuro nngulnr or aeetoml wlro pins or points In proper dlcatlng thnt th o J>roJccdlo hllll atruck tho tnrget; Thirdly, no u.ppnmtua
po!ltlon, tho wlro Is t onued lnt.o 11taples. Tho J>llt.on tco hM now found tho.~. lndlcntfnl( not only tltnt tho tnrget h~ been struck, but also poin ting out
by mt~klnsc the holes In tho wood lnga to corrcsl'(lnd with the form of th o tho pnrtl culnr p:~n ot tho tarcrot th11t hu been atruck . I n connoctlon wltb
wire, or or form almllnr to t ho peculiar section of the wlro. 11nd In sultablo t his pnrt of tho Invention thoro Ill also a contrivance for recording or print·
poo.ltlon, ho cnn plnco nnd ~ocuro pin' or slnA'IO points In proper posltlcn lng on 1•npcr or .:~thcr 8Ubstnnco tho hlt.a thnt t ho mnrk..smnn mo.lr.cs, antl tho
without flrs~ forming the wlro Into staples. Thb Invention Is performed or pt~rtlcu Br p11rt of tbo tnr~eet th11t hllil been hit nt ovcry shot. T his Invention
mrrled Into Jlrnctlco by Orst pcrfomtlng or rnnklng round holes or sultnblo cnonot bo dcocrlbcd wit hout rctoronco to t bo drnwlnllll.
slzo In tho lnga In tho u8ulll m11nner by drilling or boring tools, and thll
J . lJ UOllll.!l, /o.' t!Dpot·t, Momnou.th•liire, " Jmprovemmll in pia tu to be
nnglo Is nft.orwllrd• produced by mcnna of tools or ahnl111r ahnpe or fonn nnd 11!76.111ed
in 1liip• and otlitr 1tructuru for reccillillfl at·mov.r platu or bar•,
~lzo In cro811 sect ion to tho pecullnr MCctlon or tho piDB to bo lnsort.od. A
a nd '" the mean~ of ft.dnu 1v.ch annou1· platti .''-J)attd !St/1 N ay,
series or such tools Is properly nrrnngcd nnd fixed In u. trnmo, nnd reclpro18Ul.
cntlnsr motion communicated t o them by which tho holes 11rc slott ed or cut
ThiN Invention consists In rolllnrr pl ntee with throo or moro projcctlone or
out, to th o form nnd slzo required In nngulnr order. The pins nro thon
drlvon tightly Into tho boles, t1lO form thorcor rruldlng nnd holding tho pln.s ribs, by prctoronoo In tho d irection or tho length of the plaws. 'fh o pnten teo
then )JIOLlC8 noross tho rlb11, und romov01 p nrt th ereof, so liS to loavo tho
In propur posl~lon.
projections or rlb~ In tho form of dovotall tongues, thnt Is, with tho eld01
1235. J . WOOLLI!l\, DrariJorll, "Appa!'Olll.lfOI' drying textile f~brie~, .tc."nngulnr und \md~rcut. Ho then llt.s con espondlngty ~rroovod nrmour pintos
Datt•l 1611• Mav. 18ul.
Into th o rcCCSJjClf loft botwccn the tongues In tho plntes, nnd secures thom
Thl~ lnvontlon J•olntCo'l to mo11na or t~ppt~mtull tor npplylng nnd combining
by keys which nro driven In to fill t he wholo spnco between every pair of
~tcnm nnd Cltrrcnt.s of nlr for tho purposo of tlrylng textllo fnbrlcs nnd
tongues not occupied by the dovotnll tonf!:UC on the armour plllte8. Tbo
mntorllllH moro ndvnnt.ngCO\t~ly thlln lt l1os boon dono hither to. by dlstrl· ton .rued IIJ'IllOnr pl11tcS m11y 11110 bo aecu rcd by bolts or rivets.
hutlng tho heat over rompllrntlvoly lnrgor sur fu.ces, nnd by contlnunlly 1256. M. SCOTT, Parllamtnt·llrttt, ll'utmin•tu, '' OrciMntc.''-Daud 20th
bringing fresh ll:lrt.~ or tho matcrlnl to be dried In ,contnct therewith, 1101.1
loftly, 1861.
dubjcctlng such frClih pnr iS or sides of tho m11torlal to be dried to n cun cnt
This Invention contlsts In nccumtely fitting together a n un1bcr or plccca
or currents of nlr crc:t.tod by n ft1n or tans fixed n~ convonlent plnccs In or
ordMnco fonnod nnd bored ,cp::~mtoly, nod .ccurln~ them ln such manner
nc11r such at>pllrntu~. Tho po.tent.oo ctrcct.a this In chllmbors or compnrt- or
th11t their u.xcs mny bo parollcl tho ono to tho other, p rovision bolng mndo
mcnh formed uround u. hollow axlo, the tides or which chambers orcomp~~rt­ ror firing them eimnltancoWIIy. Tho Invention nbo oonslsl.e In coruol n lng
mcnt., nro nl•o mlldo hollow or ahoote or plnt.oi of Iron, tin, copper. or nny hydmullc apparotUJ with tho mtw tormod by securing together sovoral
other eultnblo motal, for t ho,purpoeo thnt tho lite&m which Is Introduced plccCII or ordn11noo In auch manner thnt, by mcnns or lt t ho a&ld mass runy
throu~eh the hollow nxlo m By, by mcnna of sultnblo openings. r iso Into every
ono of t ho aides or hollow plo.t.ca for ming tho nbo\•e montluned compu.rtments, bo mpldly tmvcn.cd, ruu out and In, and clcvntod or deprCIISed a.s requlrcd.
-.Not p ocrccltd wutll.
theroby heating them nnd producing a 1nrgo hcBted aurf11co.
CLASS 4.-AORI CULTURE.
CLAss 7.-FURNITURE AND CLOTHING.
l racludiTI!J Agricultural E11ginu, ll'indla11u, I mplement#, Flour
.JJJ il/11 <fc.
l ncludiri!J Cooking Uten&ilt, Uphol•tery, Omammt1, 111w1cal lnlinr
ment1, Lamp•, Nanujactur·ed Articlu '1f Dru11 ~c .
1218. W. R. BoWDITCU, Saint .Ail<lrtwl, Wal:tfttl<l, "Saftl!J atld othtrlamp1."
-Dattd l UI/1 May, 11101.
1232. J . HowAnD a nd E. T. Booer~&r.o, Dt.Vford, ".Apparatv..tobee~nploytd
in •ttarn.cult il!allon."-l>alt•l Hth /Jay, 1801.
This Invention relatC8 to Improvements In safety and other IBmps, nnd
Thu object of this Invention I~ to lncron.~o t ho efficiency or nppnmtU!I cm· ha.s tor lt.ll objcc~ tho obtnlnlnJC an Improved llgh~. The p11tcnteu employs
ploycd In st.ollm cultl vntlon when wlro ropu' t~ro usod 1111 the medium or two t111t buntere so pi Reed tha~ tho flt~mcs nrlsln~r f rom them m111t tou ch nt
propuli!lon for tho ploughs or cultlvat.ol'l!. 'l'ho Fll'l!t Improvement rclntcs to tho edges or narrow aides nnd 1om1 one ll11mu. H o prcfo1'8 to plnce tbuo
the mcnna ~>mt>loyctl for tmnamlttlng r otary motion from the &team cnglno burner• n qunrt.cr of nn Inch apllrt, nnd nt nn lncllontlon townrda cnch other
to tho wind I~. 'l'ho l:lccond hnprovumcnt rolntcs to n mode or r educing of nbout 7:.! OCjC. A wmnll notch nbou t 1\11 eighth of nn Inch deep Is cut nt
the vibration or the dmwlng shntt.s or wlndln&scs whlln In 1110. Tho Third tho top ol' ench n11rrow wide ot tho bumor. The burnol'8 a re, In 1\tl cn.scs,
Improvement rclnt.os to tho construction nnd 11!10 ol the sontch b lock which better If mndc tiiJlC rlng, tiO t hnt tho bottom l?,nrt within tho lnmp la mthor
I~ employed for guldhllr tho wlro ropo nlon~r tho field. 'l'ho F ourth Improvelnrgcr thun tho ttl(l pnrt nuxt the llnmo. 1'hla nllowa the oil to ascond
m ent relatc8 ton m odo of fllollltn~lng th o working ol Norwcglnn hnrrowe, ca~~lly. Jnstt:utl or plt\clng tho burnol'8 vortlcally, 1111 In ordln11ry lnmps, ho
rollon, nud clod oru8hOrd, by srcnm powor.-.Nut 1>rocetcltcl1Dilh.
plnccs their flnt ~ldo11 lnellnod, both In tho llllmO direction , nt nn nn11lo or
121:l. W . E. NIIWTON, Chanctrv·larit, Lo11don, ":Machinery for cutting clwff." 7V dcg. from tho vurtlcul lino.
- .A COlllllllmicCit fuu.-l>w td l 6t/1 .May, 1861.
1260. S. J>ITT8, Cullu.rinc-.tred, StraMl, London, " Billiard atld !laucllclle
ThiJJ lnvontlon condl¥ts, pr.nclpnlly, of a novo! mode of 11rronglng, con·
tublt~."-l>Cittcl17tli May, lll61.
struct1ng, und opcrotlng tho cuttlnl( Instrument, which Is mild" with a
ThiM Invention hn11 tor Ita objoct the readily converting n billiard or
lltrnll(ht ccJs.ce nnd la fitted or wecurcd In n hold or t o which n rcclprocntlng b~Mollu rnblo Into n dining, MIIPt>or, or ordlnnry t.nblc, anu Is eficct~o'<i by
diBgonnlmotlon l.d communicated from tho driving ahlllt. Tho kn ife holder IIIJJ)I} lnif hlng011, or other - ultnblu contrlvnn cc, to t ho cu~hlon t nunes. tiO
Is •ukpcndcd by lt.s cnda from links or nrms w lth fixed centres ; on one end tnlit thuy cnn bo tumed dowu under tho tnblo, or tnkcn oiJ and r emoved, so
or the fly-wheel or driving Hhnft thoro l8a crunk , which 18 connected t o tho forming on ordinnry tnblc; antl by ml.lng thum O(.'Uin, 11nt1 fixing them
kn• te-holdcr by n link , •o th11t, n11 tho crnnk rotAtes, u. dmw lng cut In o. uprlgh~ nnd secur e ~>l thor by screw•, lcvcl'l!, or brnckcts, tho tnhlo b ~'llin
dow nwnrd dlagonnl direction IJI communlcnted to tho knltc or cutting In· com ~orted Into ono fur plo) lng bllllu.rtla or bngn.t ollo upoo I~ n11 tbo ca.so
strumcnt. 'fho "rnw or substnnco to bo cut l8 plnced In n trough n11 WIUIII, mny bo.
nncl la fed forward botwcon n pair et nlpJJing rollers, t ho upper ono or
w hlch may r t.o a little. A horizontal m o' nblo m outh-plcco Is Blso cm· I :.'70. 0. N~;VrLL, B irmingham , '' Sact·inq of litdllcad•. d:c."-Dattd 1St/I May,
1561.
ph>> cd, which, whou the atmw or nthur matcriBI I~ to be fed forward to the
Tho vntcntee ciBim~ coOlltructlng tho Fncklng or bed.stellds, couchu, nnd
cuttor, IJ llttctl by en nrmn~&omcnt of IC\CrB nctunted by gearing connected
with t bo drh lng 1hal~. 'fh u Iced motion le nc~uat..:d by u. portion of tho ~lmll11r urtlcl•~ uf lnths or b .. ra Olo.t.cndhllfiOnllltuulnnlly from end to end of
the l mmlng ot tho bcc:INtclld or other on•clc, thesuld laths or bnrs boing ~out>·
llllmo gcnrln~r.-Not J" ocmltd u:i:h.
)JOrt.td only by tho cndll or tho bl.'t!Jtcnd or other IU'tlcle w whlcll thuy nro
12H. C STII\ 1!-'il, Charing-cro11, Lo111lon, "Jlilu."-A communication.- nttllchcd. ll o nl~ claims 1nuklng tho •ncklng of bed~tcaJd of two, three, ur
DCitt<l Wll• /tlu~, HIUI.
moru r~:ctnngulllT lllOVnblu l mmos COIIIitruct"d nnd w.cd IUI ducrlbl!d.
Tlol• "'' cntlon rolnte~ t o ccrtllln lmprovcmenlt In mills by which lncl'CMC
of power Ill s:ulf1cd, n llll' 1nl( In tho CQu~tructlon Is ciJccl.(;(l, nnd t he mill. UOS W. 1'. DI.I!.AI'ER, lhl···•t fttt, Livtrpool, '' Pia uofortu.''-Jlatcd 2111
.Muv, 18111.
not being worked by either wlntl e r wut<:r, mny bo plnccd In any desir ed
For the purpose~ of t his Invention 1\ llo-rod Is npplled to one or more of
locnllty. The machlno drh lng tho mill con•I~IAI of 1\ dr1vlng &hnrtl whlcl1 18
put In ulO\cmtnt b) onu or 1a.orc mw or hOn.UI, nnd connected w th 11 \Cr· th o hnn or ll• ll ouund bonrd or 11 J•lonolortc, In Much manner n11 t o tend to
t1cul -huJt, working o.t IUJ t.up In bcu rllll,'lllllld 1c..tlng In 11 socket nt lu dr11w - uch btll' or bal'li Into l\ bent lom1. Pro\ I• Ion I~ made by mcnn8 of
ba~~c.
'l 'ho vcrtlwl shn ft ifiY(lll rno,cnum~ by mcnnM or n bovcl whcol to .crew nul8 to llJ>t•IY nny degree of tonolon by mcBus of "uch tlo·rod to tho
n. horizonrnl shnlt, \1 hlch IH furnlahcd nt ono end with n )Jiu lon, nnd, nt tho bnr to \1 hlch I~~~ UJl(lhCd. On the Lur or ~ho *GUild Lonrd n.rc fiJo.ed ~w 0
other, with n drum or toothed wheel, over which nn cndlebS chnln uf buckclll Lruckut.s or projccllou~ at n dl•t.uncc tho ono rrow thu othor, nnd, by pru·
padc<; this ahnft re~L~ on two bcurlngs, ono at lt.s end, nnd the other ncnr tcrcncc, th~bO brack~>t.a or projcctluna ahoultl bo cqul·dl~otan~ lrom tho
1hu phllon nbovc mentioned, tho cndlca.s chnln of bucket.s pnlll>Co'l O\'llr , ond llridgo. 'l 'hu tie-roll i~ pn.~cd turou~h tho.o bmckor.a or vrojcctlotiJj, nnd
gCIIl8 on, thu drum 0 1 the horlzontnl ahntt, nnd recclvos aho~ or other smnll on ouo or IJoth ur thu cud~ of tho rvd lll>l:row I• furrucd to rc\:clvc n hCrow
wulghty substAnces from a lower rccoptnclo, Into which i t tolls from tho nut, •o n11 to obtnln thu dcHircd t.ICI,"''eo or tcnhlon. Jn soruo cn.aos t ho
driving wheel, nnd rnl¥• 11lt to un Ul1por rcceptnolo, whcnco they fo.ll on tho Jllltcntco npplloM a ~!Jl'lng botwccn thu scrow nu~ nod t he brncke~ Ol' projecdtlvlnl( wheul; tho upper rcco~Jtnelo for rcculvhllf tho shot hllll n. alopo of tion, by whtch the • t mlll l.t! rendured olQlltlq.
•
•
6, 1861.
lr~clv.ding Sp tcial Chemical and Plumnaceutica l Prtparalio~t~,
Including R ailwap• and Plant, Road-makin(lt Steo.m Vusdt, M aTho slllccouutonownro mnnutacturcd nccordlng to this In vention Is com·
posed
or ground lllnt.s, grouud quanz, or lynn 1111nd , or trlpoll, or elllccou.s
chiner¥ and Fttli11!JI1 Sailirag Vutelt, Boat$, Cal'l'iagu, Carts, liarpowdor from nny othor sourco, nud M mu ch moltl.'<l sulphur M le necossnry
nut, ~-c.
to unlt.o tbo slllccoUJ p:~rtlcle8 togothor, Rnd l onn them Into n ml\88 u.d11ptcd
1222. A. J . H n.DIIDI\AND, Bcl'li,,, "ProptlliliQ and lluring can-iagti."- to t ho vnr loua purpo~~ea to wblch tho wnrc mo.y bo applied. Any colouring
Datecl 14th May, 18tll.
mnttor mny bo lidded to tho mlxturo or silica nnd sulphur to alter or vBry
This nppnmtus ror propelling cnrrlogca consists of 1\ pnlr of trclldles from tho tin~ or tho waro.-Not procttdtd 10ith.
which motion Ill tmnamltlcd to o. cmnk ILXIo by clllllns po.&~ing from t ho
trcndlee t o tho crnnk pin; tho trclldlcs o.ro p:t.mllcl to tho cmn'k: nxls, ao 1272. J. w. 0R11Avr.s, Port Madoc, Carnal'llon, "Druri110 llau•."- Doltd
18th May, 11:101.
thu.t tho chu.ln hns to be pu.s.;ed nround pulleys to o.llow of tho cho.lllll
T his Invention rellltc.s to nn Improved construction, 11rrnogemeut, 11nd
pns.lng nt rlghL nn~:Jcs to the cronk pln.-N(It procudtd 1cith.
com bination or m11chlnery or np1>:t.ro.tn8 for dressing alntcs, wh~reby u.ccom·
1268. T. D osN, Pt11clltton, /lfofl(/i«t~, "Jmprowment• in macllinery and mod:t.tlon 18 nlrorded tor two workmen nt t ho aamo mu.chlnc, t h111 pr oducing
apparatlU fvr a.lttring tlie pOlitwn of locomotive mgln,, carriagtl, and doublo tho nmoun~ or work hitherto acoompllshed In mncblncs of this
Cf•Jodl, and prct,<llhliQ injv.ry and acci<ltntl on Yailtcay•."-Dattd 11th dl:l!Cripllon. According to thlt Invention tho cutter or cutters Is or 111'0
May, 18tH.
mounted n~ a slight nnglo or lncllnntlon to tho 11xlnl centre lino or tho mo.ln
Thlllnventlon
DEC.
1Jrewing 1 Tanrairag, Bkaching, Dyeing1 Calico-Printing, Hmehirtg
G/a,, 'Pottery, Cementl, Pairat, Paper, Man!.lrU, ~c.
'
1238. J . RI LXV, Jlaplo11, ntor Accr<~tqlon, " Mate~·io./1 to be v..cd itt !114proe,.
of d)lelng an<l printinu. "-Dott<t 16th !tlay 18'11.
According to thlit lnvontlon, Instead of mlx(ng et&nn11lo of soda with other
llJtlt.oru~lil to m11ko u. compound snl~ ror tho purposo or cnllco prlntlna ~
dyolng, the Inventor makes u. compound llllt by mixing tunptllte of aOda,
or nny compoumla or tungsten or tungsten actd, with st.nnnllte or soda, aD4
other mnt.or1nlsllil bcrctoloro WICd, tho Sllld tungstnte of iodn, or coo1poundl
of tungst.on or tung8tcn nold, not having hitherto been UiCd for thpur)>Oii(!S.-Not proct«ltcl ¥ith.
1229. W. CLARK, Chan«ry·laue, Lo1ldon, " Mamifactv.rt of 11«1."-A to~a•
mv.nicatimt,-Dattd 14111 Ma~. 1861.
Tho pntentcc olnlma t ho elmultnncoU!I pnrlficntlon and convorelon or lroa
by calclu lng lt In the proaonoo or coal, or ot her hydrogencoua or ru:otOO mat&«
In combination wi t h a e&r bcnato 11lknll, or other sub.t.nnco capable of t.blorblng aulphurou.ccl hydrogen.
1206. W. CLAIIK, Cllancvy-lan e, London, "Manv..foclure qJ arC\IINI
obariM."-.A commwnicfltion.-DC&led 11th May, 1861.
Tho Inventor proparot artlftclal nll.ur lno by the rollowlnJl proco11 :-Belli·
troduc01 lntoacnpa~loUJ reservoi r a mlxturo of blnltro·n&pbthallna, dblolve4
In oonccnlrutcd •ulphur1cacld and a-mnulu.t.cd powt.er, and het.te lt untll10me
whit~ vapour appco.re thorclo. A quick re&ctlon le manlfcated : the m!Jtture
bccom01 bll'4:k, nnd lncrcuca In bulk. When the renctlon le comple~ be
treats tho doughy mau with n quantity of boiling water, and ftlt.crelt. 87
cooling tho 1\lt.orod liquor aomo nllur lno 8Cltles, and there rcmalnJ In the
Olter a largo o.mount or alizarine, which can bo dissolved In causUo oar·
bonatod nlkBIIea, u.nd ll.ll'nln proclpltntcd by o.n ncld ; all tho icdlment ~
deposits thUJj for med aro t>lnccd together, 11nd t hon aublunatcd or cryataltiiOd
In lllcobol. l n t hls m11nnor bo obtains ullzu.rlno qult.o pure.-N ot proc«<Ud
1Dith,
1276. F. 0. WAnD, ller(/ord·llrut, /lfoyfair, '' l mprovcmtnJI in tnaul(/aclv.re
ing n14nuJ·e, and it\ obtaining accu.ory VI'O<iucti."-Daltcl 11!th Mat,
l 8Ul.
Tho p11tentco claims, Firstly, tho mixed method or separation, po.rtl7
wet, purtty dry. Secondly, tho uso of 11n earthy bn~~lc solvent, prcferobly
lime, for th o dl81ntcgrnt•on und sopt~rntlon, more or leas comptct.o1 of the
nnlmnl portion et mixed Obrous mntor llll. Thirdly, th e Improved be&tlnr
nppnmtus chu.motor lscd by the pccullfLr rc11turcs definod, with r creronco to
ot her of tho men ne nnd 11ppllnnccs set forth.
1800. J . 11. DART, Chv.rch-cou!·l, Clt!llCIIt'l·lant, London, " Papcr.''-Dat«J
23 rd ;!fay, 1li0l.
T ho Inventor proposes form ing pnper pulp from the leaves which cover
tho OIU'll of lndilm corn, 11nd wblch may bo obtnlncd In unlhnltod quantiUee.
- Not procudtd with.
CLASS 9.-ELECTRICITY.
In.cluding Ekctric, Magnetic, and Electro-JJ1agndic Apparat.a,
Elceh;cal .Apparatru, Caluanic Balteriu, ~c.
1273. D. 0. F ITZOIIIIALD,
Cat!WrMQt·l lYttt, L011don, " ObtainiJ19
cv.rrcnt•for ttltgra}lhulQ )J1lrpolu.''-DatecJ 18th May. ld61.
eltd~
Jn for ming o. voltaic a.crlcs fur tho purposo of obtaining All electric
curroo t for tolcgraphlo pui')>OBOS, tho Inventor UJCI the enrth A8 ono or the
bnttcry cells of the nrmn~:cmon~. H e, therefore, pl110ea In clectrolytlo
coutnct with tho co.rth a pu~ltlve and n negative voltaic clement at any
rcqulrod dlst.anco from cnch other, and ho employe this voltaic couplo ID
conjunction with on ordinary or Bny gnlvanlc b11ltery in tho t ollowlnr
manner : -llo connects the pollltlvo element In the earth with tho pothlv•
t ormlno.l of tho battery. Ono or t hese connectloua is established by me&Dt
of t ho wlro through which al.rMI8 have to bo truns.mlttod. H o prctore COD·
ncctlng tho p o.ltfvo clement l n tho cnrth t o th e poslt lvo terminal or the
bntt.ory. 'l'ho olomcnu In contact with tho earth mBy bo slmllnr to tho.
contnlued In tho bnttcry cclll, nnd slmllllrly exerted by means of poroua
vessOIJI contnlnlng tho exciting fluid. H e OCCMIOnnlly emrloya u. voltaic
bnttory In conncotlon with ~bo eu.rtb couplo 11t both hwtond o Bt ono of t be
a tat lons.-.Not proctcdt.d 10itli.
CLASS 10.-MISCELLANEOUS.
ln.cluding all Patent• Mtjound under tlre preceding head~.
1288. J . OuEDOaY, The 01·ovt 1 Or•at Ouildford·ltrtet, Sov.thwarlr, " Gla"
rolle~·•. plu.nger1, ancl pipe~, opplicabtc to pump•, 4 c.''- Dattd 14th Mut,
11101.
In order t o mnnutncturo alau rollcre which 11ro appllcnblo to the
cnllcndorlng und glru:lng or l:t.brtcs tho pntcntco pToceed' In tho followlor
wny : -llo IJrtt J>rovldc~ a cylindrical moutcl or cut Iron, of n dlamet.4lr an.t
length corresponding to tho alzo of roller required to bo produood. loto
thl• mould ho filii a IJI&ton, which fomu a movable bottom to tbe mould.
oud lt.ll rod Is mndu of 11 ault nble diameter to collit lt uto the core ot t bl
mould. 'J'hla coro ho clonptos, 10 thnt lt may work in a gu ldo carried by t.
bru.cket ann u.tr acllcd to thu mould, nnd bo thereby ateo<lled In Ill vertical
IDO\•cmcnll. On the top of tbo mould ho fits n funnel for taclll t.atln&' lhl
Ill ling or t ho mould with molten ~:lass. Tho mould being tbusllttClil, be
druws up tho f11l•o bottom or piston w ncnr tbo top or t he mould, and polll'l
In tho molten 111~. Aa tho hJliiCO 11111 he gnduo.lly deprcuc1 tbe pliton,
continuing at tho anmo tlmo t ho pouring of tho ghoss. By th11 meanJ be
ensure• A •ound cw.t lng, which Ill othcrwl.io very difllcult t o obtain . The
bullow roller thu• formed ho IIDnCIIIJ, by p reference, In tho mould In an
~.rdl no.ry nnncallng o\•cni 11nd lt b then rt'll.dy tor mountlo~ upon IIAI ule.
l his hu ell' cots by pn.ss n~r n wrought Iron llXIo through t he r oller, and
securing lt t hereto by cement. 'l'hu centring or tbo a,.)e he en1uru by
8otting I~ In JlOSilion by meant of wooden wedges, and ho then appllca the
comcnt, tbat which h o prcfcn1 u~lng bclntr whllt la k ilO\\ n &lj Kccne'a
cement.. When tho <.~moot Is set be wlthdrowa the wooden wedge• aud llllt
up t he *Pilco thuy occupied by comcnt. 'l'ho roller thus mounted be next
nppllcw t o a !Mho, und turn~ down Its peri phery by mctln8 or blunt toolJ,
with tho nddltlon of 81\lld or croery Bnd wntor. linvlng thul t urned the
1ollor h o llul~hos tho 11urlnco by polishing with Vencthm rod or put~y
powdor, using n. th o pollahlng tool n sc~; own t or "ood whose ro.dlus corrowponds with thnt or ~ho rollor covorcd wi Lh tol~. Jn llk.o m anner ho propo~oes to form glw p lunger• for pmnvs, passln~r tho couplh11r rod tbroul(h
tho ccn~ro or t ho plungur, nnd aecurlng tho r od thereto by forming a
shoulder on tho rod to bc11r Bglllns~ tho hclld or t bo plunger, nnd 141PI•lni
I Ill lower end ~o rcoclvo n nut.
12S6. W . CLAnK, Chancl'ry-lant, London, "Oat r(gulator•.''-A c"IIIIIUI\to
cat iuu.-J)atcu 1611• May, lt!Ul.
Thl¥ Improved gn11 rcgull\tor contlate of t wo taps or stop·cock.ll plaocd In
the gns uh11nnol ncnr the burner, or In oth er sult.ublo posit lOll, tho ono, tile
outlu~ at.op·OOCk (thut ne11rC11t tho burner), h nvllli 11bout half Lho area of
Pll.>:>lllfC 01 tho lnlot. 'l'llO gu chnnnel• do not J>nllll dtrcctly through tbe
etum, bu~ 1)<168 out nt the vldcs, anll ndmlt the gne to n tlcxlblo bag or
chamber In Its Jl~ngo ootwcon tho two cocks, which chnmbcr Is sccurcd on
t he oxtorlor or the atom or plcco In whloh tbo cocks are 1\t ted. 'fhlt llcxlblit
chanJbor oxpnnd.s nnd COntl'll.cte accof\Jing thu pressure or tho &'nil en tonna-;
each of tho 1:ocklll• furnt.hed " lth n lever-arm wh1cb benTJ on the ftoxlblt
cbambor, 1111d which 11ro> acted on by wprlngv, •o ns to open tbo cocu when
tho prcw.uro lnMido the flcxlblo chamber la removed. 'l'hus tho preosuro
cxortod by t ho gne ln•ldo tho llcxlbto ch11mbcr t<:nds to closoand reduoo tho
p~go of tho •WP-(:ock8, whllo tho aprtnga ex en Rn oppOilto lnftutnoc, end
so Cllt.nbllbh n. unlrorm or n cnrly uniform prcs~uro or g:~.~ at tbo umvo by
t ho ro~eulntlon of tho a reo or tho p~es, accordiug as tbo Initial pro.aure
bccomca lfTCllt Cr or IU~.-.Not procudccl 1D1th.
1251. 0. l{ srou T, /l'otti ngl&anl, •• 1/o/drr. and ca.~ufor holdi:•u bonnct1ronl.,
rouclltl,fr•ll•, d:c.''-J)Citcd IUtli Mo. 1, l!Sol.
'l'hl• In vention con•I»UI In construct in.: n holder, by preference, In a clr·
culnr form, by nrrangmg a wet of cllt>» lOt'llled or IIJlflll(IS r ound the cd&'U uf
a tllac or clrculur box or framo, nnd by fixmg on n wpmdlo two or moru of
such di¥C8 urmcd with tho C• lpa n~ -uch dt..tnnccs n1•ort 8.lj \I Ill 1ul~ t ho
t~rttclcs t o IJo h old. 'J'ho Inventor flxca on the oplnd lll, both o.t top and
buttom, a clr cuhtr pla~c. tlio dlumct<:r or which pllllC8 le auch 1hut the cd~tCJI
of tho plntCM ¥hull protrudo llol onu tho nrtlclCi when bold by t he clip~. 1-'ur
somo purpoMe~ t hu 1loltlcr mny bu used wtthout nny outer 1.'0ver Qr CAIIe of
lt.ll 0\\ n, Lut 101' mu~t u¥e¥ h e coulplotca tho h olll,u· by hlYullllllllf lt In aP
outer CMO, which ho n.nkos of a\ tubo ~lllt 111~0 cnou~th t o c<~ntaln tlio
boldur nnd the nrtlclc~ lt e~~rrlcs ; t ho C&IIO Is clo.cd 11~ top by a covoc.-li•l
prOC(:eded with,
•
I
•
DEo. 6, 1861.
THE I RON, COAL, AND GENERAL TRADES OF
BIRMINGHAM, WOLVERHAMPTON, AND OTHER
DISTRICTS.
(From our oum Correspcnuknt.)
Tn P IG lnoN T RADE: What War may do for the IronrnasteriTBA.DE IN BmllllNOILUl : .A Chuk to the Gun Trad•-F.HLURl'l IN
ST. PETERSDURG-TBB BOARD OF T BA.DE RETORNS: Clmsifo;ation
of Birmingham Good-s- STREET RAJLWAYS IN BlBMINO·HAH AND THE
J?OTTERIBS.
TH E
ENG I NEER..
hardwares and cuUery expo..Wd «> the United States rose from
£ 75,567 to £ 84,894, which is nearly as high as in the corresponding
month of 1859, when trade wa.s better than in the autumn of last
year. The earthenware trade continued depressed, the only improvement being in the exports to Australia and Brazil, whilst tho
value of the whole declined from £128,060 k> £ 95,728. The exports of glass, on the other band, increased in value from .£48,975
to £ 50,078, the g reater portion of the increase consisting of plate
glass. There was an incre:u>e of smaller amount in flint articles
also, and there was a larger quantity of window glass exported than
in the cor responding month of last year, but without an
increase in value. Plate, plated wares, jewellery, and watches
dooreased in value from £ 61,985 to £85,719.
Machinery,
which has, on the whole, been flourishing during the present
year, as compared with the last, now shows a decline, the
value of the steam engines exported last month falling from
£ 128,630 to £ 99,640; and that of other kinds or machinery from
£817,077 to £805,522. The great sources of the foreign demand
for steam engines have for some months p.'\St been SJ,>ain, Russia, and
India, and the shipments to the latter countries contmue to show an
increase; but in respect of the first thero was a decline in value
from £15,485 to £ 8:>1 1 a diminution so great as, coupled with a
falling off of '\bout one-half in the exports to unenumerated
countri~s, sufficiently accounts for the di.fJerence. Tuere was an
increased exportation or other kinds of machinery to SJ.XLin, as also
to France, Belgium, Holland, the Hanse T owns, and India, but to all
other countries a diminution. The following table shows the
exports in metal:llonth ending Oct. 81.
351
nppeared to bo perfectly plain, be .had waited d~Y. afte~ day, and
week after week, without again heanng from the d1stlngmshed body
with which it called him into communication. He had, therefore,
decided to make no other application to the Town Council, since ho
had enough to do elsewhere. This would seem t.o implr that
Mr. Train has met with some unrea.eonable obstruchon, which we
do not believe to be the case. The council resolved that be sho•lld
be allowed to Jay down the tramway, pro~ided h~ could arrange
satisfactorily with the T own Clerk as to deta1ls. This.has, no.doubt,
proved to be a matter of difficulty. Any one acquaUlted \Vlth the
line of thoroughfare in question must be aware. that there aro
numerous questions to be adjusted before o. street railway could ply
safely and conveniently along it. 'l'b.ese have, of course1 bceu
raised by the T own Clerk, nnd Mr. Tnun, we suspect, has hitherto
found himself unable to resolve them. If there bas really been a
vexatious delay, the public would protest a~ loudly as Mr.. Tr~in
against it, for the advantages offered by rrulway commurucation
through the ordinary thoroughfares are so considerable that most of
the inhabitants would desire to see it tried in Birmingham.
The line in the Potteries bids fair to be soon in a workiug condition. After a delay in the delivery of the necessary materials tho
Hanley and Burdlem Line is being DO\V proceeded with under the
direction of Mr. 0. IIathaway, the contr(l()tor. The T rustees to tho
Lawton, BllrSlcm, and N ewcastle Turnpike Roads have granted a
concession or the ro..'\ds under their control to the company for seven
years. Ou Fridny tho Trustees of the NewcasUe and Blythe Mareh
Roads met for the purpose of considering the application of the
directors for a concession of the roads in their trust for seven years.
The subject was fully discussed, and tho trustees unanimously decided
in favour of the application, on condition that the line passed through
Stoke. This will compel an alteration of the route originally
marked out, which was from Hanley to Longton, via the N ew-road,
and the inhabitants of Stoke and F en ton will participate in the advantages of the line equally with tho other P ottery towns. ·we may
add that the trustees of these roads, in acceding to the application of
the directors, insisted on the line taking in Stoke; and a strong
expression of feeling, on the same side, has been made by tbo
~overning bodies of Stoke and Fenton, as well as by many of tho
lllhabitanw. 'l 'be use of all the roada required for the liue has now
been placed in tho bands of this company, who will proceed forth·
with to carry out the whole of the progrnmme marked out.
T Bll ironmasters of South Staffordshire, when they met yesterda.y in Birmingham and on the day bafore in Wolverhampton,
reported the continuanoo of a fair demand for sheet and plate
iron chiefly for the homo market; but th e demand is not such
ns to oCCMion the purchase of pigs in anticipation Of the ensuing
Quarter Day. But for the prestont complicated state or our relations
with the Federal States of North America some extensive transactions in pigs would, in the ordinary co•1rse of things, have taken
place in the past week. Some orders for finished iron, previously
given out on American ac<:9unt, have, in consequence of the complication, been countermanded for the present, and the ironmasters
are looking for the curtailment of all orders of a commercial class
during the period of incertitude which will elapse till it is known
how tbe Federal Government receive the demands which our own
1l:IS9.
1860.
1SG1.
:Ministry have made upon them. It is, however, argued that in the
£
82,48,
£
96,188
£
121,825
Iron, pig . . . . . . . . . .
event of an unfavourable reply, the iron interest will not be the
18~.667
199,913
179,160
, bar, rod, and bolt
..
first to suffer. Indeed, cortain makers are looking for n better trade
277,763
288,374
2 l 4,7iti
, railway . . . . . . . .
in the event of war than could be expected if peace should be
111,206
18,435
18.832
., wire .. . . . . . . . .
mnintained. They rely, of course, upon the increased naval and
65,091
8l, 120
86,607
. • ca.st
.. . . . . . .
279,M3
343,098
280,053
militnry demands, and, in support of their position, allude to the
., wrought.. . . . . . .
76,916
91,684
73,203
Steel . . . . . . . . . . . .
j;Teat activity now perceptible in the dockyards of the country, even
69,693
79,618
27,103
Covper, unwrot.~ght . . . .
m anticipation of there being n ecessity for a resort to arms. They
H7,624
126,278
104,736
,,
bheets, uails, &e. • •
further mstance the st..'\te of things during the Crimean campaign,
22,699
23,690
46,G04
,.
wrougbtt . . . . . .
w hen prices of finished iron ranged from £1 15s. to £ 2 5s. per ton
20,2M
17,981
12, 126
..
brass
.. .. ..
h igher than they are at this time. F or some time previously to
28,372
84,432
45,035
!Je.a.d . . • . . . . . . . . .
38,306
30,
ltl2
23,12:1
thnt do.te, however, we bad been enjoying much commercial prosTin , unwrought . . . . . •
99,037
98,440
80,971
, plAtes
. . • . •. . .
perity, our best foreign customer, the then United States, was
sending us some good orderd, and India. and Australia were much
Relative to France, we IJlD,y particularise that last month th e value
better markets than they n ow are. The demand was not, thereNOTES FROM THE NORTHERN AND EASTERN
of
the
hard
wares
and
cutlery
sent
out
to
that
country
is
as
£22,123
fore, confined to the necessities of the War Office 11nd the Admiralty,
COUNTIES.
but the e two departments would now be almost our only customers against £32,145 in October last year; and the iron, wrought and
( From our own Corrupondem.)
on a large scale. 'l'o show that the prices quoted were dependent unwrought, and the unwrought steel, was worth £ 105,607 against
£
32
l
4ii
a
twelvemonth
ago;
machinery,
consistiug
of
steam
engines,
1
upon other causes than the war, we may mention that they were
was
worth £ 60;! against £165 in last year. The value of the exports N oaTUERN MATTERS : Tr·ade Prospuu: The Plaslletfs Coal Field:
well-maintained up to the end of October, 1857 1 when the commeri ron Shipbuilding i11 Cwnberlan.d-LIVEUI'OOL: M ersey JJocl.:& and
cial panic began to work its disastrous effects upon the trade of of all other kinds of m(l()binery in the month referred to in last year
Harbour Boar·d: Pr·oceedings for· NOli-Consumption of Smoke in
Enghmd and America. When the Russian war began our arsenals was £ 11,636 against £30,695 in the corresponding month in this
Steamers: L iverp ool and the Great Exltibitiot~<-'l'JJ~; CANADIAN
were compnratively bare of the heavy ammunition, mostly used iu year; the unwrought tin exported amounted in October of last year to
AND NEw BRUNSWICK RAILWAY QuESTION: .A L iverpool View of
that war, a t this time they have immense stores of all k.iqds of such £ 18,658, and in the like month of this year to £ 6,642; and the value
the .Matter-MANOUESTEa GsoLOOieAL SociETY: The .Drift ScctiOII.s
materials; and when it should need r eplenishing, the weight will be o( the tin plates exported was in last year £2,273 against £ 2,801 in
on the StocJ.port and Woodley Railway: Ventilation of ~lines ­
not nearll so great as then. As compared one with the other, the October in this year.
STATE OF 'l'liA.DE AT SBEFFISLD-LA.NOASBUU: AND YORKSllln£,
The recent great increase in the exportation of pig iron is more
maker o finished iron would be much more benefitted than the
A..Nn M.& NCW!STER, So£FP1ELD, .L'I'D LINCOLNSB.lll£ RAILWA vs: ll'ew
maker. of pig iron if .war should '?a declaz:ed. with J1 meri~ During than maintained, the exports to France during the present year
Projecu for Next Suswn- LEEDS: Conviction for Non-Consumpt he Cnmean war an 1mmense we1ght of p1g 1ron '"1\S cast Ulto hollow having nearly doubled those of the last, whilst the value of the extior~ of Smoke: Private Telegraplts-BBADFORD AND TllE GnEAT
cast iron bomb shells now, through the progress of the science of ports of October alone show a much great.er increase. The exports
EoHIBITION-DWELLINOS OF Tu& LAiloonxso CLASSES: Practical
projectiles, but little is used in that shape, and of that description · to Prussia also, moro than doubled last month, and there wus an
N ovemen/8 at Leeds and Edinhurgh-GLAsoow: CltUk in Scotti.,k
but it will be more in plates that the demand will bo now felt. Never~ increased exportnLion to all countries except the United Statos.
Railway T1·aJJic-'l'nE COLLIEl\S IN LANOASHtBE- 'l' uE ScOTCH f'1G
tholcss, it should n ot be forgotten that the transport service will '£ be diminished export of bar iron was partly duo to the declining
laoN 'l:nA.Dt:: Comparatiue Exports in the Fil·st Eleven J>Jontlt$ of
not mako the demand upon tho finished iron master that it did during demaud in Canada. and Australia, but in a much greater degreo
1&61-60- Tus lnoN .L"<D M.AClllNE TaADES OF LEEDS.
t he siege of Sebastopol ; and it will be a happy circumstance if certain to the depression of the American~trade. '£hero was an increased
orders, now in band for iron for vessels to bo used in the commer- exportation of railway iron to France, Spain, llolland, Prussia, and WE commenoo with the North, where it is stated that shipowners
cial navy, should not be co untermanded. The South Staffordshire Sweden, but as the exports to all other countries which are largo anticipate with some satisfaction the possibility of a "brush " with
~onmasters a~e, however, in as good spirits ~most people engaged consumers, fell off, and those to India and tile United States-the the Yankees, who, as thei r difficuhies appear t.> increase, will, no
m trade. It 1s unnecessary to say that, while they share in the former to little more tbnn a thirrl, and the latter to about a sixteenth doubt, rise with the occasion, so far as 1mpudence and bounce are
patriotic feeling which is now displayed throughout the length and of the value exported iu the corresponding month of last year-the concerned. 'l'he keen, wintry weather is causing a pretty good
b readth of the land, t hey would devout.ly welcome any st~ttlement aggregate value shows a considerable decline. 'l'he increase in demand for household and gn.s coals, but trade is languid for other
of the dispute that should maintain t he honour of the British flag1 cast il·on occurred chiefly in the exports to Egypt. There was an descriptions of tbe black diamond, some of the large steam colll pits
increased exportation of wrought iron to lloUaud and Spain, but to in Northumberland being on short time. 'l'he colliery in the
and obviate the horrible arbitrament that mu st otherwise ensue.
'l'he coal t rade is very varied. The pits that supply the large all other coUJltries a diminution. 'rhe copper trades contiuue to Plru.hett's coalfield on the .13order Counties Railway is being rnpidly
towns are active; but the collieries, whence the ironworks are sup- la.nguish, with the exception of wrought copper, other than sheeta developed. A Cumberland firm, Messrs. \Villiamson anti Sun, of
and nails.. The falling off in unwrought copper was general, but Harrington, are preparing to commence the building of iron &hips
plied, are very quiet.
In Bir mingham trade is said to be better than it was, though it is there was an increased exportation of copper and yellow metal, at their establishment. New furnaces are being erected, and ilie
certain there must be a considerable depression. Still, there has been sheets, nails, &c., to H olland, the Hauso towns, and 'l'urkey. 'rhe various machinery required set in operation. Already a contract
some improvement, as shown by the fact that at most of the manu- decrease in tin-plates occurred chiefly in the exports to the United has been obtained for a ship of 460 tons r egister intended for the
factories the men are working full time, and it is th e lalx>uring classes States, which show a decline in valuto about one-third.
American trado. 'l'his is the first attempt which has been mado in
The Birmingham Chamber of Commerce have now sent in to the Cumberland ii.l the direction of iron shipbuilding.
not. the artiz~n class, wh?,are.suffering from the languid condition i~
One or two 111atters of interest were considered M the last meetiug
w h1cb trade IS at best. 1 he Jewellery and other fancy branches are Board of 'l' radtl their views of what should be the classificatiou of
more active, a nd i n some of the brass foundry and gas-fitting trades the goods exported from that town. These views are embodied in a of the Mersey Dc:.cks and Harbour Board, at which it was announced
business is steady, though not brisk. T he gun trade has been doing 11n report drawn up by a sub-committee of the Co uncil on the receipt of that Mr. Hnrtley, the engineer, was iu such a state of health that ho
excellent trade on American account ; business now effectually an application from the L ords of the Committee of Privy Council, could not possibly be present. 'I' he harbour master was directed to
stopped, however, by the prohibition upon the export of arms. In in which their lordships stnted that the question of revising the report upon the best means of providing a steamboat to work ships
W ednesday·s proclamation Birmingham has receiVed a blow which official list of articles ot British produce, as registered upon exporta- up and down the Grcatl!'loatatBtrkenhead. It was resolved thatall coal
w ill be scarcely compensated by a war demand at home. In the sur- tion, bad been brought before them by the Chief of the Staustical loaded at Birkonhead should pay 3d. per ton, which is to inclode the
rou~ding. district ~ere i.• 1', fair am~unt o~ busi~ess doing in castings Department of the .13oard of 'l'rade and the Inspector General use of tips and weighing machines, whether the latter aro used or
a nd tn ra1lway fitbngs, butotherw1se bus10ess 1s by no means active of Imports and Exports. '£ hose gentlemen had represented that not. A letter was read from the Shipbuilders' Associa.tion complainanywhere in the district; it is, perhaps, worst in the neighbourhood of the present list was faulty in classification, and that, while including ing of the unsatisfactory working of a r ecent alteration in the dock
Stourb~i~ge; but the nail-makers and chain-make"! are very much many specifications having uow no commurcial importance, it diu regulations, by w hich vessels are allowed to be entered for tho
complaUlJn~, aud tho edge-tool and fork trades are 10 a very indiile- not provide for the registration of other descriptions of articles, the graving dock before their arrival in port, causing, as alleged, great
r entstnte. l 'be anvil and vice-makers are not ,.,orking more than half export of which bad become considt~rable since the list wus first inconvenienoo and hardship to be iuflictcd upou the owners of
time. 'l'be needle makonJ of Redditcb give very unfavourable re- established. '!'heir lordships proceeded to say that Mr. Fonblauq ue foreign and those English ve:;sels which havE~ no agent> at Liverpool.
ports, the American business, which is a large one on ordinary and Mr. Messeuger bad indicated to them tho nature of tbe alt.era- 'l'he iucrease, also, in the amount of the entrance fee from one to
occasions, having been stopped for ma.n y mouths. The merchants, tions that appeared necessary, but, at the same time, had expressed a five guineas is likewise, in the opinion of the association, very obwith whatever quarter they are connected, are not doing more than desire thatthevariouschamb.lrsof commerce should be consulted upon jectionable. 'l 'be letter, which explained that the preceding remarks
h alf their usual am ount of business, taking into account the time of the changes that should be made. Adopting this view, their lord- were only applicable to sailing nod not to steam vessels, was referred
to the dock..i and quays committee.
year, which is usuali.Y fi~t as r egards the export trade; just now, ships requested the Birmingham Chamber to consider the matter,
We observe that proceedings havo boon taken at Liverpool, attho
h owever, the stagnat1ou IS very much felt, the orders of late given and furnish them with suggestions. 'l'he sub-committee reported
out being scanty and small. '!'here is a little doing in the \>V~:st iu favour of the following alterations :- Agricultural lmplemenl4: instance of the 'l'own I nspector of Nuil!&uces, against tbroo proJ ndies (Spanish), and some inquiries on account of India. Agricultural implements driven by steam power should be undor a prietors of three river steamboats for not consuming the smoke t. om
At the commencement of last week some orders came in separate h eading.- Arm.J and Ammuniti011: Guns and pistols of all the boilers. 'l'beeases were all proved, and pt~nalties ranging from
on account of France, and we should be very much cstonisbed if, descriptions should be classified uuder one heading as "Guns and 20s. to 40s. wore inflicted in each illl>tance. A meeting of tho
upon the whole, the tendency of interchange be not to expand pistols of all desoriptions."-Clocks a11d IVatchu: 'l 'hese should be Liverpool Local Committee, formed to a.&ist tbe development of tho
steadily and rapi~y .. '~' be mass of the French people have never registered together but separately.-llardware and Cutlery: 'l 'he Great .Exhibition o( next year, was hold on Saturday, at which it
h ad a cha.nce, until w1thm the last few weeks, of purchasing the wares articles should be registered under separate headings.-11·011: lt was arranged how much space should be requested for Lh·urpool
and fabrics of this country at the moderate prices which have created appears desirable tbat several.alterations should be made under this contributor&!. As in the Exhibition of '51, the " good old town"
for them vast markets in many other countries of the world· and classification. It is highly probable tha.L puddled iron1 a material will be represented in a varie~v ,r ways, and Mr. Morrish, of tho
French men and women must be unlike nil other people th~t we between pig and finished iron, may be exported to Franco in largo Merchants• Dining Rooms, wuo is associated in the undertaking
know of, ro; 'Yh~n the~o infinitolyvarioua.articlesof comfort and luxury quanl.ities ; it should, therefore, be regi:~t~rod separately. Hoops, with Mr. '\V. Sauuderd, late of the Great \Vestern Hotel, will underare placed)mtblll the1r reach t hey decline to J>urchase them. 'rhe sheeUI, and boiler plates should bo clasllificd separatelv, in the snme take a moiety of the purveying. lt may not be unintercbting to
principal of the orders now in band hero, aud in the district, are manner as b11rs, bolts, and r ods. Iron galvanised should bo seJ.XL- know tb&t tlio space allotted to the refreshment department is large
for goods which are wanted immediately, and as many manufadurers rately specilied.-Bra.tl .Manufacturu: Brass tubing and wire, being nnd convenient.ly situated. 'l'he ~rtion placed at the disposal of
h ave enough to ke~p them ~oing ~or the n ext two or three weeks, articles very distinct from oruinary brass manufactures, should have Mr. Morrish is ou the left-band s 1de of tho grand entrance, [and it
the bulk of them will clo:.e 1111 Christmas. ·l'ho metal market is firm a separate head for each.-uad: A separate heading should be embraces three different storeys in height, besides including a. large
at ),>resent; the last advanoo in the prioo of copper is pretty well adopted for lead p;ping and tubing.- Copptl": Under the head of horizontal area. 'l'he ground floor IS to be devoted to hght and
mamtained. Tin is not quite so firm ; the price bad rather copper unwrongbt., th u terms ingoL cakes or slabs should be used general refre:.hment purposes; the second, or gallery department,
strengthened of late upon an assumption that American affairs iu::.wad of "bncks, pig$1 &c."-Ulcus: '! 'here Ehould be a distinc- will inclndo a commodious dinicg-room, in which two-and-::.1:\.might be seltled sooner than was expected, but the bare prospecL tion between polished and unpolished plt\to, plates ~<ilvored for peuny din ner<:~ will bo provided; and ou the upper floor thoro will
of a collision with England has caustd a relapse, and holders are mirrors should bo.vo a separate heauiug. 'l'heru bhould bo also a b<il a srualler dining-room, in which ,dinners may be outained l£ la
disLinction between window glass plain a.nd window glass coloured cart~. ln addition to these suites of refreshment salor~.s, all of which
far less confident than they were a week ago.
}feesrs. Frome, Gregory, and Co., iron and machine agents, of or stained.- 'l'hat, in addition to the clru.:.ification of articles now overlook the H orticultural Garden, Mr. Morrish will also have PXSt. Petersburg, have suspended payment. '!'heir liabilitie.:~ are su~ adopted, there should be sepa.rate headings for the foUowfng, namely: tenaive ranges of luncheon and wine saloons, his whole availablo
posed to be large, but their principal debts in this country are St\ld -Locomotives, raiJwa.y carriages, metallic bedsteads, hollow ware, area being 68,040 square feet. The privilege of supplying refreshto be covered, and tho great part of their losses will, therefore, be gas-works, materials for Iucifer matches and vestas, zinc sheets n nd ments at the Exhib1tion was, of course, an object of enger compefelt in Russia. Their failure is reported to ha.ve been through oails,papier macht, matchets (not the arm used by seamen, but the tition, and the sum tendered by the two successful competitors is
purchases of large quantities of tallow, and not by difficulties in agricultural tool used so ex tensively in tho West In dies and South said to exceed £80,000 !
their regular business.
America).
'l'he Liverpool "Albion, adverting to tho proposed Canadian and
lwlative to street rnilways in Birmingham, we find the following N ew Brunswick 1~ailwny, bus tho following observations on tLnt
'l'ho .Uoard of 'l'mde returns for October show a slight improvemeut in the export trade in British manuf(l()tures and produce, the in the Birminglw.m J ow·r10l:-\Ve ho.vo fo1· a long time been under interesting subject :-We alluded last weok to t he memorial of tho
declared value ·of tue exports of that month being £11,684,9 111, an impression that tho llinningham '!'own Councl.l bad couccdetl to Salt Chamber of Commerce in favour of a railway that &hould form
agamst £ 11 ,232,181 in the corresponding mouth of last year, aud Mr. 'l'rain permis:;ion for layiug down a lino of street rail way from a complete ocean link betwet!n Halifax and Quebec, aurl render us
£ 101117,878 in that of 1809. '!'his increase occurs chiefly under New-street to the Mcuument-lane. A decision to that effect w,\8 independent o£ American ports during the winter. What hRS oct he be.'\ds of cool, cotton, yarn, fish, hard wares, and cutlery, leather, come to more than a year ago, and it has long been a 6Ubject of curred in the iuterval is pregnant with admonition, and rcnden. the
linen, yarn, pig, and ca.sl iron, lead, seed oil, and woollen goods. astonishment that no practical consequences have resulted from it. proposed communication an imperial nece:.sity, for no ono eau Fny
llardw~r~s and cutlery rose from £817,053 last year to £8~6,450, Mr. '!'rain gave his own explanation of this mystery in a lecture how soon we may drift into a war with the l:' ederal Go,•crument oi
aud this UDprovemcnt was almost g~neraJ. The exports to I ndia, delivered by him before the St. ~ergo's Instruction Society on America, nor tho consequences of such & btato of things to our Cana.Cuba, and Cana.da. being the only exceptions. 'l'he value of tho Tuesday. .!le said that although the resolution be had reeoivcd dian possessions. In our former commeuts ou the Galway steam
•
•
•
852
projocl, wo called at~ntion to tho fact that no such railway oxiHtod
between Canadll and Now Drunswick M would cMI>lo tho Hl4•amol'll
of that compn.ny to ke~>p up n. rer;ulnr communication with Canada
during tbo winlcr, and that tho Uullt\rd Horvico rnrt nll the fC!JUi romonlll or ocean traffic at present in oporntion. lf, laowovcr, 1t c:Ln
be shown that tbo noc<•!!Mitirt~ <•f tlto cnso urgNtlly call for the
prosooulion of a. lino of milwny thnt l!lml l uot only rNHlnr \llj
fndopondcut of tho I:HntcH, but dovolop more fully the grMt milwny works now in operation, wo think (.lov<•rnmou.t may justly
bo ca.Ucd to MsiHt in carrying it out, nncl thnt tho uution
wil not begrudge tbo money lot· 110 doing. 'l'ho loii8 of 110
many Uno 11tenmc•rt1 trading to tho fit. J,o.wrcoco has painfully
illustrated the difficultie~ and daogol'll of the n(Lvigation; on tho
other baud, for many years Halifnx hl\8 be(ln a point of arrival nnd
departure ntl(lndt.'tl with, comparatively 11poakiog, Hmall ri&k. Any
eerinU8 l>reaoh or curtaihnont of trado bctw<:l'tl tho Northcm Stak~
of America. nnd this country render" u~ more than evt:r dcp(ludout
on ()a OBeli\ for out· supplic11 of broadRtuiTIJ; nnd by mt'au~ of milW I\)'11 botwoen Quoboc auc.l Jinlifnx o. largo quautily of such prouuco
could bo <·ouvcycd-parliculurly 11houhl n. fu.iling ho.rvctJt OJ' otlu.w
causo11 roudor o. supply impumtive-wherea~ tho St. Lnwr1•nce, for
several mouths of the yoar, is now hormoticnlly HOUl(lrl. ln lutli1~ wo
a.ro guaranteeing the divideml11 on sorno thou~ntldH of milo~ of railways wblch aro 11ure to yield ntl ndcqunto roturu, but in ClUlada the
cln{m Is, U anything, &trougor, for tho rei\Sonealrcl\dy given. Wo nro
euro these coueidomtions will have Uwit· duo woight with Jwr
l1ajosty'11 Government, nud that capitallbts will bo fouutl r~ady to
omoork in the undertaking uodor a national guarantee. Tbo loCILI
government hM dono all it pOlll>ibly could to render n~:1istance, but
thoro is naturally n limit to their power, and uothing short or dir!•ct
Government support will ennblo the projectors o( tbo e.cbemo to
meet the vital wants of tho colonic!!; namely, o. J)Crfect railway comnlUnlcation conn~tiug Canada, Now llrunswtck, and Noval:)cotln.
with tho port of Halilnx."
At the first meeting of the Manchc'!tcr Oeologicn.l Society for
the pro.scn t senson Mr. John 'l't\ylon·t•nd n papet· on the d dft Nectiontt
ou the Rt.ockport o.ntl "\Voodloy iltdlw~y. Jlo !(tWO n.n elabomto doacription of the drift formntiontt, nnd laid on tho tablo specimens of
con•fcroue wood, some of which appoored to havo boon chopped and
sawn which he had found in tbo underlying clay at n dt•pth of
16ft. lrom the surface. P olished nncl ~rntcbcd boulder~~ and fm~­
monl8 of M'n. ebolls bad also been found, tho lnttor llcaring ovidcmco
of having boon rolled among..t tbo Mild in which they were found
emllcdd<·d. 'l'ho appen.rnnces Geemed to iudicntc that at ono timo the
neighbourhood or the depot!it Wl\8 covered by n.shallow son, in which
icebergs llccmoe stranded, and which poundt•d o.ud crushed tho solid
rock into grtwcl and sand; and it wn.a further probnblc, bo thought,
that what Wl\8 now the chain or bills cornmouly kuown a!! the" backbono or England," Wll8 nt that timo o. t~eri(llf of luw lauds, covered by a
wintry growth of oonilorous trees. }it·. Goodwin rt>ad a pn.l?o•· on
tbo ventilation or mines. 'l'ho fumaco, he cousidercd, pos~:h.lll&Od
advantages ovor nil other mcthod11 or producing a curront of air.
'!'hat it is liablo to ignite the rctw·u tur, if it should hnppon to bo
charged with gas, he did not admit to bo o. valid ol..jecttou. 'l'ho
objections raised agaitlllt mcchnnicul mcall.8 of ventilation hnd, unfortunat<'ly, proved too well grounded, l\8 waa 11hown by tho recent
South lf!Mityn explosion. 'l 'ho vcnlilation of a. colliery could not
bo correctly estimated by tbo number o( cubic feet of air tllat passed
through tho main air courbCS each sccoud or minute; it <lulxmdecl
upon tbo J>roper distribution nnd divi11ion of the currcnta t trough
ovcry part of tho workings. In order tht\t tbi,. might bo t\ltcndcd
to it Wll8 necessary tho.t not only tho llroman nud uodcrlookcr,
but ~hat tho ltl!\Oagor al110 1 should bo !\C(}IIt\intod with the progretc!f o£
all tho worltioga~ under his charge. Ho IH\U tho strongc11t couvictiou
that t11·o-da.rop, in it11 most dango1·ous form, might be l!u bduod nud rondcred compamtivclyso.Ienod hctllthy; but to effect tbi11 it wll8uccel:lsary tbo.t tho duties of o.mnnngcrs hould bocoolln!!d wilhin a I'Cnsom\blo
limit; and by what means ono iudividunl could Bllcccs~(ully mnongo
or view loo or n dozen coUieric::~ wns to hitn a mytttory. '}'hero Wtltl
no greater bnrrior to efficient vcutilnlion than the n<'~:dcct tco
freq110nlly ehowu in nllowiog oh· courbC'Ii to breome blockl·d up.
Vory ofton a. mine Wall de<~ignatC'Il Rll a " fiery seam" whtn thu
quautitr. of light C3rburotll'd hydrOKC'II woul<lluwo been found VCI'Y
1light 1/ proJ~r meaus of ventih1tion hn I been adopted. :Mr.
Cbortou, with 110100 wurmth, complulned of tho uomerited chargrll
brought against tho colliery 10nnngct·tl· So far 118 tho colliery
mt.nogot'll of Ltmca.sbiro woro concerned, thcro never had lx•eu n
timo whon so much ability wns dill}llayed in the maungemeut of
mines l\8 at pt'Ct«lnl. 1'he chnlrn1no (M•·· J. Dlckiosoo, ouo of ~ho
Govornmon t 1uspectors of Miucl!) ~nld thoro wore some pointa iu
the paper or Mr. Goodwin which ou~ht to pl'Cbll themselves on tho
attention of tbo mnnngcrs of mines. x'ot• iu~:~tance, what Wl\8 tho bct~t
motive power for ventilating coal-tuinos -the old furuncl', or
mooba.nic&l meaus ? Ho did not wi~h to cotwnit himsolf to
any dilJtluct Ollinion on this J'K>int, for at the prcocnt timo
he, with hia colleague, Mt·. Atkin11on, wero engaged in a
10riee of experiments to test tbo ventilo.ting t1pplinnc0<1 of this
country, and also iu Belgium, ao 111 to n&Certaiu, as far n.a
poil>iille, what Wl\8 really tho value or lbo varioUB motivo
powers.
'l'hoy bad olrcady tclilod nil those in Houth Walc11
and MonmouUu1hiro, aud found that 11omo of tho arlitlcinl vcntiliLtiug
machinus wrro really giving out an (•>..tmcmlinnt·y aJUonnt of h01'14Cpowor, whil8t others wot·o giviug t~carccly nny. 'J'hoy hopccl in o.
short timo to be able to colllo to o. t!oflu itu coueluaion. llo did 11ot
wi11h to diaparago the old ful'llncc, wldch, fo1· deep pltll, lmd n K•·cn t
advnutnge over mccbnuicnlmcllm., but in HOHlO of tho &huUuw t•it~
an 1\lllOUUL Of hor11c--power hnd 00011 out:tinctl by voutilulortl1 w)Jicli
could not bo obtained by any furunco, (•vt•n H heated red-bot. Mr.
Goodwin, in roply to Mr. ('hol'ltun, pointed to tho two la~t colli!·t·y
cxplo~;iollll, and l\88erted that 1l wn11 11ow pl:wctl beyond o. duuut
that llotb the10 had arisen from d1•fuctivo manngcmouL
Shoftlold buain~ exbibil.i little hnpt'Onment, takan flt'Uer;~lly.
Some or lho steel hoUIIC8 state, llowoVll', tltnl they aro domg n fair
buaines8, and bnvo no I'('(U;ou to complain n.'l tu ordl·t'tl. 'l'ho
CdKO tool tmde is duU, tho ouly nct1vily ari~iug frum tho dumond cxperioncc•l from foroigu rountriNI. 'l'lw dt•mnud for 111!'11 ia
rnodemw. U11ually orderH nrrivu at thi!J t;t•:hon of tho )l'nl· from
Aul!tmlla1 for shcal'il nnd bicldc•;~; but t hi~t year tb<•y Lllvo ftdlcd to
make then· llJI[IOOrtlnco to the ful l c>o.lc·ul.
l>o11pilo tho dcpre~t~lou n~11im t whit·h it i11 t1ow tttn•gglin~ot tlco
L anctulhil·o nnd Yorksbu·o Hailway JH'<'~l·llli un und:1uutcd fwut.
'l'ho COIII}I!\n,v will nt ply to l 1urliameut lii'Xt H'>~iuu fur l"!~'·•·n to
cont<tn1ot 11 IJrauch to IShawfurth, tu mako 11 loo~;~ liuo at\\ •..:au, tu
divert certain mndtc, to wiLI~n Huw~·rby Hriclg<~ nn•luct, outltu cunstruct lino ft'OIIt A.skorn Junr.tirm to the• l!.n1cliffo htuti,JU o( thu
W nk• llt·ltl, l'unt•·(rn.ct, nnd Goull' lino nln•.uly Vt' t"'lln tho cotn!'aur,
and f10111 lll''cr Uoulo to tho llull ntccl Hc·ILy lmc of lho .1\oa thI::usteru Oon•J~'lny at (;ovo Hnnds. Uf c·our "'it is lll·cc:-~;Jry alt;u to
apply for powc•rH to raibO ndditiuunl en pi tal. Jt i 1 '(•ry cl•·tu• tlt~~l, in
tho tm•sont l!lnt<J Of nfTair.S1 NUC h \'roj(•t'llll t•an 1101 Ullc·arrio•J out wil hout, at tcny mtc, o. temporary 1 ilulnutlnn of tl•u di1. i.Icucltf 1111 tho
compnuy',. OHihtnr·y 6luck. 'l'he Lr•s.:i.laturo kutlilnilt•c.l tlw di ttil.lutiou of tho cumpnuy'lllll'Oills tu tljiC'l' cont. [IN'IIn tHIUl, uucl th~.·ro
111 JHl do.ngor I'J f llwit· excc•cding that l'llto nt pri'Hcmt.
'l 'ho Mlmchc.. tur, Sholflcld, nncl Uncoht •hin•, which distri11ul!'., n.
dividend on ll:J ordinary tllock nt thu v<•ry urdinn•·y mle uf nlJOut
1 Jlur cont. p<•r annum, i:~ pronwling u now Jiuo from the i\Iidla1ul
}{allwa.Y, ncur 1\lnullficld, to Shit·cual<~, in tho /mri~:~h o( Worl<«Op-un
('Xf.Cni!IOII or the autlwril!ed o...... toll IIIHI ], \'(II')IOOiliuo fiOIIlll(':ll'
l::gerton-strcot to near l{anclngh-~trccL nnd J,awt.on-btreet, iu Livt•rpool, a lea<~o of the Oldh:ut•,.lhhtou-undPr-Lyno, and C:uld!• l1ridge
J unction lint', and euu~>Crit,tious to tho Hlrl•<•ulwud lJockct 1111tl Wc••L
C'bctllciro Juuclion Uailwnyb,aud tho <.:ndh·y nurl Woollle) J utwtiou
l lailw,ty.
At L<'<•cls, y<•nterdny wrok, ~I c·s 1'14, \V. n!Hl 'I'. l'<'ppo•·· rnilwn.\'
ca rrier~~, n(.(ain appeared nt tile 'l'owu Hull to UU!j\1 or au iuiOI'lllllliuu
charglug Lbcm wttb non-cout~umptiou of11moko upon their p•·emil!cl'.
Mr. Simpson, ~olicilor, Oil the r n•·t nf Ihe ddPntlilTI lP, npplic•cl that
tho coeo might be ngaiu udjouruo•l; l.111L thl.s \1'1\8 objected to, uud it
..
THE
ENGINEER.
being stated by the inspector that o. now chimney was required, the
magistrates cxpre~sed an opiuion that it Wll8 simply a question of
oxpNIS(•, und that with sulllci11nt onlloy the uuienuco causNI from
tho pr01ni~rs would bo romcdi('(l. M•·· Simpsoo stated tbnt tho
fuundtllious of the uuildiug would not support a now chimney, lmt
hi~ cllonls wore williug to bttru coko. 'l'ho r:nngi11trnto11 imposod 1~
lluo of 4(1a.aud costs, Mr. Hini}JIIOII haviug prcviout~ly stated that
tho cldllnclnnts would npprnl iC convictt·cl. 'l'ho nppn.mtuH in WJe lu
tl•e p•·ivate lt,Jogro.pb syHl<'m wore (•xhibitrtl in use on l•'riclaL lu·furo
tho Wntch Oommitt.co of tbo T,rcdJ 'l'owu Council by Mr. J. ,. Kirk
from tlw lino of Wbcntley Kit·k and Oo. (the district ongincol'1!nnd
og<mts), Mo.uche11tor. 'l'hoPn ~(luUctnou sugf)e~tcd to tho cotmultt<•o
the (•stablishmcnt of l.ol••grn}'IHe communic:\Uon from lho 'J'owu Hall
to tho dUf(lrent tiro nnd polico 11tation,., nod it will horcaftor be
fiOriout~ly taken ioto cont~idc·ration by tho autlloriti0<1.
Jlmdfonl b~~a resolved t.o mako n collcctivo dispi1Ly of ita produch
nt tho (ir<•at gxhibition next yMr. 'l'he commit;l;ioncrl! bavo }llt\ced
at t ho dittposal of tho town 3\!,J aup!•rftcinl feet of count.or HJlU.CI' 1 and
4tl Ht. of hanging sp!U'o. l t Wl\il ttt lintt fl'at'l•d that the wOrt;Wd nud
nlJifll';~ lltt\ple mnuufaclurt•re~ of tho towu would havo uo place in Lhe
J~xh ibitlon, but we o.ro llnppy lo llud tlHLt this poSHibility h n~ ht•t•n
r1 vorled by the adoption of the priuci plc of collccti vo instead of
hulividual exhibition.
Whilo a great deal of vot·y frothy Npeechif~ing is constantly being
indulged lu (without nuy pnrticulnrly praclLCal result by M.P.s nnd
otlwt'ri)1 on the subjl'ct or tll!' Jai.Jourln~ clnsscs, their hout1o nccommod Llion, &c., it is gratlCylug to uot(l th11L something hM actunlly
been done nt Lcodt< to nttnitt lho de,Jrcd object. It nppcar:1 that
tt•n hotUiell have been erectrd Oil tho Coupland esta~. nL the foot or
Bees ton 1[ill, in Uunslet, which at·o not only provided with overy
essential convonieuce, but in their t•rcction the oullny has only llct•n
Huch as slightly to oxcecd tho rent usually paid by tbo bctlcr ohu;s
of working mou; and Lho payment of tho rout for thirteen years,
together with betwcou .eau nod £411 paid in advance, by the occupier, will cnnl>lo him to become tho possessor of his own frcohold,
worth £lli6, for £()8 7e. 10d. 'l'he ot hor capital out of which tho
hOIIIIC'I IJave been \Juilt COUI'< isted Of nd Vl\UCUil nlltdu by 11. bui Ifling
society of .£130 11&. lld. in rcdpout of cuoh hoUBo. 'l'ho complotiou
o( tho undertaking was colcbmt.od on Saturday evening, n.t U10 JJull
nod Mouth Ilotel, Briggnte, whon the committee, tbo owner~~ of tbe
houses, tbo architect (Mr. Ambl(lr), and coutraoton;, took Leo. togoUcor. Councillor R. M. <:arwr took the chair at a ln~r poriod or
tbo ovoniug, and Mr. J. Kill!on, jun., tho secretarr, occupied the
vice-chair. In tho COUJ'Jje of nn address dcltverod by Mr.
Kitson he slated, as n eul>ject for tho attonllon of svcculntors and capitali.sta, thnt if any of lheso cottagos were to lot
thoy wonld rniso a. x·outal which would po.y 7 ! -l Oth per ccut. upon
tho outlay. Jn tbo COUrbO of COUVOrStltiOn it tmnepircd that tlco committee iulcnd immedintoly to commeuco tho orcotiou of o. Llock of
eight lwusc11, of o. somewhat to butter clas!!, in llurlcy-la.wn; tht1t
Mr. D. Luptoll and otllor gcutlmnou 1\I'O cousidol'iug o. acLomo for providing coltnges for n poorot· oln 11 or ocoupnub; aud tbat plan~~ ac·e
}JrOpl\l'cd fot• im pro vi Ut-;' UJo d wt•lliugll in Kirkgo.lo aud tbat locnlily,
also for tbo erection of 100 modol cottaKcs in tbo dbtriot or
Wortloy nod Holbcck. Wo ou11orvo tbnt Mr. William Obamoord hl\ll
pre:.idcd over o. public mcctiu" iu J~dinburgu, wilb the viow of
forwarding tho erection of holUies !or tbo working classes uvon tbo
CO-OJlCI'I\ ti vo pri nci plo.
'fho prOHsuro of tho timetJ 11cems to hnvo set iu with much
int(IUbity at Wl\tlgow. Wo read of largo mosses o( poor follows
boing um•mploycd, und the ruilwny trafllc, a very 11ure booinl
critoriou, is nlso giving way. lu Uto wcclc ending Nov. 311, lho
dccrcn~o on tho (i Jnqgow aud South\\'o,tcrn wtul £lil:l, nnd ou the
Cl\lt•tlouitut thoro has al11o bcou ~~ t~orioutl falling oJT. '.!'hill tuddou
check is nil the more romurkn.blc, ns up to tho hldt two or tbrco woolcs
an uuiuton·ulJtcd aud gouornl }Jrogr<·~s Wl\ll mndo on nll tho Scottl•h
linc11.
A collier~' lltriko i11 aulil'ipn~d il\ Laucn-.hire. At most of lho
collicric'l in the Oldllaw, Ashtou, nud Middlcton d~tticl~, tbo muu
hnve l l'Ccivcd notice of a •·ctluction of 2d. in tho la. upon <·u~iuo
~·onl. Notice or this n •ductiuu having, in 801110 ca.:.c-., been gtVl'll
t\ fortnight 11ince, lho men h:wo ldt their work, and already thero
aru nllovo 1,000 men on blrilw in tlco nbovo diblricts.
lu giving ]fi.bt week somo blulU.ticll with rcfcronco to tho Sc·ot.ch
]Jig iron trade, we, by n cloricttl error, roforred to tlto ~'" JlOrt.-f M
oxtuwliug ovo•· nine tuonths! in11lt•11d of ten. 'l'biH period 1111~y now
bo t~Up}Jlomeotod by tbo llt ditton of November, tho ilgurud fur
which nro uow complt•to. 1t O.JIJII:ars thllt tho t{)ta\ shipruont11 for
tho olovouth IJlontb of tbo Yl'lll' 11how a Hligbt decrCIUI(I 1 haviul:l'
boon 51,204 touH, os compat·cd with 51,!H5 l.ou11 in Novomhor li!Ull.
'l'u.kiug the whole ycM·, ltowovor, tltcro hill! t1till b:.wn a su.ti:./nctory
oxpanaton iu the lr·ndo, the lotnl oxports hnving nmouutod tu
6<lli,!HO tons this year, os agt\inllt 6 17,4!70 ton11 in 1860.
'l'ho Monthly llcport of U10 Lrrd11 Vhnml>ct· of Cornmorco atnt<•$
that the iron mann!t\Cturot'8 of tlmt dit~trict ~re modomtdy woll
employed, although l!nuH• of tho wot·ks nro not woll IIUpplicd with
orderll, tbo approach or Ullriehnt\11 Ullll tho gcuoml dui UCl>ll or trullo
cau~ing o. foUmg oJT iu tho dc•tntuul for nil description~ of tnllliUfuctun•d irou. Mo11t of tho llluchino nod tool mukor11 lmvo an
ILVt•mgu amouu t of ordcr11 on hund, ami tho locomotive mnkl•l'll uro
bu y, their }ll'OIIflCClll fot· the wint.l•1· l>t•ing collitidorcd good.
""d
· DEo. 6, 1861.
PRICES CURRENT OF METALS.
llrltll>b Met.ale aro quotctl Frco on Doard ; Foreign In bood.-E.xtra .u.
charged tor at the mte. ngrcod by tbo trade. Brokenre 11 aot
chnrgcd for buying cxcopt on f•'orolgn Tin.
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ll<ftJlcd • ..
,.
3 JO 0
u
u
U
\ •llc-w Alt.t.al ........ o. ., o v Ju ••
b<iu,b.A lll(rtCIUt; UO•O. •lit ..... l Uo& Q U ••
JCu..aau •••
Clu. , , , J\lb 0 u H
,.
UtU
4 0 0
v • Vea•~
, , , , o tt
uft&. •• • , , , , • , •• ,
,
3 8 0
I lt 0
U0
1'1'}
.. ..
,.
0 0 0
10 U U ••
J ouab ~"· · •••••••••• " lW 10 i 1
1111• otbluc1 "'"' Uollt " ~" Ill. u 1 0
,.
G0
0)Ut1
0 JO 0
,
,. 1lll~
'J 0 art lte •••••••••• , , •• , Jl t
Uai\Jt ruuds.e..t •••••••• , 11 u
ZJ:r-t, UJ eb·N . . •.••• ••. •, tU Q
!.O.Pi•t.u, IIIo, H 1o ~lb. •• HIT 1V
,
1 •• Cl
7
lJUto, f\llltd •• ,, ,, ,
••'"'·. .. .. .. .....
lli'~I.'U.J,l, Oli tbt'll"l ..
,.
t•
Jtod llouwt
Nallllod. l!quort..
I nON, Hwtdlo.b, lodlou } J)rcu 1118
•
0 1
a..lk;rc.al tu" . • • • • • • •
fiw.lan ()() N JJ &o a.rran ,. JU U 0
111'-t.L,Hp«il&&l ~........ H 10 .w • i
3
,
,.
16
•
e. . e
,...,.
~ .. d. Jlll.
:Uio.
• p. c,,
,
1 t
111
J I
1 t
12 0
1
O ::
0 ~
••
8 ,.
,.
0
i
o oa
RAILII In modorntc domnntl, tAnd prtc011 Onn at O!lr quot.alloiU.
l::lcorcu P10 InoN.-I:Hnco tho an-lvnl of Lbo Amorloon 110w8 tho market.
ha~ (l'lvcn way, and priced havo f~Allon 1•. Sd. per ton, otO!IIog now al 681.
co.8h.
l:il'~vriiR mtbor dull nt £18 lOa. on tho 8pot. Tho stock has lnCnlllld
1,238 tons during lbo p1111t month, bolng now 6,176 t.ollll.
COPI'IlR In good doruund 11L tho Qdvanco.
LIWl.-Notblng doing tn cootequonoo of tbo problbiLion put upon 11.1 U•
porto.tlon yesterday.
TI N.-Both Englt,h anti torolgn dull of ealo tble weclr, .Banca quot.lcl
£121, and 6no Strnlw t 118 w .CI:lO per wn.
'ftN·PI.ATI'.B conttnuo Orm.
Dec. 6tb, 11161.
AIO.t.TI AJ\D Co., llJ, Old Droad-ttrcot, Londoo.
PRICES CURRENT OF TIM.BEB.
~
.. ..
1861.
1860.
r or load - ,. ..
~
~
~
,.•• k .............. lfi 10 17 11 lG 0 10 0
~uabiiO, ro.J plut .. a 111 4 J•t
a o 4 u
t • llow pluo •• a 0 • u
u au
B~ J ohn, N .U.,Jol. G 0 G 10
0 0 0 10
((uobt<, oak, wbho G 0 0 10 0 11 • 10
bh·,b .... a 1·• .a o 4 0 4 G
aJou:tcl .. 0 0 0 U 0 0 0 0
olru ...... 3 I ~ 4 10
I IU 4 lG
Uantalc, ook .... .. 8 10 0 U WIU Cl Cl
lroooooooo ~ 1~
10 a o 4 o
)ltmal, Dr ........ 3 Ill 4 U a 1o 4 o
Rip.......
.. .. 3 G I Ill a 10 M 10
~........ .. .. • .. • 2 10 2 10
~~o a o
AIU&t, ~uob. n.1 rlno 0 0 G o 0 u ll 0
71. phoo 0 0 0 11 G 0 0 et
»
a
nl vlue 0 0
l.atbwood, l hult.hu U Cl
-~
l ot••o.H
o
U JO
0 0 0
0 Ill 7
8 111
11
0 ,,
~
10
u 9 10
llealo, por C., H fc. IJf a IJf U Iu .
~uohco, wh owuoo13 0 18 U U
0 ID 0
~c. J obu,wh•.ovruoo 16 0 Ill 0 JO 0 11 10
1860.
Porlo•d- ..c o. ~ a.
Yea. pluo, ptr retlucod 0.
Clonad&. h• quolht J7 10 18 10
Sod .to .. U u l t 10
Jl rcb&naoi,Jollow. 18 o J& U
Hl. l'oC..I'Ib.. Jtl... l2 Cl l i IO
~lult.nd ..........
~ 0 lU U
)lomol .......... 10 0 IG U
Oo•boobw-~~o 701... 10 0 11 10
wW14 11 10 10 U
o.n•. , ....,. .... 10 u 11 o
~ltrbautn ..... 10 V 10 I U
(.ihrla&lallla, perO}
tt r• .,, 4 bJ u ss o 10 o
tu••• oo • • Jtllow
))ock Jllonk,l!uc.} 0
11 1
ptr ~0 fl. J hc
.-\.., u, por 11\autiArd at
~"oboe, plpo .... 60 0 70 0
p'lucboon JU U I~ 0
Oohto, orowu} 100
0 170 0
JllllO , , , •
SCOTCH l>IO IHON REPOH.T.
No. 1 Oartehcrrlo
hi"
O.lt.U.
1
8
• N01.
Do.
Do.
..
••
••
••
••
..
.. ..
I. d .
6ll 0
48 0
H
•7 0
WJ.HilA.'(TS.
u ,.
"
••
1UNUIIA01UIUW
lluiiA
Pipes
Chwrt
•
••
•
10 0 1t •
I O 0 11 V
v lu 11 t
11 "
11 "
U0 11M
•
0 .. .
0 14 1 •
00 0 GO O
Id U U I
170 0 1110 •
do.
do.
.,
....
....
....
do .
••
d.
4!1 a
<18 6
•s
6!1
0
1
L. H.
d.
por ton.
do.
do.
do.
1.1\0K.
.. .. .... ....
.. ....• ......
.. .... .... •• ....
••
..•
..
..
••
Dtu·s, Oonm
., Cowmon
..
DrumpoHur, Common
Do.
lJOI!~
PI11tca lllltll::lbccta • •
17 10 10 •
I» 0 11 •
u 0 1t •
1t J() I~ 10
' 10 10 1t
f.o.b Olu{tow.
0
S-Gtlul No. 1 nnd { CIIIIh prompt, • •
••
1 wo. opon,
2 .~~lul
8
O.M.B. · · 2 mos., ,
••
.., 1861.
.. .. ..
7
6
6
7
0
0
17
17
17
0
0
6
IS
6
0 to .£10.
7 6 0
6 0 0
j
0 0
Or.uoow, eth Docemoor, 1 Ill.
Orcnt anxiety lo acll hM chll.ru.ct.orl.acd tho plsr Iron markutthll week and
a l,~rgo bu~luc~~ ha..~ been Lrnu•I.ICltc.J between 41!w. 6d. and , lja, ca.h. '
I,o·duy ~hero uro buyc,. 11t •1~ .• 1111d ¥ullcrN a~ 4 ·s. lhf.
IIIMt week wcru 7,7011 t onsogu.lu~>L 10 606 tcnsln tbo oorr~nll·
'J'm; INVIlN'MON o~· Tu~ Bt.llCl'uro Tr~I.I!OnAPu.-The (ollowing is a lnghxport.s
week of lllllt yco.r.
'
trn.uHII\tlou from n. Mudl'irl pt\1101' for 17()0 :-" 'l.'ho l'l'iuco of l'onco,
SUA IV, '1'110)180:-f, A!ID Moout, Mct11l Drokon.
who tcNtillc•lj tho 1no::.t lnuduu o i':cttl fm· tho progrCIIII of tlto HCioucos,
uwl~.·rt~tuudin~t that Dr. Don .lo'muciHco l:)ulvn. l!nd read at tho HoyiLI
lh:NHON'II WATcntll ""o C:LOOKS.-11 l 'urfeclion of mcohanism."Acudc•n•y of l:icit•uct•,., nt Jl,u·cl'luuu, t\ momoir ou luo upplication of
clt•clrlcity to lbo tclt•gmph, nucl pn•.wuted 11t tho tot•IIIU timo au .Momi71!J J>o1t. Gold wntchc::!l 5 to 1110 guiuea11 · bilvcr wat.ohea,
!'lc·ctrlcal tclc~mpb oi lci11 owu iuvuutlou, ructucotod tu oxumiuo tho 2 tu 6 • t>W~<·~·. JJenl!on'l! now lllut>t.ratcd l'nmpi1lot 1 (•·eo for two
uppamtuH lthub•·lf. l:)utit~llc•d with tlw l•xuctnc~~:~ nnd cclcl'ity with ~UIIIIJ13, de~ocflplt VO of CVOI'Y CODtitructiOU of watch, CUllhiC8 }>et'tiOill
which comhJUnicatiuu., may IJo mndo l>y llll'l\ll.i of it, ho intro<lul·etl 111 any parl of the world to M~loct, with the gr<~llt.o..t e<•t·t..Uuty tho
thu 1locl•1r to tlco King of Hpaiu. 'l.'ho l'rinct' of Peuco uft.t·nvurdtt, wnt.t:h bt:~t ndotJ~d w thcil' u~oo. \\'ntcLel> sent frco l>y flO~>~ ot~ the
in thu lH'U,ellCCI Ct( tlteit• ntajc•,tit•lf 1111d tho wiJuJo NUrt, mado lllllllO f('Cl'l)lt or a reuuttauco. J. \\'. llen!lou, 88 L\lld 8.J, LudKMu-hill,
I'UUIIJJUuir·:ltiuutl with thi:1 toll'f;J'UJih, eomplotoly to tbt•ir bl\li. faction. aud 4G nud ·17, Uornhill, J.oudon, 1::.0. E~:>t.ab!Lhed 174.!1.- Aov.
'l'ho I ufaut lJuu Anlouiu propu. l'• to hnvu ouo of tlwtn on tbo mu .t
'l'Hil llnroot:WATllll VANAt. AND HS DtPPICUt.Tr~s. -\Vhon Mr.
('l!lllplt•lo COIIHtructiuu, whic·ll !<llllil lii'~"Ctl.; JIOWl•r su!ll!·ieut to COIII- Gc~rge ltounic, the OUt-;"iucur, Will! ongngcd, iu 11!:.!5, in nHLldnl:f tho
IIIUIIiCtlfU ht•tW(IOillhu I:P'C•t~tt•"t tli~f.luc•t•ll, by l1111d 01' bl,l. \Vith litis I'OVIttud tllii'V(Iy or the ),i VOI'J!IlUI nud .Mtmcfc~:stol' Hull IV(~y, 110 luucliOd
vlcow, ld11 llil{llll'!ltl lu\!.1 onl\•n•cl tho couHtc·uction of n mncllill('1 tl111 ouo duy at Wor.. lcy llt\1 1, With ~ lt·. H•·ucbhu.w HlrWI\{;or of tho Duk11'11
cyllutl!n' of whielt ~ IHUt'u th.cu ·10 iu. in cli:utH tor; aud he• iutuucl~, ii'OJIUI'ty, thou 1\ VOI'Y olcl ICIUII. Ilu lttul buen 11\ COIILUIII!tOI'CII'Y of t!JO
nil 1111oll 11.1 it iH lluit~h!•d, to uaulc•rt tl,u 1\ lll•rit'tl u( c·urioui <Heel UMt•ful lukt•, nml Jcuow of tlto IIWIIUli\I'Y tttmitl! to which bill (:mco hud llct•ll
l'l>Jlt•t·inwnt,.;1 in cunjuwttoll with J)i'. lJ. H.tlva. 'l'Li11 u au Olll!llU)- rctlm•c•t\ du.riug tho cunetl'uctiou of tho wol'kll. \V!Jil,t at tablo
IIll'Ul wurthy of u. bru.1t lll·incc."
Mr. llrud~ht.\W poiutcd tun ~oll!llll 11 hit4111 llllhcd cottnl?o on the Mo~~.
LOIIII l'.lt.\l£11'1'0'f AI\U TIIK \\ lllr\101\111 (:us.-011 'l'tw 1cJny lu•l 111Juut 11 1utlo t~ud n IJo.lr dtHlunt, tuul tmid that 111 tlmt coltng•·,
l.unl l'.1lnu I' hill \II'O<.'!'('• ll· l to Hluwhur,\ lW , for tl111 purpu!IO uf forJtterly a puuhc-hou c, the Jlukt•, Hrincll<·y, nud UiloorLho.tl bJINit
jud.riuv for lciJu,.l'if 1t» to th•• m•·• it llf thu Whitwu1 th ~uu,l\lulwu•l<J muuy uu o\ euiu~ di ,clll in~ tho pro!IJICCtl! or the ciiUILI wlll'n In
IUTuuvc·llll'llll\ with tho tic·cn·lll)' of Ht.Jto fur \\'n1·tn tott\rltlt 1111 c:.11ly JII'Ot{l:(•,a. Uoo or tbo }ll'iiii'IJ•lll tupiCli of couvcrou.tiuu ou t ho~u
hour frum lho E·,,t<•ru (;uuutictl ~c~latltJu, lu J'oncii'II'Ch ~otn•et, Cut·tho occu.. H>nH wu.o tho llllatJ>~ ul nd•iu~ tire lii..CCtJsury fundt1 ognius~
!• t•l•riuwut.ll gronncl iu E· (IX. Hie· (;f'ot•go l't•nchc·d t !to tt•r111inu~ tho JIOX~ pay-night. "Uno ovcumg iu pnrticulur," ,.,del Mr.
ju11t iu tiltlo t<J cntch lho trdn. (living to llct• ob!ltruction ctf tho City Hrauwla~w, ·• tbo purly WHjj uuuaunlly ilull and aill•ut. 'l'ho Duku'd
tmlllc• thn l'ru111icr rca1·lwu t !to t~h•tluu two utluuto~ IJc)Jiucl hit! thuc•. fuu thl weru !•>..lmtu.tl·cl; th u cuuul WM by no menus nourly
Jl u W<lll uut IJo di><~Ollf'C'ilc•cl, nud !JIIit•tly oruM\'d n ~<pccird lmiu. 'l'hi11 tlni·Jhecl; his Grncu'11 e•·oclit Wl\!1 tit the lowellt ebb; and ho wn.s at u.
wn11 Jll'oviclctl with t~ll tluo cl• ·tc~u~tl'll, nml lutulligt•uco WM tlt\ljhcd lo11~ w IJ~tt ~;top to tu.Jw ucx t. 'J' btH'o they ~;nt, in tbo emo.J 1 pal'lour
nlung tho lino that a" HJlC'Cilll wn11 on tlw rail:;. At a pnrticuhu· of thu httlo public-hou~to, HIIIOlting lhuil· pipes, with o. pltcbor ot 1110
stutiuu lho or·cliutlrr tmiu wus ahuntPrl 1111 1111 to cunblo tho special before them, molanoholy owl 11ileut. At lnc;t tho Dulco broko tbo
to J~\11~, nucl on In~ o.rrivul nt t;uutlaoud l:ilr Gcm·go Lowl1 W•lll silc•nco by o..-.killg, In 11. qut•rulouH lone, '\Vull, :UI'Iudlcy, what'11 to
n...touutlt•d to lhul hi11 nuU!e rollcuguo wuit iug Cm· him oH thu tJiat.- be donn uow? llow a1·o wo to got nt the mouoy for llull!hing thl11
f,,t·m rend\' to tako coal'lt tu p•·oc~·t d ou tlceh· jouruoy. 'l'ho t<ix ILiiluK cnut\1 ?' , Hrindloy, aCtor a ,fuw long puffd, auaworod, tht'OUI:fl\ tile
l> •tweeu Houtbeud aucl Hho•lluryuc•ll \IC'l'C 11oon mttlcd over, autl smoke, \Veil, Dltkc, I can t tell; l only know that iC tbo uloMy
ahortly nftor tho art; \'al of tbo di ... tinguii!IIOd pnrty 011 tbo gruuwl Cll!l.l>o got I eau fiuillb tbo canal, nud tbnt iL will pay well.' • Aye,·
Jho Jtl'lll'lico commenced. 'l'ho ohjc·c•t wuo~ to t\lleerW.iu if thu Whit.- ft>JOtllctl the Duke, 'l>ut tcltCI'tJ 1u·e wo to get tbo mouey (' DrindiC!y
worth gun could be muui)luh1teu with thnt ea,;o which, t<nppu~<ing c~ould ouly 1:opc~t.who.t ho h ~ nlrendy Mid; nod thus tbo littlo
lliiY C1lher t~l•j(•C!LOU~ aj{Uillhi if. Wlll'l) l'(llllOV001 mi~Jtt I'OildC•I' it HOt pa~ty rcwnwcd m 1ooody 111lcnce for 1~<nmo tuno longor, wb(ln
CJuly 11 tt•t'VII'!·JII,Jo batkry lmt Ju•ld ~un 1 nn(\ fur tl11~; JHII'I"" f' MJV<•rul Ht·utdl(ly suddenly starlf'd up and liRid, Don't mind, Duke; dun't
rvuucl11 W(lru fired from lhu iU-p<l\lllclOI'1 from tho two l ~·pouutll•rto, bo cnot down ; wu an1 8UI'!I to liUCecod after all !" 'rho party
nud ft·uur tbo l>rm.s rillcd guu. 'J'IJO rctlult was a JlCrfoct udmi"Hion Hhonly afl.orwn1·ds supumtt•d, the Duke goiug ovot· to Won;luy
Oil tlto Jlfll't o£ thOSO pl'CilOUt tbn.t th11 ldnls l1nd ucon thoroughly to bod, to revolve iu his 1niud the bo&t modo of milling moncr
IIRflifnctory. ?.rt·. \VJJitwcll'lh wn~ pro ont, nnrl rcrl'ivr<l the Mll- t~ ~omplcto his nll-t~L.~oruing project."- Smilc6'd J,it'r.• of '''~
CIIUUiCC/'3.
gmtulntiollll wWuh the ot.:llUtlivu l!ludtod.-lln"J wtd Navy Ua.cue.
l