CHAPTER 20 20 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 689 Electromagnetic Induction Answers to Discussion Questions •20.1 He expected to induce a sustained current and so could stroll into the room to observe it. Of course, the induced current was a pulse, long gone by the time he got there. •20.2 Solar activity produces a time varying magnetic field at the Earth that is accompanied by an electric field and therefore by an emf along the length of the pipe. •20.3 The handle of the device slips into a coil hidden in the base of the holder. Another coil is inside the handle and the two are in close proximity. Connecting the coil in the well to AC generates a time-varying B -field that passes through the plastic skin of the handle and produces a rapidly varying (60 Hz) induced emf and an induced current. That current is converted to DC and used to charge a battery in the handle, which powers the motor in the device. No charge and so no “electricity” passes from the base to the handle, although electrical energy certainly is transferred. The same scheme will work across human skin to power a mechanical heart. •20.4 (a) On becoming superconducting, the ring expels the field from the volume occupied by its material via the Meissner Effect. Flux is then essentially captured in the region of the “hole.” (b) If the ring is then pulled from the field region it will effectively carry away with it the flux in 690 CHAPTER 20 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION the hole which cannot cross out of the ring. In other words, surface supercurrents will maintain the flux in the hole after the ring is removed from the field. (c) The work done on the ring (via Lenz’s Law) in removing it from the field region goes into setting up the surface currents which support the field in the hole. •20.5 As the magnet approaches, its B -field attempts to penetrate the ring. A supercurrent is thereby induced opposing the buildup of flux and the motion of the magnet. If the ring is free to move, it will lift off its support and hover (with its induced north pole down) above the north pole of the magnet. Finite, persistent supercurrents on the surface of the superconductor circulate in such a way as to shield the interior from the field. No flux enters the body of the superconductor; there is no change in flux, no E -field induced, and no bulk current. •20.6 There are two similar techniques that have been used to date. In one, an air-core primary coil (with its axis vertical) located at the center of the toroid in the hole, and carrying a time varying current, produces a changing flux and induces a circular E -field and thence a toroidal current in the plasma. The time-varying coil current is provided in bursts from a bank of capacitors and much of the energy transferred to the plasma ends up as joule heat within it. Another approach links the toroid with an iron core (see the figure), but the idea is the same. iron core plasma toroid coil •20.7 To crank the generator without a load and therefore without a current (in the steady state), one need only overcome friction. By contrast, lighting the 100-W bulb requires twice the power used in lighting the 50-W bulb and that power must be supplied by the person turning the crank. Most people will find it difficult to keep the 100-W bulb lit very long. •20.8 The battery voltage appears across the branch of lamp 2 and R, and current almost immediately (the resistor and lamp have some small inductance) circulates through the lamp which glows brightly. The inductor inhibits the rise of current with a back-emf so lamp 1 initially glows faintly increasing to full brightness gradually. •20.9 Current would be induced in the loop and power transferred from the line to it — the timevarying B -field would induce an E -field. If a wire loop was in that region, the E -field would do CHAPTER 20 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 691 work on the free electrons, transferring energy to them. The power company could detect a loss in energy arriving at the end of the line; there would be a slight drop in delivered current since the voltage is fixed by the generator. If you separate the two leads from a telephone and lay the pick-up loop (attached to a good set of headphones) next to one of the wires, you should be able to listen in on the time-varying B -field of the conversation. •20.10 In series the individual emfs must add together to give a net emf across the equivalent inductor. Moreover, the current in each, and therefore the rate of change of the current, must be the same for each. E = E1 + E2 + E3 = (∆I/∆t)(L1 + L2 + L3 ) hence it follows that L = L1 + L2 + L3 in series. In parallel, the voltage across all will be the same as the current divides, hence the total ∆I/∆t equals the sum of the individual rates of change and so E/L = E1 /L1 + E2 /L2 + E3 /L3 and 1/L = 1/L1 + 1/L2 + 1/L3 . •20.11 The energy stored in an inductor varies linearly with µ. Hence, inserting an iron core can increase the energy by a factor of several thousand. In such a case the power supply must provide an increased amount of energy over the air-core situation where the maximum current is generated relatively quickly. With the iron core, L is large as is the time constant and it takes a much longer time and more work to establish the same maximum current V /R. The faster the maximum current is reached the less energy the power supply must provide to establish the field — the lower L the less the “inertia.” •20.12 Sound waves cause the diaphragm to move and that vibrates the rod in the gap. When the top of the rod is closer to the left face of the C , magnetic field lines rising out of the north pole and up the rod jump the gap to the left and return to the south pole mostly through the left coil. By contrast, when the rod is not displaced the field lines are equally distributed between the two coils. So incoming sound causes a change in the flux in the two coils and that induces a voltage across each of them. These two voltages are opposite since one is produced by a flux increase and the other by a flux decrease. Therefore the coils are wound oppositely so their voltages have the same sense and add to produce a stronger signal inasmuch as the coils are in series. •20.13 Yes, a coil in a motor turning through a magnetic field will experience an induced emf and an induced current that will send energy back to the source, which is driving the motor. With no load, the motor produces (and returns to the power company) almost as much current as it draws, and so costs very little to run. A free-turning motor must have its speed limited by the back-current it generates with no losses (in the bearings, etc.) the motor will speed up until the back-current equals the driving current and it can no longer accelerate. With a load, the 692 CHAPTER 20 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION motor does work and draws energy in excess of what it returns via the back-current. In real life, a motor also produces a good deal of thermal energy via friction and if it is to operate continuously for any long period of time, it must be cooled (usually by forced air). A jammed motor will not turn and not generate a back-current. The driving current (which depends on the motor’s resistance) now undiminished by any back-current is too great. The wiring will heat up and the insulation will begin to burn off. If the process is not stopped soon, the motor will be destroyed. •20.14 Since the record head matches the read head each magnetized region of the tape fits nicely under the soft-iron C-shaped pick-up. Field lines pass through the high-permeability core thereby changing the flux through the coil and inducing a voltage across it. •20.15 Recall that the B -field outside a very long tight solenoid approaches zero. Each meter reads the potential drop across the resistor adjacent to it, the resistor with which it forms a closed circuit excluding the solenoid. The induced emf equals the difference between the two meter readings, or alternatively, the sum of the potential differences across the resistors in the central circuit (1-9-10-2-7-8-1). The seemingly strange thing here is that the “voltage” measured between 1 and 2 actually depends on how you hook up the meter. The varying flux provides energy to the induced current (energy coming from the power source driving current through the solenoid). In part (b) both meters would read Ii R2 . •20.16 The time varying flux through the orbit generates a circular electric field which accelerates the electron. The faster the particle moves the more centripetal force is needed so the field must be increased accordingly. •20.17 electromagnetic induction —– The property of an electric circuit by which an electromotive force is induced in it as the result of a changing magnetic flux. induced emf —– Electromotive force induced as a result of changing magnetic flux. magnetic flux —– A measure of the quantity of magnetism, being the total number of magnetic lines of force passing through a specified area in a magnetic field. flux density —– The amount of flux through a unit area taken perpendicular to the direction of the flux. Faraday’s Induction Law —– The induced emf in a loop is proportional to the time rate of change of the magnetic flux through the loop. The direction of the induced emf is determined by Lenz’ Law. More specifically, E = −N (∆ΦM /∆t), as in Eq. (20.3). CHAPTER 20 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 693 Lenz’s Law —– The induced emf will produce a current that always acts to oppose the change that originally caused it. motional emf —– The emf generated on an object as it cuts through magnetic field lines. search coil —– A small coaxial coil which detects the presence of an independent E -field associated with a time-varying B -field. dynamo —– A generator, especially one for producing direct current. ac generator —– One that generates, especially a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy (by outputting an alternating current). dc generator —– One that generates, especially a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy (by outputting a direct current). commutator —– A cylindrical arrangement of insulated metal bars connected to the coils of a direct-current electric motor or generator, providing a unidirectional current from the generator or a reversal of current into the coils of the motor. eddy current —– If an extended conductor translates with respect to a B -field, which is not uniform over the entire conductor, or if different portions of the conductor move at different velocities (i.e., it rotates) with respect to the field, currents will be introduced within it that circulate in closed paths. These are known as eddy currents. back-emf —– The induced emf opposes the cause of itself in accordance with Lenz’s Law, so it is also called back-emf. self-induction —– The generation by a changing current of an electromotive force in the same circuit. inductance —– The magnetic flux generated by one unit of current. henry —– The SI unit of inductance. inductor —– A circuit element, typically a conducting coil, in which electromotive force is generated by electromagnetic induction. choke —– A circuit element used to suppress or limit the flow of alternating current without affecting the flow of direct current. R-L circuit —– A circuit consisting of a inductor and a resistor. time constant —– A constant which influences the temporal behavior of an R-L circuit. It is equal to L/R. The greater the time constant, the longer it takes for the current in the circuit to reach a steady value. energy density —– Energy of a field per unit volume. 694 CHAPTER 20 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION Answers to Multiple Choice Questions 1. 8. 15. 22. e b c c 2. c 9. a 16. b 23. b 3. c 10. c 17. b 24. c 4. b 11. a 18. b 25. b 5. c 12. a 19. d 6. c 13. c 20. a 7. a 14. a 21. d Solutions to Problems 20.1 The magnetic flux is given by Eq. (20.1): ΦM = B⊥ A. In this case B⊥ = 1.2 mT, and A = 25 cm2 , so ΦM = B⊥ A = (1.2 × 10−3 T)(25 × 10−4 m2 ) = 3.0 × 10−6 T · m2 = 3.0 µWb . 20.2 From Eq. (20.1) ΦM = BA cos θ = (100 × 10−3 T)(0.020 m2 )(cos 30◦ ) = 1.7 × 10−3 T · m2 = 1.7 mWb . 20.3 The flux density B is, by definition, the magnetic flux ΦM per unit cross-sectional area: B = ΦM /A, where A is the total cross-sectional area perpendicular to the B -field [see Eq. (20.1)]. Plug in ΦM = 6.0 mWb = 6.0 × 10−3 Wb and A = 50 cm2 = 50 × 10−4 m2 to obtain B= ΦM 6.0 × 10−3 Wb = 1.2 Wb/m2 = 1.2 T . = A 50 × 10−4 m2 20.4 The magnetic field B is related to the magnetic flux via Eq. (20.1): ΦM = BA⊥ . In this case ΦM = 0.016 Wb and A⊥ = 8.0 cm2 = 8.0 × 10−4 m2 , so B= ΦM 0.016 Wb = 20 Wb/m2 = 20 T . = −4 2 A 8.0 × 10 m CHAPTER 20 695 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 20.5 and B are due south so the change in magnetic field is Both B i f =B −B = (0.6 T) -south − (0.5 T) -south = (0.1 T) -south . ∆B i f 20.6 Similar to the previous problem, the change in magnetic field is =B −B = (0.5 T) -up − (0.6 T) -down = (0.5 T) -up + (0.6 T) -up = (1.1 T) -up , ∆B i f where we noted that (0.6 T) -down = −(0.6 T) -up. 20.7 The change in the magnetic field is =B −B = 0 − (0.01 T)-east = −(0.01 T)-east = (0.01 T)-west , ∆B i f has a magnitude of 0.01 T and is due west. i.e., ∆B 20.8 The initial magnetic flux ΦMi through the loop is ΦMi = Bi Ai = (100 mT)(0.020 m2 ) = 2.0 × 10−3 T · m2 , while the final flux is ΦMf = 0 as A⊥ = 0. Thus ∆ΦM Φ − ΦMi 0 − 2.0 × 10−3 T · m2 = −1.0 Wb/s = −1.0 V . = Mf = ∆t ∆t 0.002 0 s 20.9 Before the loop is yanked from the B -field the magnetic flux through the loop is ΦM i = BA⊥ , where A⊥ is the encompassed area of the loop perpendicular to the B -field. In a time interval ∆t the B -field through the loop is gone so ΦM f = 0. The induced emf, which is equal in magnitude to the rate of change of the magnetic flux in the loop, is then [see Eq. (20.3)] ∆ΦM E = −N = −N ∆t Φ M f − ΦM i ∆t = −N 0 − BA⊥ ∆t = N BA⊥ . ∆t Plug in N = 1, B = 0.40 T, A⊥ = 0.25 m2 , and ∆t = 200 ms = 0.200 s to obtain E = +0.50 V. (Here the plus sign in E means that the induced emf would generate a current which in turn produces a B -field whose flux is positive through the loop, as is ΦM i .) 696 CHAPTER 20 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 20.10 Before the loop is removed from the B -field the magnetic flux through the loop is ΦM i = BA⊥ , ). In a time where A⊥ is the area of the loop (note that the area then is perpendicular to B interval ∆t the coil is removed from the B -field so ΦM f = 0. The resulting induced emf is then (see the result of the previous problem) E = N BA⊥ /∆t. Plug in N = 100, A⊥ = 4.0 cm2 = 4.0 × 10−4 m2 , ∆t = 20 ms = 0.020 s, and E = 1.0 V and solve for B : B= E∆t (1.0 V)(0.020 s) = = 0.50 T . N A⊥ (100)(4.0 × 10−4 m2 ) 20.11 The induced emf due to a flux change in a time interval ∆t is given by Eq. (20.3): E = −N ∆ΦM /∆t. Take the absolute values to obtain its magnitude to be |E| = N |∆ΦM |/∆t. Plug in E = 60 V, ∆ΦM = 30 mWb, and N = 100, and solve for ∆t: ∆t = N |∆ΦM | (150)(30 mWb) = 75 ms . = |E| 60 V 20.12 From Eq. (20.3) the magnitude of the induced emf is (100)(0.050 Wb) ∆Φ M = |E| = −N = 2.5 × 102 V = 0.25 kV . ∆t 0.020 s 20.13 The change in flux is ∆ΦM = ΦM f − ΦM i = 0.070 Wb − 0.010 Wb = 0.060 Wb, which took place in ∆t = 0.020 s. Thus from Eq. (20.3) the magnitude of the induced emf is (200)(0.060 Wb) ∆Φ M = |E| = −N = 8.0 V . ∆t 1.5 s 20.14 From t = 0 to t = 0.30 s B changes constantly from 0 to 0.30 T so ∆B = 0.30 T. The corresponding change in magnetic flux is ∆ΦM = A∆B , where A = 0.25 m2 . Thus from Eq. (20.3) the induced emf is E = −N ∆ΦM N A∆B (10)(0.25 m2 )(0.30 T) =− =− = −2.5 V ∆t ∆t 0.30 s − 0 (0 < t < 0.30 s) . From t = 0.30 s to t = 0.40 s there is no change in the magnetic field so ∆ΦM = 0, which gives E = 0. CHAPTER 20 697 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION From t = 0.40 s to t = 0.50 s B changes constantly from 0.30 T back to 0 so ∆B = −0.30 T. The corresponding change in magnetic flux is ∆ΦM = A∆B , where again A = 0.25 m2 . Thus ∆ΦM N A∆B (10)(0.25 m2 )(−0.30 T) E = −N = +7.5 V =− =− ∆t ∆t 0.50 s − 0.40 s (0.40 s < t < 0.50 s) . 20.15 The cross-sectional area of the coil is A = 0.110 m × 0.199 m = 2.189 × 10−2 m2 , over which a uniform magnetic field B = 82.0 mT is present before the coil is yanked out of the field. The initial magnetic flux through the coil is then ΦMi = BA = (82.0 × 10−3 T)(2.189 × 10−2 m2 ) = 1.79 × 10−3 T · m2 . After the coil is yanked out the flux through it is reduced to zero, so ∆ΦM = ΦMf − ΦMi = 0 − ΦMi = −1.79 × 10−3 T · m2 . This process takes place during a time interval ∆t = 45.0 ms, so the average induced emf is E = −N ∆ΦM (−1.79 × 10−3 T · m2 ) = 4.0 V . = −(100) ∆t 45 × 10−3 s (b) The induced emf provides the voltage difference V that drives a current I through the coil: E = V = IR, so E 4.0 V I= = = 2.0 A . R 2.0 Ω 20.16 (a) The induced emf is proportional to the time rate of change of the magnetic flux: E = −N ∆ΦM /∆t. (b) Since ΦM = AB , ∆ΦM = ∆(AB) = A∆B ; and so E = −N ∆ΦM /∆t = −N A∆B/∆t. (c) A = (10.0 cm2 )(10−2 m/cm)2 = 1.00 × 10−3 m2 . (d) According to the problem statement ∆B/∆t = −0.10 T/s, where the negative sign indicates that B is decreasing with time. (e) ∆B = 10(1.00 × 10−3 m2 ) |−0.10 T/s| = 1.0 mV . |E| = N A ∆t (f) The induced emf provides the voltage difference that drives the current. So E = V = IR, and E 1.0 mV I= = = 1.0 mA . R 1.0 Ω (g) As the downward magnetic field decreases with time the magnetic flux through the loop also decreases. According to Lenz’s Law the induced current in the loop runs from B to A, as it tends to maintain the original flux. 698 CHAPTER 20 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION (h) Think of the loop effectively as a battery, with terminals A and B . Since the current flows from B to A through the loop, if one hooks up a load across the two terminals a current will flow from A to B through the load, indicating that terminal A is at a higher potential. (Note that, inside a battery, the current flows from the negative to the positive terminal.) 20.17 The B -field in the solenoid varies as a function of the current I it carries: B = µ0 nI . The magnetic flux of this field through the coil of cross-sectional area A is ΦM = BA = µ0 nAI . As the current in the solenoid changes by ∆I during a time interval ∆t the corresponding change in ΦM is ∆ΦM = µ0 nA∆I , which causes an emf in the N -turn coil: ∆ΦM N µ0 nA∆I =− ∆t ∆t −7 (240)(4π × 10 T · m/A)(10 × 102 /m)(2.0 × 10−4 m2 )(4.9 A) =− 5.00 × 10−3 s = −5.9 × 10−2 V = −59 mV . E = −N Note that n = 10/cm = 10 × 102 /m. 20.18 With the original flux chosen as positive, the change in flux is ∆ΦM = ΦMf −ΦMi = −8.0 mWb− 8.0 mWb = −16 mWb, which took place in ∆t = 200 ms. The resulting emf in the N -turn coil follows from Eq. (20.3) to be E = −N ∆ΦM (100)(−16 mWb) = 8.0 V . =− ∆t 200 ms 20.19 The magnetic flux provided by the B -field of the electromagnet through the loop of area A and the normal is ΦM = BA cos θ [see Eq. (20.1)], where θ (= 30◦ ) is the angle between B direction of the plane containing the loop. As B changes from Bi to Bf the corresponding change in ΦM is ∆ΦM = Bf A cos θ − Bi A cos θ = (Bf − Bi )A cos θ, which causes an induced emf given by Eq. (20.3): E = −N ∆ΦM /∆t. Plug in N = 1, Bi = 0, Bf = 0.500 T, A = 4.0 cm × 4.0 cm, θ = 30◦ , and ∆t = 200 ms to obtain ∆ΦM (Bf − Bi )A cos θ = −N ∆t ∆t (1)(0.500 T − 0)(4.0 × 4.0 × 10−4 m2 )(cos 30◦ ) =− 0.200 s −3 = −3.5 × 10 V = −3.5 mV . E = −N CHAPTER 20 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 699 Here the minus sign indicates that the induced emf tends to run a current whose magnetic field produces a flux opposite in direction to the original flux, which is downward. Thus the induced current must be counterclockwise viewed from the top so as to produce an upward flux. 20.20 The magnetic flux provided by the B -field through the coil of area A is ΦM = BA cos θ [see Eq. (20.1)]. As θ changes from θi = 45◦ to θf = 90◦ due to the rotation of the coil the corresponding change in ΦM is ∆ΦM = BA cos θf − BA cos θi = BA(cos θf − cos θi ), which causes an induced emf given by Eq. (20.3): E = −N ∆ΦM /∆t. Plug in N = 10, B = 0.20 T, A = π(5.0 cm)2 , and ∆t = 0.10 s to obtain ∆ΦM BA(cos θf − cos θi ) = −N ∆t ∆t (10)(0.20 T) π(0.050 m)2 (cos 90◦ − cos 45◦ ) =− 0.10 s = 0.11 V . E = −N The flux decreases in the process so by Lenz’s Law the flux due to the induced emf is in the same direction as the original flux of the external B -field. Thus terminal B must be in a higher potential than terminal A. When the coil stops moving the magnetic flux no linger changes: ∆ΦM /∆t = 0, so the induced emf becomes zero. 20.21 First, compute the induced emf in the coil from Eq. (20.3): E = −N ∆ΦM /∆t, where according to Eq. (20.1) ΦM = BA⊥ . In this case A⊥ is a constant while B changes at the rate of ∆B/∆t, so ∆ΦM /∆t = ∆(BA⊥ )/∆t = A⊥ (∆B/∆t); and so the magnitude of the induced emf is |E| = N A⊥ |∆B/∆t|. When a steady state is reached in the coil there is no more charging or discharging going on across the capacitor so |E| must be balanced by the voltage difference VC across the capacitor: |E| = VC = Q/C , where Q is the steady-state charge on the capacitor (of capacitance C ). Combine this equality with the expression for |E| obtained above to yield ∆B = VC = Q . |E| = N A⊥ ∆t C Substitute N = 220, |∆B/∆t| = 20 mT/s, A⊥ = π(10 cm)2 , and C = 30 µF into this equation and solve for Q: ∆B = (30 µF)(220) π(0.10 m)2 (20 × 10−3 T/s) = 4.1 µC . Q = CN A⊥ ∆t 700 CHAPTER 20 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 20.22 The magnitude of the induced emf as a result of a change in flux over a time interval ∆t is given by Eq. (20.3) to be |E| = N |∆ΦM /∆t|, which causes an induced current I = |E|/R in the circuit of resistance R. This current exists for the duration of the change in flux, which takes time ∆t. The total amount of charge ∆Q passing through the circuit in the mean time is then N |∆ΦM /∆t| ∆t N ∆ΦM |E|∆t = = . ∆Q = I∆t = R R R 20.23 The magnetic flux before the coil is yanked out is ΦM i = BA, while afterwards it reduces to ΦM f = 0. The magnitude of the change in ΦM is then |∆ΦM | = |ΦM f − ΦM i | = BA. Plug this expression, along with ∆Q = Kθ, into the formula for ∆Q obtained in the previous problem to yield N |∆ΦM | N BA ∆Q = Kθ = = . R R Solve for B : B= RKθ . NA 20.24 The magnetic flux provided by field B through the coil of area A is ΦM = BA cos θ [see Eq. (20.1)]. As θ changes from θi = 0◦ to θf = 50◦ due to the rotation of the coil the corresponding change in ΦM is ∆ΦM = BA cos θf − BA cos θi = BA(cos θf − cos θi ), which causes an induced emf given by Eq. (20.3): E = −N ∆ΦM /∆t. Plug in N = 20, B = 10 mT, A = 5.0 × 10−2 m2 , and ∆t = 150 ms to obtain ∆ΦM BA(cos θf − cos θi ) = −N ∆t ∆t −2 2 (20)(10 mT)(5.0 × 10 m )(cos 50◦ − cos 0◦ ) =− 150 ms = 0.024 V = 24 mV . E = −N 20.25 In Problem(20.22) we proved the formula for ∆Q, the charge that flows through a galvanometer in response to a magnetic flux change: ∆Q = N |∆ΦM |/R. We now find the expression for ∆ΦM in this case. The initial magnetic flux due to the B -field inside the solenoid through the coil of area A before the current is reversed is ΦM i = BA, while afterwards it changes to ΦM f = −BA. (Here we have arbitrarily chosen the initial value of the flux to be positive so the final value is negative.) The magnitude of the change in ΦM is then |∆ΦM | = |ΦM f − ΦM i | = CHAPTER 20 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 701 | − BA − BA| = 2BA. Plug this expression for |∆ΦM | into the formula for ∆Q to yield ∆Q = N |∆ΦM |/R = N (2BA)/R, which we solve for B : B= R∆Q (0.50 Ω)(2.0 × 10−6 C) = = 8.3 × 10−4 T = 0.83 mT . −4 2 2N A 2(12)(0.50 × 10 m ) 20.26 Choose the original flux as positive to find the net change in flux to be ∆ΦM = −10 mWb − 10 mWb = −20 mWb, which took place in ∆t = 200 ms. The resulting emf in the N -turn solenoid follows from Eq. (20.3) to be E = −N ∆ΦM (210)(−20 mWb) = 21 V . =− ∆t 200 ms 20.27 The axle moves across the B -field, cutting the field lines, whereby generating a motional emf, E = vBl sin θ. Here v = 20.0 m/s is the speed of the axle, B = 0.40 × 10−4 T is the Earth’s magnetic field, and l = 1.8 m is the length of the axle, and θ = 90◦ is the angle between v and ; and so B E = vBl = (20.0 m/s)(0.40 × 10−4 T)(1.8 m)(sin 90◦ ) = 1.4 mV . 20.28 (a) Use the right-hand-rule. The pole closer to the viewer (the one on the right), where the current flows in, is the magnetic north pole. (b) It points from the magnetic north to the magnetic south, i.e., from the pole closer to the viewer to the further one (i.e., to the left). (c) Imagine a vertical loop whose upper border is the rod. As the rod moves upward the magnetic flux through the loop increases, causing an induced emf in the loop which would drive a current from B to A in order to maintain the flux through the loop. Thus the electrons in the rod, moving against the direction of the current, move from A to B . This result can also be reached by means of analyzing the Lorentz force exerted on the electrons. As the rod moves upward so do the electrons it carries, and the resulting Lorentz force on the negatively charged electrons points from A to B . (d) From A to B —– see analysis in part (c) above. (e) The length of the portion of the rod that’s cutting the magnetic field lines perpendicularly is l = 5.0 cm. So E = Blv = (500 × 10−4 T)(5.0 × 10−2 m)(5.00 m/s) = 12.5 mV . 702 CHAPTER 20 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 20.29 Use Eq.(20.4) to find the motional emf caused by the wings, considered as a single long conductor of total length l, sweeping across the Earth’s B -field with speed v : E = vBl = (200 m/s)(0.050 × 10−3 T)(60 m) = 0.60 V . 20.30 Use Eq. (20.4), with v = 0.50 m/s, B = 0.140 T, and l = 10.0 cm: N B E = vBl rod = (0.50 m/s)(0.140 T)(0.100 m) = 7.0 × 10−3 V = 7.0 mV . horizontal plane E W The rod lies south-north and moves downward. According to Lenz’s Law the north end of the rod is at the higher voltage (positive). S v down 20.31 The wire moves at v = 0.60 m/s relative to the magnetic field lines. Thus Eq. (20.4) gives E = vBl = (0.60 m/s)(0.200 T)(1.00 m) = 0.12 V , with the east end of the wire at the higher voltage (positive). 20.32 From Eq. (20.4) the motional emf in the copper wire is E = vBl = (0.50 m/s)(1.5 T)(0.30 m) = 0.23 V . 20.33 The bulb would not light, nor would a voltmeter connected across the wing tips be able to pick up a reading indicating the voltage difference calculated in Problem (20.29). In fact the leads of the meter also cut through the Earth’s B -field at the same rate as the wings so the same amount of motional emf would appear in the voltmeter as well as the leads; and once they are attached to the wings the closed loop consisting of the wings, the leads and the voltmeter would have two oppositely directed emf of the same strength, so no current can circulate in the circuit. CHAPTER 20 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 703 Alternatively, note that the flux through the closed loop of meter-leads-wings does not change if the B -field remains constant so no net emf appears in the circuit to drive a current: E ∝ ∆ΦM = 0. You could, however, read a voltage difference if the meter stayed on the ground and still managed to remain connected to the plane. 20.34 Solve for the magnetic field B from Eq. (20.4), E = vBl: B= E 0.45 V = 0.38 T . = −2 vl (600 × 10 m/s)(0.20 m) 20.35 The rod falls straight down with a velocity v while the direction of the B -field is at an angle is v = θ = 50◦ below the horizontal. Thus the component of v that is perpendicular to B ⊥ v cos θ, and the induced emf in the rod of length l is [see Eq. (20.4)] E = v⊥ Bl = vBl cos θ = (2.8 m/s)(0.5 × 10−4 T)(1.00 m)(cos 50◦ ) = 9.0 × 10−5 V , or 90 µV. Note that in Eq. (20.4) v is the component of the velocity of the wire perpendicular to the B -field. 20.36 is The component of the velocity v of the tube that is perpendicular to the magnetic field B v⊥ = v sin θ, where θ is the angle between v and B. Thus the induced voltage in the tube of length l is E = v⊥ Bl = (v sin θ)Bl = (0.250 m/s)(sin 60.0◦ )(0.045 T)(0.200 m) = 1.9 × 10−3 V . 20.37 As soon as the leading edge of the loop enters the rectangular region of the B -field and starts cutting field lines, there is an emf [= Blv , see Eq. (20.4)], which produces a counterclockwise current I = Blv/R. The emf is constant (for a time interval l/v ). When the trailing edge of the loop enters the field, it starts to produce an oppositely directed emf and the net emf in the loop goes to zero (which is consistent with the fact that the magnetic flux in the loop no longer changes). It remains zero until the leading edge emerges from the field at a time 3l/v after it entered, whereupon the emf jumps to Blv in the opposite direction (due to the now-unbalanced emf in the trailing edge). A clockwise current I = Blv/R appears and remains constant for a time interval l/v , until the entire loop exits from the field region. 704 CHAPTER 20 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 20.38 As the wire of length l cuts the field lines at a speed v it produces an emf in accordance with Eq. (20.4): E = vBl, which in turn generates a current I in the closed circuit of total resistance R: I = E/R = vBl/R. This current-carrying wire, while moving in the B -field, is subject to a magnetic force to the left, with a magnitude of vBl B 2 l2 v FM = IlB = lB = . R R Since the wire is undergoing no acceleration the net force exerted on it must vanish, i.e., F − FM = 0; and so B 2 l2 v F = FM = . R 20.39 The power Pext supplied by an external agency which provides the force F is 22 B l v (Blv)2 v= , Pext = F v = R R where we used the result of the previous problem. The power dissipated by the lamp, meanwhile, is 2 vBl (Blv)2 2 , R= Pdiss = I R = R R which is identical to Pext , as expected from the Conservation of Energy. 20.40 First find the speed v of the rod traversing in the magnetic field from Eq. (20.4): v= E 0.50 V = = 4.55 m/s . Bl (0.11 T)(1.00 m) At this speed the time it takes for the wire to traverse 0.50 m is t = 0.50 m/(4.55 m/s) = 0.11 s. 20.41 The power P needed to properly operate the lamp is given by P = IV , and so V , the voltage difference across the lamp, is V = P/I . In this case V is provided by the motional emf so V = E = vBl, where v is the speed of the rod cutting through the magnetic field lines and l is its length. So P/I = vBl, which gives l= which is quite long! P 5.0 W = = 31 m , −3 IvB (200 × 10 A)(2.00 m/s)(0.400 T) CHAPTER 20 705 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 20.42 The power needed to operate the motor is P = V 2 /R, where V is the voltage difference across the motor and R is its resistance. Similar to the previous problem, let V = E = vBl to find v , the desired speed of the rod of length l moving in the magnetic field B : P = V 2 /R = (vBl)2 /R, which we solve for v : √ (2.0 W)(10 Ω) PR v= = = 45 m/s . Bl (0.20 T)(0.50 m) From the Conservation of Energy the power needed to operate the motor is equal to that delivered by the external force F : P = F v , so F = 2.0 W P = = 4.5 × 10−2 N . v 44.7 m/s 20.43 With the previous problem in mind, let P = V 2 /R = E 2 /R = (vBl)2 /R, and solve for B : (10.0 W)(5.00 Ω) PR = = 11.8 T . vl (1.20 m/s)(0.500 Ω) √ B= 20.44 Refer to Fig. P44 in the text. As the wire descends it cuts through the magnetic field lines, generating an induced emf in the amount of E = vBl. A counterclockwise current I is then established in the closed circuit, flowing from left to right in the moving wire: I = E/R = vBl/R. The current-carrying wire is in turn subject to an upward magnetic force FM = to its weight, IlB = (vBl/R)lB = vB 2 l2 /R. Meanwhile the wire (of mass m) is also subject FW = mg , downward. The net downward force on the wire is then + ↓ F = FW − FM = mg − vB 2 l2 /R, and the equation of motion for the wire is + ↓ vB 2 l2 F = FW − FM = mg − = ma . R At first v is small so the motion of the wire is nearly a free fall dominated by the weight of the wire, which accelerates downward at the rate of a ≈ g . As the speed v of the wire F = FW − FM decreases as a result. The wire continues picks up, so does FM , and + ↓ its downward acceleration, albeit with a gradually diminishing value of a, until v reaches its F = FW − FM = ma = 0, i.e., terminal (and maximum) value, vm , at which time + ↓ FM = vm B 2 l2 /R = FW = mg , which gives vm = mgR . B 2 l2 706 CHAPTER 20 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 20.45 The motional emf is given by Eq. (20.4) to be E = vBl = (4.0 m/s)(0.80 T)(0.50 m) = 1.6 V . 20.46 The angular frequency of the output emf is ω = 2πf , where f is its frequency. The output emf varies as a function of time t as E = N ABω sin ωt = 2πN ABf sin(2πf t) [Eq. (20.7)], so the maximum output is Em = 2πN ABf (which is attained when | sin(2πf t)| = 1). Solve for B : B= Em 20.0 V = = 0.026 5 T = 26.5 mT . 2πN Af 2π(150)(8.00 × 20.0 × 10−4 m2 )(50.0 Hz) The angular speed of the coil should be the same as the angular frequency ω of the output emf, at ω = 2πf = 2π(50.0 Hz) = 314 rad/s. 20.47 Apply Eq. (20.4) to find the emf due to each length: E = vBl = (22 m/s)(0.35 T)(0.10 m) = 0.77 V . Since there are 2 lengths per turn and a total of 25 turns the total emf is 2×25×0.77 V = 39 V. 20.48 The maximum emf provided by an ac generator is given by Eq.(20.7): Em = N ABω [sin ωt]m = N ABω . Plug in Em = 170 V, N = 100, A = 0.50 m2 , ω = 2πf with f = 60 Hz, and solve for B , the required magnetic field: B= Em 170 V = = 9.0 × 10−3 T = 9.0 mT . 2 N Aω (100)(0.50 m ) [(2π)(60 Hz)] 20.49 The standard form of the emf produced by an ac generator as a function of times is given by Eq.(20.7): E = N ABω sin ωt, where N is the number of turns of the coil, A is its area, B is the magnetic field, and ω = 2πf is the angular speed of rotation of the coil in the B -field. Here f is the frequency of the output emf. Note that the maximum emf Em occurs when | sin ωt| reaches its peak value of 1, whereupon E = Em = N ABω . Thus we may also write E = Em sin ωt. Comparing this standard form with the expression given: E = 100 sin 376.99t, we get, in this case, Em = 100 V and ωt = 2πf t = 376.99t, which yields f = 376.99 Hz/2π = 60.000 Hz. CHAPTER 20 707 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 20.50 The maximum emf of an ac generator is given by Eq. (20.7): Em = N ABω [sin ωt]m = N ABω . Plug in N = 100, A = 1.00 m2 , B = 650 × 10−7 T, and ω = 2πf = 2π(100 Hz) to find Em = N ABω = (100)(1.00 m2 )(650 × 10−7 T)(2π)(100 Hz) = 4.08 V . 20.51 Following the hint given in the problem statement, ω we first find ∆A/∆t, the rate at which a radial strip of conductor sweeps out an area as a result of its rotation. Consider a time interval ∆t, during which ∆Α r the disk rotates through an angle ∆θ, which satisfies ∆θ ∆θ = ω∆t, with ω the angular speed of rotation r for the disk. During that time interval the leads axis connected to the resistor between the axis and the rim also sweeps through the same angle, covering an area ∆A as shown to the right. Note that ∆A is a fraction of the total area A of the disk of radius r: ∆A/A = ∆θ/2π , and so 1 ∆θ 1 ∆θ 2 = πr = r2 ∆θ = r2 ω∆t . ∆A = A 2π 2π 2 2 rim The rate of change of magnetic flux due to the rotation of the resistor is then E= ∆ΦM B∆A r2 Bω∆t 1 = = = r2 ωB , ∆t ∆t 2∆t 2 which is equal in magnitude to the induced emf E across the resistor. The induced current I in the resistor follows as I = E/R = 12 r2 ωB/R. Substitute I = 1.25 mA, r = 25 cm, ω = 360 rpm = (360 × 2π)/60 s = 37.7 rad/s, and R = 20 Ω into this equation and solve for B: B= 2IR 2(1.25 × 10−3 A)(20 Ω) = = 2.1 × 10−2 T = 21 mT . 2 2 ωr (37.7 rad/s)(0.25 m) 20.52 The area of the coil is A = 2 × 10 cm × 15 cm = 3.0 × 102 cm2 = 3.0 × 10−2 m2 (note that each of the two segments of the coil cutting the field has a length of 15 cm to make a total of 30 cm). As it turns at the rate of ω = 10 rev/s = 10 × 2π/s = 62.83 rad/s in a magnetic field B (= 0.60 T) an emf of E = N ABω sin ωt is generated in the coil [see Eq. (20.7)]. At the moment the coil moves perpendicularly to the field it cuts through the field at the greatest rate, so E = Em = N ABω = (1)(3.0 × 10−2 m2 )(0.60 T)(62.83 rad/s) = 1.1 V . 708 CHAPTER 20 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 20.53 The emf in a rotating rod of length r cutting through the field lines in a magnetic field B 1 2 was at an angular speed ω was computed in Problem (20.51) to be E = 2 r ωB , where B makes an angle perpendicular to the plane in which the rod rotated. In the present case B θ with the normal to the rotational plane of the rotor blades so we need to replace B with B⊥ = B cos θ in the expression for E : E = 12 r2 ωB⊥ = 12 r2 ωB cos θ. Plug in r = 5.0 m, ω = 240 rpm = (240 × 2π)/60 s = 25.13 rad/s, B = 0.050 mT, and θ = 40◦ to obtain E= 1 2 1 r ωB cos θ = (5.0 m)2 (25.13 rad/s)(0.050 mT)(cos 40◦ ) = 12 mV . 2 2 20.54 Each turn of the coil has two segments, each of length l moving at speed v , cutting through the B -field lines to produce an emf of E = v⊥ Bl = vBl sin θ, where θ is the angle between B and v. The total emf generated in the N -turn coil is the sum of that in all the field-cutting segments (of which there are 2N ): Etotal = 2N E = 2N (vBl sin θ) = 2(25)(22 m/s)(0.35 T)(0.10 m)(sin 30◦ ) = 19 V . 20.55 This problem is similar to Problem(20.52). Here the area of the coil is A = 2×5.0 cm ×20 cm = 2.0 × 102 cm2 = 2.0 × 10−2 m2 . As it turns at the rate of ω = 6000 rpm = (6000 × 2π)/60 s = (200π) rad/s = 628.3 rad/s in a magnetic field B (= 0.50 T) it generates an emf in accordance with Eq. (20.7): E = N ABω sin ωt = (200)(2.0 × 10−2 m2 )(0.50 T)(628.3 rad/s) sin(200πt) = (1.3 × 103 V) sin(200πt) , where t is measured in s. 20.56 Consider a time interval ∆t, during which the coil is turned through an angle ∆θ under the influence of an external torque τ , which satisfies τ = N IAB sin φ (see Chapter 19). Here ω = ∆θ/∆t is the angular speed of rotation of the coil and φ = ωt. The work done by the torque during this time interval is then ∆W = τ ∆θ = (N IAB sin ωt)∆θ, and the power delivered by the torque is Pτ = ∆W (N IAB sin ωt)∆θ = = N IABω sin ωt ∆t ∆t CHAPTER 20 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 709 which, by the Conservation of Energy, is equal to the power generated by the induced emf: PE = IE . Equate the expressions for Pτ and PE above to yield N IABω sin ωt = IE , which gives E = N ABω sin ωt . 20.57 (a) According to Eq. (19.1) µ = 2πBr/I , where B is in T, r is in m, and I is in A. So the SI unit of µ is T · m/A. (b) The magnetic flux has the unit of magnetic field (B , in T) times area (A, in m2 ), i.e., T · m2 . (c) Solve for L from Eq. (20.8): L = N ΦM /I . The unit of ΦM is T · m2 , that of I is A, while N is unitless. Thus H, the unit of L, is equivalent to T · m2 /A. (d) Solve for µ0 from Eq. (20.9): µ0 = Ll/N 2 A. Here L is in H, l is in m, A is in m2 , while N is unitless. Thus the unit of µ0 is H · m/m2 = H/m. [Note that this is consistent with the expression T · m/A found in part (a) above, given that 1 H = 1 T · m2 /A.] 20.58 According to Eq. (20.9) L ≈ µN 2 A/l. Here we replaced µ0 with µ to accommodate the possibility that the core may be filled with materials other than vacuum. (b) Its diameter is d = 0.50 cm = 5.0 × 10−3 m, so its cross-sectional area is A = πd2 /4 = π(5.0 × 10−3 m)2 /4 = 2.0 × 10−5 m2 . (c) L≈ µN 2 A (0.30 × 10−3 H/m)(349)2 (1.96 × 10−5 m2 ) = 48 mH . = l 1.50 × 10−2 m 20.59 The self-inductance L is defined in Eq. (20.8): N ΦM = LI , where the magnetic flux ΦM in the coil is caused by the current I running in the N -turn coil itself. Thus N ΦM (500)(2.0 × 10−3 Wb) L= = 0.26 H . = I 3.8 A 20.60 The flux linkage in an N -turn coil with a magnetic flux ΦM is defined as N ΦM . Thus from Eq. (20.8), N ΦM = LI , we get L= 6.0 mWb N ΦM = = 3.0 mH . I 2.0 A 710 CHAPTER 20 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 20.61 Solve for ΦM from Eq. (20.8), N ΦM = LI : ΦM = (4.00 × 10−3 H)(1.00 A) LI = = 8.00 × 10−5 Wb = 80.0 µWb . N 50 20.62 The inductance is proportional to the relative permeability, which in this case increases from 1 (in the air) to 2000 (in the iron core). The inductance increases correspondingly to L = 2000(3.0 mH) = 6.0 × 103 mH = 6.0 H. 20.63 Similar to Problem (20.61), we solve for ΦM from Eq. (20.8), N ΦM = LI : ΦM = LI (200 × 10−3 H)(2.0 A) = = 8.0 × 10−4 Wb = 0.80 mWb . N 500 20.64 Recall that the magnetic field inside a solenoid is B = µ0 nI , and so the SI unit of µ0 is Wb/m2 Wb [B] [µ0 ] = . = = −1 [n][I] (m )(A) m·A On the other hand from ΦM = LI/N we get [ΦM ] = Wb = [L][I]/[N ] = H · A. Thus [µ0 ] = Wb H·A = = H/m . m·A m·A 20.65 Use Eq. (20.8), N ΦM = LI , to solve for N : N= LI (2.5 H)(1.80 A) = = 2.5 × 103 . ΦM 1.80 × 10−3 Wb 20.66 The cross-sectional area of the solenoid of diameter d is A = 14 πd2 . From Eq. (20.9) we then obtain the self-inductance of the solenoid: µ0 N 2 A l (4π × 10−7 T · m/A)(200)2 [π(4.0 × 10−2 m)2 /4] = 0.50 m −4 = 1.3 × 10 H = 0.13 mH . L≈ CHAPTER 20 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 711 20.67 The self-inductance of a solenoid is given by Eq. (20.9): L ≈ µ0 N 2 A/l, which we solve for N : Ll (1.0 × 10−3 H)(0.40 m) N≈ = = 8.4 × 102 . µ0 A (4π × 10−7 T · m/A)(4.5 × 10−4 m2 ) 20.68 From Eq. (20.10) the emf in the coil is E = −L ∆I = −(10 H)(+4.0 A/s) = −40 V . ∆t 20.69 Solve for L from Eq. (20.10): E = 10 V = 5.0 H . L = − ∆I/∆t 2.0 A/s Note that we took the absolute value here since we know that L > 0. (In fact the signs of E and ∆I/∆t are always opposite to each other so as to keep L positive.) 20.70 From Eq. (20.10) the induced emf is ∆I 0 − 2.5 A If − Ii E = −L = 1.3 × 103 V = 1.3 kV . = −L = −(5.0 H) ∆t ∆t 10 × 10−3 s 20.71 Solve for L from Eq. (20.10): L=− E −500 V = 2.5 H . =− ∆I/∆t 4.0 A/0.020 s Note that here E < 0 since the current is increasing. 20.72 The self-inductance of a solenoid is given by Eq. (20.9): L ≈ µN 2 A/l, where we replaced µ0 with µ, the permeability of iron. Here A = 14 πd2 , with d the diameter of the solenoid. Solve this for N , the number of turns needed: Ll (300 × 10−3 H)(0.27 m) N≈ = = 3.7 × 102 . µA [1.5 × 103 (4π × 10−7 T · m/A)][π(2.0 × 10−2 m)2 /4] 712 CHAPTER 20 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION Note that Eq. (20.9) becomes exact only for an infinitely long solenoid, which is hardly the case here with only a few hundred turns. So we must stress that the result is only approximate. 20.73 The change in current is ∆I = −5.0 A − (+5.0 A) = −10 A, which took place in a time interval ∆t, generating an emf of E = −L(∆I/∆t) [see Eq. (20.10)]. Plug in L = 1.5 H, E = 100 V, and solve for ∆t: (1.5 H)(−10 A) L∆I =− ∆t = − = 0.15 s . E 100 V 20.74 The change in current is ∆I = If − Ii = +1.0 A − (−2.0 A) = +3.0 A, where we arbitrarily choose counterclockwise to be the positive direction. The resulting emf is given by Eq. (20.10): ∆I 3.0 A −3 E = −L = −12 V , = −(2.0 × 10 H) ∆t 500 × 10−6 s where the negative sign indicates that the induced emf is against the change in current. 20.75 The change in current in the coil is ∆I = I −(−250 mA) = I +250 mA, where we’ve chosen the new direction of the current to be positive. From Eq. (20.10), E = −L(∆I/∆t), we may then solve for ∆I : ∆I = −E∆t/L, or I + 250 mA = −E∆t/L. Plug in E = −5.0 V, ∆t = 2.5 ms, and L = 2.0 mH to obtain I=− E∆t (−5.0 V)(2.5 ms) − 250 mA = 6.0 A . − 250 mA = − L 2.0 mH Note the negative sign for E , which is always against the direction for ∆I , which in turn is chosen to be positive as it is in the same direction as I , the new current. 20.76 The B -field inside an N -turn toroid of mean radius b was computed in Chapter 19 to be B = µ0 N I/2πb, where I is the current in the toroid. The magnetic flux through its crosssectional area is then ΦM = BA = (µ0 N I/2πb)A, and according to Eq.(20.8) its self-inductance L is given by N ΦM N (µ0 N I/2πb)A µ0 N 2 A L= = = . I I 2πb 20.77 Before the shaft is inserted the inductance L0 of the air-filled tube is that of an N -turn solenoid of length l and cross-sectional area A. So according to Eq.(20.9) L0 ≈ µ0 N 2 A/l = (An2 )(µ0 l), where n = N/l. CHAPTER 20 713 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION After the shaft is inserted a portion of the length d of the tube, whose total length is l, is displaced by materials with permeability µ. Note that An2 does not change in the expression for the inductance but now we must now replace µ0 l with µ0 (l − d) + µd, where the first term comes from the remaining air-filled segment with permeability µ0 and length l − d while the second term corresponds to the newly inserted shaft of length d and permeability µ. Thus the new inductance is L ≈ An2 [µ0 (l − d) + µd], and so the change in inductance is ∆L = L − L0 ≈ An2 [µ0 (l − d) + µd] − An2 µ0 l = An2 (µ − µ0 )d = d(µ − µ0 )N 2 A , l2 where in the last step we used n = N/l. 20.78 (a) Due to the presence of the inductor the current in the R-L circuit cannot change immediately (or there would be an infinitely large value of induced emf on the inductor). So the moment the switch is closed the reading of the milliammeter is zero, as it cannot jump abruptly to a finite value. (b) When a steady-state current I is attained the current is no longer changing, so the induced emf on the inductor is now zero. The circuit effectively consists of just the voltage source and the resistor. So V = IR and I= V 20 V = = 10 mA . R 2.0 × 103 Ω 20.79 (a) from the problem statement 5τ ≈ 2.5 s, so τ ≈ 0.50 s. (b) For an R-L circuit τ = L/R. (c) R= 1.0 H L = = 2.0 Ω . τ 0.50 s (d) The current varies as a function of time as I = Im (1 − e−t/τ ), where Im = V /R is the steady-state current when t τ . Plug in V = 12 V, R = 2.0 Ω, and t/τ = 10 to obtain V 12 V −t/τ I= 1−e 1 − e−10 = 6.0 A . = R 2.0 Ω Note that the factor e−10 is negligible in comparison with 1, meaning that the current has practically reached its steady-state value at t = 10τ . (e) Zero, as the current through the inductor has reached a constant value: VL ∝ ∆I/∆t = 0. 714 CHAPTER 20 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 20.80 When a steady-state current I is attained ∆I/∆t = 0, so Eq. (20.11) reads V = IR, which we solve for I , the steady-state current: I= 12 V V = = 2.0 A . R 6.0 Ω 20.81 Plug in e ≈ 2.718 3 to obtain 1 − 1/e ≈ 1 − 1/2.718 3 ≈ 1 − 0.368 = 0.632. 20.82 Immediately after the switch is closed the current I is zero. In fact if I jumps abruptly to any non-zero value then ∆I/∆t at that moment would have to be infinite and so would be the induced emf on the inductor, which is impossible. Several hours later the current is no longer changing so ∆I/∆t → 0, and Eq. (20.11) gives V = L(∆I/∆t) + IR → IR. Plug in V = 12.0 V and R = 8.0 Ω to obtain I = V /R = 12.0 V/8.0 Ω = 15 A. 20.83 Initially there is no current: I = 0. Thus Eq. (20.11) reads V = L(∆I/∆t), which gives the voltage of the battery to be ∆I V =L = |E| = 20.0 V , ∆t where we used Eq. (20.10). Solve for ∆I/∆t: ∆I V |E| 20.0 V = 2.00 × 103 A/s . = = = ∆t L L 10.0 × 10−3 H 20.84 Immediately after the switch is closed there is no current (I = 0), and the magnitude |E| of the induced emf is the same as the voltage V of the power supply: V = L(∆I/∆t) + IR = L(∆I/∆t) = |E|. Thus L= |E| V 20.0 V = 0.20 H = 200 mH . = = ∆I/∆t ∆I/∆t 100 A/s 20.85 Similar to the previous problem, immediately after the switch is closed |E| = V , and L= 60 V |E| = = 0.30 H . ∆I/∆t 200 A/s CHAPTER 20 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 715 20.86 Apply Eq. (20.11) to the circuit: V = L(∆I/∆t) + IR. Plug in V = 100.0 V, R = 25 Ω, ∆I/∆t = 200 A/s and L = 0.400 H and solve for I : ∆I 1 1 V −L = [100.0 V − (0.400 H)(200 A/s)] = 0.80 A . I= R ∆t 25 Ω 20.87 (a) In the steady state no voltage drop is present across the inductor so the steady-state current Im in the circuit follows Ohm’s Law to be Im = 150 V V = = 6.0 A . R 25 Ω (b) The time constant is given by 300 mH L = = 12 ms . R 25 Ω (c) The current varies as a function of time as I = Im 1 − e−tR/L . At t = L/R we have e−tR/L = e−1 = 0.367 88, whereupon I = Im 1 − e−tR/L = (6.0 A)(1 − 0.367 88) = 3.8 A . 20.88 (a) The milliammeter is in series with an inductor so the current I is the same for both. Before S1 is closed the current I through the inductor is of course zero. An instant after it is closed I should remain zero, as it cannot change abruptly in an inductor. (b) L = 10 mH = 10 × 10−3 H, R = 1.0 kΩ = 1.0 × 103 Ω. (c) The time constant is τ = L/R = 10 × 10−3 H/1.0 × 103 Ω = 1.0 × 10−5 s = 10 µs. (d) When the current reaches Im , its steady-state value, ∆I/∆t = 0. So the voltage difference across the inductor, being proportional to ∆I/∆t, drops to zero. The load of the circuit is just the 1.0-kΩ resistor, so now I = Im = E/R = 10 V/1.0 kΩ = 10 mA. (e) Since no voltage difference exists across the inductor when I reaches its steady-state value, the emf of the battery is applied entirely to the resistor; so V = E = 10 V across the resistor. (f) The current varies as a function of time as I = Im (1 − e−t/τ ), where τ = L/R is the time constant. We wish to solve for t/τ . First rewrite it as 1 − I/Im = e−t/τ , then take the natural logarithm of both sides: ln(1 − I/Im ) = ln e−t/τ = −t/τ . Thus 716 CHAPTER 20 I t = −τ ln 1 − Im 9.9 mA = −τ ln 1 − 10 mA ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION = 4.6 τ . (g) Since τ = 10 µs, t = 4.6 τ = 4.6(10 µs) = 46 µs. 20.89 (a) Similar to the previous problem, the milliammeter is in series with an inductor so the current I is the same for both. Before S1 is closed the current I through the inductor is of course zero. An instant after it is closed I should remain zero, as it cannot change abruptly in an inductor. (b) After a long time the current I must have reached Im , its steady-state value, whereupon ∆I/∆t = 0. So the voltage difference across the inductor, being proportional to ∆I/∆t, drops to zero. The load of the circuit is just the 10-Ω resistor, so now I = Im = E/R = 10 V/10 Ω = 1.0 A. (c) τ= L 2.0 mH = = 0.20 ms . R 10 Ω (d) Before S1 is open and S2 is closed the current reading is 1.0 A, as discussed in part (b). Just after that, the current should remain 1.0 A, in the same direction (positive), since no abrupt change in I is possible in an inductor. (e) The current varies as a function of time as I = Im e−t/τ , where τ = R/L is the time constant. We wish to solve for solve for t/τ . First rewrite it as I/Im = e−t/τ , then take the natural logarithm of both sides: ln(I/Im ) = ln e−t/τ = −t/τ . Thus t = −τ ln I 0.140 A = −τ ln = 1.97 τ ≈ 2.0 τ . Im 1.0 A (f) Since τ = 0.20 ms, t = 2.0 τ = 2.0(0.20 ms) = 0.40 ms. 20.90 The voltage VL across the inductor is related to the time rate-of-change of current ∆I/∆t via VL = −L(∆I/∆t). From t = 0 to t = 200 ms the current increases linearly from 0 to 2.5 A so ∆I/∆t = ∆I/∆t = 2.5 A/0.200 s = 12.5 A/s, and VL = −L ∆I = (2.00 H)(12.5 A/s) = −25 V . ∆t From t = 200 ms to t = 400 ms the current stays at a constant value of 2.5 A so ∆I/∆t = 0, and VL = −L(∆I/∆t) = 0. CHAPTER 20 717 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION From t = 400 ms to t = 500 ms the current decreases linearly from 2.5 A back to 0 so ∆I/∆t = ∆I/∆t = −2.5 A/(0.500 s − 0.400 s) = −25 A/s, and ∆I = −(2.00 H)(−25 A/s) = +50 V . ∆t The voltage VL as a function of t is plotted below. VL = −L V (V) 50 0 100 200 300 400 500 t (ms) −25 20.91 (a) In an R-L circuit the voltage output V of the power source is related to the current I in the circuit via Eq. (20.11): V = L(∆I/∆t) + IR. In the steady state there is no change in current, i.e., ∆I/∆t = 0, and so the steady-state current Im in the circuit satisfies V = Im R, or V 12 V Im = = = 2.0 A . R 6.0 Ω (b) The time constant is given by L 24 H = = 4.0 s . R 6.0 Ω (c) The current in the R-L circuit varies as a function of time as I = Im 1 − e−tR/L , which we rewrite as e−tR/L = 1 − I/Im . To solve for the time t for I to reach within 1% of Im (i.e., when I/Im = 1 − 1% = 0.99), take the natural logarithm of both sides to obtain ln e−tR/L = −tR/L = ln (1 − I/Im ), or L I t = − ln 1 − = −(4.0 s) ln (1 − 0.99) = 18 s ≈ 0.2 × 102 s . R Im 718 CHAPTER 20 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION Note that we made use of the identity ln ex = x. 20.92 Plug V = 12 V, R = 6.0 Ω, L = 24 H, and t = 2.0 s into the formula for I given in the problem statement to obtain V −t 12 V −2.0 s I= 1 − exp = 1 − exp = 0.79 A . R L/R 6.0 Ω 24 H/6.0 Ω 20.93 Start from Eq. (20.11), V = L(∆I/∆t) + IR, and solve for ∆I/∆t, the instantaneous rate of change of current: V − IR ∆I = , ∆t L which corresponds to the slope of the curve in Fig. (20.22) at any given instant. At t = 0, I = 0 and ∆I/∆t = (V − IR)/L = V /L = 120 V/50 mH = 2.4 kA/s. At t = L/R (one time constant), I ≈ 0.63V /R and ∆I/∆t = (V − IR)/L ≈ (120 V)(1 − 0.63)/50 mH = 0.89 kA/s. The current rises from zero to a maximum value of V /R = 120 V/200 Ω = 0.60 A (whereupon ∆I/∆t = 0), so it will never reach 1.0 A. 20.94 Write down the equation for the R-L circuit: V = L(∆I/∆t) + IR. From the problem statement we know that the steady-state current Im is 2.0 A, which occurs when ∆I/∆t = 0; so V = Im R and V 12 V R= = = 6.0 Ω . Im 2.0 A Now, the time rate-of-change of the current is found in the previous problem to be ∆I/∆t = (V − IR)/L. Plug in ∆I/∆t = 12 A/s, V = 12 V, I = 1.0 A, R = 6.0 Ω, and solve for L: L= V − IR 12 V − (1.0 A)(6.0 Ω) = 0.50 H . = ∆I/∆t 12 A/s 20.95 Use Eq. (20.14) for the energy stored in an inductor: PEM = 1 2 1 LI = (40.0 mH)(2.0 A)2 = 80 mJ . 2 2 CHAPTER 20 719 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 20.96 Apply Eq. (20.14) for the magnetic energy stored in an inductor: PEM = 1 2 1 LI = (200 × 10−3 H)(10 A)2 = 10 J . 2 2 20.97 Solve for I from Eq. (20.14): I= 2P E M = L 2(10 J) = 6.3 A . 500 × 10−3 H 20.98 The steady-state current in the circuit is given by I = V /R, where V = 80.0 V and R = 10.0 Ω. Thus from Eq. (20.14) 2 2 1 2 1 1 80.0 V V −3 = (40.0 × 10 H) = 1.28 J . PEM = LI = L 2 2 R 2 10.0 Ω 20.99 Find L from Eq. (20.14), PEM = 12 LI 2 : L= 2PEM 2(15 J) = = 1.2 H . I2 (5.0 A)2 20.100 Combine the electric energy density, uE = 12 ε0 E 2 , with the magnetic energy density uM , given in Eq. (20.15), to obtain the total energy density of the electromagnetic field in the region to be uEM = uE + uM = = 1 1 B2 ε0 E 2 + 2 2 µ0 1 (0.50 × 10−4 T)2 (8.854 2 × 10−12 C2/N · m2 )(100 V/m)2 + 2 2(4π × 10−7 T · m/A) = 4.43 × 10−8 J/m3 + 9.95 × 10−4 J/m3 = 1.0 × 10−4 J/m3 . Note that the magnetic energy density uM is about four orders of magnitude greater than uE , the electric energy density. 720 CHAPTER 20 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 20.101 The magnetic field B inside a long solenoid of cross-sectional area A with n turns per unit length is B = µ0 nI as a current I flows through it. The magnetic energy density inside the solenoid then follows from Eq. (20.15) to be uM = 12 B 2 /µ0 = 12 (µ0 nI)2 /µ0 = 12 µ0 n2 I 2 . Now consider a segment of the solenoid with a cross-sectional area A and length l. The volume of the segment is V = Al, and the total magnetic energy stored in the segment is 1 2 2 PEM = uM V = µ n I Al . 2 0 Plug in n = 2.0/mm = 2.0 × 103 /m, I = 5.0 A, and A = πr2 = π(2.0 × 10−2 m)2 = 1.257 × 10−3 m2 (where r = 2.0 m is the radius of the solenoid), to obtain PEM /l, the magnetic energy stored in the solenoid per unit length: PEM = l 1 2 2 2 µ0 n I Al l = 1 µ n2 I 2 A 2 0 1 (4π × 10−7 T · m/A)(2.0 × 103 /m)2 (5.0 A)2 (1.257 × 10−3 m2 ) 2 = 7.9 × 10−2 J/m = 79 mJ/m . = 20.102 From the result of the previous problem, the magnetic energy PEM stored in the solenoid is found to be 1 2 2 µN 2 I 2 A µn I Al = , 2 2l where we used n = N/l and replaced µ0 with µ for the ferromagnetic core. Plug in µ = 500µ0 , N = 200, I = V /R = 12 V/1.20 Ω = 10 A, A = π(0.25 × 10−2 m)2 = 3.125 × 10−6 m2 , and l = 0.095 m into the expression above to obtain PEM = 26 J. PEM = 20.103 Since the radius of the Earth R⊕ is far greater than H , the thickness of the region in considera2 H . The mean magnetic energy tion (= 200 km), the volume of the region is roughly V ≈ 4πR⊕ 1 2 −4 density in the region is uM = 2 B /µ0 , where B = 0.4 × 10 T. The total magnetic energy stored in the region is then 1 B2 PEM = uM V ≈ (4πR⊕ H) 2 µ0 (0.4 × 10−4 T)2 (4π)(6.371 × 106 m)2 (200 × 103 m) = 2(4π × 10−7 T · m/A) = 7 × 1016 J , CHAPTER 20 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 721 which is equivalent to the energy stored in 7×1016 J/(108 J/gallon) = 7×108 gallons of gasoline. 20.104 The flux linkage is defined in Eq. (20.8): N ΦM = LI = (200 × 10−3 H)(5.0 A) = 1.0 Wb . The energy stored in the circuit is PEM = 1 2 1 LI = (200 × 10−3 H)(5.0 A)2 = 2.5 J . 2 2