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bstract ² This paper presents a novel architecture for detecting the frequency of sinusoidal or square-wave signals with a short settling time. The architecture is based on detecting consecutive rising edges of the input signal and is able to generate a dc voltage proportional to the signal frequency in a time as short as only one input cycle. Measurements show that it can detect signals with frequencies up to 2.6 GHz. The chip is fabricated in a 90nm CMOS process. The total die area is 0.132 mm2 and consumes 6.5 mW from a 1-V power supply. Index Terms ² CMOS integrated circuits, cognitive radio, frequency conversion, frequency-locked loops, reconfigurable architectures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μA P QP First Positive Edge Detector P QP VG1 0 P QP Vdd ƺ P QP Input Signal ƺ P QP Reset P QP P QP P QP VA P QP P QP P QP Reset P QP P QP P QP V1 P QP P QP P P QP QP (QDEOHU P QP VB P QP P QP P QP P QP P QP NAND P QP 200 μA 0 P QP P QP Delay VG2 T QP QP Reset Falling Edge Detector P QP P QP I) Output 200 μA Charging Capacitor P QP Voltage Buffer Second Positive Edge Detector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brief timing diagram describing the transitions of each node voltage is shown in Fig. 2. A voltage buffer is used after the output node to drive the 50-ȍinput impedance of the oscilloscope. This buffer consists of two stages of source followers. The PMOS source follower increases the level of the output by a certain amount, which is then cancelled by the NMOS source follower with the same level shift. So the output voltage level will not change from its expected value, while it can drive the 50-ȍORDG VLJQDO JHQHUDWRU +3 % DQG D ORZIUHTXHQF\ DUELWUDU\ ZDYHIRUP JHQHUDWRU $JLOHQW $ ZKLFK LV XVHGIRUJHQHUDWLQJWKHUHVHWVLJQDODUHV\QFKURQL]HGXVLQJ D0+]UHIHUHQFHVLJQDO VA Vin T/2 t T VB T/2 t T !(VA.VB) t T/2+ǻt T+ǻt VG1 t T VG2 t T T 2T t Vout T.Ib/Cout T 2T t )LJ7LPLQJGLDJUDPRINH\FLUFXLWQRGHV $ 0+] UHVHW VLJQDO LV JHQHUDWHG ZLWK WKH $:* WR UHVHWWKHRSHUDWLRQRIWKHFLUFXLWHYHU\QV$SSO\LQJD *+] VLJQDO WR WKH FLUFXLW LQSXW ZLOO UHVXOW LQ DQ RXWSXW YROWDJH FRQYHUJLQJ WR P9 DV VKRZQ LQ )LJ 7KH WUDQVLWLRQSKDVHRIWKHRXWSXWYROWDJHLVDOVRVKRZQLQ)LJ ZKLFKGHPRQVWUDWHVDFKDUJLQJWLPHHTXDOWRRQHLQSXW F\FOHLHQVDWD*+])LJLOOXVWUDWHVKRZWKHRXWSXW YROWDJHFKDQJHVZLWKLQFUHDVLQJWKHLQSXWVLJQDOIUHTXHQF\ 7KH VWURQJ FRUUHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKHVH WZR SDUDPHWHUV SURYHVWKDWWKHRXWSXWYROWDJHRIWKHFLUFXLWFDQEHXVHGWR ,,,0($685(0(175(68/76 7KH IDEULFDWHG IUHTXHQF\WRYROWDJH FRQYHUWHU LV FKDUDFWHUL]HG XVLQJ D VDPSOLQJ RVFLOORVFRSH $JLOHQW '&$; ' DQG 60$ FDEOHVFRQQHFWRUV $ EORFN GLDJUDP RI WKH WHVW VHWXS LV LOOXVWUDWHG LQ )LJ $Q 5) 46 HGJHGHWHFWRUEORFNVVHYHUDOGLJLWDOJDWHVDQGDEXIIHUWKDW GULYHV D ȍ ORDG 7KH FRQYHUWHU RSHUDWHV ZLWK LQSXW IUHTXHQF\UDQJHXSWR*+]ZKLOHFRQVXPLQJP: IURP D 9 SRZHU VXSSO\ 7KH RXWSXW YROWDJH FKDQJHV IURP P9 WR P9 E\ YDU\LQJ WKH LQSXW IUHTXHQF\ IURP 0+] WR *+] 7KLV ZRUN LV IDEULFDWHG LQ D QP &026 SURFHVV WHFKQRORJ\ 7KH VL]H RI WKH FKLS LQFOXGLQJWKHSDGVLVPîP$PLFURJUDSKRI WKHFKLSLVVKRZQLQ)LJ FDOFXODWHWKHVLJQDOIUHTXHQF\7DEOH,FRPSDUHVWKLVZRUN ZLWKWKHSULRUDUW RF Signal Generator Bias Tee Sampling Oscilloscope FVC Reset Signal 10-MHz Ref Trigger AWG )LJ%ORFNGLDJUDPRIWKHWHVWVHWXS 250 250 200 200 V [mV] V [mV] 300 150 100 7$%/(, &203$5,621:,7+35,25$57 Averaging : 64 Averaging : 64 300 0D[LPXP )UHTXHQF\ 150 100 50 50 0 0 0 100 200 300 400 0 500 5 10 t [ns] t [ns] 15 20 6HWWOLQJ7LPH V [mV] Averaging: 64 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0LQLPXP ,QSXW3RZHU 0 50 100 t [ns] 150 200 &KLS$UHD )LJ 0HDVXUHG WLPHGRPDLQ RXWSXW ZDYHIRUP IRU D *+] LQSXW DQG D 0+] UHVHW VLJQDO ZLWK WZR GLIIHUHQW WLPHVSDQV WRSDQGD*+]LQSXWERWWRP 6XSSO\ 9ROWDJH 3RZHU &RQVXPSWLRQ 500 7KLVZRUN >@ >@ *+] *+] *+] QV#*+] RQHF\FOH aQV # 0+] SV# *+] 1$ 1$ PP )// PP HVWLPDWHG ZLWK9&2 9 1$ 9 P: 1$ P: QP&026 QP &026 QP &026 G%P# *+] PP ZLWK ERQGSDGV 450 400 7HFKQRORJ\ V [mV] 350 300 250 200 150 100 $&.12:/('*(0(17 50 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Input Frequency [GHz] 2.5 3 7KH DXWKRUV ZLVK WR DFNQRZOHGJH '$53$ /($3 SURJUDPIRUFKLSIDEULFDWLRQVXSSRUW )LJ 0HDVXUHG RXWSXW YROWDJH YHUVXV WKH VLQXVRLGDO LQSXW IUHTXHQF\ 5()(5(1&(6 440 μm Gnd Vdd V1 Gnd Out Reset Gnd 300 μm In >@ $ 'MHPRXDL 0 6DZDQ 0 6ODPDQL ³1HZ IUHTXHQF\ ORFNHG ORRS EDVHG RQ &026 IUHTXHQF\WRYROWDJH FRQYHUWHU 'HVLJQ DQG LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ´ ,((( 7UDQV &LUFXLWV6\VW,,$QDORJ'LJLW6LJQDO3URFHVVYROQR SS±0D\ >@ $ 'MHPRXDL 0 6DZDQ 0 6ODPDQL ³+LJK SHUIRUPDQFH LQWHJUDWHG&026IUHTXHQF\WRYROWDJHFRQYHUWHU´LQ3URF 7HQWK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ 0LFURHOHFWURQLFV SS >@ 6 &XL 9 $FKDU\D % %DQHUMHH ³$ ORZSRZHU DQG ZLGH WXQLQJ UDQJH IUHTXHQF\ ORFNHG ORRS IRU D &RJQLWLYH 5DGLR V\VWHP´ LQ 3URF ,((( 5DGLR DQG :LUHOHVV 6\PS 6DQ'LHJR&$SS >@ 6 &XL % %DQHUMHH 9 $FKDU\D ³$ OLQHDUL]HG FXUUHQW FRQWUROOHG RVFLOODWRU IRU XOWUDORZ SRZHU ZLGHEDQG DQG FRJQLWLYHUDGLRV´LQ3URF,(((,QW¶O0LGZHVW6\PS RQ&LUFXLWVDQG6\VWHPV%RLVH,'SS Gnd Gnd )LJ0LFURJUDSKRIWKHFKLS ,9&21&/86,21 ,Q WKLV SDSHU D IUHTXHQF\WRYROWDJH FRQYHUWHU ZLWK D VLQJOHF\FOHVHWWOLQJWLPHLVUHSRUWHG,WHPSOR\VWZRQRYHO 47