Energy Efficiency Trends
for households in the EU
Authors: Bruno Lapillonne, Karine Pollier, Nehir Samci (May 2015)
Outline
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Overall energy consumption and drivers
Heating and water heating (solar)
Electrical appliances and lighting
Large appliances
Lighting
Air conditioning
Energy efficiency trends
Energy prices for households have increased by 64% between 2004 and 2012 (6.4%/yr).
Regular decline before 1999 (- 10%) followed by a relative stability until 2004.
In 2009 energy prices dropped by 11% with the economic crisis (of which -28% for
heating oil, -14% for gas).
Real energy prices for households in the EU
200
180
+64%
160
-15%
140
120
100
80
Natural gas
Heating oil
Electricity
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
60
Average
*Price index at constant prices calculated from nominal prices for the EU (source: DG-TREN Statistical Pocketbook 2010 for 1990-2008; 20092012 Enerdata) ; average price weighted on the basis of energy market shares
3
2 winters much colder than a normal winter (2010 and 1996) and 4 winters much warmer
(2011, 2007, 2000 and 1990)  very strong reduction in number of degree days between
2010 and 2011 (-16%).
This shows the importance of analysing energy consumption trends at normal climate (i.e.
with climatic corrections) (green line)  in ODYSSEE all indicators are at normal climate
Smoother variation of the household energy consumption per dwelling at normal climate,
with a regular decrease since 2000
Specific consumption per dwelling : actual value vs climatic corrected
2.0
115
1.9
105
1.6
100
1.5
1.4
95
1.3
90
1.2
actual values
at normal climate
degree days
1.1
1.0
85
80
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
toe/dwelling
1.7
Normal climate =100
110
1.8
The number of heating degree-days measures the winter severity ; normal climate
(30 years long term average )
4
Regular decrease of the household energy consumption per dwelling
(normal climate) since 2000: -1.5%/year.
Trend explained by energy efficiency measures, higher energy prices
since 2004 (+64%) and by the recession since 2008 (stability of income at
EU level)
Specific consumption per dwelling, energy price and income
160
120
100
80
Household income
Average energy price
Consumption per dwelling
* Average price of gas, electricity and heating oil weighted with energy market shares (at constant
prices ). Income capture by private household consumption
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
60
2000
2000=100
140
5
• Natural gas is the dominant source of energy for households in the EU.
• Electricity ranks second and its share is also increasing rapidly.
• Oil is slowly being phased out at EU average but remain significant in
island countries.
Household energy consumption by energy source in the EU
100%
Coal
Oil
Gas
Heat
Wood
90%
18%
21%
80%
8%
9%
10%
8%
70%
60%
50%
31%
40%
38%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Electricity
25%
14%
7%
37%
23%
19%
11%
1990
3%
13%
3%
2000
2012
6
• Regular decrease of the average consumption per dwelling above 1.3
%/year at EU level since 2000;
• Strong reduction since 2008 in most countries.
Variation of the average consumption per dwelling*
4%
2%
%/year
0%
-2%
-4%
-6%
-8%
-12%
2000-2008
2008-2013
Italy
Germany
Finland
Poland
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Austria
Romania
Netherlands
Slovenia
EU
Estonia
Norway
Lithuania
Czech Rep
Sweden
France
Latvia
Denmark
Spain
Hungary
UK
Belgium
Croatia
Ireland
Cyprus
Portugal
Luxembourg
Greece
Malta
-10%
Countries ranked according to the average growth 2008-2013
*At normal climate
Since 2000 reduction of the average energy consumption per dwelling
countries;
Increase in southern Europe due to heating comfort;
Values in a range of 1 to 2 toe/dwelling (1.4 toe for the EU average )
in 20
Average consumption per dwelling (at normal climate)*
2.5
2011
1.5
1.0
0.5
*2010 for Hungary, Malta and Estonia
Malta
Spain
Italy
Greece
Lithuania
Finland
0.0
Portugal
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Romania
Croatia
Slovakia
EU
UK
Netherlands
Poland
Hungary
Slovenia
Czech Rep.
France
Estonia
Germany
Latvia
Ireland
Denmark
Sweden
Belgium
Austria
Norway
toe/dwe
2.0
2000
8
Although the average household income determines energy consumption,
either directly (e.g. affordable comfort level for space heating) or indirectly
(e.g. size of dwelling and number of appliances), there is no robust
relationship between private consumption per household and energy
consumption per household
Influence of income on the consumption per dwelling (2011)
2.1
Finland
1.9
Austria Norway
Denmark
Estonia
Latvia
Ireland
Sweden
Czech Rep Belgium
Slovenia Germany
Hungary
France
UK
Poland
Slovakia
Netherlands
Lithuania
Greece
EU
Croatia
Italy
Romania
Cyprus
Spain
Bulgaria
Portugal
Malta
1.7
toe/dwelling
Luxembourg
1.5
1.3
1.1
0.9
0.7
0.5
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
Private consumption per households (2005€ppa)
60000
9
 Since 2008, decrease of the electricity consumption per household in 16 countries and at EU
level (-0.4%/year);
 Strong reduction in Portugal, Cyprus, Croatia and Ireland (> 2%/year);
 In 10 countries, progression despite the recession with most progression for Southern
countries (Spain, Greece, Bulgaria) due to air conditioning or Finland, Luxembourg, Romania.
Trends in electricity consumption per dwelling
8%
2000-2008
2008-2012
6%
2%
0%
-2%
-4%
-6%
Estonia
Romania
Luxembourg
Finland
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Greece
Hungary
Spain
France
Norway
Poland
Sweden
EU
Lithuania
Netherlands
Austria
Slovenia
Italy
Czech Rep.
Denmark
Germany
Latvia
UK
Belgium
Portugal
Ireland
Croatia
Cyprus
%/year
4%
2010 for Estonia and Hungary
10
The comparison between countries is more relevant if the heating consumption is
adjusted to the same climate (EU average);
After adjustment to the EU average climate, Spain, Greece or France for instance
turns out to have the highest consumption.
2.5
Unit consumption per dwelling adjusted to EU average climate (2012)
Unadjusted
Adjusted to EU climate
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Malta
Portugal
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Lithuania
Romania
Slovakia
Spain
Estonia
Croatia
Poland
Czech Rep.
Latvia
Hungary
Sweden
Norway
EU
Denmark
Netherlands
Germany
Italy
UK
Slovenia
Ireland
Finland
Austria
France
Greece
Belgium
Luxembourg
toe/dwelling
2.0
No adjustment for Cyprus and Malta.
11
•
•
•
•
Declining space heating consumption (-25 Mtoe) and share (-4 points);
Second end-use: water heating (13%);
Increasing weight for electrical appliances from 9 to 11%;
Lighting around 2% and negligible contribution of AC.
Household energy consumption in the EU
250
80%
2000
70%
2012
2000
67%
2012
60%
50%
150
40%
100
30%
10%
5%
6%
Cooking
Electrical
appliances
Water heating
Cooling
Lighting
Cooking
Electrical
appliances
Water heating
Space heating
0%
0
0.5%
2% 2% 0.2%
Cooling
13% 11%
12%
9%
Lighting
20%
50
Space heating
Mtoe
200
71%
12
The breakdown of the household energy consumption by end-use differs
substantially between member states
For space heating a correlation with cold winters can be expected
AC still represents a marginal share of dwelling consumption
Household energy consumption by end-use (2012)
3.0
water heating
AC
cooking
average
appliances
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Malta
Portugal
Bulgaria
Spain
Cyprus
Croatia
Greece
Romania
Italy
Lithuania
Slovakia
EU
Poland
Netherlands
Czech Rep
France
UK
Ireland
Germany
Estonia
Slovenia
Norway
Denmark
Latvia
Sweden
Hungary
Belgium
Austria
Finland
toe/dwelling
2.5
space heating
lighting
13
Outline
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Overall energy consumption and drivers
Heating and water heating (solar)
Electrical appliances and lighting
Large appliances
Lighting
Air conditioning
Energy efficiency trends
Decrease of the heating consumption per m2 in all countries, except in Italy
and Finland;
Strong reduction in some 14 countries (~25-30%)
In some new member countries such as Romania, Slovenia, Latvia and Slovakia
the decrease is due to higher price and energy efficiency improvements;
Heating consumption per m²
30
2000
2012
20
15
10
5
0
Portugal
Spain
Bulgaria
Greece
Croatia
Netherlands
Ireland
Italy
Slovakia
Sweden
EU
UK
France
Denmark
Lithuania
Slovenia
Germany
Hungary
Austria
Czech Rep.
Romania
Poland
Estonia
Finland
Latvia
koe/m2
25
*2010 for Hungary, Estonia
15
The average dwelling size increased (by 4% since 2000 at EU level reaching 87 m2 per
dw. on average), especially in Eastern European countries (about 10%). As a result,
energy consumption per dwelling decreased slightly less (2%/year) than
consumption per m2 (2.4%/year) in the EU. This means that almost 20% of the
energy efficiency progress for thermal uses has been offset, all things being equal, by
the larger size of dwellings.
3%
2%
1%
0%
-1%
-2%
-3%
-4%
-5%
-6%
-7%
toe/dw
koe/m2
size effect
Italy
Greece
Sweden
Estonia
Germany
Spain
Slovakia
Finland
EU
France
Hungary
Slovenia
Poland
UK
Croatia
Czech Rep.
Denmark
Netherlands
Austria
Ireland
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Romania
Latvia
Portugal
%/year
Average consumption per m² vs consumption per dwelling for household for space
heating (2000-2011)
16
Larger dwellings and diffusion of central heating in the south of Europe have offset
around 1/3 of energy efficiency gains at EU level. Heating behaviour contributed to
decrease heating consumption per dwelling since 2000.
Drivers of the variation in heating consumption per dwelling
30
Mtoe
20
2000-2012
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
Variation consumption
More dwellings
Penetration of central heating
Climate effect
Larger homes
Energy savings
17
Indicators of benchmarking: case of space heating
Specific consumption per m² for household space heating in useful energy
France
Useful consumption per m² (koe/m²/dd)
4.5
4
Czech Rep Denmark
3.5
Finland
Latvia
3
Poland
Austria
EU
UK
Slovenia
2.5
Ireland
Sweden
Germany
Spain
Slovakia
2
Netherlands
Bulgaria
1.5
1
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
% of central heating
Central heating, which includes district heating, block heating, individual boiler heating and electric heating,
implies that all the rooms are well heated, as opposed to room heating, where generally a stove provides
heat to the main room only.
18
• The introduction of new dwellings with better insulation since 1990
contributed to decrease the unit consumption per dwelling.
• The magnitude of the impact varies with the countries, depending on the
number of standards upgrades, their severity and the volume of construction :
14% for Sweden, around 32% for France, 34% for Italy, 36-38% for the EU,
Denmark, Netherlands and Poland.
Effects of building standards (1990-2012)
0.0%
-0.5%
%/year
-1.0%
-1.5%
-2.0%
Total decrease
Decrease from new dwellings
Netherlands
Germany
Italy
Slovakia
EU
Poland
France
Denmark
Sweden
-2.5%
19
Austria is the benchmark for countries with medium solar radiation (about
20% in 2012) and Cyprus for countries with good solar radiation (about 73%),
followed by Greece (30%);
Largest progression in Cyprus, Greece, Malta and Austria (about 1 point per
year).
Diffusion of solar water heaters: % of dwellings of solar water heaters
35%
30%
Cyprus: 73%
2000
2012
25%
20%
15%
10%
Less than 2% of dwellings equipped
5%
EU=2,1%
Cyprus
Greece
Austria
Malta
Denmark
Portugal
Germany
Slovenia
Luxembourg
Spain
Ireland
Netherlands
Czech Republic
Italy
Belgium
France
EU
Sweden
Poland
Slovak Republic
Hungary
UK
Latvia
Bulgaria
Finland
Romania
Estonia
Lithuania
0%
20
Benchmarking of the penetration of solar water heaters should be related to the
annual solar radiation: Austria is the benchmark for countries with medium solar
radiation (from 3% in 1990 to 18% to 2011) and of course Cyprus for countries
with good solar radiation
% of dwellings with solar water heaters and solar radiation (2012)
• Cyprus (78%)
% households with solar heaters
40%
Greece
30%
20%
Austria
Denmark
Germany
Slovenia
Poland
10%
France
Malta
Netherlands
UK
0%
0
500
Italy
Sweden
1000
Slovakia
Hungary
Portugal
Spain
1500
2000
2500
kWh/m2/year
21
Outline
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Overall energy consumption and drivers
Heating and water heating (solar)
Overall electricity uses
Electrical appliances and lighting
Large appliances
Lighting
Air conditioning
Energy efficiency trends
 Very unequal level of electricity consumption per household: from around
2000 kWh (Romania and Baltic countries) to around 5000 kWh in France ,
Cyprus and Ireland and very high levels in Finland, Sweden and Norway (around
8500, 9500 and 16 000 kWh respectively);
 Heterogeneity due to thermal uses, different level of appliance ownership
and energy efficiency.
Electricity consumption per dwelling
6 000
2000
2011
4 000
3 000
2 000
1 000
0
Romania
Lithuania
Poland
Latvia
Slovakia
Italy
Hungary
Estonia
Netherlands
Czech Rep.
Bulgaria
Portugal
Germany
Denmark
Greece
Luxembourg
EU 27
Croatia
Slovenia
Belgium
UK
Spain
Austria
Malta
Cyprus
Ireland
France
Finland
Sweden
Norway
kWh/year
5 000
23
2010 for Estonia and Hungary
• Thermal uses of electricity important in Finland, Estonia and Czech Rep. (>
60%), in Portugal, France and Ireland (around 50%) and in Spain, Hungary, Slovenia
and Sweden (around 40%).
• Consumption for electrical appliances, lighting and cooling in a range of 1500
kWh/yr for Romania and Baltic countries to 3800 kWh for Cyprus, Malta, Sweden
and Finland (2300 kWh for the EU average) .
Electricity consumption per dwelling by end-use (2012)
12 000
Lighting
AC
Space heating
Hot water
Cooking
15 130
8 000
6 000
4 000
2 000
0
Romania
Lithuania
Poland
Latvia
Italy
Slovakia
Hungary
Malta
Estonia
Portugal
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Czech Rep.
Germany
Denmark
EU
Croatia
Slovenia
Greece
Spain
UK
Luxembourg
Austria
Belgium
Cyprus
Ireland
France
Finland
Sweden
Norway
kWh/dwelling
10 000
Elec applicance
24
2010 for Hungary and Estonia; breakdown not available for Luxembourg and Poland
• Thermal uses of electricity important above 50% in Portugal, Sweden, Finland,
Czech Republic and Estonia.
• Still low share of AC (Air Conditioning) in southern countries (10-15%) of total
electricity consumption (highest share for Malta)
Electricity consumption per dwelling: share of thermal uses (2011)
Thermal uses
Elec applicance & lighting
AC
Estonia
Czech Rep.
Finland
Portugal
Sweden
France
Ireland
Spain
Slovenia
EU
Bulgaria
Hungary
Belgium
Germany
Greece
Croatia
Austria
Latvia
UK
Denmark
Malta
Cyprus
Netherlands
Lithuania
Italy
Slovakia
Romania
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
25
Among EU countries there are significant discrepancies in the electricity
consumption for electrical appliances and lighting: in a range from 1000-1500
kWh (Estonia, Czech Republic, Romania, Latvia and Portugal) to around 3000
kWh in UK and Cyprus and almost 4000 kWh in Finland and Sweden.
Electricity consumption per dwelling for electrical appliances & lighting
4 000
3 500
2000
3 000
2011
2 000
1 500
1 000
500
0
Estonia
Czech Rep.
Romania
Latvia
Portugal
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Hungary
Croatia
Italy
Slovenia
Slovakia
Spain
Germany
EU
Malta
Greece
Belgium
Ireland
Netherlands
Austria
Denmark
France
UK
Cyprus
Sweden
Finland
kWh/dwelling
2 500
2010 for Hungary, Malta and Estonia
26
Electricity use for electrical appliances and lighting is only partially correlated
with the average income.
For a given level of income, there exist huge disparities reflecting differences in
lifestyles and equipment efficiency
Consumption for electrical appliances and lighting and private consumption (2011)
4500
FI
4000
SE
kWh/dwelling
3500
3000
CY
NLGR AT
BE
DE
RS SL
SP
IT
PT
DK
MT
2500
2000
HR
BG
1500
RO
EE
1000
LT HU
LV CZ
UK
FR
IE
500
0
0
10
20
30
40
Private consumption per household (k€ at purchasing power parities)
50
27
At EU average, electricity consumption of electrical appliances and lighting increased
by 0.3%/year since 2000 with a very unequal progression across countries;
Increasing trend in almost all countries since 2000 (above 2%/year for 6 countries);
on the opposite decreasing trends for 8 countries
Trends in electricity cons. per dwelling for electrical appliances & lighting
2000-2012
Malta
Finland
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Belgium
Denmark
Italy
Slovenia
UK
Cyprus
Ireland
EU
Netherlands
Sweden
Portugal
Germany
France
Greece
Austria
Croatia
Spain
Hungary
Czech Rep.
Estonia
Latvia
Romania
Lithuania
5.0%
4.0%
3.0%
2.0%
1.0%
0.0%
-1.0%
-2.0%
-3.0%
-4.0%
-5.0%
-6.0%
28
Outline
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Overall energy consumption and drivers
Heating and water heating (solar)
Overall electricity consumption trends
Electrical appliances
Large appliances
Lighting
Air conditioning
Energy efficiency trends
Among EU countries there are significant discrepancies in the electricity
consumption for electrical appliances: in a range from 1200 kWh (Portugal,
Czech Rep and Romania) to 2500 kWh (France, Finland and UK) and even 2800
kWh in Sweden.
Electricity consumption per dwelling for electrical appliances
3 000
2000
2011
2 500
kWh/dwelling
2 000
1 500
1 000
500
0
30
 In 2012 households consume around 40% more for small appliances
than in 2000 (~ 990 kWh/year up from 700 kWh/year);
 Slight decrease of the annual consumption per dwelling for large
appliances (- 142 kWh).
kWh/dwelling
Consumption of electrical appliances per dwelling by type of appliance (EU)
2 000
1 800
1 600
1 400
1 200
1 000
800
600
400
200
0
Total
Large appliances
2000
2007
2012
Small appliances
31
Outline
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Overall energy consumption and drivers
Heating and water heating (solar)
Overall electricity consumption trends
Electrical appliances and lighting
Large appliances
Lighting
Air conditioning
Energy efficiency trends
• Clothe dryers and dishwashers increased their consumption over the period
2000-2012 due to higher penetration rates;
• Refrigerators, freezers and washing machines’ consumption decreased, mainly
due to substantial electricity savings with the diffusion of efficient new equipment.
Consumption of large electrical appliances by type (EU 27)
80
40%
2000
70
2012
2000
2012
35%
30%
50
25%
TWh
60
40
20%
30
15%
20
10%
5%
10
Dryers
Washing Machine
Freezer
Dish Washer
Dryers
Dishwashers
Washing machine
Freezers
Refrigerator
Refrigerator
0%
0
33
Average number of appliance per dwelling in the EU
180%
1990
160%
2011
140%
120%
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Dryers
Dishwashers
Freezers Washing machineRefrigerator
TV
 Large improvement for energy efficiency of large between 2008 and
2012 (1.4%/y at EU level).
With some countries registering very strong progress (Slovenia , Sweden,
Italy): ~3-11%/year;
Energy efficiency trends for large appliances (ODEX) (2000=100)
12%
10%
2000-2008
2008-2012
8%
6%
4%
2%
Denmark
Netherlands
Croatia
Greece
Slovakia
Austria
Germany
France
UK
EU
Romania
Italy
Sweden
Slovenia
0%
• Almost all energy efficiency gains over the last years have been offset by an
increase in equipment ownership
• As a result, electricity consumption per household for large appliances is only
slightly lower in 2011 than in 2000.
Variation of the consumption per dwelling for large appliances (EU)
1.5%
1.0%
%/year
0.5%
0.0%
-0.5%
-1.0%
-1.5%
-2.0%
1990-2011
Observed variation
2000-2011
Increased equipment ownership
Energy efficiency progress
36
Almost 90% of refrigerators, washing machines and dishwashers with label equal
or above A class; Nearly 1/3 of washing machine sold in 2012 are A++/A+++
Market share of labels A, A+ and A++ for cold and washing appliances (EU)
90
%
100
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1995
2000
refrigerators
2002
2004
2006
2008
washing machines
Source GFK, EEDAL
2009
2011
dish washers
2012
Almost 80% of refrigerators and freezers sold in 2012with label equal or above
A+ class, 2/3 for washing machines and 50% for dishwashers
%
Market share of efficient-new appliances (labels A+ and above)
100
2011 2012
2011 2012
2011 2012
2011 2012
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Refrigerator
Freezer
A+++
Washing
machine
A++
Source GFK, EEDAL
Dishwashers
A+
• About 15% of new refrigerators with labels A++ or A+++ in the EU in 2012
up from less than 2% in 2008: almost 2/3 with labels A+ (10% in 2005);
Around 40% in The Netherlands and 45% in Germany
100
90
Market share of label A, A+ and A++ for refrigerators (EU-15)
1
2
9
2
13
80
25.3
70
10
60
50
64
50
40
30
64.4
59
20
10
39
22.5
20
0
2000
2005
A
2008
A+
A++
2011
A+++
Source GFK, EEDAL
2012
Outline
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Overall energy consumption and drivers
Heating and water heating (solar)
Overall electricity consumption trends
Electrical appliances and lighting
Large appliances
Lighting
Air conditioning
Energy efficiency trends
• In half of the sample of countries the specific consumption for lighting is
decreasing thanks to the diffusion of CFL (by 35% in Sweden since 2000, about 30% in
France and UK, about 20% in Netherlands and Czech Rep., 17% at EU level)
• Large discrepancies between countries: from 200 kWh/year for Czech Rep or
Slovakia up to 900 kWh/year for Sweden .
Electricity consumption per dwelling for lighting
1 000
900
2000
2012
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
Sweden
Cyprus
UK
Netherlands
Spain
Portugal
Austria
Malta
EU
Croatia
Germany
Slovenia
France
Bulgaria
Romania
Slovakia
0
Czech Rep.
kWh/dwelling
800
41
The level of consumption depends on the efficiency of lamps, i.e. the penetration
of CFL, but also on the number of lighting points ... and this number is increasing
Electricity consumption per dwelling for lighting
1000
900
Sweden
800
700
UK
kWh
600
Portugal
500
EU
France
Austria
400
Netherlands
Germany
300
200
Bulgaria
Romania
100
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Number of lighting points/dwelling
Number of lighting points: compiled by Enerdata from various
sources, of which Remodece, JRC-Ispra
42
About 8 CFL per household in the countries with the largest diffusion of CFL
Diffusion of CFL lamps : number of lamps per household
2007
2008
Spain
1995
Bulgaria
10
2009
2011
8
6
4
2
Compiled by Enerdata from various sources, of which Odyssee, Remodece, JRC-Ispra
43
Netherlands
Denmark
Slovenia
Germany
Italy
Czech Rep.
Sweden
EU
Hungary
France
Greece
Cyprus
UK
Portugal
Romania
Finland
Poland
0
High penetration of CFL lamps in Slovenia, Portugal and Denmark: the % of CFL in
total number of lamps depend on the number of CFL per household and the
total number of lighting points (above 30 in Sweden and Denmark, below 20 in
new member countries)
Diffusion of CFL lamps : % of CFL in total number of lamps
Compiled by Enerdata from various sources, of which Odyssee,
Remodece, JRC-Ispra
44
Slovenia
Portugal
Denmark
Netherlands
Czech Rep
Hungary
Italy
Greece
2012
Austria
France
2009
EU
2007
Germany
romania
UK
Bulgaria
Spain
Slovakia
Poland
1995
Sweden
50%
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Outline
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Overall energy consumption and drivers
Heating and water heating (solar)
Overall electricity consumption trends
Electrical appliances and lighting
Large appliances
Lighting
Air conditioning
Energy efficiency trends
Even if AC represents only 10% of total electricity consumption in the largest
AC consumers (Cyprus, Malta and Bulgaria), the average consumption per
dwelling for this end-use is increasing as the AC stock is increasing
Unit consumption per dwelling for air conditioning
1200
1000
2000
2011
600
400
200
Malta
Cyprus
Bulgaria
Italy
Spain
Slovenia
Greece
Portugal
EU
France
Austria
0
Netherlands
kWh/dw
800
46
New air conditioners are 30% more efficient in 2009 than in
2002 in the EU
Efficiency of new air conditioners in the EU (EER)
3.5
3
Label A
Label B
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Labelling since 2002
% of units with variable
speed drive increased from
4 % to 50%
•Almost 90 % of reverse
cycles models (up from
about 50% in 2002)
•Over half of sales in Italy
(33%) and Spain (21%)
(Greece 13% and France
7%)
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
EER: kW per kW
Source: IEA, Mapping and Benchmarking, 2010; data from GFK; sales weighted;
include split and multi-split (split about 95% of the market) ; products < 14kW
47
Outline
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Overall energy consumption and drivers
Heating and water heating (solar)
Overall electricity consumption trends
Electrical appliances and lighting
Large appliances
Lighting
Air conditioning
Energy efficiency trends
Energy efficiency improved by 21% over the period 2000-2013, ie by 1.8%/year;
The efficiency improvement for heating reaches 20% since 2000 ,15% for water
heating, and 14% for large electrical appliances.
Energy efficiency progress for households in the EU: ODEX
105
100
95
90
85
80
Large elec appliances
Heating
75
Efficiency index
Water heating
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2000
2001
Cooking
70
ODEX is an index weighting the energy efficiency progress gains of 8 end-uses/appliances : heating (toe/m2)
water heating, cooking (toe/dwelling), refrigerators, freezers, washing machine, dishwashers and TV
(kWh/year)
2013 estimates based on short term indicators for whole residential
49
•Slown down in energy efficiency in most countries between 2008 and 2012
(1.3%/year on average in EU).
•On the opposite, large improvements twice higher than the EU average in
Cyprus, Sweden, Luxembourg, Latvia, UK, Portugal, Belgium and Ireland .
Energy efficiency improvements by country in the households sector
%/yr
2000-2008
2008-2012
EU average
ESD target
Spain
Estonia
Greece
Slovakia
Finland
Lithuania
Poland
Italy
Hungary
Norway
Romania
Malta
Austria
Slovenia
Germany
EU
Croatia
France
Netherlands
Bulgaria
Denmark
Czech Rep.
Cyprus
Sweden
Luxembourg
Latvia
UK
Portugal
Belgium
Ireland
5.0%
4.5%
4.0%
3.5%
3.0%
2.5%
2.0%
1.5%
1.0%
0.5%
0.0%
Period of analysis: 2000-2010 for Estonia, Hungary
50
Energy savings for households reached around 70 Mtoe since 2000 : without
energy efficiency improvement, the energy consumption would have been
70 Mtoe higher in 2013, ie the equivalent of the total consumption for water
heating, electrical appliances and lighting;
Since 1990, the savings reach around 110 Mtoe.
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Annual savings
Cumulative savings since 1990
Cumulative savings since 2000
8
6
4
2
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
0
2000
Annual energy savings
(Mtoe/year)
10
Cumultive energy savings (Mtoe)
Energy savings for households (EU)