This presentation provides:
• An overview of the 2013 version of the ASHRAE 90.1 energy standard plus
• Compliance details on the lighting related provisions of 90.1
• Areas shown in dark red indicate provisions that are new to 2013 or significantly modified from 2010.
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This presentation is protected.
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This is an AIA Continuing Education System accredited presentation for Health Safety and Welfare. If you are an AIA member, please sign in and be sure to leave your AIA number with us. All other attendees will receive a CEU certificate for their participation. 3
This is what we hope to accomplish today … [then read them]
You see we have a full load today, so let us get started.
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Let’s first make sure that everybody knows what ASHRAE 90.1 is, who oversees it, and why & where it might be important.
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90.1 is what is referred to as a “code‐intended energy standard” and is written in ‘enforceable language’; it becomes a code when adopted. Please keep in mind that when a jurisdiction adopts 90.1, the jurisdiction may also modify the code. This presentation does NOT include any such modifications.
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90.1 is an ANSI document, co‐developed by ASHRAE and IES.
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Compliance with 90.1 can result in savings in energy use and costs. Also any one jurisdiction may require compliance. A link to a site that shows which states require which energy codes is provided here.
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2013 is the most recently developed version but keep in mind that a jurisdiction may adopt an older version.
Similar training is available for the 2010 and the 2007 versions.
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The purpose of this standard is to establish the minimum energy efficiency requirements of buildings other than low‐rise residential buildings.
This includes:
a. The design and construction of the building project, b. A plan for operation and maintenance; and the c. Utilization of on‐site, renewable energy resources.
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Here we see what 90.1 covers and …
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What it does not cover
You can see by this that 90.1 may be used with new construction or major renovations. It is generally thought that if a jurisdiction has adopted 90.1 and a permit is involved then 90.1 comes into play.
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Here we see the scope of the lighting section (section 9) and … =======================================
What is not included.
Please note that ‘dwelling unit has a specific definition. A dwelling unit is “a single unit providing complete independent living facilities for one or more persons, including permanent provisions for living, sleeping, eating, cooking, and sanitation.”
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Likewise, we see here what provisions are included in an alteration and … ===============================================
When they are not included.
It should also be noted that the definition of an alteration also includes situations where just the lamp/ballast combination is being upgraded.
For more details about the referenced controls requirements see:
• 9.4.1.1 for interior spaces, and
• 9.4.1.4(a & b) for exterior areas
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Some of the key sections within 90.1 include:
• Section 3 contains key definitions. • Section 9 covers the lighting requirements including mandatory and prescriptive.
• Section 11 is the performance method in that the actual predicted energy costs of a proposal are compared against the same building built strictly to the mandatory requirements of 90.1.
• Appendix G is like section 11 but used when complying with some rating system such as LEED.
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This is the body of the presentation where we will cover as much detail about the lighting related provisions as time and copyright laws allow. This section will focus on the compliance path.
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The majority of this presentation covers the ins and outs of how to comply with 90.1‐2010
Here we see the major steps – Step 1 with regards to the Scope was covered earlier
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Our next step is to determine our Interior Lighting power Allowance – how much load (in watts) are we allowed in designing the interior lighting of this project.
We see here that we have two ways to calculate our interior lighting power allowance and
that we can use those methods on either the building as a whole or on separately metered or permitted portions of the building
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Here we see the step‐by‐step instructions for calculating the LPD allowance using the whole building method. It boils down to multiplying the area of the building by the applicable LPD from Table 9.5.1
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Likewise this is the space‐by‐space procedure where we add up the individual allowances of each space calculated by multiplying the area of the space by its LPD from Table 9.6.1
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Note that an enclosed space that serves multiple purposes by area within the space may need to be treated as separate spaces and … ================================================================
Also note that the area of a space is NOT just the area between the walls of the space.
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When using the Space‐by‐Space Method, an adjustment of the space LPD is allowed for individual spaces where the room cavity ratio (RCR) calculated for the empty room is shown to be greater than the RCR threshold for that space type as specified in Table 9.6.1.
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Here we see a couple of examples including: •How to handle the odd case of atriums,
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•We see that if an atrium is greater than 40’ tall, we get 0.02 watts/sq.ft for each vertical foot plus 0.40 watts/sq,ft.
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• And then we see when to apply the adjustment factor for tall spaces
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• In the case of this elevator lobby, once the RCR is greater than 6, we get an additional 20% of LPD 20
The lighting in some applications are not to be included in the calculation of either the lighting allowance or the installed lighting as long as such lighting: •is in addition to the general lighting in the space and •is controlled separately from the general lighting
The next couple of slides lists those exempted applications
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And here we see the first of two slides listing all of the applications where the interior lighting is exempt from the wattage threshold. [Pause] … 22
As we look at the 2nd half of the list, let us remember this lighting is exempt only if controlled separately from and is not part of the general lighting
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Using the Space‐by‐Space Method does allow for additional lighting power allowance in three types of situations as listed here.
Some notes on these:
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•The 1 watt/sq.ft of ‘decorative’ lighting is referring to the function, not the type of luminaire
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•The amount of additional LPD for retail display lighting depends on the type of merchandise being highlighted; note that any space type can have a retail area in it
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•See Table 9.6.3 of the standard to see the additional, non‐mandatory controls that get additional ILPA
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Read the slide then … ==============================================================
I.e. the space should be sufficiently illuminated without any of this ‘additional ILPA’ lighting turned on.
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Chapter 11 of the standard contains the ‘Energy Cost Budget’ Method which may be used as an alternative to the prescriptive interior lighting power allowance. The design must still meet the mandatory requirements to be discussed later but the ECB method offers some flexibility otherwise. It basically involves performing two energy simulations for your building:
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One for the building as proposed and
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Another for the same building but just meeting the 90.1 requirements as prescribed.
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The design complies as long as the energy costs of the proposed design are less than or equal to those of the baseline building. This allows for trade‐offs between, e.g., mechanical and lighting
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The first step in determining the wattage allowance for the exterior lighting is knowing
what lighting zone the project is in. The lighting zones represent different levels of ambient light.
The allowed LPDs are set for the different lighting zones based on the assumption that less light is needed when there is less ambient lighting competing with it.
In order for light zone 4 to be used, it must be so designated by the local jurisdiction.
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The exterior allowance is the sum of allowances from the individual areas plus the base site allowance.
The individual allowance is GENERALLY the LPD allowance times the area …
… but for some areas, the table calls out an allowance for linear feet (such as an option for along façade lighting)
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The ability to move watts around in the ‘tradable’ areas such as parking lots and walkways
provides some additional flexibility. =====================================================
The allowances in non‐tradable areas such as façade lighting are ‘Use‐it‐or‐Lose‐it”. 29
Like the interior lighting, the lighting in certain exterior applications are exempt from the wattage allowance calculation as long as it meets the mandatory control requirements and is controlled separately from the non‐exempt lighting.
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Let’s revisit when one can trade lighting watts between areas:
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The general lighting may generally be traded among any of the interior spaces.
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The exterior lighting may be traded but only between ‘Tradable Surfaces’.
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The interior lighting must comply separately from the exterior lighting; no tradeoffs are allowed between interior and exterior areas.
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Please note what parts of a parking garage are considered interior vs. those parts considered by 90.1 to be exterior.
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Our 4th step consists of calculating our installed lighting power (both interior and exterior separately) and …
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comparing them against the allowances we just calculated.
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This slides describes how to determine what watts to use for various kinds of lighting equipment
Some key points from this slide:
•Use the full input watts of the luminaire, not just the lamp watts … so a 400W MH is probably about 458 watts.
•You generally have to use the greatest wattage of the luminaire for any lamp/ballast combination it can operate but manufacturer labels can override this in some cases
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Here we see the list of topics included in the Mandatory Provisions section of the lighting chapter in 90.1‐2013.
It should be noted that compliance with the Exterior LPA is also mandatory while compliance with the Interior LPA is considered a prescriptive provision. (which means in this case that it is still mandatory but you have a choice of which method to use – building area method, space‐by‐space method or the ECB method)
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Lighting controls are being handled differently in this 2013 version. The text in section 9.4.1 describes how the different lighting control protocols are to be implemented (when specified) then Table 9.6.1 specifies which protocols are to be used in which space types. The next several slides will discuss the 9 different protocols.
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Local control: There must be one or more manual lighting controls in the space that controls all of the lighting in the space. Each control device shall control an area that is (1) no larger than 2500 ft2 if the space is ≤10,000 ft2 and (2) no larger than 10,000 ft2 otherwise. The device installed to comply with this provision must be readily accessible and located so that the occupants can see the controlled lighting when using the control device. Exception: Remote location of the local control devices is permitted for reasons of safety or security when each remote control device has an indicator pilot light as part of or next to the control device and the light is clearly labeled to identify which lighting is being controlled.
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For spaces marked with this protocol in Table 9.6.1, none of the lighting shall be automatically turned on.
Exception: Manual ON is not required where manual ON
operation of the general lighting would endanger the
safety or security of the room or building occupants.
What is the difference between this and the previous protocol? Protocol A is stating that in virtually all spaces, the occupants must be able to turn any and all of the lighting in a space Off or ON; but other controls may also be used besides the manual control. The lights can also be on an occupancy sensor that turns the lights on and off based on occupancy. In protocol B, the space may not turn any of the lighting on automatically.
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For space types marked with this protocol, no more than 50%
of the lighting power for the general lighting shall be
allowed to be automatically turned on, and none of the
remaining lighting shall be automatically turned on.
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The general lighting in these spaces (when so designated in Table 9.6.1)
shall be controlled so as to provide at least one intermediate
step in lighting power or continuous dimming in addition
to full ON and full OFF. At least one intermediate
step shall be between 30% and 70% of full
lighting power.
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Before we cover the next two protocols on any required use of daylight responsive controls, we need to understand that 90.1‐2013 defines several kinds of ‘daylight areas’.
Here we see the definition for ‘daylight area under skylights’
The second bullet is saying that if the entire obstruction is close enough to the skylight, it doesn’t really block the light
But once it is far enough away, then the daylight area stops at the closest face of that obstruction
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For this first definition of daylighted areas, let’s step thru the process.
Here we see part of our building along with the two skylights in the area.
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Here we see how to calculate the unobstructed daylight area.
This daylight area includes the floor under the skylight and then extended out to 70% of the ceiling height.
Note that the 70% is virtually the same as angling out 35 degrees from the edge of the skylight.
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Now we add in some obstructions.
Let’s see what effect they have on the daylight area.
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The (A) arrows show that the daylight area is cut off at the nearest surface of any obstruction where at least some part of the obstruction is farther away then 70% of the difference of the ceiling height minus the obstruction height and where that nearest surface is closer than 70% of the ceiling height.
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And the (B) arrow shows that the daylight area extends out to the full 70% if all of the obstruction is within 70% of the ceiling height minus the obstruction height.
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Here we see that the (C) arrows (in both the section and the plan view) show that the daylight area extends out the full distance when there are no obstructions near enough.
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This last slide then shows the resultant daylight areas.
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And here we see a similar definition for daylight area under rooftop monitors.
Let’s look at a graphical representation of this definition … 49
In this graphic, we see the combined daylight area under the three monitors.
• The daylight area from the left most monitor extends out the full monitor sill height since there is no obstruction.
• The daylight area from the center monitor also extends out the full distance because while there is an obstruction, the obstruction if wholly closer to the monitor then the difference between the monitor sill height and the height of the obstruction.
• The daylight area from the right most monitor only extends out to the nearest surface of the obstruction that is closer then the monitor sill height but farther than the difference between the monitor sill height and the height of the obstruction.
Top‐to‐bottom in the plan view, the area extends to 2’ past the end of the monitors.
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Moving away from toplighting, we have what ASHRAE is calling the ‘Primary Sidelighted Area’ which is the width times the depth where
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With is the width of the window + half a window head height on each side and
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Depth is the height to the top of the glazing
We see the obstruction requirement is easier to understand in that the area simply stops at any obstruction over 5’ in height
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In this graphical representation of a primary sidelighted area, shown in a bright yellow, we see the following:
1. Across the room, the area extends to 1 ‘head height’, the distance from the floor to the top of the window.
2. Parallel to the window the area extends to a half of a head height, except …
3. … where it runs into an obstruction that is at least 5’ tall
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And then, finally, there is a ‘secondary sidelighted area’. This extends out from the primary area another window head height (obstructions not withstanding.)
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We see here, in the lighter yellow, that the secondary sidelighted area extends out another ‘head height’ except where it runs into an obstruction that is at least 5’ tall.
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In any space where the combined input power of all general lighting completely or partially within the primary sidelighted areas is 150 W or greater, the general lighting in the primary sidelighted areas shall be controlled by photocontrols.
In any space where the combined input power of all general lighting completely or partially within the primary and the secondary sidelighted areas is 300 W or greater, the general lighting in the primary sidelighted areas and secondary sidelighted areas shall be controlled by photocontrols.
The control system shall have the following characteristics:
1. The calibration adjustments shall be readily accessible.
2. At a minimum, the general lighting in the secondary sidelighted areas shall be controlled independently of the general lighting in the primary sidelighted areas.
3. The photocontrol shall reduce electric lighting in response to available daylight using continuous dimming or with at least one control point between 50% and 70% of design lighting power, a second control point between 20% and 40% of design lighting power or the lowest dimming level the technology allows, and a third control point that turns off all the controlled lighting.
Exceptions: The following areas are exempted from Section 9.4.1.1(e):
1. Primary sidelighted areas where the top of any existing adjacent structure is twice as high above the windows as its distance away from the windows
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2. Sidelighted areas where the total glazing area is less than 20 ft2
3. Retail spaces
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In any space where the combined input power for all general lighting completely or partially within daylight areas under skylights and daylight areas under roof monitors is 150 W or greater, general lighting in the daylight area shall be controlled by photocontrols having the following characteristics:
1. The calibration adjustments shall be readily accessible.
2. The photo control shall reduce electric lighting in response to available daylight using continuous dimming or with at least one control point that is between 50% and 70% of design lighting power, a second control point between 20% and 40% of design lighting power or the lowest dimming level the technology allows, and a third control point that turns off all the controlled lighting.
3. General lighting in overlapping toplighted and sidelighted daylight areas shall be controlled together with the general lighting in the daylight area under skylights or daylight areas under roof monitors.
Exceptions: The following areas are exempted from this protocol:
1. Daylight areas under skylights where it is documented that existing adjacent structures or natural objects block direct sunlight for more than 1500 daytime hours per year between 8 a.m. and 4 p.m.
2. Daylight areas where the skylight visual transmittance (VT) is less than 0.4
3. In each space within buildings that are in Climate Zone 8, where the input power of the general lighting within daylight areas is less than 200W
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The general lighting power in the space shall be automatically
reduced by at least 50% within 20 minutes of becoming vacant.
Exceptions: This requirement does not have to be complied
with in spaces that meet all three of the following requirements:
1. The space has an LPD of no more than 0.80 W/ft2,
2. The space is lighted by HID, AND
3. The general lighting power in the space is automatically reduced by at least 30% within 20 minutes of the space becoming vacant
It should be noted that automatic full off (protocol H) meets this provision.
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For this protocol, all lighting shall be automatically shut off within 20 minutes of the space becoming vacant. A control device meeting this requirement shall control no more than 5000 sq.ft.
Exceptions: The following lighting is not required to be
automatically shut off:
1. General lighting and task lighting in shop and laboratory classrooms,
2. General lighting and task lighting in spaces where
automatic shutoff would endanger the safety or security
of room or building occupants, and
3. Where lighting is required for continuous 24/365 operation
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All lighting in the space not exempted by Exception (1) to Section 9.1.1 shall be automatically shut off during periods when the space is scheduled to be unoccupied using either:
• (1) a time‐of‐day operated control device that automatically turns the lighting off at specific programmed times or • (2) a signal from another automatic control device or alarm/security system. The control device or system shall provide independent control sequences that • (1) control the lighting for an area of no more than 25,000 sq.ft, • (2) include no more than one floor, and • (3) shall be programmed to account for weekends and holidays. Any manual control installed to provide override of the scheduled shutoff control must not turn the lighting on for more than two hours per activation during scheduled off periods and any one device may not control more than 5,000 sq.ft.
Exceptions: The following lighting is not required to be on scheduled shutoff:
1. Lighting in spaces where lighting is required for 24/365 continuous operation
2. Lighting in spaces where patient care is rendered
3. Lighting in spaces where automatic shutoff would endanger the safety or security of the room or building occupants
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Table 9.6.1 is used in the following way: For any one space type … • All control protocols labeled with an “REQ” are mandatory and shall be implemented. • If a space type has control functions labeled “ADD1” then at least one of those functions shall be implemented. • If a space type has control functions labeled “ADD2” then at least one of those functions shall be implemented. For space types not listed, select a reasonably equivalent type. If using the Space‐by‐Space Method for LPD requirements, the space type used for determining control requirements must be the same space type used to determine the LPD.
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Let us look at an example; specifically, an office space. • An enclosed office of any size has an LPD allowance of 1.11 w/sq.ft and an RCR threshold of 8
• ==========================================================
• Open offices only get 0.98 watts/sq.ft with an RCR threshold of 4
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• Both open and enclosed offices must:
• Have Local control,
• ===============
• Have bi‐level control, • ==================
• Have daylight harvesting (if it meets the daylighting thresholds), and
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• Choose between ‘manual on’ or ‘partial auto on’
• Smaller enclosed offices must use auto full off while the other office spaces may chose between auto full off and scheduled shutoff
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This section spells out the lighting control requirements for parking garages, including:
Auto shutoff
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Zoned lighting reductions
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Control of lighting in daylight transition zones, and
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Control of lighting near some perimeter walls
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Here we see some requirements for ‘special applications’
On the left we see that certain lighting (such as case lighting) has to be controlled separately from the rest of the lighting in the space (regardless of what space type it is in)
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We also see special requirements for ==========================
guest rooms and ==========================
Task lighting
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The exterior lighting control provisions, as with the interior, attempt to eliminate or, at least, reduce electric lights when they are not being used
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They must be auto off during periods of sufficient daylight
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Façade and landscape lighting must be off for most of the night, while
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All other lighting must be reduced
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We also see that there is an exception when issues of safety or eye adaptation come into play or if the lighting is integral to signage when the lighting is installed in the signage by the manufacturer.
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While V2010 added some basic, generic functional testing for certain lighting controls.
V2013 added more specific direction as to what must be part of the testing. Please see the standard for these details.
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The previous version, 2010, also added some requirements RE submittal documents
This includes details to be added to the as built drawings and … 66
… manuals on all lighting equipment. There is to be an O&M manual that includes
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All selected options on the lighting equipment
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Identification of all routine maintenance and
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A narrative on how each lighting control is intended to operate. This is to include all recommended settings.
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In 2013, they also added a requirement for identifying all luminaires that are located within daylight areas.
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Finally, let’s briefly discuss our documentation options:
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COMcheck is software available from PNNL; the user can either:
•Download it onto their own computer, OR
•Use it online
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The ASHRAE forms are in PDF format at the link shown.
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Now, let’s look at a couple of issues that are not in Section 9 but are, to varying degrees, related to lighting.
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First, we will establish when the provisions for minimum skylight area come into play.
This includes any enclosed space that is
a. 2500 sq.ft and greater; AND
b. directly under a roof with ceiling heights greater than 15 ft; AND
c. one of the space types listed here
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Next we will look at what needs to happen in these spaces:
The total daylight area under skylights, in these spaces, shall be a minimum of half the floor area and either
a. provide a minimum skylight area to daylight area under skylights of 3% with a skylight VT of at least 0.40 or
b. provide a minimum skylight effective aperture of at least 1%.
Also, these skylights shall have a glazing material or diffuser with a measured haze value greater than 90% when tested according to ASTM D1003. General lighting in the daylight area shall be controlled as described in Section 9.4.1.1(f) covered earlier.
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And here we see the exceptions to this minimum skylight fenestration area requirement:
1. Enclosed spaces in Climate Zones 6 through 8
2. Enclosed spaces where it is documented that existing structures or natural objects block
direct beam sunlight on at least half of the roof over the enclosed space for more than 1500
daytime hours per year between 8 a.m. and 4 p.m.
3. Enclosed spaces where the daylight area under roof monitors is greater than 50% of the
enclosed space floor area
4. Enclosed spaces where it is documented that 90% of the skylight area is shaded on June 21
in the Northern Hemisphere (December 21 in the Southern Hemisphere) at noon by permanent
architectural features of the building
5. Enclosed spaces where the total area minus the primary and secondary sidelighted area(s) is
less than 2500 ft2 and where the lighting is controlled according to sidelighting requirements
described in Section 9.4.1.4
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This next section covers the automatic control of certain receptacles:
The following shall be automatically controlled:
a. At least 50% of all 125‐volt 15‐ and 20‐amp receptacles in all private offices, conference rooms, rooms used primarily
for printing and/or copying functions, break rooms, classrooms, and individual workstations, AND
b. At least 25% of branch circuit feeders installed for modular furniture not shown on the construction documents
This control shall function on one of the following:
1. a scheduled basis using a time‐of‐day operated control device that turns receptacles off at specific programmed times—an independent program schedule shall be provided for controlled areas of no more than 5000 ft2 and not more than one floor (the occupant shall be able to manually override the control device for up to two hours), OR
2. an occupant sensor that shall turn receptacles off within 20 minutes of all occupants leaving a space, OR
3. an automated signal from another control or alarm system that shall turn receptacles off within 20 minutes after determining that the area is unoccupied.
All controlled receptacles shall be permanently marked to visually differentiate them from uncontrolled receptacles
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and are to be uniformly distributed throughout the space.
Plug‐in devices shall not be used to comply with Section 8.4.2.
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Exceptions: Receptacles for the following shall not require an automatic control device:
1. Receptacles specifically designated for equipment requiring continuous operation (24 hours/day, 365
days/year)
2. Spaces where an automatic control would endanger the safety or security of the room or building
occupant(s).
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The purpose of this section is to require the metering of electricity use for certain situations so as to provide data that will help those users that want to keep a lid on energy costs.
In the first section, measurement devices shall be installed in new buildings to separately monitor the electrical energy use
for each of the following:
a. Total electrical energy
b. HVAC systems
c. Interior lighting
d. Exterior lighting
e. Receptacle circuits
For buildings with tenants, these systems shall be separately monitored for the total building and (excluding shared
systems) for each individual tenant.
Exception: Up to 10% of the load for each of the categories (b) through (e) shall be allowed to be from other
electrical loads.
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Also, the electrical energy usage for all loads specified in Section 8.4.3.1 shall be recorded a minimum of every 15 minutes and reported at least
hourly, daily, monthly, and annually. The data for each tenant space shall be made available to that tenant. The system shall be capable of maintaining all data collected for a minimum of 36 months.
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The following situations are exempt from section 8.4.3:
1. Building less than 25,000 ft2
2. Individual tenant spaces less than 10,000 ft2
3. Dwelling units
4. Residential buildings with less than 10,000 ft2 of common area
5. Critical and Equipment branches of NEC Article 517
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With regards to the efficacy of the luminaires in each elevator cab, not including signals and displays, the cumulative efficacy shall be no less than 35 lm/W.
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These provision is similar to the electrical monitoring covered above but includes these additional energy types.
a. Natural gas
b. Fuel oil
c. Propane
d. Steam
e. Chilled water
f. Hot water
This provision has an additional exception for fuel used for on‐site emergency equipment
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Here we have listed a summary of the significant changes made to the 2013 version.
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As stated before, 90.1 is a MINIMUM energy code.
ASHRAE has developed a series of AEDG (Advanced Energy Design Guidelines) listed here which show how to achieve greater energy savings.
It is important to note that the AEDGs specify a single way to achieve these levels of improvement and that they are not the ONLY way.
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Here we see just a few of the resources available other than this training series.
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We see here some of the things one can do to keep track of and even affect the development of 90.1.
The first link has a section on how to submit a new proposal for consideration by the 90.1 SSPC.
The second link allows you to sign up for automatic notification when there are new proposals out for public review while the third link allows you to submit those comments.
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So, what did we learn today?
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90.1 is becoming fairly stringent and has less wiggle room than previously
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To be compliant with 90.1‐2013 means designing the overall lighting holistically and
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We, as individuals, can help to shape where the code goes from here
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Any questions.
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