ECE 286
Laboratory and Experiment Guide
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GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY
ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
LABORATORY RULES
1.
There will be NO FOOD OR DRINKS in the laboratory at any time. Students will be
held liable for any damage to equipment resulting from abuse of this rule.
2.
Students are not allowed in the laboratories without a Lab Instructor or Lab Monitor
present, unless signed in with the Lab Manager. Open lab times for make-up or
project work will be posted. When a Teaching Assistant is holding office hours,
he/she is also monitoring an open lab which any student may use. ECE/CpE students
have priority in the Computation and Test Lab, Room 265, ST II.
3.
If you suspect a problem with the equipment, notify the TA or Room Monitor. Then,
either leave a note on it with a brief description of the problem/symptoms, or bring
the equipment to the Lab Manager, Room 1200, ST I.
4.
Handle equipment with care. Equipment out for repair means less available for your
use.
5.
YOU are responsible for leaving your workstation clean and in good condition when
you leave. Failure to do this will negatively impact your final lab grade.
Before leaving:
a)
Hang up all test leads neatly under appropriate connector combination.
b)
Tidy workstation.
c)
Throw away all trash.
d)
TURN OFF equipment and lab table SWITCHES.
This is a non-smoking university. This building has NO designated smoking areas so
you must go outdoors if you choose to smoke.
ELECTRONICS SAFETY
Exercise of good judgment and knowledge will ensure you a safe laboratory experience.
Do not defeat any safety device such as a fuse or circuit breaker, by shorting across it or by
using a higher amperage fuse than that specified by the manufacturer.
Avoid direct contact with any voltage source. Do not wear rings, watches, bracelets, or
dangling necklaces while working on equipment. Do not grasp any exposed metal in your
circuit when the power is on.
Keep hands dry. Water and perspiration increase conductivity. Wear shoes with insulating
soles. Measure voltages with one hand held behind you or in your pocket.
Avoid eye injury when cutting off excessive wire lengths. Point the wires downward toward
your table top so the cut pieces cannot fly toward your eyes or another person’s.
Shut off the power when connecting components or test equipment to a circuit. Double
check your wiring before you apply power.
Make sure your circuit is properly grounded. Beware of a possible floating ground. It is a
good idea to connect all grounds together before applying power.
To prevent power terminals from shorting, keep the leads coming from those terminals
apart.
Your exercise of common sense, safety precautions and knowledge will help you avoid the
dangers of electricity. The amount of current required to become lethal depends upon:
1. The person involved and state of health
2. Area of the body involved
3. Length of time the shock is received and
4. Type of electrical current.
Severe electrical shock will cause burns and/or paralysis. A small current passing through
the chest can kill. With even minor electrical shock, some people react by going into
traumatic shock.
In case of accident, turn off power immediately and call 911. If you suspect someone is
touching a "live" wire, do not touch them. Use something non-conductive to push, rather
than pull, them away from the wire. An injured person should be kept lying down until
medical personnel arrive, and should be kept warm to help prevent traumatic shock. Be
sure nothing is done to cause further injury.
GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY
ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINNERING LAB TIPS
1)
2)
Instruction manuals for the laboratory equipment may be checked out in room 120D,
S&T I. It is essential that you become familiar with the correct way to use the basic
equipment in your first lab course. Wire cutters/strippers are available for sale or you
will need to bring your own.
Twenty-two gauge wires (22AWG) is the best size to use with the trainers and solder less
breadboards. Solid wire only, never stranded, is used for the trainers. There are spools of
wire cabled to the back shelf. You will need to cut some and strip the insulation at both
ends. Keep jumper wires short. Strive for a neat and logical layout. This will make
troubleshooting easier and successful circuits more likely. (See ex. posted in lab.)
Strip no more than approximately 3/8 inch of insulation from your jumper wires.
Exposed wire increases the risk of short circuits.
3)
Using more than one color of wire will help you debug your circuits. Normally RED and
BLACK are reserved for power and ground.
4)
Probe tips should not be inserted into the solder less breadboard. Wrap a wire around
your probe hook tip twice for stability and insert the other end into the connector block.
Alligator clips on the equipment leads also need a wrapped wire for connection to the
trainers and breadboards.
5)
Always ground your probe, but keep the ground wire short. Use the method of wire
wrapping described in the previous tip to attach to the alligator clip of the probe ground
wire.
6)
For any potentiometers (such as most multi-turn) which require adjusting, a trimpot tool
is available for purchase from room 120D, S & T 1. It is included in appropriate kits.
7)
Most of the chips used in your lab are not overly static sensitive. However, you should
observe some precautions when handling them. If you were issued a tube, it protects
the chips from static charges, and is sturdy enough to provide protection to the delicate,
metal pin legs.
8)
Keep your chips away from magnets, motors and high temperatures. Don't leave them in
your car in the sun or extreme cold. They do best in the moderate temperatures most
humans prefer.
LAB TIPS CONTINUED
9)
Bent pins may be gently straightened with fingernails or needle nose pliers. If the pins
break, you will need to purchase a new IC.
10) A small, narrow-blade, flathead screwdriver is useful in removing chips from
breadboards. Using a side-to-side rocking motion as you insert the blade under the chip,
keep a finger lightly on top of the chip to prevent it suddenly popping up on one end,
bending the pins.
11) To locate pin 1 on an integrated circuit (IC, chip), look for one of the following:
A Semicircle at one end, often cut
into the end of the chip – with this
at the top, pin1 is at the left half
circle. Sometimes there is one
whole circle.
A tiny spot in the corner of the
chip beside pin1 – There may or
may not be other marks on the
chip.
Always count pins from pin 1 around the chip so that the last pin is straight across from pin 1.
Common chip sizes are 8 pin, 14, 16, 18, 20, 24, 28, and 40 pin. Your TTL ICs (Transistor-Transistor
Logic Integrated Circuits) will be in dual inline packages (DIP).
12) Chip leads are slightly flared to help hold them in printed circuit boards while being
soldered. You will need to reduce the flare to allow them to be inserted into the
breadboard. Use a pair of needle nose pliers or press the leads against a table top while
rotating the body of the chip towards the lead points to reduce the lead angle of all
evenly. Don't bend too far; there is no easy correction.
Lab0: Transient analysis of RC and RL circuits
Objective: In this lab students review the transient analysis of RC and RL circuits. They
experiment the output behavior of first order circuits and make connection between theory and
experimental measures.
Pre lab:
-
Review the concept of first order circuits in your previous courses.
What are the definitions of time constant (τ) in RC and RL circuits? Try to provide a
formula for each
Design and simulate two RC and RL circuits in the Pspice. Print out the output voltage of
each and try to show the function of low pass and high pass filters in each.
In Lab:
Experiment 1:
a) Find a 1uF capacitor in your lab kit.
b) Find two push buttons in your lab kit.
c) Setup the below circuit in the breadboard.
d) Push SW1 until D1 turns off (this is the charging time of the capacitor) then
release the SW1 and push SW2 until D2 turns off (this is the discharging time
of the capacitor). Record both charging and discharging times.
e) Why the charging and discharging times differ?
f) Connect the channel 1 of the oscilloscope to the function generator (power
source) and channel 2 to the capacitors.
g) On graph paper, plot a trace you observed. Be sure to include the grid lines on
the oscilloscopes. Accurately label your plot by indicating amplitudes and
times corresponding to the grid lines
Figure 0.1: Charge and discharge circuit
Experiment 2:
a)
b)
c)
d)
Setup the below circuit in the breadboard.
What is the time constant of this circuit?
Connect the channel 1 and channel 2 of the oscilloscope based on the figure.
Push and hold the SW1 and record the time that D3 is ON and compare it
with your calculation result
e) On graph paper, plot a trace you observed. Be sure to include the grid lines on
the oscilloscopes. Accurately label your plot by indicating amplitudes and
times corresponding to the grid lines
Figure 0.2: RL circuit-DC analysis
Post Lab:
Lab Report:
Prepare a detailed lab report. Each student must turn in his own report to the teaching assistant not
later than the beginning of the next lab. Your report should be in narrative form. Include diagrams
and plots as required. In your report address the question and measures in the pre lab and in lab
sections. Your lab report should not exceed 3 pages.
Suggested format for your report:
- Cover page
o Course Number
o Experiment Number and Title
o Your Name and G Number
o The Date of Submission
- Objectives
- Methods (brief description of procedure)
- Simulation results
- Laboratory results
- Comments and Conclusion (Including your questions)
George Mason University
ECE 286- Lab 1
Lab1: RLC circuits
In this lab, different configurations of RLC circuit will be examined. These circuits will be used
to implement the variety of transfer functions.
Pre lab:
-
Simulate all 3 circuits in the Pspice and plot required graphs.
In lab:
Experiment 1- RC:
1- Set up the below circuit in a breadboard.
2- Use the function generator for the input voltage. Use a square wave input of frequency
500 mHz and set the amplitude to the 5 V.
3- On the oscilloscope, display the input voltage and the output voltage. Record the
waveforms you observe.
4- Calculate delay time when output voltage changes from 0V to 4V. Compare the
calculated result with your observation on the oscilloscope.
5- What is the function of this circuit?
6- Replace resistor and capacitor and repeat the experiments. (this time calculate the delay
time between 5V and 1 V)
Figure 1.1 RC circuit
Experiment 2- RLC:
1- Set the below circuit in a breadboard.
2- Use the function generator for the input voltage. Use a square wave input of frequency
500 Hz and set the amplitude to the 5 V.
3- Connect the channel 1 of your oscilloscope to the function generator and channel 2 to
the capacitor.
George Mason University
ECE 286- Lab 1
4- On graph paper, plot a trace you observed. Be sure to include the grid lines on the
oscilloscopes. Accurately label your plot by indicating amplitudes and times
corresponding to the grid lines
5- What is the function of this circuit? Match your calculation results with your
observations
Figure 1.2 RLC (series)
Experiment 3- RLC: (parallel)
1- Set the below circuit in the breadboard.
2- Use the function generator as the input voltage. Use a sine wave input.
3- Vary the frequency of the sine wave on signal generator from 500 Hz to 2KHz in 10Hz
steps, until at a certain frequency the output of the circuit on Channel 2, is maximum.
This gives the resonant frequency of the circuit.
4- Fill out the below table
Frequency
500
700
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Vo(p-p)
Vo (p-p)
simulation experiment
George Mason University
ECE 286- Lab 1
Post Lab:
Lab Report:
Prepare a detailed lab report. Each student must turn in his own report to the teaching assistant not
later than the beginning of the next lab. Your report should be in narrative form. Include diagrams
and plots as required. In your report address the question and measures in the pre lab and in lab
sections. Your lab report should not exceed 3 pages.
Suggested format for your report:
- Cover page
o Course Number
o Experiment Number and Title
o Your Name and G Number
o The Date of Submission
- Objectives
- Methods (brief description of procedure)
- Simulation results
- Laboratory results
- Comments and Conclusion (Including your questions)
Lab2: Impedance
Experiment1: Capacitor impedance
1- Setup the below circuit in the breadboard.
2- Calculate the output impedance of this circuit (Function generator as a input and resistor
as the output voltage)
3- Use the function generator as the input voltage. Use a sine wave input of 1Vp-p and
frequency of 1KHz.
4- Connect the channel 1 of your oscilloscope to the function generator (input voltage) and
channel 2 to the resistor (output voltage).
5- Measure the amplitude and frequency of the output voltage.
6- What is the phase difference between these two channels in degree and radian?
7- Now replace the capacitor based on the below table and measure the voltage amplitude
and frequency of the output voltage for each circuit.
8- Discuss the results.
Figure 2.1 RC circuit impedance
C1
Impedance
Table2.1
CH2 Frequency
(Hz)
CH2 Amplitude
(p-p)
Phase difference
(o)
1nF
2nF
10nF
20nF
100nF
200nF
1u
Experiment2: Inductor impedance
1- Setup the below circuit in the breadboard.
2- Calculate the output impedance of this circuit (Function generator as a input and resistor
as the output voltage)
3- Use the function generator as the input voltage. Use a sine wave input of 1Vp-p and
frequency of 10KHz.
4- Connect the channel 1 of your oscilloscope to the function generator (input voltage) and
channel 2 to the resistor (output voltage).
5- Measure the amplitude and frequency of the output voltage.
6- What is the phase difference between these two channels in degree and radian?
7- Now replace the inductor based on the below table and measure the voltage amplitude
and frequency of the output voltage for each circuit.
8- Discuss the results.
10 mH
Figure 2.2 RL circuit impedance
L1
Impedance
Table 2.2
CH2 Frequency
(Hz)
CH2 Amplitude
(p-p)
Phase difference
(o)
1mH
8.2mH
10mH
47mH
100mH
Post Lab:
Lab Report:
Prepare a detailed lab report. Each student must turn in his own report to the teaching assistant not
later than the beginning of the next lab. Your report should be in narrative form. Include diagrams
and plots as required. In your report address the question and measures in the pre lab and in lab
sections. Your lab report should not exceed 3 pages.
Suggested format for your report:
- Cover page
o Course Number
o Experiment Number and Title
o Your Name and G Number
o The Date of Submission
- Objectives
- Methods (brief description of procedure)
-
Simulation results
Laboratory results
Comments and Conclusion (Including your questions)
George Mason University
ECE286- Lab Manual
Lab 3: Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis
Pre-lab:
- Simulate all circuits in Pspice: Experiment 1 and Experiment 2(with and without capacitor).
 Measure magnitude and phase; fill tables
- In experiment 2 calculate the frequency in which the load is real in the presence of capacitor.
Experiment 1:
1- Set up the below circuit
50Ω
+
8.2mH
Vin
Vs
-
+
V1
-
1uF
100Ω
100Ω
+
V2
-
I Figure3.1 Phasor
8.2mH
50Ω
150Ω
2- On the oscilloscope observe Vin, V1, V2.
3- Complete the table
+
Frequency
(kHz) Vs
1.8
18
0.01uF
Phasor V
Vin
V1
V2
Vin
V1
V2
-
Theoretical
Mag(V)
Phase (o)
1
0
1
0
1
51Ω Experimental
Mag(V)
Phase (o)
0
0
+
George Mason University
8.2mH
1uF
Vin
Experiment
Vs2:
ECE286- Lab Manual
+
V2
-
+
V1 100Ω
Set up below circuit without
- capacitor
Fill the table.
-
100Ω
123- Add the 0.01uF capacitor and repeat the experiment.
4- Measure magnitude of V, I and the phase difference between them at a frequency that the
load is real (imaginary part is zero) with capacitor.
5- What is the role of capacitor here?
I
1mH
8.2mH
50Ω
150Ω
+
0.01uF
V
Vs
51Ω
-
Figure 3.2 RC circuit impedance
Frequency
(kHz)
1
10
50
100
Phasor
Without C
Mag(V)
Phase (o)
V
I
V
I
V
I
V
I
2
With C
Mag(V)
Phase (o)
George Mason University
ECE286- Lab Manual
Post lab:
Lab Report:
Prepare a detailed lab report. Each student must turn in his own report to the teaching assistant not
later than the beginning of the next lab. Your report should be in narrative form. Include diagrams
and plots as required. In your report address the question and measures in the pre lab and in lab
sections. Your lab report should not exceed 3 pages.
Suggested format for your report:
- Cover page
o Course Number
o Experiment Number and Title
o Your Name and G Number
o The Date of Submission
- Objectives
- Methods (brief description of procedure)
- Simulation results
- Laboratory results
- Comments and Conclusion (Including your questions)
3
George Mason University
ECE286- Lab Manual
Lab 4: Passive Filters
The audible hearing range of human is about 20Hz to 20kHz. In this experiment we will design a passive
filter to match with this range.
Pre lab:
A)
-
In the Pspice design a low-pass passive filter with cut-off frequency of 20kHz (±5%). In
your design use values that already exist in the lab kit.
Explain all
calculations
and
draw
the
Bode
plot
(both
magnitude and phase) for your filter.
B)
-
In the Pspice design a high-pass passive filter with cut-off frequency of 20Hz (±5%). In
your design use values that already exist in the lab kit.
Explain all
calculations
and
draw
the
Bode
plot
(both
magnitude and phase) for your filter.
Experiment 1:
-
Setup low pass filter circuit in a breadboard and connect the oscilloscope to compare
input and out put waveforms.
Set the frequency of function generator (input) to 1 Hz and 5Vp-p and measure the
peak to peak value of output and gain of your circuit.
Vary the frequency of input voltage and fill out rest of the table.
Frequency
1Hz
10Hz
100Hz
1kHz
5kHz
10kHz
Peak to peak
Value of input
5vp-p
5vp-p
5vp-p
5vp-p
5vp-p
5vp-p
Peak-to-peak
value of output
Gain/Attenuation
Factor
Gain/Attenuation
in
dB
Experiment 2:
- Setup designed high-pass filter in a breadboard and repeat experiment1.
Experiment 3: (Extra credit)
- Design and setup a band pass filter which pass frequencies between 20Hz to 20 kHz.
1
George Mason University
ECE286- Lab Manual
Post lab:
Lab Report:
Prepare a detailed lab report. Each student must turn in his own report to the teaching assistant not
later than the beginning of the next lab. Your report should be in narrative form. Include diagrams
and plots as required. In your report address the question and measures in the pre lab and in lab
sections. Your lab report should not exceed 3 pages.
Suggested format for your report:
- Cover page
o Course Number
o Experiment Number and Title
o Your Name and G Number
o The Date of Submission
- Objectives
- Methods (brief description of procedure)
- Simulation results
- Laboratory results
- Comments and Conclusion (Including your questions)
2
George Mason University
ECE286- Lab Manual
Lab5: Active filters
Prelab:
Experiment 1:
- Calculate transfer function, dc gain, and corner frequency of circuit shown in Fig. 6.1.
- Simulate circuit in Pspice.
- Obtain bode plot of this circuit in Pspice.
- Show the corner frequency in the bode plot.
- Replace the 100Ω resistor with 51Ω and repeat the experiment.
Experiment 2:
Using an opamp (LM353), capacitors and resistors design a high pass filter. Highpass filter
should pass frequency of 20Hz (±5%) and gain of 3. In your design use values that already exist
in the lab kit.
- Obtain bode plot in Pspice.
- Show the corner frequencies in the bode plot.
Experiment 3:
- Calculate transfer function and theoretical cutoff frequency for second order low pass
filter shown in figure 6.2.
- Obtain bode plot in Pspice.
In Lab:
Experiment 1: Frist order low pass filter
1- Set up the below circuit
2- Increase the frequency from function generator until the output voltage is equal to 0.707
times the input voltage. The frequency where this occurs is the cutoff frequency of the
filter. (Fclpf )
3- Measure and record input and output voltage and gain of your circuit in 1/12 Fclpf, 1/8
Fclpf, 1/4 Fclpf , ½ Fclpf, Fclpf , 2 Fclpf , 4 Fclpf ,6 Fclpf .
4- Plot the experiment voltage gain (dB) versus frequency.
5- Replace the 100Ω resistor with 51Ω and repeat the experiment.
Figure 6.1
1
George Mason University
ECE286- Lab Manual
Experiment 2: Active high pass filter:
1- Set up designed circuit
2- Increase the frequency from function generator until the output voltage is equal to 0.707
times the input voltage. The frequency where this occurs is the cutoff frequency of the
filter. (Fclpf )
3- Measure and record input and output voltage and gain of your circuit in 1/12 Fclpf, 1/8
Fclpf, 1/4 Fclpf , ½ Fclpf, Fclpf , 2 Fclpf , 4 Fclpf ,6 Fclpf .
4- Plot the experiment voltage gain (dB) versus frequency.
Experiment 3: Second Order Low Pass Filter
1- Construct circuit shown in and connect the function generator at input. Adjust the
function generator to produce 1 Vp-p sine wave at 500 Hz.
2- Increase the frequency from function generator until the output voltage is equal to 0.707
times the input voltage. The frequency where this occurs is the cutoff frequency of the
filter. (Fclpf )
3- Measure and record input and output voltage and gain of your circuit in 1/12 Fclpf, 1/8
Fclpf, 1/4 Fclpf , ½ Fclpf, Fclpf , 2 Fclpf , 4 Fclpf ,6 Fclpf .
4- Plot the ideal and experiment voltage gain (dB) versus frequency.
Figure 6.2
Extra credit: Using opamps (LM353), capacitors and resistors design and build an active
band pass filter. Bandpass filter should pass frequency of 2kHz and have a bandwidth of 5kHz
(±5%) and gain of 3.
2
George Mason University
ECE286- Lab Manual
Post lab:
Lab Report:
Prepare a detailed lab report. Each student must turn in his own report to the teaching assistant not
later than the beginning of the next lab. Your report should be in narrative form. Include diagrams
and plots as required. In your report address the question and measures in the pre lab and in lab
sections. Your lab report should not exceed 3 pages.
Suggested format for your report:
- Cover page
o Course Number
o Experiment Number and Title
o Your Name and G Number
o The Date of Submission
- Objectives
- Methods (brief description of procedure)
- Simulation results
- Laboratory results
- Comments and Conclusion (Including your questions)
3
George Mason University
ECE286- Lab Manual
Lab 6: Average Power
Pre lab:
Experiment 1:
Consider circuit in the Figure 6.1. (Vs: 1kHz, 1Vpeak)
- Write an expression for the average power P delivered to the load in terms of Vs, Rs and
the load resistance RL.
- Complete Theoretical values of Table 6.1.
Figure 6.1
Rs (Ω)
51
51
51
51
RL(Ω)
10
51
100
1000
Table 6.1 (Theoretical)
Theoretical :PL (W)
Experimental :PL (W)
Experiment 2:
In Pspice build a circuit in which resistor (51Ω), capacitor (1uF) and inductor (1mH) are all in
series. Connect the function generator (100kHz, 3Vpeak) in series with the components.
- Plot (1) Voltage signal from the function generator. (2) Voltage across the resistor. Observe
magnitude and phase difference between V, I.
*Note, the current through the circuit is proportional to voltage across the resistor
- Calculate the average, reactive, and complex power supplied by the source.
- Calculate the frequency that should be used to maximize the average power supplied by the AC
source.
- Change function generator to AC source and plot the current in the frequency domain (from
1Hz to 1MHz)
1
George Mason University
ECE286- Lab Manual
- Replace 1uF with 0.1uF and repeat experiment. (R:51 Ω, L: 1mH)
- Replace 1mH with 100mH and repeat experiment. (R: 51 Ω, C: 1uF)
- Fill below table for each circuit.
Param
unit
│V│
V
│I│
mA
θV -θI
rad
Fmax
Hz
P
W
Q
VAR
S
VA
Table 6.2 :Theoretical
R: 51 Ω, C: 1uF,
R: 51 Ω, C: 0.1uF,
L:1mH
L:1mH
R: 51 Ω, C: 1uF,
L:100mH
In lab:
Experiment 1:
Setup circuit in Fig 6.1 and complete Table 1 corresponding to the experimental values.
Experiment 2:
Using the breadboard, build a circuit in which resistor (51Ω), capacitor (1uF) and inductor
(1mH) are all in series. Connect the function generator (100kHz, 3Vpeak) in series with the
components
1- Connect the oscilloscope to measure:
Ch1: Voltage signal from the function generator
Ch2: Voltage across the resistor
*Note, the current through the circuit is proportional to this voltage
2- After the circuit is built, measure the following values using the oscilloscope:
a. Voltage magnitude
b. Current magnitude
c. Phase difference between the source voltage and current
2
George Mason University
ECE286- Lab Manual
3- Using obtained values, determine the average, reactive, and complex power supplied by
the source
4- Adjust the frequency of the function generator to the value that you determined will
maximize the average power (fmax) and observe phase difference.
5- Using the fmax value, instead of 100kHz, repeat steps1-3.
6- Adjust the frequency of the function generator somewhat higher and somewhat lower
than fmax. Observe the phase difference between the source voltage and current.
- Replace 1uF with 0.1uF and repeat experiment. (R:51 Ω, L: 1mH)
- Replace 1mH with 100mH and repeat experiment. (R: 51 Ω, C: 1uF)
- Fill below table for each circuit.
Param
unit
│V│
V
│I│
mA
θV -θI
rad
Fmax
Hz
P
W
Q
VAR
S
VA
Table 6.3 Experimental
R: 51 Ω, C: 1uF,
R: 51 Ω, C: 0.1uF,
L:1mH
L:1mH
3
R: 51 Ω, C: 1uF,
L:100mH
George Mason University
ECE286- Lab Manual
Post lab:
Lab Report:
Prepare a detailed lab report. Each student must turn in his own report to the teaching assistant not
later than the beginning of the next lab. Your report should be in narrative form. Include diagrams
and plots as required. In your report address the question and measures in the pre lab and in lab
sections. Your lab report should not exceed 3 pages.
Suggested format for your report:
- Cover page
o Course Number
o Experiment Number and Title
o Your Name and G Number
o The Date of Submission
- Objectives
- Methods (brief description of procedure)
- Simulation results
- Laboratory results
- Comments and Conclusion (Including your questions)
4