46
Tho
AmOrlocn
Koroan
HC"
~olatlona.
••• brough'b _, tho· ton, the d.GOp.seatoa
mutual ousp1clon ana
$n'bigu.1t;y that uas
in the 1ato '40s
;i~colo.gt.cal
di~eC)S.ble
-~atld
of AtnoricGtJ: ooWot's
fields. of Kora.s
una tho
f~*
publtc:
During~
Chinese ttvoluntoon" ln tho bat.tlo
~~');.
«o~tee W.OI:J
f.t.
soc:ona. worl«:
t1QO
w~
'
c.omplee:oly tecedf;l!:S •.
.tn Ct$. untttld
to:.n:1to&'1alln~&.~y
s~s to~
e.).most hystetlc
both nctw:al nnt1
each
ana shtWP·•
~a.
tiho Uait\Otl States h$4 £ongbt
. egein$ the fotmltleble -"ap~se
t\'M·
itt both countries and eat"ly
~f: l!'e~ns
soma e=.tent
·to
in. tho trs end Chinese policies
inf~4 PCGSioM
aut\ ove.r:y 4ovolopnteftt J;n
In
boet:llttyt en4 tthatover
early •sos vantohod nltotJQthet'.- .The elsah
enenec pf 1mprovenont
~a
'* ttatoi"Cho4 in. the hi&t:oq ot. .Slfto•
uas
of
~.t
Cblne~~
to roai.ntnln the sovetointy
~·
Arnol:icen people bad
fervently. bopod t.bat e sti:ono $lid. 4om.ocr:&t.tc Chtna;: fri&t4!Y
t.o t.ho United States*
Pc.clflc
wor~
Chinese bed
~4. ~go
.
Bl.tb to ~._. u.~ter
~ ~
us bOytJ troot.h and noll
tram ·the nine of
$.ernay
~·
~he
Ot'Oat
~
foua4 tbat the
'HI."Cmg SO'Vlat: po.tb en4 t1~ fighUtng t.ho
~'for GVO:rf.
b£11., .etfery·
troo en4 OY01"J' bldo of .{#cos in !ro~"ea*' ol
~1vsr.-
eve:ry
47
"'be Cbf.nooo coG"tlonc to ~ ~otlfl palS.eS.es ·uexe·
tnlgh~
no less c't'1Ucalo Altb®gh P.-eoidont TrDmCft'*S octions
not bavo come to tllem.
u
·(1,
·cornp1(l!te .C'Ql!'PJ'lso. Peld.nq•a
letlders once .agun o• ·the. Vnl'toc!l
S~6tea
Ung bloc fOr 1:0ta1 C'QU.nif1c.Qtion of
by $cmdl:ng
·~
t11e
tnajor
~
b&J.oved ••ea:-land
1ts savy into ~ho bl\lO \feten of the '~*en sv-t!B.
Henc~ortb,
t.hey begen
S.m.Placcz-a))le
~
to
us
the nase$nt
to consi4e;o ·tm um.t.ea States M
of tho Chtnese
~p1e
~~st. gov~t
t-.h~
-
01'14 a Jr'OOit!ive threat.
o·f China.
la the thlclt ot· tl\e· Kcu:eea lfU't the· Peopte•s a&pub1tc of
Cbina (PRC) .aent c. 4e~&Uon to the trtd.te4 Nat.f.oM h0e4od by
\iu HstU<huM•
Jn bls majoJ:> ·speech to the Secur-11;-y Counc£1
on 28 NovOttlbet: 1950., the Ch1neso 4elogate denounoo4
•united State.s
gowrnm~
of thO
~1
~o
on4 cttl.m1DG1 act
of e,rmecS ogqt'oos.lon .ag$lnot. Ch11l0$e tonito&? of Taiwaft 1nc1ud1n; the Pongh\1
~aiwan
anti
~t
vas
Oft
S.nsepeteblo
p~
NU E.rtJ:Qngly o<to.tetl tt.het.
ot Cblu stnco
"on eleariy &"eflectod ln the Cali'O
Pota4.om PI'OC1cmatt.on,
He
:tsl~G4i'~
c~gcu:.tcol1y
'
~
&neitt!flt
Deol.al'ation~
times,
tho
·tho· aapenese· lUt~ of SUft'O~·•
Jejoct.e! tme· us vt. that tho status of
Talvan was "1ll'ldeteJ'fl11ne<!•~ B.ow~,. wu•.s SPeech vas ltll'qely
48
lgm),ted 1ft
tho
4iSePPO~nte4~
Uftlto~
N•tons CQ4 .his tl'OUP 1G£t
~ Unl~d.
Xn Jenu.axy 1.951,
.:esolutlono on Chine
~es\109
'hO PRe u
~
aggtG$S01:'
«eny
Nett Yode:
st-ates Sonate possad
the Unlt:Gd Nationa
3
t<t
tho Cld.l\a seat4
to declare
The. UnltcJ
condemno4 Ch11141 aa en ·
t~St., 'tbla wes a deiibar:ato
NeUono •. under ~t!con ~nat.tott,.
t19'~e$~
in Koma oli ·1 i'(t})ru..,-
•ve lW 1me Uftite<t
~t.e~
ln'tO tbG Urd.tt!tl Nations.
to obst#Oct tbO entry of
·~his
~e
PRe.
obstr:uetton was aot. $iU'Ji1e4
until 1971 tthOn the U~ltod S~es neppr~ it$ .Ol1Jl t-eltp..
tionsbtp vlt.b Poking oJl4 the lacge majority of
~a ~to
v1tla4rov support from the Republic of Chine (ROC) gove~bt
Not only ·414 the Vnl~ Stet.$& &apl"1ve the PRO lts Chine
eef).'l end t:eftleeO. to ~gnl'ee it::.. blt
1~
could &> to see
achteve tblo goel
ieo.lo.te Chino
m1U'e$#11y,.
;te:z:aUy
late
~
VQ.ltoel. States
regimo <»llQpse.
~c
To
w:tea to contain ·Llft4
eeonomto~lly~c pr>Ut.ic~Ally~
tn the
f~o
1950~
~· ·tlE!\"1 ~nt•
else t.t d14 everyt:bifi9
cUglomet1¢ally .a,n4
aphelre, the Vtd.'l:i:'!d st:e:ees
'
w~
·tba ass~ of Oll1notm nntlQQQls 1n 1\tneJ.'!.ca in
It:, put e ~al -O~J:go on Chl.na ~ede eM. ,p'te4
tts #lUes to at> tho.
s••
· unttod stntes opread e
PcUUe.elly en4 ·dlp~c,all'J' the·
~aeftl ~"
of Chtna
~ ~ed
1;o
49
SfJtiLC·jp~cPO~· ·to. u
.
'
'
row ..r.mc~e.n
I
P ·• / lt ·'tde& to ·sa~
•
{
(l.
i
.•·
-
-
tho
.
woe:14 pubUc opinion 49ninst ebtce
. y ~M4bg :it, eo. en bggresaJ;ve
;
to ~1slt
aeotn.ng
peoJ>lG
.
'
eM eapons1Qtd.st state which
:{:
I
Jtt~ -~a~ng lt~J. ·~~& by ~siug Vlol~e end subVcr410n
&4/ metho4s 'tO· et:b1eV$.:it.O objOCU'\te:•. ,To prevent this, .~be
U~ted
Stetf!$
.
td.o4 f4 epplr ~hMici!lJ,y the poUcy of
•eontntnm.oat•.
Vhlc:b ~., evolvo4 ln the SW:'opecn Obeatt~ end
.
.
tre$
'
euooesaful, .tn
t.~
!
nm1 volctt.la Asi$!'1 sltuattozh Fift&J-1-y,
•
•
the Vnltwtl states lmp(l&ed
by· entQring
an4 by
ln.
hu.-
into c
~a, •co:r:4tJn
•antctalre• oxouna Cl'd.fta.
net.woJM of blle'teral .4tJfence alUsnces
~~btng
.
concrete
JU.l.t.ter:y
baaos :Qlong tbo Cblnose perlphO:tY·•
.
.
tee1S" ~· Urd.ted S\a\es coilC1tt4e4 mutual ass1e-
t:ooce pacts td.t.h
~bo
Pfd.lipptnas., 4 apan,. South XO:.w:ea.- Aust.raUa
i
and New zet:aena.
eponoo~ ~e
Aft.ox- 'the F1:eneb 4abs.ole nt Dionb-.onphu. it
not;. tho 1oestt the·
Vni~
Statoa
et~tereil
~reat.y ut~l\ ~ Nettooc11$t · QO~lit
tnto e
M\lt1Jo1
7!~"'an me1dJlg ~ta.t~ goatll.Ms, -.he
poltey suatow of
~
of. two matn
c~ ~n t~ J;950s WaG
objec~vesJ f1~:st.
psrcet"Ve4 "Amedem thmat• en4
influence J.n tho 't!OI-14 -...
'
gowm-
l!'Uttp
enf:f.h foreign
geared t.o the.
at.t~
1:0 rnoet. .effectively tho
~na.,
~al
Defence
<m 1:'eiwttn•
Paced tt1t.h tho •st.llo Utl!tod. Staton end. a.
mont on
Last. but.
SOUth aeet ·Attie. '.i.%e:at.y Ot!'g&nl:a.t!Oft-.
to
·u.n6ermtn~
us
and Ado 11\ part1.CU;1er.
Chinese £eers tterc helghtenoa "bon Genetal
.,.
'
M~Jr
Mroc:t m111totY actton •a1nst tho mainland
Tho
'
suggeate4
encl·lneJ.stot~
that
50
Nat.tonaUs~
ttbl1e Prcst4ent
Chlefa
t.~
t¥'o0Ps be
~he4
.intO· thO. Mc:om bet:tleftold.-
~~
' .coJ~tc.;d
.
a tontat.ive
thl$ ~ftda.ttoa,. tbe tloint
~t.
mco1:dtn9 to 'tN.eh C'hlcn.g
Kei-Sholc'o t.toOPtt. ~ be used .agat~ tho mainland A.f tb~·
:~o
\Jotted Nations forces
sueb
a pr.:eartouG
mess1VG
early
aetwn ~.of· Korea.,.G
Pla=ed lti
'
sttJi&tton tbG Ch1ne:so Commun1st;~ 1.eunc::he4 a
aomestlc c:emp01- to
age1nst thG Unlted
Ko~ee"
'
S"ti~tes.
~
the ttd.nds oe t.h,o. peoplo
·~ tho l1flU~ed
Statoe"' end 0 A1d
\1ae a VSJ!f contm:m featw:e of Chi.MGe _,ropagen«e. tn thO
ttSos~.
urged in late ·1950~:
people •• , •.
untte& s~--~ ~bo Chinese peopl.Q t1er0
0
~ td'la te the deli(Uy enemy of the Chinese
tlflet.o thO
.De$P-tSQ
··tbe Unlt:a"' states* for shO 1s o J!'O'tteo
l~iol1st notion •••• +• Look ·u1tb oont~t. ·upon the Uftltea
Ste'tes, for s'h<l ia • Pl1190~ u~~ nn4 oen bo fuUy ·dGfeQte4,.5
.
DUr-ing t.hlS peeJ.od, SOVetaJ. dO~ Amol'J.e- C1Vi11eft$ lf()~
aaestod in China on
e~~
of $pylng,
In the :J.ntemotlo®l
spll.ero, tho Cblneae r:eUed on ~~.- &Qv1et pan.ner age.i.nst.
Amed.oen <:ha1lengo Grl4 fJ:Om t952 onwerds advoc-.tett a taunl'ted
frtmt 8 tttratogr (ally Qld.ne td.tb $11 fon:es that cou14 b3
forged on tho baSte of cOttm\tin
co~a)
to. e'trl!Wl<J ageint!t
the "US tmperlaU.smu o
4
tot
4ete11s
on~
see
ae~ ~thO
82 CoDgresS;~ Birst Session, l951t
~A t;l:p lM BM!$1 p~903o
9
senat.e COlrlmt<tteG
Gen!C<ls,- tbca Conlmlttoe on
SMam1i. S.ASJsgg:mp.,d.
,(Hong Kong)•
Bore.t.;n Rolctione.
.ltlfi!I\&:.MJt ,Sl;tai!l!m
'
no.3o. 29
November 19S0o
51
,
ba\te alni.!4Y ·41scusa-ea;,. the .AmSJ:.loen
.AD \1C)
waJ.t!' po:Uc;y
&:ematto~ly changed
bO$tlUtte~ in iCC~~ ; ~r,
"~tch
ena
fOllOtdn.g the outbtel\k of
the ~at•s 1alt1al
,pronoWteanont. on ~-- $bjCCt oaw- ~- improetU.orl ~at: ·thee
·._ t1SO no signS.fi.em:t Shtft J.n us pol1ey with treg.ad 'tO· lJ!alvarh;
;
In f&Ct; Pn&t.dent
19 July 19.50
~tWneft·
nd.ter~
in a
bitt
~
~ly
to
~
Ccmgmse on
Janu.asy pc;Ucy. st.aternen~,
'
seylng that t.he Ubltea' a~ntes btl4 no. ~ritod$1 ernb£tlorl.
1'almlliw;s
justa.fte«!.
He
that t.be Untt.ea
vou.W not
of thO·
~e
states :baCt
'
bel ~f.lc4
~aot!ict
through paac:efu),
close
C$lt.t'al.l~*
tht.s
talten
or:a.er
s~p
by Gtet.J.ng
eo that. Talv:en
:!ft. hO&tlUU~a atst.ut;:hing the petee
1111\Bl~Y• hi)
regerding Tolttan shou.14
A
0
.t.n
polntetl ou.tt t.hat. ell ~l.otls
))0 .i.Jef!tle-4 by tbG
Un1t.e4 NE!tiOM
••s•~
~~ .oe~
'
.
~
us pol!.cy.
-
du.l!l:ng t:bls ped04 ~na."<es
'
1t elect that wblle t.ht):gove~ ~ntelnad ll public POSture
of 11*><bango• in
poUoy·
tc.:m"Qa:da CbltJC~ neeticea11y epe.Qld.ng
st.~ben
1t tooll sevorel m&,SoJ" at-epa
tc:>
NQ.tlonellst government. An
e~J.y stf!P
to t1¢CX'Odltea ·-dlPlcmaUQ·
gov~~
t:.he sinews of ~e
1n tbis
~J:\C$OJlt$t.j.w
<11~'\i.On
vas
t<> tho Ne.t1ona11st
on .28 >tl'Uly, Akbougtt tho diplomat ues in the renlt
52
Cberp d"Affal..s. 1e. was
of
~s
mw
attec~
1t1ott to recotnLee
s.t~fJ..cent £tom
·to ube Nst:..t.ons.Ust
vovez:tlmQl1t 'by the
.,
.
~ ·Co~ntst.. go~t
111 the sem3: month ·'the
Join~
the point ·o• v!ett
.
on maln:i.&ft4 Ch.tna.
s~ Dep~nt ~Bt:.$4
C:hl.efa to. glvo tbetr
'
vlet~
on Talwan.
f!he.
In their reply
'
the Jolnt Cb!eis effl~ the strategic .tnp;u:tence of T.el'tfaft
'
to the un1te4 Sttlt:.es ept1 urqo4 a poU.cy .of Ptott!iee,lnq tt.
ag&tnSt thE! ~ng Conrmtlnlot att,ec:lt. Motee>vor, they
.recotnmendod a
tEn~1vn1 ~e· tM.U~
oener~1 MecArt.lJll~
G\:U!'VOY
ena
8$.4 and auggost:od
~n•
"'s -.atf .$hoU1<l make a o~the-SJ:O\
o£ ette Natlone.Uot
'
.
ftJ!'CGS
on l"eJ.uan.'
.confer 111~ .P~:t~SWent. Cbt.Cll\1lttd..shok C'14 o~ber Ne.Uonel.lst
loaaers QOncemtng the 40fonco of
l'~l1tln•
on~
£c11owlng
I
day. General
Mac~
;onnouneotl 'that· .stops hod boen t.e,keh
· by \11\leb the Unt.~ Stcteo end t.be .R.e.td.<mel.t.st; fotcea t1'0Ul4
joi.ntl.r moet. fttZ1 att.a.Ck· on Telw• bJ' c bos.UJ.o pc:Mer, mcenJ.ng
thettlbf eo~st. Ohtneft
Jte .~z:esse6 tho·
eonftdonee
t.ba~
sudl ·f.U'I atflack ~ txmna to. fat1.,8 Prest4etl- Chlono Kei·Sbo~
for N.s .pett ·oleo eld4
~at
suon; foUndations hea b¢en laid
for: ·the joint 4efence of T$111M en4 ·fl'>r
1
.8
Si~ic:-
&l!M£Z,§A$~Q. &a..tbLP-1£, !!ft!~, no<l;,
Wh?,f!M Y9&1S
I;WQ~ 1 August 19SOt~~·
p.9o.$ •
mll!tal'f
53
QO-.oporat1on.9 Tbo Vialt. of GonM-al ~bt#t
weD
fo:llot1od 'b)'
ot Sedt MeJot GQnehl lo~ t1ho tln'iV'Gd ttJ
,_.oipcl. on o i\lltuSt. to establiSh a~~ liatt::On with tho
Nattonaliet gove~~··. All t~o stcpo wre rosort.Qd to b1
b1tt DOP\lt:r Cblof
t.ne um.toct stotes to preven\
·tb(:).
sU&n.g of Tal.t1cn &rrt:o the
~Gt.&,.
hanCIS of Ctd.neso
·The U-Al~ Stot.~s• of:fotts 41.4 not.: Oft4 bore.,
.rueq 1~51, tho ~do<*eM
eitn04 a MU&u$1.Pc!enee
01\. 9 PoJ>-.
Asu,~stanco
.AgJ;eemeDt td.tb the Nat..ionall$tS.; · UJ)d$r wld.cb the t1n1to4 States
ag.ree4 to -maa G'\fellsle to tmo R~lJ.o of C:bina •~• e~dll
mllJ.tuY mat.et'i·olC lor ~ho-. !!efenee of lft4wM against .~»stJtble
,.,. ,.... 10 .n
.., .M--""
.... ~~,...,
.. ~ ~-o:~"'cc"' ·~ ·
.~ . . .··• J..,..,.
~-1\lt ~ ... -~..,. GPPJ:!Ovw wJ.lU teco...
u-·-
4e.ttono o! thO. Jot.• Cbiefo for thrl. O$t.ebl~Sbmaat. of o. milt-
t-v
asolstcnqo
44V1sr;~
fft)uP 004
~eirilng
.
- t40roo~r:, tbe Jol.rtt Q4Qfs ·~~
aid -of somo $100 mtl1ton
t-&l'ti'Sn•'1
on- ao
o.
mtostcm, for
p~gtem'llG of
nd.Utan
fo~ -~ Ne.~lonolist go~.
Apd.l.t.l\o
ret.t~tl1'h·
'
on
Dop~nt Qe J>sience crmou.ncot!
that e ltlllibU:lt ase1etenee· at.!V1seq g.tOup* qompnstn; 116
off1co~s
en.s tnen,
h~ect
·bY .Mojo.l' Genut.Ji Willi $In c • Chose
~ld opo.:ctc es e. par:t. ot
t.b• us Embasay at.. 'IEJ1po1.12
a Augu$e s.eso.
g
xot.s~•
10
~dCQll Fg&1gD P Q .
11
.flLU.!;ng Slm&~D
l2
TasblngtO-n.
.
Ap~ f~
I
lf!dC
i!Q~@i J25!)-,l)!~J,
1l~t.a.,, i§7), p.2:4?it
tU•
'
*
IS iUtt
;bif'•
pp.,901~ 903•.
:tt
54
tn41.ttocr ecatstancof f:he. vnt•O,d states also t.ncreesaa 1t:tl
economic al.4
t.M I<oAun
to the ~&tio..Ust
w.- pxolongo4•.
govommeat.
~.r.
cons~~rably M
ell these e14 e.nd. ass1s-
t.ttnee w,as Pt:ov&dod t:0 .thO Nott.onalist
gow~nt
.
undeat'ean<li.Dt ~- tho lett-." t:10ttld use
VS.th 4
ttut matar.le.ls neo
· ·,.meint:a:ln its :1ntorno1 ttecnlrity o" ;f.tiJ ·leglUmate soU...tefence"•' 3
.
To pu~ it aiffel'C.Ult.lr, tho rss suppon was totally 4efenstvo
tn nature en4 !t:. vas
:ttSSUJ'tl04 by the ~s-e.t.ton that
P%!eSi4ont Qbletlg Kai•sbelt ~l-4 fiOt U8'8 tbo Ameri.C-' .$14 fOJ:"
en
at~ao:tt
on
~
m.etnlan&.
'
*'
The Unit;ei Stetee; pc)llr,:y of
agelnst "the ntal.ttlend
W·$S
Cbtq'*_e
no~ppo#t
tr'Qops
for operet.1ons
aa not; trr!eD
that it.
qr-atSuellr ~ttg C'Qnc:Lllat:or.t to 'the Peld.ng government..
OJJ thO
.
O>ntt:err,
the ..publl.g-_ned.Uc:s o!
utte acind.ntstl'atton
.
at. thiS Um3 WOre ccrt~)tMt.ly Vging Pnstdont, T~ to t;alte
a tough et.Qtl(l qQ.J'lst
t1le
eht~ ~ma~tt~•
MOPOver~. t.he
MacArthur boertng of MIW~ ha4 $~ a fewd.ob exc11!o-
. ment ill overr nook e.n4 .r»:tnor of tbo Ulli:toa states.14 :sn facrt~
as th9 sbotU:ng of Amerken blood. ecnt.lnuoti unebo.t;e4 1n l<o~-on.
13
p.g~§t.g.~g&;y. 'M&Y
14
1ft bis famous #011 Sc>la#.e.nl Never Dio.. ~to thO
COngress;
M~h:Ut b~
1951, p,/'14?.
stat$4t •under: no
c1r~tencas
nu.st ~roxmose fell un.4$# COm:nunt.bt. coBU!Ol."O Such en
eventueUty =ula. at ort.ee t.lu:'eaten t.he f~ of tho
Ph111ppj.nes
ena ~
los$
oe J.apm\1
and might mall foreo
ou fl'Ontiel' badk to the- cooet.s of Ce.11fomte, Oregon,
and tieshtt'igton" ~· "s.o Dou9lGG Met.:Arth'm:t ~SIDSM
(N~ York, :&964) • p,.402o
55
the Washlngt;Oa government .:Ioptod a bdtlCJ: at,titudo t.overao
c:~ China.
the
Chtn&&e
The Unlt:<J4 stews 4ec:d...-e4 that ;La l.t$ v1ett
COmtnuntst ngime wee .t.llegttlmate, to tbO e=ent.
t.nat Dean Ruskw t.he ·~ 1\fSI.;t:aJtt. secnt~ of State tot: FU"
sastem Aefeit'e• ftlltO,d that ~he Ccm.ntwlis~ tOtJ!.mo "WSQ •no-t
the Government of Cbl,.a"·•
~auso
lt t1t\S •not ·Cb1n$so"• Ro
stete<U
'
Ho
recognlee· the National
Gove%'1m\Gl'l~
of ~o
Ropu))ll<: of Cblnc: even though ~he tel'J:f.~tr·
under its control. ls a~ely ~sttJ.ctea,
,we believe J.t mc;"O ou:tbent:.tc-ally tepi!'O$ents
the· viewo of tho g;:ea• bOdy· of the people of
Chinn, p~i<Nlel!' ~l' tibet# hlst.od.c 4C:m:Gntl for
ln4ependcnce. ft"Qm .fof'~Jlgn oontml• '.ftle.'f:
gove~ will «»ntinue to ~olve .£mportent.
et4 ana esetetence fi'Ol'n- tbo "UDltad st.ctes. l5
Thi:oughout
th•
-'
~~. ~o. ~e oamtnistrauc.m. thouoh
&"ecogn.t.~_ Chiang''s qovemm~
on 2'et~atb .contf.nuoB. to ho14 ~M
v1m1 thcs't tte111on 1s let;al' status
Sept~~
19&1 the
t1&&
Unlt~ s~tos
.
st.111
utt$.~neda
Peace 1'tee.1:y wttb
Japsneae Peece T~ea~
s1pe4 the
J ,open 4t. san Jr:enctscoo . JU:ticlo J
oe 1:htl
ha<l etotoda "Japan .tenou,nces ell :d.ght,
-t.l~lo
end
Focnosa· .ah4 tbo Pescaao~es:•' .ol& sut. u~ did ~
the d.ght was g111en
J.S
lG
See RQDk•e
UP•· · At.
.~r<$SP
on
On 8
e~m
to
say t;o.
~
the $~ ·tS.tna ~ Ul'lite<t States
"'Cb.tnos~&"!C'el\
i'J!lendsbl.ptt., tntde
befoto the Cblna ll$St1tute, tor N• Yot:k on 18 May 19Sl,
lrt Q~~~ .S.ft.iJ!IJall..!lt 28 HOY 1.9$1, pp,,S4? •· 86Eh
soe the tost of pmpcsed Jepeneso Pet:ee
1951. itt ibld•., -n Augase t9SS., p.,369~
"r:eo.t.y., lS
AUgust,
56
pe~8Utlded iiGPeD
'tbo
to s.lfJri a
NationoUat
tm~y wl~ '.folt1M ·and ~at)
Japan
govo~ tftOJ:Oo
~ns
thus·
cou14 r10t. ncogntee tile· PRC.. ay e.xtenstoa tbls
JflPcrt
was eommt.ttca
-~
CD4
that. ·
UJ., 'the pOUCl·es e.t1tl post.:u.J:es of 1:ho
1:0
11n!.to4 Stat.® Itt the)
t*~od.
~e#' llQGt.,
·On 28 APril 1952 the
Se.tl
'"et.Y
1frGnCJ.eco
cem3 .into £ome~ on s May P~er Chou .B:n..W
tosuea a st.z:o~ -at~ 4ee1ar:1ng that. the sen .urenciseo
Treaty tiCS completely !"J.J.logal!' and unceas9llablo ei=e l:t had
bOOft
cor=ludt.!d tn vloletlon of 'tho
''""""""'
-.r-f•
~----
~~lli,;ll!;;l\1.
P~OtUng ~attes a~
..,.~a, ,1?.
.._...._
~. . . . .ll.'t
. . .'l,
. .A.~,.,..J,
~
•
}
t
'
'
1'bo US poUcf Of COntainment
.entl. itJOlettcm of C~st.
China got. a now ~ ldt.b ~ e1cctlott of Oc:met:el ~
D.o EiO~ to thO tlbi'te ~- in 1952•
that
'Cht)
aim of bla
~
At f1r:st:. .1"t 1\PP(ts.t~
Cl:4ne. pol.S.cy wu to bri.ng el.'JOut thO
eollo,pso of thO Petd.ng, ~~:nmont.o · Tbls
lnip~lon ~as ~
!nforeed tthmt PftSJ.4cn't. J:.ta~ 11tm.te•sbaf3." ~- ~ot:(:es .of
Chl$'19 &d•Obt$ for· a possU>l<;t attack en the maf.ftlatd,- .Ia hla
first Stato of t.bo 11fli<;n
~age
• · tbo Qol'lgf:'eSs, the P:C'osident
57
; em l#O\llbf ifta~on!J t.bat tho sevontb Ploet
m I.Qn~ be omplo~ to sbJ,eW Comnn:anist ChS.na•
Pe.ttnlt me tc> mQko C~YS.tt\1 <:Ileer t.~t ~s ort~el'
no·
lrqpU.es
,aggrss$1~.
1nt.Giri;. Ol' out:
pan..
eu,t,
c:enalnly b~ .no obUge.tt.on. to ;Pi!Ol:eot. a
tlat.ton figh.Un; WJ ln l<OrclC• .18
110
Tho Un1t«t St.etes • k a
f\lrt'he~
illtep
'a this til'eCtlon
ttMD it~ :Pl"osiaelit. eld.MQ Kef...oehek to S.acreot;Je t'he .sJ.eo
of ht.e ge~:dso"M ou ·~ otfs~ lsletd&.~9
t11e ilnptesslon that. 't:.he
bao~
Commu.ntem ttbieb
AU t.hese bott:tWed
aw· PJtosklel'lt wcs det!er:mlned to .... to1l
·1$
'batt ptOmtseA d\lricq h.lt:J e1e:t£on
C$'1PIAiiJlh·
Tb.et:o wre tue ma~J: ~~&-~ t1blch
herdQning th$ us att'-tuae
t.retlon was
Q14
bit.~r
tott~
despe:r:~tely··~g
fighUng
1ng fOI" n Uatf•
:.t.n
tto~a
wte
Oblnth· FJ.t:•• the a&rd.nts.-
to pu.- .an en4 to ·the
~yeu
vbldh ·t.o all opearenee wes twad•
AS Donov&n MS PUt. i-t tJIIhe
seventh Jtl®ct ·OdeJ' lfGS to
~Mlble in
otve tho
l4~e
bab1ftd tb$
Cllt.neee COrtmtl.n1sts foJ:G•
bodln~J$ that FOrnosa td9,'bt yet,. be U$«1 by tbe United ·Stetoa ·OS
18 ..
PM@i! d~ OtmD i})lJ,Ailflt,
9 Peb~ 1953,. P•209 .•
un .¢1GSb1ng"' o~r, he':tWsvec, was. ao~ a blantte11
authOt:J.untton. Seem. otter Pces14tmt •a ,mess-eqe to the
'ftle
OongJ:Gss Ambt3S&e&>r Renld.a lnf~mett Pres14cnt Chiang
Ket~sl':«<lt that ~no snOb act.A.on (ai:tsck on 't.ha· malnle.nd)
be lfd.tlet.CtS ·bf 'b&s ~·forces,..,...•.• w!tbOU• :consul-tlng
tbe· centor ~loan l111lltet:Y offloet: on Taiwan".
see Karl Lo1:~ l\enld.e, QJ1&no. Afn1laDm.QDt (Seattle, S964) •
P•115•
It
.
..
.
Teng -reou, 0 Mf;lo•·s J.lfd.ted war tn tho T$1wtm strait.....
Pi_._··&§ _ tAls.1ede1Pb1a, Pa .• ). vol.31 no_.3, Octc>ber 1959.
P•13 •
58
o. boeo o£ opoJ:dionG aod.nst tttem lf tht!t 414 :not •one to o
Korean ~tut:d'.rlo Tho ~su:auon eleo thou9bt. t.hat psycho-t
~
logical presaul'Et itt>m Chleng*s foJ:Ces
t(J maf.~Wn
.
.
oppoatto
Ko~:e:c.
a ma.jot:'
•.swan
e~
t.hel
Seeon41y.:
.
-of that#·
#rae
~g
.
--
CHat.e4 .QetSO\l$ appreb. .l.on in
•at. -. ~1st vid'tJ)J'.Y
'
1lho ethel"
to bla nm~ t;~J>omim
ia
pJ:e:P&l'e4 to give
·vi~nh
Wf.WbJ.ra~n.
·vttlt;~
hetl
S!se~er
felt
h~
ser.tous
sU.gb~ost
'
repu.
Acco#41ng
#.f ~ ·a1ng1& ~try fell a peey to
folic)'t<~
SecretetY John
WillA
110Ul4
X~hina
'
autt UR
e' cow -of
.
Pos~
nuues was
conceQolon. to i;hO CbJliase.
a otrong feeling that. the ·Chi.Qese
·tAOS. a which· they
.Sa
count.n• of Sout.b ·~ Mta..
fileonr• ~
stmt~ly,
ba.Ve bOt:m en;>.loyG4 ln
collnpso
of •he. i'hncb in t.ho
'
ComJnunJ.;sm, othor countt!os: ·W1.ll4
~c.
dong t,.be· coastUm.
;
mtg~ o~J:WJ.e.e
bends of h'klrq.backett Ctnnmunit\1t.
cussioM on
t&"OOPS
.compel tho Chlneso
hat~
•~;
He ha4
.aggroselw
designs #A
...
.
~
-'
ceny fQl'l'lar:d: ~eso1ut.a1y 1'1 not. .oU\'Jng.ly
•n~er
4etei':-e4 by tile mllite.ty tnlght of tl\G Uft!tcd states
h1s
new aoatrlne o£ al0m1c •mo$Slve t'$tdlaUoa•.
~no
e.
nett ~· J;OUoy
nutt~hoU })!f
of t.he tltdte4
while tJDSltel"S.ni a quef!Jtlon 4uli.ng
I.JSi¢nd heetibg: 1ft J smlaty' 1952., Whorl
·,·.tO
lfas
S'~tod
tn
Walt.er; RObertson:-· .AssS.stent seoretnq for !'ar
Bcs~a. Aff.af.:r;s~
....
State$
COttp'$S$ltietl
e. Conp~·
aoudert;
59
~
tbO qu.osUon
~hat. thG ~
ls that;
tt.o.W J
CC>ft'QC,~Y undol!'&t~
t.o bO:
Ce.J:'Y -Uon v-ta-a-vts
'kept.
l\~4
eUw o oonat.an.t· unr:eat of mill""'
Cbi:na ln the hope t.hau tit aoma poJ.nt
an d.~.atlonel ~~'.,·~·
that io tf'l/ conaeption•.~ 1
~here tdll be
aest.Oos tttald.na-- 'VOl'bal 't.breet$• tba·
tlo#
~
fUlle11e4 huge
assis~Gtlt!e
..
~-~an
of Wto pms•t pollcy towed Cb!aa M4
~e 1fl,
•Yes, ~s.tr.-
you to DflY
~·
Ro~n repllet\t
.
:SlsM~ .,_ns.e~a-
of m!Utety e14 M4 eccmomto
to t:he Cbltmt Kei-ehdc
to~oment
and conl)ld.-ebly
.
moden1ee4 bls ~· fo=es to melee the· Matlonelt.str ~ DDJ:'O
c~bl.O.
lbnOJ:OUs offlclels peld vJ.dt
w
TatP<d, Jon 1954
.
.
WMCb· eceti'tCd a et.roar impi!'esslon of :no~s~ counter•
at~eck
.
bf
.
tbQ. R~neltst.. fo~s.
Col\ftcn"" tfith tos't:lle
~0$11 ~r
in Mia,
~
·Ch!neso
dUring tbic P8"104 lfO·~ ce&SGl()ssly to onheice thoU: wz-14
.lmege so
~h~
bi'eakthftOU~
't11tb1n
$ :Db<Jmt.
ped.oa t:hev
ln nletlons W.th vuiQus
~bt&v.ed oo~lo
~trtes t;;mch $Q -b()
Un.ttod K1ng40m, tncloMSUt' ti!OPan end~ ftet.ber.1en<ls• ·ln tb$
p.coc<s:s-s thOJ' ~ne4 ~t~ earUer•be.a4 d£4hotoJJOUe Wt'14
vi('M C\6. a&:>ptod m *'un.t~a f.;ortt" strategy e.g-.nst *us
Amper.:iaU.om.e..
A
poo.oefUl offtma1"e tn £ect was Chinese
to Du11ec1an poUcy of ..,st!.la oont.~nt•
~f.'ml~JtOftCe0 po:U.cy
.
.
21
ttea
'
smR-1£~
au.t
tblti'
0
SftSttEll:'
p$ecefu1
Met it could no longor :be·
pr.a,ct1(!(!4 in the fa.1e ·of. 9~ AmO.-lcon lnvolvomcnt .tfl'th
tho Ch!ang K~h$ ~.:~.
ThO result ves e VS.CMna
oonfrontet&on. :ln the !r:dtten suet'ts '\1hlch- 414 erupt la
septembe~
1956.
'the f1:£'et 'l'al11en s~r:att• cdsls ~bleb e~a..t:t.e4 tc eett1Y
I
.a VGD
So~~ 19$6
«S;t:aggell 01\ for: nearly eight. m.o~bS t1P
· ne·tt.~ u.no.apectad mr: tAU:Pdslt19•
Ratbor:
Amert¢M in'\101~ 10: l'slvea" wi.tb
for
t.b~
Cbiaese COJ$1'tttl'lltilt.s- maGe
pJ\ellOmenon.,
menu
~
'ttl~· ev-e~
•1·1 ond.nous cotl!i(!!qUet\Ces
«1st$ almost an 1novlt&blo
Tho ClllraeH t1et"e ~17 obse~Vlt!O
ana wre vef.Ung
to~r
expsn41ng
en opportU.nO
a11 thO 4evo1op.
~nt. t;o
·Call at:ten•
t.1on 'tO ~ p.-ob* lilhlOh tbey got. when 'heY we.ra f~tee f.r:om
tho .Ko.'C'<!an and. 1c4oeb1ft:E:JS$ fron\8 bY mld-1.956,.
A close obseJ:"-
vat1on of Cblneee pms• s1u*...~ :£.:om J11l:V onwar4s loa&l one
to the .aGft'le
conclurd.on.
The Chineso £J.rtlt <U.et>layed • tn&joa:- coftCetn for Teiwen
following
the
tour of
onwy Ja:nes A.;
;;be~-
Vea ~'lee•
Bast. br s:tsenbOwor•s special
They· were
ptttttcu1uly wrd.ea.
abOut the mut.:b-.publ.tct.eo4 ·US.ROC acgod.atlous fOJ;> a ,btlatez:al
mutuel ~t.y ~"&t1t•· lrt t.m m~'b011.tat.1ve eaitorislln
9 July £sl9P!P'I
DO\-b• 'her
states $'14 S.fi<!lcstcd tbetr
conclu<ilng tho
~~Y•
s•!Ongly
•J.t.teJ.ae<ll
ae~net.ion
1:1\G
uns.tea
to pr(!)'Veftt. it
'fhe. o4ltod.a1 etetelU
~·
6t
Van Hleot.*s conopJ.rotor1a1 pmvoaatlontJ: sho';;1
thut the us zuUno cUquo ls ~lot.oly
the COU.:'$e of ~w .tn ~ .uci:'M
-fling
ei1Ne:tion• Xt to 1tncotr1{Ably 1\ent;tlng ou w
its a4V.enbld.st policy though ~lo ls meeting
td:.tb ·!'$1lv.r-o eve~<»rr. 'il\0. Cbl.nese pco.plo
-en4 a1J. peec·e-loll!ag goveJmm<mt.s en4 peeple .
of the ~14 ~e ·tl'IG s~ to put. e &top to
tbe a4vea•d.at e,ot)lv£tles of ~he.·. Unit.e« Ste,tOIJ• ·
f#l4 to ~t. ' ' ·fmn aonclwSJ.ng a tr))ll.~el
t.t'Oat-, oe muw:el·o~~tr'~ _, ond. ~ vs
&nt.J:ltues
of dggtng
up ·JniU,._, !)loca••• • an4
''tO ·'hM """' ...
.a... -...tr..sr e ...e.ii!U"r . ·f ___,. ..
·.·
........ ~
~....
i"' .
~'4w ~ ._~·wr
.~•~·v
0 ·
Aa1a en4 tl\G whOl.o wor-ld, and it
t;hoy 4o so• U
·
the~
Pa-om then.
~g&nu.ng
~~..-
te
'\!!~O~· .iliD
~J:at1ve
OJWM'«S• tho Chinese l&\U\CbE!4 e mM.$lvo ctmpal..gn
tho T'al11an 1$.$U.G• S'ho 21
eDt£t1o4 4'1:Jif1lwan MU.ot ae U.*nt.s•
au,,.
frmmlg:•Q
~>tilE Cdl~dal
.et~reesea ~hat tN;t
11btlra'tlon
of 'rSlt!l.\ft 'lfflS· e "~red. 4ttt.Y"· tbrat. must llO ofUt;r1e4 aut. '*for tho
complete victow of ehl~e•s l'eW>J.uUon•,21 Ant'~
'!aRB!A:'f.QI&lJ
0\U.toJ:le~
(UCp1tcttlr
thO 26
Julf
$ta~ ~· thEt Cb1nese
wen determinoe$ to U~atil tbc 18~ .•.2~ wtsu.e bJ late July
.of 4Je:lwan" ilas :e •err COltin\On feature of Chtneec
'
..,_-~ .. c t'll'l"'ll"Wl.ft~. -.~~a . '
~·~. '""'-'~91'~.•
•u'be~:ation
I
Ia hlG AU:gust
weattl~a
~POJR P~or
an4 WeS.pct of
.,
j
.
~
that ono of "the t;eskS·
P:~'fl:Ut\9'
"
~·
.
•
Cltt.N sn.1ei. &J.eo.
$0~
to attack tho PRC eftd deo:lorott
'
before u"· tteD •to t.eko 4et:errn!.ne6
11oz.- tbo. text of .the *Z4ttot1ol. sse ft·f! ~· ·
tlMDi5·
PaM
Kong)f m.,S45,1Gl iy13F4,
(tft)ng.
PP•28• ·•
.
lbia.., n.o.ess. 2+-2& liiuly 19!4, pp.,J.-t.
iJ:d.d., no.eSG. 21 July 1954, JJP•2•4•
I
62
·uet:lea tdtb
tegm:d
to 'the
9QSl"4 Cbifta•·c so-v~gniW'
U~atloa
'
ena·
c£ Tt\LwM
so m. to
.
saf~.
~1tori•1 .tn~1ty.~ flo,
4tcl.~·
All 'theoo
4e11o1o~U
414 mt. go. UtmO:tlcect in tho
Unite:4 states. AS the ·.sJ.tuaUQn ln tbe Talwan
Motrimaft. Sl'Q$.th,. Wb1to
~
e
btltltt~
from
t~
of Chl.fttt$t'l conrtu:diS"t
li'o~:mDaa•
t10rsonetl.,
OO...t'CSpontl- .£0.:' thG Uld.tod
asked JU.se~ tho follotftng: W«ltlon •
3.1 AUgust.• tt.Mr :PJ:tmldent,.
st~:eit.o
ThCJ;'e have btXm-
a
n~ confo#enc&
have boeft ropons
st~ength. ~ss
~~
0
S~atea
~ntly
on
of
on the m&tnlend
:from ·thO FlU!" Best
t.~
the. Cld.noso CommurU.st.e tn:EW e-tt.nck J?o~s~ Wha~ ·would ~-­
el.r;
te the eotmmJnists: 414 ett.eck Jtoanosu Ln torce?'*
63
,
ln UOftQ~ o~: PObN~ of 19$3 £nstn~ti.ons t10Jlt
out·tO ~ha SCW'cnth l'l.Oet. ftlose tne~nG
.l'ege<U.ng; ~he defence of PO;Il'OOSG merely ~
dftrmd odom t;hat. he.4 beOn tn fO.ltiCG 1ft that
fleet since 1950• flbo:ae o~ awe st.ll~ lft
£o;rce., Thorefore, J obou14 esswne vhat. wou.lcS
b~. l;a th$D1 (lDJ'. hV®.l;on Of i'otm,OSt) WM~Ul
hoVe to ·~ OW# thO· ~nt)l rleot. 26
I
ThO C'h.lnoso
'
we~:e ~~.
bV
s~r•s w~;s.
on
l ~r., t\10 ~ t;,efoto thO· ~h9 of!' the Cll'late,
li!mP~!tfqc!J&ng ptlblt$het
·eap.Uctt.
etet~
of
a :lenothY
inten~ p~~
~tole tthtoh • • ~bb most
to
Cbln~
'
Gtt.ac::tt_. 'It
.r.«guod tbat •
~heft
Confcr.once
_ J-
_·
on '
Set*~• ·f:be
o~.
1:bo
Ch.!ftese
..
'i
__ Tl_ ·- llii I
_ (j_
-
. -_
~
) (
F ?. ,
ve.r:y
a. ~t thO Mdla
~.t.st. gu.t'lS .su.MGt~ly
64
. openea 1'208\'Y
b:.Jmb~
tetena of Ottqmoy• 28
tell~.
a g ..,.......,..
tii>U.011o0
Qu ·1
t'hO Net.t.onnUet:'IIO®UPiM offsl\Qre
~ .N~s• forces f.nmotUately re-o
~~
tbQr· ~ l~scale dr otrllu)s
e...._..., ~~,._. u-4·•-..a s·-.. .'" _,.,......, • ..~~ •"--
Jio..._ ......,~,_,_..,_ .
110PJI4
on
cut;J4,_~~·
rn~
. seventh J?l-G.et to
~~~· ""'"""
0Jt11-
~t\lality•
......_...•..,..~ ••·-- c~i e~s
•· . ·ei'O.
. - a.c
th-MJ
-~a. ..,"'"'"
~o~
the CMnese Cotnmm::llsts
"'4·-~"Uo
t:m..-e·
""""~9 ·"""'~ ~
\tilft::l
- '.rhuS within a verv
·• . -ftoba
"J:-lf
... - s ......
_.. ,...,... ...........
.n
'1>.- .. •
~an
--~~
~eu s o-
lo\141y ptocleimtn9
~u
dotermi• .
ne.Uon tc Ubo:r:at» Tct.tten• .
~ o~:uis
•
·pxesentetl to: th& VlU.teA St.awa a
dllemma• .Tl1o e6mln£strotlon
the.
off$110"
.tho
uu~ st~s
t.s~.
now
Slnco f;fle-
~nible~
fetXld· thG p.rol>l$n of ilefendino
o~tJt
·ttatl t$1(tJb OS post.tlon
of the Konan
tl•~
encS
~t -~1$ts
matloha1laeswul:Cl
own.. d1£fe:r'enaes
ovea___
.----"0'
· , . - l'l:tto'e
...
' to
. . . ~tlc
. . . . . · ' their
.
..
...
"
.
-
Ja I act. tho -0 ntmtraUa4tion'* or6ar bad cowrea
theSe 1slsnathr
only 'feSwen ettd tho Pesc@teer
~
SGventh
Fl~ ~ftiad
ao
•;I-
o:rders to defend: the olfehote ialaft4o of
AtJ t;M
·au~
'
an4 the
crssts mouni:Qdt .S{~ ho14 t>. apec1$1 mee'tSng
with bl·S top t0m1~Uoy er.d at1U~ .o411'1SOl:S Gt hl.ll
~m:v tnt:l.~
28
House s.n DetWcr ~e
be ~-
vee$40ftltl9•
1-'ho offshore tstenda lnclucle ssvet'el ~ of sma:t.l
1· 4S~JUUI
.....-...ti..;;- -~.. n ·. al~...~..,fl. .......
_.._
t""A.,.
~~•
g . . ,. . -· ._ -- ._ . · ~,..
~--...z•
.tu:u,•. ~~<HtW
close w the Chlraa fMin· ontl ln ~e f'Gtwan st:a:a1t.a·~
~- f.luettOYGt coved.t'¥9 GO equ~ mlles· of .l~. _block$
_
thO pal't
of
ArtJ:Oy•
cowrlng 12
fmm
only 2 miles ole the Chinese: ooaot,
~ Strolte ere the
~se m11es• loUt ple.ced
hl'thet> flOrt.h In
·19 M.otsu tslenas.,
only 10 mtles
sway
tho PQilt <>f f\oocho\1 on tht:l mstn1M4~·· uottlte
Welwan, these tolan<So: hetS elwayo' bO:!Jft una.er tho
cont.ml of ~· govet'ftm~nt 011 t.h0 malnlend• · But s.tnce
1.9'49 1 the~ ~e oceupi$d by 'tM Nettonaliets.,
1
65
At.
·thls Jneottng ~ maJodt.J ·1;)! t.b$ Jot~•· Cblefs ~ that
,..the offsbOte irilando vete no' ttd.Uterily noc=es$Uf 'tO t:be
~
dGfenQe of l*«>cmosa.• ·btlt
.
'
PQ.$.nted Otl.t. ~· ,.tM lslentls*
loss 1'JOU14
~
effeets8
Adml.tel Ro,afora. Adm£.re1 Cecney ,en4
•
bet!. poss11)ly a.tsastr:ous, p:syebologt.cal
therefore urgotl .,._
t.~lderlt
to
•«ot:ena
Dll1le!l•
su.ggoetlon to
lnat~Je4
·-~.the·
Ttf1ning
the 1s1M4a :an4 .b(tlp
the Qld;neae BatkmalS.sto ~ tl\e mdnl$14° '*
nj ectcd this conoluiO!l an4
Ger.u~t'e.1
lu'
Elson~
accepted secu:·etetY
offShof!'e-lslat\dS qu$Stlo:n
to ·tbQ Un1to4 Netions SQeudty <:ounc11. ,.,th. thO.
~to
en :ltaJ~n to mdn.tetn oo. 9te.tus quo·
a ceaseftee .bt tho PoJ:mOse su(d.~• •19
Tho eiwnetoA . .o~J.oteto4 ,,,.
~.r
v1~
of get.tJ.ng
-~ lnsttt~
.
os Cbtnese planes
bom'bed tb.c· T.echen l~s.. ly!ftg ~ 2$0 mtlbs nortl'lwest of
4ftlil1M•
.J:n the aemo tDO,.tbt a
tbirteeQ AJ:llOdCBh$1
uxma
r~t19
Gl~
~~et.
of tJlem. elr:men ln
tat~
UJJLtet!l. Sttetes-.
speech on the senate floor. SOl'ldOt
jdJ.
Tho
lo a ftgbttng
~~- ~oa
tma•
Qnitett St:at• tf£tOY bloetteile Che coast. of Cbtne., thue
fol'ee .lte4. Cbl.no to f.:ee
~bt:t. ~C$1'.1
P~tesl4ent EJ.tJe.n~ ccj&>Q~
\
UftlfOJ:mt: to
ftom ~ 'f~G ·to .ltfo1 for .espionage•
·t.emperatun ves t1sing
~the
cQUrt be4 sentenced
11ayn_,. he aaia.
ttt1GD
p.do.oMrs0 •
this .$Ug:QOst1oD.,
But.
8
Who het'd
~
to bOVe the courage to b$ paelont•··· · ·
29
£l$Gnbr.'m'cr, n.-26,
30
%bl4., Pt465•
pp,.46~ &
4,4.,
66
The Gdmtmou&Uon''a·
.wbt!
.f'OsJ>Qnc~
to
thO· c~oia ins~
i!O ~
gove~t
n tnUtual (ldene• ti'Gatf vlt.b t:.be Nat.tota.a,Us~
ttbleb V«J COft¢1r.l4o4 on I Pet:~r 1954,. ftla
uoat.y eommletoa ·thQ. Arne-deans 01\J.y to. et•fenf:Uog
I
~aiwen
en<l.
Pcse•res end ctoucb ot.~ ~-~1(10 0$ mev be· &-rt:errtd.ne4 bY .mutual ~tt.,ll !'be t~'*Y ~ accompwcc!l bf
1:he
en mtehange of notes
~-
Minis~e~ ~tge Ye!b Qn
.Jlu11c• e;na.
Natlonalia~
lO Dt:!,Qf!mbOt ~~111 "lt;
t.bat offens1va nd;Ut.etY
o:per"'ons lW Glt.hm:
tetJ:itodeo ho14 by tile
~l'lUo
0~ a.te~
to
.etJ.
we11 es
f1eatble: enough.
by COMODt Of bOth paftlo;.,
.BR the inp).l'toont thing _, be aotea.
C""••Ao~~o'!Qil'~g·.
fcom the '
Whet t.n~
Du11ea.1'eb ~ha:Jlge of aot<M1 ~ tbu& quttM;J,
~
party
egtee4
ol Chine wu14 be un4ortekcn
only ea a mettot of ~1nt ~,••sa
to M
we$
forol.gn
It..,..
i!l"""""""' t7....., •··e'*-..
e~••
ii;J!Io•~uw""
· ..... ~-~~
'h..
~>~z
J.s tb• ·.Presld¢nt
...
t...-.-.... ti.91T~em,..n,.~
. ... .- ·•e, ....__
..
...,~~
~soe
·~
he cou14 no •~ 1:llldQ~atce ~o ='-1.Wn1 GCtlo1'1 of at'taelt•·
,
tng the ma:l.ftle.nd•
·AS~~
.
""'~ ............ a'--.
~IV
mo~
•-
~_,.,..1..,..~llool
·:V:.f. ~ •L;.;i~
~p.g
·~·l;Zq..\t!<f tt~
.,......,...._..
•le4 ou1: t#lY pontltbi.Ut.y of 1t.s
.f.D f'ct,:uare.. Ito mi.ght. no'C bavf:! been
'WrfeVOUr.eble• fo1t lt
t.ald.ng
~Qwan
b.f
p.leasd vitb t.'he
~
PRC'ts
.
11 ·. - t &
. _:
"t'( _;_t -~ ~
fO~f)
·~~bing"
.... - I ?H
JJ@ii'J
.• ~-._. 5
o! Chiang .Ke1-Dh¢k"'
ln fact,
67
the chl.nese ~t tblo· t1mo
v$:o molrO cone~ ~~ ·the ~~"
seperedon of 'Cb<t· io.l;ft4 fft>m tl'he •JJ1en4
f%'0tn ·the RGttonellot fo'"Otl to lt.,. on
.1esuod
o l(!ttgtby
~ent. 4~:ng
of ftnettod · ~sS'lott' •
1lP ti .$0-ealloa
0
a:~ ~·
a n:ocem'ber.t
e ~bJrO~.
CtJ.e\1.
an-lal
cs e tu::'Oaty
thO 'ttoatf
He .stated ·tbat &11 propos.e.ta to set
1n4epontlettl. State•
ot· ·~etw~, to
tl'Oe\1~~0°
Tal\fe.n otto pleco Talttau ~ ~tftsteeshlpl mean,. lb pre.ctdQ:e•
~
.as~~ of Cbl.tle:'s. ~J.toq.,
tned~t upoa. Cblna1 s
SOwt"elgM.y an8 1ntorie.r:enoe lft ad.na•e
LoSUy, ·be ttemod 1!he
tJnl.~ st~
>
cona~enees• tf 1~
t=m
·
~etw.an.,
sa
Dulles l.atm:
·
'
ju$1t!~Jo4
, :. . .
PGI't~O!
tbe
"
the
t
'
act!'L$4 to~"
... ,
lim~
~ ~
~et'!C$1 8 6.etet1Qe per~cr•
efiQ!rsi'
tbG't; i't wou14 fece ""grava
..
414 ·-·vltlbdraw *'all lu
'he
on
;
L~emel
$ta.tes. secret.&a:Y
.lncludlng
'l$ltt~
Ho ~04 ·that •·atvan
,
tn
(Fot:tnQDtl)
Met t:bO .PescGdores ere .not; e !'Mbject for ~ .as .Part of
s~
11or
a~ •aeal' vt~
~o
Mutual
ebG Chinese
J)()fGnc~;J "TtQ:e:tw ~ea
f1.osc$tores .ena lof" open
~· qt.m~n
~st:..$••3'
only
of
'alt~en arid
Ouen.y.
the
the MatWS
0114 oiibeJ' of£Gho~e t.el~ ~Ubelt~lY vagg~. ftle pmblen
'
become c•!ticel In 0¥1Y l9$& When· on 10 Januel'f ~· btU'l~
C~st:
pl.anea "'Qi.4etl the ~ecbM l.slo.n&l•~ 1\ 11~. lctor..e
:3-J
s.®. .ctctgn
.....MI.
..·fli.., :Gte.:r. ChoU.
· ....· .. · Bn-J.ei
...'. 's ~
. . · ··.· oa..u.s-·.:
Chiang Kei•shek.- "~ S~f."Y 'rJ:"eat'.Y•I 8 Dettem'be~
1955• PP•- l6S & l!O•
.
36
tlulles' st.nt~ befon ~ senate Fenlon
Rel&tions Com:nltteo. ~~ ~ a&.. BAM-!91~
1 ue~ 1955,. p .• ase..
··
· ·
11.·
~
68
. ... . .. ·. .•-fte.
. · ·. ·.
Cb1.···netJe Comtm.n\lst.
ovel'tfttel~
-.....6 • • ho ~ '"" 41 ~
~~-· J!h~~.
--.v~·~
-/1 •... e; ... ~.
a,.ooo uauonaus~
thO
tcatleng* j u t ' ttd.l• nonh Of!·
gue1:1lles
polnt:ed out
&t.
a ptEWS conf-et:onee
occupied by gued.llas·.,
•~
o-. ·the t.elerta oe
~ Ta=~
ctee.t.o4 en upr<>QJ:' 1D t..lu) Vnlt.ecl Bt..G'k_,,
tb~
bomb
......dment.
. .. ~·
. . ···*
•':ftle !no14ent:.
lllsen'hOtm~
ft-('a1<tQJ'lt.
•ne11mer Jdbitutg,
tht\ t·&Chens.
~!ea
bJ
tb~
regular$# VaG vital ·t;.e '\'he·. cleft.'!.tftOG: Of FoJmOS$ em! t;l\0
Peseed&r•s.. •·
' .' .
t:.be
Btt't ·.~te folt ~et tjtbe Umo bel comB
to <k'fM
1",.a..u
.-:."' • .39
o:: n.
hJ.a top
....
a..i!o>·~Nfl'~•
--~......,. ......14 . s~· l
:t.h
..;s~~....
~~·...... a . ,.....,..,..a. • ·"~""""'ng '-"•.
edV1s.et:'$·• .Dulles er:quetl ee 'tbls coDCiave: thot the
4ft.
-~
Wt.H ..."'!!U
,M .... - . •
.....
.
Unlte4. St~s coa14 COt pettnlt the Cot!d1\lste to n·seiae ell
~e
otf'shore ie1ftnds"• He ae!4-t ·awe mu.$t. moctlfy our poUeyJ
we ellt>u14 assist in the· evet:uatJ.ol) of tho .T,ac~,., bUt.
~·
we
do so we shouJa ~la~ ~ ·tle Will assist in 'b:>1Mno
Qucnoy C1'l4 possibly 'the
.
M~, 4.\$ ~
Comrmlrtlsta •pRJfes.s tboJ.t:
!J.naiae.nt on hla
consequ~s
$~art
of
~enttoft tQ
e.c t;he Chloese
attack Formosa• •
p~ -.nt~eted the· ~ortou.e
~rd,:t)g
ill. implomen.Ung
GuOt'LOy
en.s Mdsu.,
The
p•b01og1eel
and. o¥'4ued. a
tb!s ..al~!e<i poltc~.•. on
24 .:tenna#Y
bo sent $ moat"Jege to COtlgtess asld.ng for e Oo.n(ltestd.oJ'ial
roso1utton~
cu.tb.1-rtulnt ·the· Pneldent to
!S
ss.se~t, n,26,: p •.4~6.
$6
Sblt.\•f p-.4d'f•·
enpJ.oy .~ U$
e:onea
69
f'otceo fot
·~
~
paJ.'POSO of ti~ -toi11Gft
pw:posa bdlln4.
nsolutlonu•
~"«
eceo~ft\Y
to· blmt
~· Glltl'»~it!
<t-St:eblteh
:t• a •sut'teblo
~
of the .P,ces14on" t.o ~ la Vhat:evatr
~- ·~;
un££164 .ena, aer&ous lrlt.ent!()rm• of t:hc
t.he
;ove~.
~b~ ot
~soional
to *ci.Qet1Y ana publicly·
. !eahlon tnigbt b.a' nocesse.rr. lt wou.l<l
AmerlQa
ena tho Pot.10Q.dor.oa.
~zt.t.cen
cletdr tho
Cengrose, -tho
.en4 the American peoplo end t.blls: .r:eancc
~ ~st. mtscalw1aUC)J)•'' Bu~ ~
~ 'ffl\lS. 0opc!llly etta .atana~a11y to• put
vi!&C'
teal aim Of ·tl'4D
tho CO:Ir:tn\Uni&te. em lhOtlce eta• tovasltm ot· OU.omo7 ana ·the Moteuo
\10\tld invite ni:OU.at&on
tw ~· V~e,cXl s~e.~• ,.30 ·
AS a matt.o.:
e. ~nat Jct;to~ ~ .
e..os.taon" Oblong: Kal•$b0k at: 'this 'Umo tt$e.thtv.ll\o btm. tih$1:.
39
the Un!.te4 stet~ wou.la help .~Cft4 Ouenr.>y an4 Matmt"•
of -f$Ct4
~ ~ 4J.cpa~
'
~ f,"eSSlut.loJt
Rap~ntives,.
es, to 3 Oil as
o•
JatN.m:sr~
and
0
0
0$
~~des
of'
of that
Zb14•• P•466•
ae
~.
n:,ao,
·empJ.w
'bo 4oems neceaauy foZ" '~he· .$»Ge1flc ·
p~
~l19 en4 prot~~Jlo
31
!9
ltC . -~• ·~ ••~nt. to
of soew:lttg end
.lnelualn-g
the House
4l0 'to. I on: IS Deuncy.._ tmd bY thO Senate,.
AmOJ:148h ~ SO.tees
p~se
Po~na ttes pssseA b.r
~ ~
~e.d.OtGs8,
Pocmcse Gd ·the
ot
sueb .~lat.ea position$
4.o ftlontlly
~
Q'lld the tald.ng
P•JD4.:
1=: =~:,;5;):•;,1!.
laltBu 9!Mat1
lA~.,,.·~
.
. .
.
- '
-
70
oe &llCh o'thOr
moasu~ ~
p.triate 1fl esi'J'Ut£11g the
l'tG ju.dg'es
t:he Pesce.dol"GS
ln
tt
.~
or
legts~attve
COtlfl~
set wee 'hi:eefo14.
US OU•et~toe of 1'elttM enl
~vo~al ~··
BedQdl.y, it ttt~tecl
..
the P;oes14ent. ·o. blank~t •~n~oo
.
-
to-
to o:tl\Gr
$Ueb .es Quemcy
NationeUs~ta ~mtot:J.•a
· Mat.$11$ J.f bo
awro-
4ef4;:Jnoe ot Fozmosc. an4 the PescatbreG"o40
The pt:lnelpel result t.'f this
ln tile .tti'S~ plecef
to be
eo-nat~
'thom iolpoxtMt
e.na the fescodot:Olh :rtnsllft thO
e.utbonq- to 4ec140 the
m.e~s
~
to·-~
ana tho
c!efence o! 7/ai'ft\1'1
Pre~1~t tt~
·tQ be te'keft
We guu-M.toO-
to
now·
the SUJ>ratna:
ptoi:Mtt tboso
island$.,
Dutlng the o:d.$1$., v1•b 'tbe ~r: ·of a mttjol' ~
c:onfllct. J.oordng
to entanqo
a
lc«f~G
ceasef&n
.P~reel&:Jnt.•
~
tM
me
~
·~
·counta'tes trtett
thfl aoq ·th'r:OuOh
'tl'le VQt.t.ed Stat.os !t-self f:colt ~be ~e<i
t.be Un.t.t$4 NatJ.c:;M.
whon tbo
on 1$be bf.)d.-.,n.
in bts moseagta
eteted that the. Urd.t.G!
state~
to~:
•tiO\tld
t-
Congrossion:al resol~on,
tt,()~.,
enr
e.ctton by
the Un1tod: Nations for:"'- ~so of ~l'lf' the Ptosent
"b:ost1lit1-es J.n t:hC an.a••4l. on
made e statemont 'abt.oh
t(lj~ed
q
SGme 4e.y ·Chou Bn-olal
ceus()Q.re
p~sel
vltb
i:be aoc, ae,yiag that th1e "l~ lo ~~ en lnteJ:Vent.t.on 1a Chlna•o
tn~, af!d.ra for t.bs· &llertatio~ of Cbtnn•s terrJ.t.ol.T'
.•a
-40
see t.ho t~ ·f1f Joint;. ~so1u-1on on Defence of fomao~;Ja,
in bP-A!AV!Siit 91 fitp.te,.llll.lmtlft• '1 Fe})JUm:y 1955* p,.2t3,..
41
lbia_.. P•2U•
42
See Cbou £n-1ai •o tlta:temont-. on "US lntor-fe.renco· wJ.th
the
W.~Uon of. Talwen _by
no~2•
t1$11luu:y 1955.;
P•1>eo.
the. CJlJ.nese Peopto•~ 24
71
tben
on 28 .7enueq- Rev ~el:Met ptoposo.d: a ~al'tfaft Stttll'bs
oeeo~t.-e IZ'eDOltt'tlon iD ~ Unttocl tliotiol'IS S~l'tY COuncil.
In tbe• Utd.to«
Na~10ftf§ .~
couot:rlQs, loll.oulft9'
•
~
ilrt.tlsh
I
1ee4. made st.r:t>:ng offotts 1» got
e Ne:tlonel1e~ tt1\b4rewd.
tolcnd.e• Thef• ~•. a4Vocete4 e. lmoater
J.ntern1;1tlonal. gu~oe :Eor ~a1110A,. .PG~ng fll:lal <tetemlnet.J..Qn
fi'Om the· offsbo.to.
of its· et:.atue.
But the Unltetl States J"G£\l• to =cept that:
oolutt.on en4 inetoaA J*OfeU'Od ·to ~·a sJ.mpiO eoasefl%1e
tfbtch t10Uld of
t»U'I"SO
b&.W ,.left..
umtle~
t:be· poseass'lon
of 'tibe offsbo.-o t.elandq I.e .HetlQ1')0Ust hencSa.43 on 31 -1anuaxy
tho CpunqJ.1J.nv1to4 tho ~
w ~~ in ~ discussion
.coJecte4 'tho lnvi'ta1$lon.
ln a ·oob14)9rem Which bO sent to: t.m Becurit¥ Counetl :e:tn 3
FabNa:"f., ben~ ~t. 0 lJ.btn:stlon~ of ~Giw~ .,oa en internal
c;;;n thiS question.
effai:l' of Chloe•
13u't ChOU:
Hence
tO suggest, t.ha.t ·tho
He
B~ltd.
tt was
~·
vJ.olet.f.;;:tn of tho UN Cber$er
socutt~ Co'Wlell shoUld <:ollBt<le%' the. PJ:Oblam•
.
furtllor polnt.ea ou,t that.. eo long GS tho PRc*s plQ.Oo 1n tho
Vllit-ed Nl:\tion&
'he me .-ould
'\fQS 'tl~
ba ·u.noble to
qpe$UoJlS concom!ng China
1'.r the· ttC:fiie'l!tJ Kal•GbG'k
parttcipato 1ft tho
cUqu~•.,
4t.~ssion
iu· t.tte 11t11~ N~ns.44
of
zn v,t.a1
7 2·
~ol
of Peldrag•o
4eci404 on 14
zoalen4
to
~Obl:tlCJ:r
on ··f;be llEM
to' adJOUm 411leuel!1Qn
i.~on.
10 the·
acme month,
t:tto. Nntionoliets ln thO
•·
-~ .........
"'-~u
~- ·· .......,,1
vae
s~·
~ t1et'~
on« DUll®
-eveauaek.m
~
sta•es Gewnt'h l?loet- holpeB
o~
'the
~~otlS• . ·
s•~r~Mif·
-•·•-
glYJAg
t.~eai:~,s,,
au.t.
bt.gb
~
....""'
openly pJ:OCle:Lming
ttat..watt• M4 1t: ues wi4o17
&tack OUorntiJY anA ·'tho Me.ts\10 in
ll.bs.cr~
thO Pae WOU14
-Sitni,~ly
~nston
Vli1~
meld.Jif most wet'Uko
~ that
the spang,.
the
..... -....... · -. ..sft
• ...........
T.-•· COJ$f!04io,U~ft(J
WR1 .·.~'tiM
tbell' (k)torminetf.On to
tibe
the· socun.t.y ~1·
~lP~f
!D tiM
UIU.~
S't&tQo
~q w~s ~-
~,
boti\ ElSetaho\1Q
the Chinese to ltEleP
et a tolling J!Qltlt:• ln a ftgbt.lng $peech on
16 i"o.bm:oq Dulles eetAt otto dGI'O tlO't ·"·2.ea bec'E'AlS() t.ba ~­
of mlasai:lon i$ tm.G· m.otft®t. cf· ped.l" •
~&'4$
in Atd.n l1he..e
these 'HOrde witb 'CM·
ete·
It$
etu:oseea
not et10U9h• lt 10
'be 4angor
l'KJC:essacy to lnfw)c. ·
~ of Ufe•·.-6S on 21 .VebJJUU?
Pros14(M'lt
a cablo to ~(tl:y nuuos, ~ ·wee 1ft BMglcok.
fl~t- ~ ot the S£A'l0,. Jon tfhiQb Jt.- stotetl tho.t
&ts~ ~.
' for
·the·
tbO unt.i\eB
sta~ ~14
CC$ist
Cbl~
10.
clef~
the off!sboro
&J:ees 1o;J.et.tcally and, i f corm.~ that. ear et,aclt 'tfllS C'eGlly
e
nttU~ery p~.
port.lclpate
PM _ __ -_
' . ..'
49
.·_
~
__
~'Jid(r-
1[_ • .1(
ot n Ct#QPalp
-mo~ ~~yo •46
·--.'c ·
.
i:"il
agaS.nat. Bormocd' ~ ~ it. ·~~~
At Bengkoft
l>ul~
·ra••.u __J-m
' ; .
. Z&m!
. \!i!_ *'
D!. SQtt..lra&·.
·~oLAF-·-~~
1·955___ ..-;.,..
.~;··':'/·' p~·~ ' ~
.
· · ·
· · · .. · ··
voclfcrouoly
73
4ec1~ •a~
to go Cor v•
the Ualted $•$~ , . p~
ege1nat. Cft1D(l in
·t;b$
SOUth last. A$1&.
He lnale~ ~1191?
t;be\ Chl-rte facet e tripple ~ot, lf'ttet acme~ fron'l South
T-'ten ena.
Ko:tea-Japatlt the
ed *tb see\ ·AS1~4'
WEt/ bac.. to washingtoa bo v1e1tea TQ&pot
~..:eon
on
his
3 HeJ:cll M
· werne<l Chln$· to 4.&-0p Jt:\11 plena for: :lnviidlftf Tetwan-. ·ftlo
u·nited Straus .oul4
~
en· all.out. 4efence, e.n4 t'fO'ti.JA tot.
heSitate to et.tack on mainl~ POlll'ta lf the ctd.ne~e a!J•~
~'tWed
any act.S.on 1ntoorotea GS a diROt.
t.be·
T~o
Pe$Ce&>.ees.
0
uoua4 'bO ftO
agaln•t. 'l!elwan OJ:'
n.G~e.tloM
doallng t11t:h
t.M t.en.ttorles oae dgbts oC thO ~:U.c ot· Chino.
_'l"!d!!.,."""do... ,.............,....., o~·"'""c 6J1 ~·n ., te
e~&)l"-~ .. ·• ~w:• ~ ·~~~All< ""'"'" WJ~w. a •
8eOk hO.m.a~ ntlllec aaltl
•d<Jsporat.elY"
Asla'*. on
~·
tilt•
ne.uo~4e
nd!ei
ln
t.ho Chtneee Oornmun&sts sDUght
~'tho fo~V$1'4 :a;osl~
·rtc1;o
~
~a t.e~.&cn
of EJ:eedom in
he wamea tho
Cbtnese that. t'he Unlto4 states ~as not a •pape"' u~• endthreaten~. to
uae egat.net.•em •netJ _.. ~u.l weeponc of
p~lo.lon. t1bl.eb
.em "t.tetl¥ ttes--
mill~
euoets t:l'thcu"ti.
oDaangtarbg 'unte1at.e4 c~V!Uet'J cenU"OS"t that: le. 'te.ct1ea1
9
llllClee%' bQmb$..,>6
coftfo~e
a press
.
-~ ..
t 1 ···a~
ln .$
rr
~-
.
••__ ,_c. r
-~--
.-
.
rr~
s~lS" ~•. ·~-t. Et.~r, ln
on l6
...
ti r
~~.
l.ndi~~-4
.
'
tbet. the
_·n.
6?
Do lfA1:;rqrJL UmM• a• ~etY a.tsa.
48
lbl4tt• 4 Marcb .l&Si-.
49
lbld.. ?, 0
.
.
:Q
9 .MarCh' 19'55*
Ul'ltt.~
States
74
· ~he m.attat aroaohotl a .;U~ ~ on 2G M•ch 'the nettspepei:D
beattUnoti the proes nwa ~bat e. bifb e.dndftist~~. offlclel
(Mm.l~al Cerney) ·bell
looke4 the• ocma tbet:
his stlv1sors £e~ an. ~~
51
and tbo Mataue.
Xt;
Pcesta.ent •4
~hO
Ch:lnee• ett.edt agalnot ouemov
vas ~It~ \$a' ·mtUt;.etY ~sOils -~
~ng the _P"0$!4ent. •·t:o 4ll~~ .R$\ Chtn$•a ml1tt-;ar:y pOten1:tnJ.·
.
'
an4 thus and its ox.pansloniei: tQndenctes,.. aS.ng - - c mapons.
Tho se.mcoy bd.eflng ·otea'ett a 6u:ot"e tn the: ·uutect. Stntes•
Tbe· ~~nt.oricsn
pmlto wl10 bed. lleoft. pi'Omlse4 •m
ebe11enQ'Gtl11b$ wlsd'cw of
~
0 ...
"·~· ~il\0>
.,_,.Jiftfc
•s,l-.it-o
,_.~;
··""~
..,.
on Arn$t'!CE#l
.,no
aba&.n~
.
•en°
~Dtgtat;ion 1 s
..w,~.,_
~•- b-A - • ......._
.. QU<· """''"' ·~.1/i;J
oeeultr' .a
. tJ> Whl.ob. the.
of
·1'.~
.ae:nsel$$8 po:Ucy
~-·-_.. ·""""eft.....,_
<~ol\iOO!.!IIJ~o:t."' llli#Q~.U9
United stetet:J could~
Manr •JXhfal!ftll poJJ.tdot..ens ana lnstltn..
..,lalm·~
t.lonsu tmrne4 the PJ:es14eftt.
~Gl~
c•J!'fino
4
4lv14ea:. Aat.lon
intO "the ~ wa~t at a ~ng pl~ at e \ftOng 'ttrno• ~aa on
'
'
31 Morch .sJ.eenttower (Jt;t:cngly
p.-eatc~lon. bUt
4ls~ ~&1; CturDQY•# 11aJ:
po.intcd out. ''tba't notbt.ng Sbottld bG done. to
53
4est:RtY thO 11:JDrele of. •
Nat.&onel-1.-st. i;.$!'C)Op;J,. · Apa&"t f~m,
I
.
,,
·rt.:26~
50
Bisenb.Qvu,
ss.
lbld~~•
52
Dt»'• Blemlng, 0 0\11:' ~nk-of.WQt: ~plom~ ia ·~
lr~ca St'rnttJJ~ Do. ummem.•QUttsAA ~~lx
p.,4'7'1 •.
p.O?s•.
lUteh) • vo1.9, 1)0.3,. 8$~ 1956• P•. Itt
$!
.b
Nft.U !P.Ils .1&t!!9§~ I .APJ!'£1 &95&..,
75
.
intem~onet
support• Important e111es of the· Vnlted Sta1:es
es ttae. a.-eat B,r1~aln.•. Ce.ft~, AUstt:~lla e.'fi4 JE~Petl
ateepprcwea· tho· us P>U(:lf on' tr.he •fif$bor:e ltrill~··oe auemov
.such
ana MatsutJ• '1'bts wat.J the situation -~ th$ .ten:u:.Ns Chou an.
lld. pe$Ce off~ came i~ liFidUDfft soon ef'te_.# tb~ fl~
'
TaJ.wf;jft St~:'$.11:$
cr1ats., tfbtcb
-~·tho
united $tetes
bd.'ftk of 'tt&r: wt~ Ct¢na, ,gr~elly ft'bsl<l.a. Thu.e
e.
to~·
heetl-
,1ong us-tme oo1Us1on •ee n~iy ~~
In t.'b.S.s
~n
en.
at~t
~r
tt111 be· m$te to
tho
toUcwlng; queatJ.ona•fkat, what was the ~:rtance of thO
offshore 161~ to the ~~ the
"'
.I
respective
na~e.l
l.n.tl!res.tJ
r
.me
Gnd t:l\e USA
.
•
.wb¥ &.4
Secona,~
..
"
•
;
,
choose to preotpitfato the· otlt4.s in early
.
to
~
I'
the·
Cb.t.n~l$
•
~rl
Pically,
WhY 614 i:bey ret:Jted?
~· stgntflc~
China i·s
c;ui~e
pc,es~on
of
.F-mro
ob?lou&.
of these
~£.iJ!'e
not only un®r tl\0
bUt al$0 u.ndar e
.
legJ.tJ.~.-
the.
~.tty
to
~:tat.
pot.ftt. of vl.Qf,.
:in the ~· of a t»stlle ~·
tmr'":vel. rtt ·t.hts .oue, 1:hd t.s1$MS
1•1~
spells danger to tt.s w:ry·
.
t~ olfs'hO~re isl~
d.val
~atton
oe
4
~~#lU\@.t'tha~
.
.hostile
~1:.
was un«e.r:ml.ntng .its
SoconCily:. the. ~-G' loc*ton of t.hese islandS
und~ Nat1onollst..~l
we.p
~
to .be a PQterlU$1 tbJ:eat.
to Cblnes·e eoestal ~ftg atta ~130 to tht! fC'GE! USQ c.f tbO
76
waS
just. ·.beg&Mlng
~, ~
.
t.:ee £nt..,etionel tn.dO• Jltnally.
~ROC tme· ~og
mlU.'nff
vent~
Na--t~n$U.Stb $3ltO lGW'lCtd.~
pot.nt, the
rmd gu«<111e ec:Uvitt.ee
~-of these 1~1Mds•
~geln:$t tbo.
fz:om n.
triteWgenee
matnlant \1bleb,. to somo
ettent• • • bevo eont;.tJ.bUtod to. ~$t1C polJ.Ueal
bllf.t.Y• Hence· the
lt. .t.s rot
~1#a,
~oa
Of tho PaC if:O
'
bOx-e 'that t.l'JG·
~teke· th(!:
c~
1~
iSl(!rtds•
.
1101.a1<1 h&YG· been
setisfle$ if they lW1 oue<:Qe4Q4 '" U.bera1:UO "these klenda
ft()Jtl
Nat:J.onalln
co~l.
.t~
J.s true
~
tbo
~ate
o bloo4y ln!.ttlo td.'h the ttott.onallst$ on Quomoy
4U"t.ng ~ lest d• ot t.l'IQ. c.t.'dl t1et-t But. ~t ~ teel.ly
1:1.aato:a e.t tbis ~s.rne
not, t::.be .mctw. tu:'001ess Mo.t.sus. ttO.t
be4
l.o&~
w•
tlW Ou(St)7S, eupp:>cting
The ctU.noae were
·of t:he&e
1sl~
1ntetp~
fact.~
'
~lJ.l
e~ ~gn
tbousana
fishe~.
to unaorstana that tnero
w1t:hout Tetwen wou14
t.bG!t
ane
far:me~
~
st.gn:Uied
~QptMCe· of a "~h1ntU'Jt~
the C"G.Gl eoncem cf the. COtGrnQn£ats \1$l
llbei:l;l~on
<c
le(lSt.
soJuttt')fl. · zn
~a1t1all;
on 11hlcb
th$re was c ~·en~ that; ttao o1e11td.ng to be. the euth~ic
spoke~
of 600 tnllllon
Cbl~
was eba11~ t:hela:· rlgbt t.o
people end ttt. ·t:;be. samfl
wte
the moin.1an4~
fo-r the Chinese, "aiwfJJ) and t1'JO oftshott;s 1slsnas
7
umo
In Shott'.,
~re ~st
ln<U'Viala.tle-
For
~ NQtionaUstG~:
1Glen4s vee only
thO
p~yehOktgl.o-aJ."
t.mpo~:tanee
of
~e:
offsbc.w:e
1t baa no bearing on tbO
77
oecuritY of '!raf.ttoltt for t.he lslanas ·wet'& et a
iOO mtlos.,
tant>ttlous
~t:,
tntlft t:tS
.1949
matter. An •
con~t:
But hO
"f!lt.ional.U~
c~sci--y
0J.:'U4h ·t.he ~~sts •.
1n t'JblCh the Ublt$ti
.414 not have t!he
0~ tt$0,
botnol~•
~
thet:e
.tn
-.$
&ret.
ant possf.J:dltty of
ouch en
~nt\lsl1ty
to tns'ted.al•
t'ben tile· Hation$-llats :wou14 (lea the o£!sboi'O 1slends
.jumptng.eff pJ.cce
fo~
retnvadJ.ng the moin1an4•
Chiang bel! kept. noarlp
ss,ooo ~lki:relnett
es
·C
That te uhy
ttoo»& on. 'tbeso
An4 be belle-.od tbnt. lf 'tho ~- uere :fomed to
surrender under Oon\rlt\tftlstzc pPSsure then Cot t«>Ul4 hcvo l:l
aJ.sestrous
;A$
~ychOlogS.cal .imp~ ·Oft
te1::
most t.o 1t
QtJ
-~
hitJ mat.n forces on l'atwan.
tltQ Vnlte4 ste.t.es 1e CODQemea,. what matt.®e4
'le1wunr56
.
Only in t."htuae of • ge-..al Astan wv,
Sf;t;.ltet'l WC>UM\ be $nbl!\)lle4
ttlth Cornmunlst
hla retum to tho
islands~
ttith
·to achieve his G'GPrame gonl.
1
·tae~
tUff~
comebe.Ck ta the maiftlend and was l'l1l!k1ng a11-out
lmew \?Oi'Y well ·that tbe_
eonfUe~
e
of nearly
statufl on the· island• All "bo t.I.Jne ho tte&
pJ:eperation& .$!nee
to
,.~
hn ttee, bG wu14 never have men
.a me_.t.' pt'leonor•o
~nr£ng :fo~t ~
to Qbl:eng it
dJ.stanc~
~offShore
1s1en4c
wo~ of tes~X"
78
k&pcr~eot:
the
OUd.ng the
o£fl#ho~
o~:l$1$ •~•
lslauc!s coul« lX1
us comnd.t:Mmt. to defen4
~l(!!ftltt
by ·t;hG· feft
tha~
·tbe.
u~ po11cy
'bUt to
at. tble time· w® Uo& • • t:o t~~· 1sl~ -tlS sueh.
one lnMI' that to RtGst~ C:blsng: st~o~. .lt 'tfte
J.slmdo
tte.l'e impoft~
l,f.ttlo cbotco bi1t
the
~
to Chleftg, ~ft ~ Uatte« Stelle$ bd
wggon blm· :t:f! 't.ha' vas
_us poUc:r. ves pu.$ly aefcmsiV$ in naturo
of '\he cri,sis wao
t;.btt.-e .anp
evtaonce _,
~
tl'etion wouUi suppoa:t Chteng•s enbtt.lori to
lan4t~ss
Coming to the secou«
that t.be Chinese t10Ulti
Li;st!lli• ·
't:.
pl:~1Ceble•
.a $.t
tJO ote.g(!
that. <:;1\3 admtatr.a.
~et
·thO·
mctn-
~s~io'n, it
have
~m:eci
is to b9 notea. h~
Te1va tn ~h'Q yeat 1950
is thE!. in~altlon of tl'le l.ieventb ·Flee~ by ~a
Unit«! states ,ln J.at& JUJ'le 11hloh stot.Xl ou tbe wey of
,teunlfylng
auto
·~
mot;borl•• 6ooft tho
~
~n!.sts fought
a hot ·
trer in Kotoa at1d Ut:tle ·they omla b4ve dOllO S\'!gardlng Tai:4fan
u.n&!r· theSe cLrewnsttme.os~
But a.1l ~ 'd.m3 t~ w~ vlg1lmit.
$1l4 tre.¢:e aeJdng ~r 4Qf~ P~8J"a~
1ft
J:eSpOnfie
to
~
79
~ us
to t.dte
mllf.tell? ·tavol~ in tnle island~ Tho 4ec!c£01l
~eittan
ecuon Gtalnst
conclustcn of
tl\e
wes pJ:O'btlbly te'kOfl a!t$r t.hb
GenevQ~ ·~~s
on
X~na
Ftetn the2l <mvet'4s,. t:nG ~see st~ea.
l954M;
tc Julr
e •a»l4
Jntlit.a~Y bUlla..ttp on i:be· QU.Mlr;e cocs~ etpposiu 2'e1wart &1Jtf .
. 1QlftChetl e maaalve· PJIOP11tJenae cemp\'llgc over the tmpondl.flg
l.lbetado» of ~ef.'tf&ft, An<~. ·~ ~ 4cc1sl.on tO ptect.pt-ta~
the crisis an
s &apt.embar•
was pxob®1y .an.
in«t~•
conferc.mc:e tthlch gM
ergu~
4&Y Manila Contemnce· ~•.
·o£ thOU: et.rcng
b!,rt.h to the .South
·FlnallYt \'!hy 414 tbe
been,
~·
ChlneQG ~at-
a
tb.at. *1QQk of SOV!et.. euppof!'t.
Oia~~
cf t:he
East. Asia Wr:eetr
•
~&at1
f.o~
It htlS
Peld.ng wna
lfhY t;he e!.tuat.I.Qn. in tbe ~et.uan
Streit ·e&se4 .b 14Qo~dl.,;•S$ ·Aoo<J~g to Haleb, 0 <the
pJ»bebly en .f.rnportmt
s~iousAaSQ
1"0~.
td.dl t4\leh.
~
Chinase took 'the United Stat,es .
thred to \Ule mele(Lt' ttettPOnD '~• 4emonstroto4 !n ·tbetc- deel•
nlon1. :t;¢0'bably ·l.rl la.t.e
M~,.
'rd~.St:.rt;litct•S'I ~lbi.J.e
t.o atop 'thQS.r offena1w in tbo
~g tho ~e of
oi. ~ two (ltlt.hpl!'s* lt ~¢eft
no\ totally
atesonanc:e tdtb the. eo~t.;lon
be 1n4\lbltobly .a:£~ ~hat the~· 4ec1ston to cte-escalate
·
56
51
?J
~os
... r
_ -, ,;••••
tt t _
··rr·· _.-
80
oerUar !>y·
Chinese ptQbeb1y. 1lftel!' t.bo· .coneinston of us-ROC rmtbl$1
~·
the i:l.mc!on ln tbe· Stnd,ti$
t:he
det~ ~ty.
arrived nt tm1Cb
.
· · A. c:loco po¥Uee1 o£
·S$~ovlet
ulstenee c:f in;lortant
bOfO#'O the c.r!eJ.s wou~ po~ tbo
diffc=-eneos oe ·opl.Jlion as to
th~
Soviet. eteat.y of· frien4Gblp ·and
leaders
tofet:~
for eofeguet'(l!ng
rel.atlcns tn the perto«
applt.ceb1Utw of tho stno.
0a!Uencer~
Wbl.le the Cblneso
to the $1)J.ence -es the reUQblo founda't!on
oe f.SQSQ
'ftbe vbO·l.o tter14• t.he
m«-~B
ESooVJ.~ leeti~s
9f.»m.PM
Egt
d
spoke of Che a1Uance i!lO ·
a ~riul £actor; in presetva,,on o$ ~--.A!!I.tJSSBdtr .ot&U
tme ~"~ ThUS the SOVlet le~J:s c!olibetlltely omittd
•peace en4 seaueity
of ·the Per D~ fl:om. ~k stE1tt:.!mlmts•
l'h$6 vas en .tn41cat1~n
to
t~ Cbtnase· 1~,;-s
not eoun• :upon full SO'Vtot
~n
tbnt. tbe7 otn114
1n any offatWivo vontu.re ln
the Fer lest.. · ·
· Slm11._.1y,
of So'Viot
hent!l.,
•t
Kb~'s metPt.d.n era
OJ\ the· .roat.toar
ouppcu:t' to Tatttan d:ud.ng tbO glslc., On th~ ebb~
t;'hc dtne of Sovl~~ l.Ga&ats • v1s1- to Peklng to la~·
september imPoft&nt
Soviet
silent.
41f~~Gtl
wit~al £t:Om
eroee over tb0
quos~
of
*'ott Anhui;- ana. .tall I'Oed eonstrttct.ton
linking Cblne t4tb tbe SO'Vlm Uflloa.
..rm
Sov.leM: cefueed to
81
leavo behind
~J.r
U'\111~
heavy
1D Poft Ar:tbur end stated
flatly tMtr um7111ingnoss to ·b&oz- ·tbe eRpC.mso for t.l\0. cons•
t%\tCtton of r&tko.S la Cblneoa te=ttory .1ft. te$poase to
lattor*tJ r(quest659 in b1s t"ally ~bon 30 Septembeto.
t
'
~SbclvW pl~ tha~ ~· 0 SOviot
with thO
C:h1t~Gso
oympetbiec~
p$0plo 6.ooply
people'$ ,..coblo cwso.., of 1ZU.1.181\ libe#et:.lot1
.an4 °GUPPOI!t tho ctd.nesa people in thelt- 4eterminat:lon° to
l.fberato the IsJ.on4.60
How$"er• t.bougb the Sovlot 1onaer
aoreea that. -~aiwen
CG.n c~ly b) U~retealt" b~
t.o pledge Soviet suppoJ:t
-.n eny
co~- 't~tm!l•
refuoetl
In
fac~
thO
12 ··oetobOJ:' Stnt>soviot &Jclat:Gf:ion on fo~!Vft. PG~r 414 not:
mention tho
J.iberoUo~
of
~otwan et all, tbf>ttgb lt
staowso'vlet eooper~ os
M4 $Geu.ri(:y in tho $.'ar
+r.eit.zen
•e reUable 9\la¥entee lot' pea.ce ·
~6$t.1'
wa.s •J.nc:ompatlble
spOke of
"'th
Qfld
~
f:.hat us
oc:cup~ti'OJ'l
of
'tht!· ·-t~h of m&intaLn1n~ ~e J.n
the ll.er B$Gt" .&J
G1von· tbS.o state of
befosre
~
Stm.Go'd~ .~1etionS.
&u:'J.ng enfl
ct<iols., lt oe,n be sn£e1y eonc1udod: tbst. the Chinese
might have ~ ~hat tho sov1ot o1lpport was 1\lhewam 1ft natUre
59
St%Qbo ~elbe~e.
TQQ!~
J1m!
od•• ~·-Raff11! .. !~,;TJm
(Rey Delb1. 19 .. · • PPo'2 , . & 248ti
JQ!t
ClW.!A,.Um!ft .lg~. (P()klft9)• 10 8ept~ 19~,
aJCMPA>ii&~ .~B.W!§w DOe902* 6 Qct.obet
·~
19~. PP•2•11o · ·· ·
· · ·· · · ·
··
61
l?or s.lno-so'U'ltlt! Jolat Deel.-ad.on, S2 october 1954,.
fili!l•
Ck:.-to.bC1:' 1954.. .ln. !bid•a ttoa90G.
..
, PP•2•3•
1~
12 October
82
Gl'1d tho!: cou14 .cot JOly on
tl.ho c:ri.oi.s in
~t.
t:o
~t.
p~ba
Yet~·
C:Ommur.d.sts e.ooe~
us tntentJ.oM-
~ause ~
f•P'll• t.hGttp q1WJ.ous1· tras
·c:kHa0.1uet.on of ~be os-.aoe mu.tun.t 40f01'l\':o
k'ftOtt ~a't the us ~:tma:bt to
·not.
cle~~ii
au~ thO
treaty 1ft <tat1y Pecember must. he.vo «topelloa tho doubts .tn
Chl;noso .mindS ieg~ng ua eomms.t.rnartt to Chic:mg i<ei•sholt~
Jt
must l'\avo. bGCft
coul4 not rcteko
epp~nt
~alt1an
bf
' Pe'-<.ing"'s
..
·.
to aetS!Ai'tJ 1oa4C#s that •hey
£o~o-.
Md tf thQV
thO
<:t1ele ln Jem,GX'f 1955, l't; vas ·baoausa on
~e.
crista wu1d 'have aigtdfJ.ai c 1oos
lt wuld how.
ret.J;eating
b~
~
ul4&17
"~:.gfda aoo~
~t Ollt1
of
Qf' f~ f<:tJ:' ~ PACe
1tator:p~ 'the~
the Ol\4neoo
~·
prossuft.
t10t that ·,altaid of ftUC:loar
tbroat by the Vn1~ S\etca• Tllof kftew t.bat ~· Ameticana t1M'e
undor. m:.t:o!lg preosuo from 1~ tilli.OIJ such as thO Gt:Oe;t Britain,
S$.mlle1'1Yt 'the Cb!nese
tiel!\)
Conad.a. .AUst.Jt'alla en4 J,epen that wate eh>t'Otlgbly
us pOlicy on tho ·of:fshoft
1elea.4s~
Agatn.
·~
Clisepp~Ying:
Americ- poopl.o
were strongly ~ ~be· Ptestd.fmt tblit ble blenk cheqUe
'( .eu,tbo~Lty 1Jdet: tho foJ:mOaa ReSQlutkrJn) mt'u'.ft not 'b3 caahe4
on QuQn'lf)y~atsu.
1Sn~tt
theSe .c~~s. l t tf01114 ·bavG.
..._...._
-.~~ d-•s
- .iv.
il<li.n·· •..-no..._ .,.Qol!o,..,.
n•......
~"• 4 ........
••cu.M
~• ..
~wn
nucle~
0 !:
•""o
.....i.!-•. 4•..s ............
Wf. ~l._.n
""""q."'fl-o<
....,""'
.....
....
·~ '""""
~
weapons. EP;Jetnst Cl4nfl.•
Fror_n 1lbo aboVe· d1swliJ$lon, it te, oleGW' 'tha1l tho Cbtnos.e
mtght ·hlllr$ njectcd 't:.ht'llrt ml.lt.tazy fRl:Occh 1:o the·
liber.-ton.
03
t.....'
·. of !t'bittr#l
~·
leta
~t '*®2:0
of
vtcto,er•~
nac~.
Ao
· the~at!tion. of "cot1cs &u
Pront.-.,
~
Ia
eac~.,
Ch~
the
the.
\fe,£'0
KGO TSe-tuftt \1l:'Oto OJ\
Ptosont MUIIIiil'QPe!1(1tiJO UN.t.e4
Chinese Communists uoul<l
wt~t. cori;~ of
tho Comnl\ud.sts
~oa
no eccount. ftght.•••
ou~d'-62 'fhtls
tho Cbinose might
:have como to the conclusion that thO· problem 'COtt14 be .so1vQd
c>uly bY peeeeful means end: cot.h1ng could be done
o.perlltton fJ:Om thQ Un1't04 States.
fot an
oppo~ty
An4
~\bOut
thor must bO
eo.
loold.ng
to p:msont. tbeit nat: pon.cetul approach.
This -t:;hOy" got at 1!ho A!a;..Astan eoneere:noe: et Sand\mg ln APJ!'1;1
19&9.
stno-AmU1oen role.tlons
April 19·SS,
CCI;
E~nterod
o. nCM phaso
~~
on 21
t;lto Daftdung Ccnfa-oneo. P.l:'oml;C!t' Che\1 £n-loi
mc.a.e e. SM$etio&Ql announcanont by offodng to nogot.late ttith
. tho Unit.cd Stetes dicoctlYo
t:Qwet:d:o
t~ ~.m
\#at tU.eb
tho Un1t:e4
Ho nttereto4 ·cb!na•s fdond.shtp
peQp1p end. sol<l t.het China 414 not
Stf.l~ee.
rioe et. the. Ccnfercneof CbO'll
ur~d
bf"
~
·pf1RJ.eip_at.lng i!ou.nt.
cgJ:Oed ~- t'be.
ttM "tdlUng ·i:t.>· Glt 4otm. ,Qft4 on~#
t1tm~
Chineso go~nt
into nogotlaUona v1tb the·
84
UfJltca $\tltoo uovo=nent ·to dJoGCW)o tho qu~ton of nlafd.n~
ena o~S.elly ~ quoatlon of
utmof.on to thO POX" Best
· reldntt tel'lSlon ln thO ~t4ttsn e»Pa~,63
.
In Z"eOpoMa to Chou• s otfc• 1the· state
41at41y l$GU.o4
:a
~nt
c~ ·!11Wlt. p.~p~o
'Which tnslat.otl th~ N-etSonnUst
as en oquc~ &,n ·~· .~$lou conc:o~
lng thO .~a"·• lt. ce.lletl on tho
re1oastt ell t.he
Ame~ical'Js
·boeJ~
to stop S'bel:U.ag: .entJ.
....
~OP 'tho
No,tlonGlt~t ~cctim1:km jA
e.o:ccpt4blo to
offe~
J?Nc
b014 lfl. Chtrtose Communist j(lllt3 to
pro..re lts 111004 1ntent:I.OllS0
4emend of
.Depertmont ~
Cbba~,
su.t
the
PRC
64 The Amed.Caft
Wl':l4o
t!elktl cou14
no~ '~
eoAttnuett to· koop :t<:s
ltt fact- Cho• an.loi to14 the P$ldst:&nt P.J:.lmo
®Cft·•
._¥ Amed.<!M td.tmen 110U14 bo. 1'01eas04
lf tmo tJfti~ s~ ~cd to ftOQOtiato oa Tetvan.cns
Mln1&tel" prtvstoly ehat
~err
cf ·&bate. Dulles took: , _
PrOSS C0~$1Ce Oft
s~at.os
WG'I:ll«
~.
negotlctc
lslen4o6
.~;w:;,
63
64
GS
_
r __ ..
I_
.•
_
r
·-.-
'IJf
ln~
~ s~•s
of
m>t;.
ot 'the· ROC behintS 4.-te
~clt:1an
hO 041ca.S. blt
uic:b 'the PRe Cil4 cu.4
qptt'wf
ttbon. 111 a
26 AP~'il• ·tm po~ C>ut.. ~- ~· Urd.tetl
41ecuss t.no
be.cl¢ tto~
~114
md
~
w£l'~ess
itt14Gt: Oft NeUon&llt*
ot·:eobQh
·to M\W!Ua"
p~aipatlon
_-_~_.,.
"Rott ChOU's stet~ ~ Psmlt~lsiblllf:\c. =~lo,·
16 Me! 1955•
sao
~se C<J~4t.
latentlono lo ,o#JnOsa Ate a• ..
1n B~ .l."d• .lata .1\ll:MS:U!t 2
fJ).Q,l!m': .YAI'bi llmM• .&6 liPd.1 ,19!5•
Mer
i9SS. Po131~
85
.
!J!?· g. -~\11!~ ttr
talks.• $ 6
In- a- similar ~one President
Slscnhower sol4 that. tho Vnltod Ste.tas '*ttOqad -~ ne4Y to moe\
J.t
the CCntm.Ullst.a
f:Jlry.
tttoro sot:m.at to ·bO -sn. oppoftUnlty fo$' us
_fu~ the easing ·cf tono!ofle. tmo .. ~~emcnt. o.f uo.t14
bGc~
and cet'tein:ly gett.lrlq
Jt~ t:ho foUot-~lng
hls offet to
t:ett~
au
ti\Ontbw Premter Chou En..ltll ego!n
ne~,l-at.o
td.t'h the Un1t.e4 States to eri~
~- ~tt
to the St.an41ng
on
Nation~ P@Opte•s COng,.-es!J
11 MtlY• ChOU
. __
_.
_
_
JJOAj!a-g t1M' ~ill-ir.tg \0 StJrlVO tot thO lib(.¢~lon
Co!M\ltt.ao o£ the
_
~
&tat$4 tha1:
o£
~Givan
J;>e$ett#
P#'isof~QJ:'s0 ,61
t.cms!on
in tho Te$-wtln atGs• ln
.
_
to
e \l<..i ng
b1 peoceful moans eo
be .teltote.to<i ~
we• (J
f~
as lt ls voeslblod. But
c:J.td.m to Tat.w• by· saying 'tbt'lt. «~no
nogoUetioas nbou34 11l tihO·
oU~$"' d~
affect. tho Chinese
peoplo•·e oxeretse of thou own..aowrotgn d.ghts,. tbei.t Just.
..ti--,;111
...~
_......, ......_
....--....a.v···
"'~~ -~
~~
ls to
'li'¥'
be=~
ss.~.r
P.tostdont
1_.~_....__
~q.'"""
.......
M_..
,..._.,._fJe
·~·'~:'#~..
•
·t.hd tbough S$ot:etotr lldloa, M4
4la no\ .tetnf£ Cbou.•a
»ertJI.a~en't
offore
ll090'.1eto* tho tmt.te4 st.ate$ ttctJ not t'hen enatoue to «eel
Cd.r$Ctly ld.th a te~- tmlcb it ~ed ,_, ~t~e ems
to
\d.ebed to
a·
·1eo1~~
r : ~ ..
L
. J
1 _ .f ·-
t.'he ~tsucth)ft ttas p~1M'1?
raJ:Iinf
Keoneth.~.- Yot1ft;,. -~~~m
l968) ,; .p.,6G.
.
•
.
., .
~~ •~-89 V-f-w,fi-iv:~-.~ ~ -NG\1 Yor:k;
61
68
IIJS. am ?Cam ~:.vassb aa April '9ss.
·seo SU.pplcnt'mt. to ~ .8&001 no.,12,
P•6•
_
·
. .
..
16 June .1955.
86
coneomcd &bOUt too. r:oporc;usstona that t.ho 4oal.J.ngn tdt.h
Peklng t10tald h&vo had on
t~ t;bo.
llot1evG#, ~ent1Yt
effona of t.hO Un1tod KS.ng4om aJl4 lndJ.a; at
insistence of SenErt:ors
.end under
~oiPGl•
~<l!
Walt~ f? • <~qeorgo
and .Lyndon B~QtmSOI'l,
p.ressuo of Mortem and. ellS.ed oplnJ.on,
St~ca Pepattmon~ l!'ovet:'Soii 1~o
~~~E)
~
oatUer stentlo !'buS• tho
un.J.t.ea Si:atos tm4 ·thO PRC issued e eomrnuntque on
as July.
1955,. 1n4lce.ttng thoir ogteanent to J:alat\ the consuler-levol
t~llta tntt1~
l!l ·tbo
p~evloue
yaf)J:' s'IS. Oenovo Confct't!noe on
tndo•chinn ·l'll'l4 t(orea to .att)bastJ4®!t1&1-leve1
t~blch
\10U1d beg!n
on l AUgust 1955 1~ ·Geliava"GSt
'fbe Unlt()d Ste:t:.Qs a~~ to flCQOtioto ~:Cluc:tont.ly.
a
lll$'t~
o.f
~oncy
es
wit.b t.t-10 .Principal mot1v•• f:ll!'ot, 'tO
pr;obe Poking• s intentions regera!ng Tatwen on4 G®Ondly, to
nogoUato t.ho
repat~tintioft _,f ~ fo~ty
in Chinoso commu.niot jails.
govo~t egt"oed
a rOQOgntt.ion of
to
~ho
s~t.t..le
Pll.C:.
sn short,
An'lericl,Uls
·1mp~J.mno5
tho United Selltes
cpocitio tssuea \rl.'tbQut J.mplying
1'1\0. Cbtneso on: 'thalt pert pmbe.bly
t11Shod. to· diocuss a bcoed eange of ioSt.tes
•nq
t1hlcb Te1u:on
question vas its top pr1ont.y. aut t.ho Chtneso government
dJ.4 not. put. fOrwatd I1AY preconc.Utions,
thQ tt.poncb-sheeln c.g.r<3(!mont. tmd
of 4j.plomaQy .•
i~
·h04 just atgaed
vas lD .a conciUato&y phese
87
aofo.re
t;hG 1:.al~s
sttlrted. in
$OCI'~ ·of Ste~
hop(!d
~to
Chi.nese
Dulles oaf.tl
una out ~ thQ
co~.
tnr~
~
tl'lo United States
fo~ng: ·~ ·trbothe.t'
-tba
eecep- tho croncopt. of a ceaDeft.a:e in
.e.ecorcteneo tfith tho UnltQd Ne.Uono
uae or
both aidos ~1alnn4
At e ptl03n oonferc:mco on 26 July
tlhe1r n$pe'Ct1W JOS1tlonD:•
195&,
Gerlrava.
~rlncil>le
of avol41ng .ony
of foJ:QO wbl.eb coultl alst.Urb 'tho
pea~
of
naldo:nc",.?O OA the Pert of thO Pac• Ptolftier Chou sn-lel
eaplo11104 lt& poo.t.tioft 111 JU.s npos::t to the Vtret NatS.Onal
Peop.1e 1 .o Congr'OC$ of tho PH at.
U~o. SQOOnd
Session oa 30 July
l9SS* cmtl~ie& ·*'fi\G P~t; intQmQionol Situation
Forolgn PcU~•
n.egoUat!on~
ill
He -.1~ the PRC.•·s
~ ttGY$•
postttoa
(ll)tl
Chi.na'o
rag~ng
PJ.rst• he 1Wt:-e4 the. lssuo to ba
tsettlaa bet,tr®n tho Vftite4 s~-.e.s u4 China to **Tho ttnJ.to4
states• oecupatlotl cf cbtne•·s tel"d.toJY Talttaa en4 1\t.l .lntor-
feretteo dth trhs
sccoft41y~ ho
Ubet:~
of Cbttte 1 (f .coastal l.ol~s 0 •
·aecl.arett tbflt. h 1tm
~tao PRe ·~
~fotte
to Ub:ttre.t.c Welvan
·«np·lof' •,oac;GAtl means~.~ tncl\l4lft9 ..ft.taettOfta
·ttl"h the •s;ponttt~Q
POltmetl out. \h(l\j. U
t.oe:al
aut~mJ:.t.uos of'
t;ba Ul\ltcMl ~
Tail'len" ~ .fft.1
~ ealtle• tb3 pto~·
b11lt..Y ,of tho pOace£u1 Ubo..eaUon of -tsvm
PLnally., ho
t:ejec~
auwo
Cbl.nas0
~w i~asoo
settl~
.ana. 4cc1ere4
Peld.ag 't10U14 l.lC'\101." -=dOPt .tt,,.?l
10
JblCI#;; :»o22l•
7l
.f.(I}RH*.s Cb!pa• S10•16t 16
~bee'
AUgUSt
1.9S5t Po7 o
~hal:.
88
l'hO AmJ)QOSt:t!Oriol
nave
·~.
~,a tthlob St.~
ch&'C'sotcr!ae4 t1D
·~.
to
fJ.o,attng diplomatic gGtnO
CD I Augu.ot.
longo$t. $$tsl>Uoh04
.
-
no~ bittf»~•·
filled a useful purpoeo for JxJtb
~
'
.
Wlm ~lk$ ft11•
~es becou~ ~Y 110\1
~r! ro~vo
had G. W:l'llable ehannol to Qn.PWn
P'JS1t1ons
· on various tssues end t4 evo!4 tbta· danget 9t l'l&r thf:Ougb
rnlscalculat!on. Aft.or:
e.~~
10
mti~el
on
»eo~
sift tfodm oe
bflr4 Qegoti&tioma t:ho
&-etum of c1v11tcns was. ~ec:t
1955. au"
.t.rnpo~ 41lf~s
soon arose ovor .. ·
Tbe Vbltea statos.
the m~ter 9f it®lomontlng t~ eg~:Gements~
•
4eman.dod
$D:
on
..
1i
•
l.rAmc<i1ntf'J ODd uneondltionol . ftleese of all
:-
Amot1eans. bo14 in Ob1nc, cut the Peld.ng &ea4.eto. .:-el(!ed~
t.bem· in
a.n
J.nc~'tdp pJ.ec~al ~-esht-on.
dett that tbo
eottll~
odmlnel.tf eou;la
~·
·the dlser:otion ol ju~tal ~ft..d.es~
ThO·· PRe
co~
re·leaeeet on1r at
:aut ~llr, Pdi!ng
:co S.ntt$tUm w €8e $11 ~r1eans t4~ & tlrao 'tfh!Cb ~14
hav.-e ln3ant oU get.n £or
umtea: States 'tJ!tbout o:n.y co~
hed:
'bO
POnaing tan~ble ~'" to ~· ChltJOse s14o~ ln fact,
Pold.ng wonted to 't1SO tJ)o -~ Amat'ieens os ·e ~gatnlac;r
ot\lp to prcoG ~asl'd.ngton to gtvo concesst.ono on other lssuea#
such as
'
td.~e:tal
oe us
I
tNPPO~
-C
·f!:om tba ROC# ~el of
_,
•
89
p~ COfiOOI'IiSo
po~ 4o$l~o
lcou.ou~~:
t.o 4lscuoo oll tho®
edtlc1BG4 ehe .PRC
as an ov1deneo
"
ltot10\1et• 'tbo Un1t.oa st.e.t.ea bed no
fo~: 1.~
fai.luo to
of .bc.4 £atth
tat~4
J.t, .~noly
imPl~t
1tc leek of
conoa-
the ag-~1!
any conct.Um £o•
~ ?(J.lucn.
D.1scusslono
on 2'oitten b.';lgan :in
O~bet•
.
'
oo
~s
'tb.Ot'DY
.
'ftler
excbongca swvel iknf~ ~lo~ocs. 1.n wblcb ·tho longueoo
ol tohe ttm· .ot4es · t.bough coming c&ooer atad 'c!o•r- t:.oget.Mtl
10tNGt: botb Dl4os Qdop~ ~onc=ll&ble pos&Uonso
614 nat erttve at a
'
~
'
pol~t
uso of
.
"so1f-4e£enct.~•.
of
tho PRC
t,bG•
foJ:CO in tha
'
~h$
/
United Stat.o:s :psopot:Jc4
. tbe
occept;;Gble t.o b>tth &ldesb
tt!o t.WO e.t4os Cfr®. to J:etlOUtJCo.
T.etttan
~e
tm.<1oPt fo:c- the·
The· obVtouo us motiw
w:t.$
PUJ.'POSe&
to pot'wede
to oeeept a <=eG$ef1u-e ln 'tho TalffeJI suatts so
to. otebi.Ueo t.b.e &tat.us que,.
~ 1ndi~y, the Vftl~
St.atos f)9ked tl1S PRe to (t(:CCJn: tho
:
MoX'GOWJ:;
·•
ell tibG vs dt'dts
.afl
sep~aee
~llci.t.ly
status fo# TellfM•
meffitlnett 'tho·
~1gttt
o! 11lft61v.t.&\e1 omi colleeU.w s~tlf-4ef(!Jnce" tthleb c:oul4 imply
t.~· :VtiU.dlty of t~ u~ Nu~al ootoneo ~.1 1
90
Tho Cbineoo eottmumo~ qat~y .~ ilhmu;b ~ us
lftOtlv® fOr e
~ ·=~
· Qblna and
c~td.nao 0 so·l~
of a
coaso£1~
bced)So there·· wu no
ttat ~
ssxmtny, tl'IW· pot.~ cu• .thait
thek rt~ to
.eoz:ce 1n tal~
thO Vm~ ~o
~ ·COuld
~
.not;
&ettlemont of
an~
a.e
41spute,
betttean t.bsmsel~c en4 thO
migbt. emp~y ~@.1
'
i•t!).••
'f:.b.e· etv&l 't1_..
ilt:.f4onallsts. Of
moans
t.o
~ate
cbOieo .,.,_ t.betro' am.\ they· eonld aot
't.o
~ly ~Jectea
en4
cou~:ae.
TQS.w$1).. tA\tt the
~nco
uoc fot'Oe to solve n dotnGS'aio lsauc,..
thQf
so
t:bei:"
fact,,
C"ltbt
t.~
ttMted,
to Jtoop tho Op\$otl Of U!ftg fOft.'!O to 1lber:a,te Te.J.tttm tn
futui:o~
'F.tfteUy., tho· Chtneae Ac'e£~ ~sertetl tbO pd.aclplo
Of "mutuel tcop¢Ct fOS" tGJ:d.todaJ,
~Jltogri"yft
.
. • Wbicb. couJ4
.ltt\PlY the l.cg1t.ltntlCY' of PoJtLng's clnl.tn to 11ef.wen.,14
M~enwbtlo" tho Clllftotto PJtOpoSc:d o &scusslon on
Chino
'
ue40.
cont:e.ate.
aut.ual oxel'tQngos ofi '*"omon -
P~lcl:ly,. tohoy tfOal
us..
ot;hor oulwral
inteJ:Ostea. l.n hoWng e
i'o#eigra Mlnls'Cers' C()nf~o ~n Cbo\1 :Bn-.lcl e.n4 D'obft
Hostel" DullOS•
~~
ts
to bO: noted tbat t.he· CMneso 9~ Qll
thooe P!'OP"Ottk vlthont lnsJ.~ that tbe UN.~ States
(lgtOO to ~1tb4ret
fi:Olft 'Waf,:c1eft US
.$ ~t$1on fQS'
diGCUSOlotl
91
OJ' ~ct
~· UtU.t$4 S~t.es
SU.t
diacues, ehOao l.oroC~"
bt4
llO tncUt~Gt.lon
to
!oaueo as long co thO AmerlctllJs vcam
d~ne4 ia ~
DuUon ·~~ ~- a Fo"l;t~ MiftltSt.ot:e•
wuld Uft&.tly 91vo Peking gn&t t•mottonal
con£~
prest.tp" en4 prefeft()4 to meintoln
lltlgOtiaUo~
e;t Am'bssea- ·
dodal level.,
'hOU9b th3 tdks contlnuod dght up to DeCember 1951.
lt
~Pal'eftt· 'bf'
was
~n
mt&-itS& that
.Peldng enclWashingtQrt.;
~e
~
sten&lt.!.ll b::tcauoe thc:i ncUVQS eo
both slde$ w~ =~~I:Y:~
the ltmbasoadortal
~t'iat~n
of
~al]tQ
uao 1'0 meetint
telJte "'rtuG11y
~11
~
c~ to
a
eo t.bo m.sumptiono Of·
S'hO· Un1t;ect ~s cons!~
prt.msril? es .n 4ev1ea
of pdeonots, $e.reee Poking
v.t.~
fo~
t'bfml
tno
~
«'~
a
.~
ltif.lu.enc·lng t:ho U~t~ S~ates to Wi.tbdk~i ft'Om T&fM'Gno
.lienQe
it le
It
to
prlsOJlt.U!'$
14-t.tl~
VO!Ide:r:- that m e.g7:oement.
w-as o.o carao.
Mt wggos~ h~ ~ the· .-opat.d.at.toa of all
o:t a J'oi:Cd9f*
.Mints~$•
eontcrenec \10\lld bavo oo1vod
all tho lseuca betweoa 'e1d.ng end WeablngtOn. Tho dlffei'CmCes
~
then tte't'e
acc:ep~ce
~.
of PeJdn;•s
1:.1\ougb we con 8$1 tbat Wesblngton•o
ovm:~
wou.14
~ ~~ eD
aitfeent. o.tnos~er:a in.. s~vs #el(ltd.onB• aut
oooner or J.o.ter ~· ~ 110\ll.d hGV~ .~~ on tho issue
t\3.~
of. ~et.wen~
He:vJ.Dc;J supported Chiang's go~ ill. i:att>GJ.
fo:: tbe lQst. £1w ~, 'thG Vn1~4 St.clflee cou14 ·tlO't bew
'
02
<J
Nmz AP2JIJMb .• 2u£1almg, J».Jlsum
PolSADs!l
Tcm'V4s thO ·encl of J.tSS,;
t.o tma Po1d.ng•a 1e.til)
1~
must have beGn G'PtU:'Gftt
~- 'Che ~al.kS
on 'rdtfeD 1.101.114
s·~est~o
1itele heG4W4Y ln 'fllew of ttcshln;ton'c
m~
ora tbl$
tsSJUJ• 'fte Chinese COliltmtliste,, tbetefOft,. -~ • ·ftetf
1» ·Ubc:»:atO Tat.,_ b1 m&Ktrtt
~P%'0ach
t.he .wtttod~es
Na~lOnclUt.s,
would ~Pt
iJ). ttro' trays.
on 'leA;w.,.
'~be·
Oomrmtn'st.s
't$b0Ugbt. ~bat
kt
·the
teadU:l of :u~ Mgc>t.le•~ tn oeneve,
~ •oo...s .for; dh'cet talu. !boy 414 it
f1J:st., tbe ,ebinoso leaden
ts~
--bod.Ues tha-t t;be tlftlted
ena
tb$'t:. . _ invt~:lft;
only 1.oso
s~el'al OV'IJ~
wo-.t .into
~09 ~:r
lf~ ~·
St.o.~ t;eG
blgbly
lltltionalo-
u~llab).e
t;btt. ~e,. tbey ..u.t4 aot.
have, Jisut $1so 'be ln
e:>ns:t~
donger of bGlng· ·tna.cmemUflll' l'Jtt-- in 'bhe. beCk ol' · abandoned.,,?s
Socetd11t,
they~.
the Nattonall.st.s of pest. natlcm.cl
.
.a ~oes.ffttl' 'ttt'd.t;e4 resi~ence of tawJ ~st.•
,
Re.tlona11st. eoa1tUOtl agdns\. 'tbe Mnhe#ti verlol"&i eftfli ~
S¢U4erit.y
Jat>aneso
~ie1As•o•
~ste
d.me tn
HonQe _ ,
-•e~
ana. N~t&onellGU .~. ~r~
blG~#lf
.
.fozr
~ ~n:Ulo~
.'
th•. bt>th
fot:
~ ~
o£ Tolt1al\ 11ith
~·
93
amo
mot:hoz-1tlft4~
P~or. ChqU
4ecl~
En.lal
at. t.be Hntional
eeople•s Cot~gros& on 28 t."luno 1956»
era td.Ulng to ~ote w1tb ~be ·T~nn
eutherA.tlea oa apoe1Uc etepe and toms f~
tbe peeco!ul Ub:lh,tioft of 1:'etwen,. ~ e
llol'K) that the Talt1P GUthOJtJ.ttea td.U eent!
thc::d.r: ltGP:esentati~ to Pdtltlg (Be!jiav) or
othet OPPXOPI'iato p1fl.Cos,, at .a, tim() t1boJl tbOY
eons14tti" eppmprict:,O, to b3Q1fl: these telk.a wlth
we
... ''
.
'
ThO ROC ~ately tojectQ4 P~er CJ\OU 1 s o:ffor.
~ont.
SPOkoS1tlCft oel).aa .lt "ao 1rttllltlt.lq gesture" bGC'euse
"what neeao 111XirntJ.o:n". 'tfaa 11tWt Tal"• bllt tbe
reg~
people
A
'tbo
0
»oece offe:Mivo8 os an
~· ~ I'MO
~
tlOt'ldl
n~olnl$06•
att~ t:()
tho unlt.y
0
.~
Ho
bO'td.tcb 'tho·
tho· ft>®
countrletJ tlft4 1~1<1to ~· Unlt.e4 States.,. -.11 .
cespit.e
Coi1'11'1lW'U.sts
~
flat rofuscJ. b( ·the NatlotJe.lisbJ, tbo
co~ to
'kcap ubG1r: otter open $tld to ~'fOCat.e
a poac!oful Ubee'ation of
~oll1Sh
fros1dent Ch.J.ang Kel-ohek. and
~
poin-ted
~flY pOrfol!m(}d
. pGUi-otic ct:t of ossi.stiog ln t:bO poo.ceful
~
the
~1flcntton
of
1'hus, oa 9 Dcocmbot 19Sf5, Cbou to14 a oor.t:Ospondont
WaiwOba
in Cclcuttc t.hct .SJ.f
lC~•sbo'k
liS
·that
other NatlonaUsto .wou.14
glvon tWPtopr1e.te ,poattJ ill tM PRO 1£
~!IJI!I0£1tl!licl!f
()'U;t
~~w,en
J.o restored to
Chl~
thOn Cblang
tJOttld 'h.fl'VO mede. a ~nt~J.bltl® $1l4 bo cou14 st&Y 1ft
... -. f ; -
16
Xbld~
,,
~bi.
II!
um Jatls ; • f
SO· JunQ toS&. ·
94
& pact
of
hS.o fntharlond. eecot.tllftg ·to ·hls t:rJ,ab"' .-78 1n a
.tepolt. t.o tmo Chinos$ Pcople•s Polf.Ucal consultative
Confatenee.;. ChoU
el.ebor~ ~
eg~
.Nat.lone.Uet O»pt;»:&tioD
itm:~t~ ~Oldng'o
cal1e4 ·uPOJ\. t.be
~o
noed fot
CoJ~mt:ntst•
1
the Vftltod S"'te&,; He .n-·
u~auon
of. poeceful
•
on
~l)t.wen ~bod.t.tos
of 'lreiwan mt4
'
to eomtl'!b\tto to
tb~
process. FJ.Ilally.. ho ~ar:tte! ·'tbt> Nat.lonallsts agoS:nsll ~ us
attempt. tJ:t
•onole~:'l ~~· He
•hti4 ·01ust.tgate4 o
~of.
ce1led B1C'eo Cblntt or
thew~
eo14 t.ba the
people cl&itn.l:ng
~ai1Gl
authod.Uos
ltidopond--
tJnt~ Bt~·s
-to· reptcJsent $oTnlw~
t'O ~·
ln en--~~ tuJ:n 'ldl1aQ tnto
o.
unt:t.eCl stnt:es ~cy .Uk<t Honolulua.?t ~se wornin;G .
~elo,
end
hmloVer, 414 t»tl heYe· CnJ' iltlpe.et tthateoover on
~
tm
~~J.oDa11ots.
oa tG octo~ 19$"1# P.t.eal.®nt. Chlenq Koi•shQ'k .
told SWJJ st.~ of KGS~ G~ tala~ tho
aoc·
gova~t.
"has ek'eady hed 'eOO· ~ pl3£nfu1 ~toneos J.:n no\JoueUng
t~.t~
Conumlnlst.sl end ho m.dfiS:'mai tho .ROC'a r:eject:1on o£
tbe Comniun.lst apeaoo pl'<;)postJl., ·en$ tbo I\OC' s 4etoamd.natton
~o J"Gstore tho .eroeaom of ~ Chlncme on 'tho malnlana.80
-no•.S690,
BeG· ~ ~ef~~B.Bf&n&tmtl ~13 noc~r
. , p~s .•
Seo
S\lpp~ to, Rgspl;g!a Ell&D~!t l'J)o'i•
p.-l9o -
see ·aoc
,
·
1 APril 19$7,
·
~J.aent
"Cl'daft9 Ket•sbok'e .t'ePlies: to
bf $V<m s~q~ -~ Oc:tobOJ: 1951~·
ln K~ch Cbf.tt. 04-•• ~~ .@Dd .•lllfg~k:t»;a&.J:stum:a
qu.cst.tono
tml:Xb.l.t.~
JlASlr.mm!! mA.Jmftb:B!l
ttCM
¥oa,
s 73
• p-2 s~
•·
95
~~!Jd.a~D dr:S~SJll Ai~JB?JQU
J?oilUft on~ ·t.be
ee thO
~·talk$
us well
~·
Chinese
.
.
c~ "bo~GhlJ
ewewotoa·•·
~b.e&-G
t'hoi# ·J.qag
~
etfofttl
to •t:htka1 !nm Wal~an --ttd .ftO't ·tho SUObto$t. blat ·~bet thG Uld.t04
ln petSue4iftg the u:ntte«.
:f~~.
~1\ttlbaSSaetod.al ~allca
wf.th '1re£ven; c:u:thodt1es) left
.
.,
t•Jtt&
s~s
Ste.tes uas graauallv 4tcenoegtng tueU
tbe·otibat' bCDA, the Ctd.f1e$G
ft:'OUl taltn,ut,
on
=~iats ~· q\11~ 41~
1:0 ll.ti4 t.he.t the· Slse~r ~$t='Ot!Qn. ttao; dolftg: one;ut,ly
t.ho
omoal~
.·t.y ~ge.b~ its tl~
Witb
~sf.Vatio
Jn oatl:r··.1t51• thO· Unttaa St.ot.os .~to btltla
DG\1
in ·cen=&l ToJ.tr(\11 fQr: ~ ,tJY 1:1\o
8
enil ~cen ot~· fbZCGQ•• ' lit M$1t tho Vftlted
$25 mll1Aon
tl&tlontiU.st
~.baSe·
stetes OJKi 'the ROC $$guc4
Matador
iQt\ ~nl'mt
sun:~~d'GCQ
for tl'el.
'tha·
r~etku:,
~
UP
ot
tactlcal tmele.ar mJ.sollon on TalwM.92
Tble doclaloJl must have smuSOIS oEJr!.oua
boo~
o
with c
~
co~m
ln
P~1ng
of GOO to 65& mi.lQs,
ttu
c•ab1o o£ cUJ!Yifttt et~. nuclec 01: col1Vtmti0n&l warheads•·
·t.'-. ~ pole of View, ·tbo unt~
s~atos lnceooencly lmncbo& a PI!QP~ ~b~ ~St. rulo
in Cblr~a we..u a posa11'1g Phebe• ln fe,at.-, ·many officialS !n ~
trbs~ ttOD $.'ti'SG
es
sa
f#'Om
• a~ se&'··
~.st. Stdfl :;•k.t&D· 21 May
ill:t.HM~Umsa.
,,57·,
pp.e!4.-s,.
96
·~.
a&ntnlstt"e.Uon
to solve
·•u~-
to.
t.~ m~ ~~
tNrll l!d.lun of.
~ ~!Gt$
1118 •ui4 O$SUJ. a. emo-att.c
tbe 4lasoludicm of ·the ~ait
io e 1&~ ~~sen Pr~co
t~ti., ~entUeU.y k184t.ng tD
~.
Bo.- s.ns~e-
on 2a ~,
~he
.~~
CM.ness
Dttates e$14•
~sts;·. ~•nv ~ po~rtoa,.
4G110uncllll ttte ·
Valt.eet st.trtte; for p.w~ a *WO ·Qdaas*' poUcy and heM •e
uns.tea· St~a
$"t.ICOtUt.~
~nstb'G. &It the &~alE!mate
l:IJ' tho. SOViet.
tccbno1o91 Cbol.mafi MOO
't1f.nd pr:evatlG
ove:r
bG.Ue\l'ed. • •
-.o. wotlt\
attvst~Co
An t-te$9Dnr:y 4tld. 2:0e'k.et
w~ p-eluJ.tnet'l·~hd
G:o- woat. lftml...
-~
ct
~ ha<l
cmsnge4 J.n tbeil'
to us imperle11$tll• .
l95Sf· •~ ,._. ·,h v11'4Cb Ohttle ~ to r:e$lcal•
.
~ .al)to.sl. Bit~CJ~edc• ,..1ati<).ns worsenQtl Ggcda,
or.u:1r
.
ism at
~t:oma.
.as
c~• bsgtn
the
the •eut
The C}d.Q(tS~ ~~
fa~ .Gfld e$1104 f.oJr wora&.t'$.<10 OP1'3QD1~1ofi
lo
ot 'tbe Geneva tallla•
eo ,_eate
to
"two CblMStt .-
~·
the.· UJ~t.a steteo. ~! plotUng
~ 1:Ct.$!'A~fll
SOlUtionS:, .S\leb
07
v
·ec· a . pJ.o))lsJ:d.t~
·Ot"
w tt:u~ablp, of tbe ~tlll'IM ~~"84
X•
Apdl $4 J\Ulo of the
us
,~tltu4e ~eras
30 June•· the
n.e
tbe
~··
t.be 1lalk8·•S$ .,he
PRQ
el'iUetued tbe
~at.
$0 June to
··to· ceJ.l.Off ·~e·.~np fcJt
Stt;~to$ r:e~
~- ~Jto~c e~led
t.\beit' ~d'tol'Y Of 1'14"ttmt"·•
us effort: to~-
1;1\e:
•the
~~···
a tbnat
tc;·
withln
1!1\G· effect\·
w
It. also 4~nctt& f:.he
:qu..atton of ·•two Cblnas•.81
•
I'M Unltetl s~ .~ea ·the· aeaau~ne to· ~*
elnm en 18 JJ~lY
19M~
·of
in
tb~ s~s~ns
seam,
p.opoat!4 to
tb(\t Chlnf!l$8 ·tb$.· #~n
tle1'$t.LW• ;t.uateo~
·the Ame~tcen ~s.ao1:
'
of <kme'U'n• Wl_'$0ft Jec»b
la wersa,
et.te'nP~ tiO
<late folr the meet~• 'the ~e An'lb8S$44Q~ r:efusea
ana:
~~
with .,_
r~
.~. ~~
thi:Slt .,the Ch:lnc.'!$e pG)ple ue. pedect.ly stroftO euoug'h
·).J.be%';~
tm.
WlUl 1n Gebe\te•
t'bfl WC'4 at.tesn,ptl of tm.e. ye- to
good unl$as the United
tay••·
the
~@d.nl
Q'bln-~ of:fer of
tton& a1so 1nc1ud.G4 a
ftf~
t;~ ~U't
a.tatmerm tbd
the
.m~tf!t
was
set.
·tc:>
a
tna~
a ·t:.b<t
h.an4r.J of P.elclflit
84
sea Pt•a#' - · .~·let'• cepoJ:t:. .on· •Poe•
lntcmatlonal $1\Uat.l<m fJnd Cblna' s· F<>re*'gn Pol..tat". •
Bellwrod: at 'lbo 11£t.b Sesdon of the 111~ ttat.lonal
Peoplo·•s Conp"eStf lellQ~), 1.0 l'ebt\Jery 1958.,
·
ft:t44t p~53-ff. .
GS
These marathon tdlle
Chlnos~ ~Unl>aosedors
St;e.~s ~lrt Dec~
·~·
bew~ tluJ· ~teen. M4. t\M
had .~ 5t!ptmd.e4 by the flnlte4
19S'J..
.
.
See •chinese. gov~•s et.at•ene on Gi~Atn&rlcen
~st\40rl$1 'ralks~. fA .FAl$lnR·h'G.D (fe14nt)•
a Ji.;tlr u•sa,,
pp,,.~lft2t.
98
t~
:Sn AUgU$t_ 1958,
011
ll'~AU;ust;_,
tbOUand
for tho
woe-a
na~·edttcal4tnte1~s.
UQte
P1bUo· e thi"M·
ita ms.esions the t-ea80tte
De_p~ ~
the vs Si:at:e
~ran&tm tnfo~g
~•ecoont~lon
atate« that. it oppo$t:d
of tho Peld.nt
e
t~•
J:~ -~
·~bitlastt $Olu.~n,
Stf.rifl9 that.
·.no N$t10Ae.Us• voV~f3lllt .•f#Juld. net 4V:t!ept; eftf dla!m~.l.on .
ovex- Cblnatt • DO·t wul4 P~ttO ~- to
e ~mte eltttton.87 fte Pl¥: ~$fUJly ~ncea thfl
e:e lts
illOVetelp~y
I
.
"
·'
.
.
m~~ fib O:sltcp•m• end ~ -oe,cUp$tkm• ~~ Telwl\ft $$
· ttttey~•nv by tbo:Qe•
, *•-o... [•· .vr ....
..
Dee
-~
W" ..
0 .
.B-.·
~ ~e ~tttlteJ:lf
unm1uoe of
o..a-·--;j
..............._ . ,..,.._
.....t;.,l,··.
.........
·tb~l;o
-ll!ot6o~~'h
~a ,~~ ~·g · ~!;l~~n~-\ot4oon ·~ ~
.......~~·
to 1tb.or-o ime· last> pi~ of ou ~tnqQGS
Dur:lrtg ~1$ ~J:£olf! t~ 'Ve$ Cl$_. ~ Gay C::lo~ 0~
,
of '«:ht.\
tQ
PRC si~et!on thtlt
usc fo"e to
~tie
I
thtt· Chin«Je
the Wld.w$'1
Chl.nese .u.W beY~ Ulce4
to sot.
moans. bl~ they ~ conMJrdl104
Co~tc ~
ques'Uct:l~
at.tepUng
ot couno •. the
~- pJtOiJlom ·~ ~>Qo.ceeul
to
•~r~ -~ peaoe~Ql
'
'
pl\t'h
;ta W.er of ·tho. £oJ;!c.M4ng ·dfte.).o~ ·~cl\ we.ce ~•"·e.Ln1y
lntolereble fJOm •h••- i01nt ol
vtew.
99
f$.~rst
'fhe
•ea.
and !oJ:"OmOst. Cblnese ~neem c,t t.bis. ~
~ r~S.4 mlllt~ ~14 up Oft, ·'!tdiWfAt'l•
-
.
. -.-
- --
--
--
iC.~shek
Chl$\tJ
.
-
bat
-.--
-
.
-
-
conotao~r~t e~"
hl;s ~ Jo~ so much •
&
1'1
99 Amortom ·eta -~ 195:0., .PJ:osUer&~
OM billion 401l.ua
'
St\ppo~
tbQ.
..
.
. .
(i
M«. ~ltd.
tetw• .-eraUy
loc>ke4. lUm
ACGQ~{J 1l* ~rii;at&:ve
a.guriSC>ft :StutQ"' if
Sdi;I.Gb mt4
~ltloan ~~ees,
eoo.ooo
mat,.,lr
Glneo ml4-l9SOa Chiang he4 -~ GPP1fOM•
men90 ln ecml>&tc ~ness to· et.e.;e a CO\mtet•
,at.•ack on t\he mainland•
polnt
on
oe
'tl'ieB.t ~
And.. what wes
Gonel'.b.UMJI.tno bad:
ttO~se ~~
1~4)6seti
the ChlneDo
hia
f!o~~
"he ogfohO•e 'l!llen4s tauanoy eni Metttu) !10m 38,000 lft
ln 191\S;t £,,e., •-e-tbld ot his tt)'lal ~4
1/.a:QOp$~ ~hO ~ae of. 40iug so, . .-~AU.ng to o• S¢bo~,
was to "crGate 4:1l'l. att.tlkla3i ~factu~ tte batw~ ttao
1956 to, 11to.oot
OfitShtJ~ lsl~ Mi. ·t!VJ· p~'b$Cl!tl0n .flf· .,a11lt&'fta!lr9.t
&!!fenCe Of t:be
To
p11t
t.net.
it.
t)lG
1\o~e
&f~tly.,. tho ~eUo.altto • • •
Onttlea it.$es wuw
btt •erly ~
to m:eke • "
·to ~$ the
RG3oluttion tf a -l:tsltt ta tbe ~...wan sttaltf!i altOd
J.a fUtul"'<t•
tsu!W~p
. lf Ch$ aJ:ms
chinese CottummlstzJ
. . !iMit".. _.-
.. _·· ..,.__-~-
__ _
.
~
R
$VOl'
on the tslud was .nagglbQ
Mnce Oe
Oll'tbreck
ot
~
~ t<(.;~
tt.er,
_J$
loan v. stgel# "Tbe •aatl-tmal Polley~' Mod~J1 . tbG trormo.EJa ~fdto Cd.ses~. ~~a&i•.st~l
Ql!QdS~(IUOfU.tJ'Gn:):~ 'Wl.-14, no,a,. JU® 1970, P•IM•
J;_ W4"_ Kal~.
·-._•_· ~ tt «J.N. Qtiona_lto_t Chtn_·._ ~·e_. .
DtbSldD~K.J:z (.LondOn.)- no.s.s,
atsa,. p.3s-.
N:tnal go_ ec_.est~•
July•Septetn'bdl'
Tsng ~~· ~a ou~ ~~ouo • CMang Ke.i-snOJt
ant\ the ~~ted Stat.es ·~· M-~wupft !AY:.,~-Sim$$#lY•
w.l.,s.a, m.4.•
oee~tt
a. s .,
P~
. o .•
.
1 o o·
'tlbttt. ~ c::ett~ an et~ tft 'rBd.ug w~ Oo oJ.tgMt•~Dil
cb~ .:>f· the ~ ~"on ~••• 1ft
~~o~.a
tho .logistiC ~- of t..h(l 9~
-·t..- . . . . .
. 6 t:o
·- ,.
-~·M.
· ...~ ... a'l'¥tl'tt'
_........; aft
. . • elf
· .........
\,N~~
.~~~!'i:f·
u
~·n. ""'"""~v
"""""'
w.~I
· ·• ·
on
~:at•an ·WOO
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108
reolqd the noentl
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atatGll\tNlt of Chou
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197
wes .md.ou• to
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a war
vi~
In n&pOnSe to tM Chinese Premier••
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.the adinWstraUon ma4tt
s . . Pre~Bter CbQ\1 J~lai''a d~ on the aS.W.tlon
st.r•t• uea. ln Pt»DR•••• 9 September
ill the 2!a1Vllft
ltss. P•1'•
108
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PP~•I-4•
Augu8t 19!8,
109
1-· cd.e• '\he\. ~ v~tt.a •~•• ·would welccme aw:m action.
auto it ~ ~- tbn ln ~•• blkli. the uns.ua atat.u
woo14 ft01l ·~ •• ~7 to _, urag~~~~eat. t.ba• ~14 pnJ\14le!fl
t.ba riObtut
of ·t.M· R*PWSUe of ad.na•. 100 On 1! Sept..,.r.
the a1ke -~ •
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pubUc eppnhiim•ten........ .....r of • • • bet:vMft China ana
t.be Vnlad •~• 'lllle1tld t. 4tst.anil nallty.-
Althou.Oh
a 41i:'ec:•
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1••• pobeble, the.•.-.~.uen tn
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ua Navy _
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elth..._t~Cb
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botduen cepple ot
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cleu ~ ~ II'Darie__.attoneUstl effort. on q>plyl.ng •be
t•l..S . . . Jll'lMtiGtJ vi~
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s~r:. the ~
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Howb'art fmll etq1ar••
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aec:es•~
An4 by 11
bzolcat.
ot 'llev, ...... *it.u.Uon
au.tu ana wea tu fun ftU81.ll'in9• TJte O.anuaU•..._ iftfomta bill AMd.t.Jtaa ~ly ~- ttte C<mftl' evstera vu
1ft
~
ftCt
*>'"'-'tlob
to·~
ed.stil.
rt•f.?•
lOt
ti~er,
lto
DIIIIX roo !\'au'
Ia ftc'l:~ what he wenM! •t. this
P• JIO.
tt
s~
ttss.
110
tJ.M wu 1:o eaealat.e -.he bo.Uliu.. . in u
••t.Mpt. t:o
•atftene•
•attonaUet.
a c.cuahl.ng 4den en tile C:blllae eo-mtau
wl~ tM
of the Vn!..S ...._. Xt . . . npofte4
'\be
~
J.DfU~
Pnal..a• ua-1 •t..at.ate ( ,.,_tal bold:la.rdtlen• of Cblu. .
aft4 ..,..,.al 1. .1"9 etf RatJ.on.Un fonu
111 At a pr•a confenrnc:e OD 29 ~~
Oft._ aa1D1aft4•.
coanal
~eft-
aon of ceu...fln .s 4ec1..a
Cblug nja.e\a4 q
o~y
._.. aeztJ.ou.aly
~....a,
--
\hd 1f
aoc wou14 b.':llllJ t1ttt aainlaat
on ita own, withoUt ua becJd.Dt•l12
s., u
· ~he
~ tbf$ - .
t.o be
cn.as.a, UJc•
~
us
appon
to Chlet\9 4\u:'lft9
euU.u one, ... psnly 4efena1ve ln
nuun ana-- -.ln18Va't.S.on ba4 u-.-tl• lft'tenlt.. in *'lPPOniD9
hle ~Uoa of .naonca.u-.lnv ~ saat.nlaft4. 'to d1*PJ1 all doubU,
n a p.n. . confueaae on JO ••~• ia hQODM 1:o a quaUon
of 'the .t..d.nuc• of a aauon..U.et\ nt.um to ~ naelnlana,
secnt.uy Dulld P,inUd out.. tl'ln. •tt. vaa • h10h17 hDOthetical
·~~.
An4 he ea\e;ol'1cdly 44Ud.ee aJ'rl va eo.11:mtmt. to al4
a cou.n-.r-. .IICk. Wiftall,-,- M evu hinted 'that.
1aleat!la ceu14 lie~
t•
~
ttJe.
Ibid••
112
,.,.. (X.Dfton). 30 ......... , ....
· - D\\ll.aa
off•bc.na
to ea::banve of a ce&ldt.n.113
111
111
~he
___..to qtt..UOna Oft tM edY1a.W.Uqt
•t MUlftw t.ba offlbOM lat.ab, 10 ._........ 1911.,
iD llt"Vt"'t II DaM IJilJMp., 20 Oetto,_. 1111,
pp. Itt
6: MI.
111
The
crlat..a ia ·t.btt t'alv• 8t.l"a1U ....,_ wbe em S Octobc,
u.
t:he PJtC announc:t1t a wd.l__..al ......
dlnct.
pee• talka
~'tb ~
to China.. pauloU-.
Oft •
aoc
and offued to co~
~=·
Octobet.',
TJaa, 8PJ>*al.l.bg
M&n~he.l Peng
i'eb-blat,
CoalaWd.ft Cbina' • Jld~ M1J.d.ftu'• i•n.S aa ~al te
•ccmpatrt.ota• ill1'elvan end the o....._ offeore i•laDda for
talka t.o efftlet. •a early l*ac.ful At>t1~•! 14 On 25
OctoM!', PeJ19 ~ en ·~ c•asd1n
hi•
•s.eon4 Masap to Compatn.ou
isb:n4a. The . . . ._
.a iuu.S ·
la Teiwan• an4 allied
further atr:'Uae4 the nM4 te aet.tle
mcten s-ecefuUy, for after all• the Whole ttplaode . . .
pur.ly c!cmesU.c affall" of tNI China••
Hat.lonalieta -~ ba.t.Dg •tbzwft
Jht
alto
wamed the
tm:o "'- ••••·
~.f.nally,
Peng .svtaec!l -.he ecmpa'U'ieU en Taiwan not to &aped t.oo
much on o--r people•, len aU your d.ght.a an4 -~-,.
1e wq •MY• •. • lf JOU .,.. JJ!Iorl of anytbJ.ng, juft
end w v.tU give 1• to JOtl•
to frlend•.111
au
eo
111 ta tJ.me ftCiw t:o t.um f.&'ORI
to.
1t2
Tbt Cbine• Jetivea an4 ealca.lad.ena 1D 1n11da"t.iDG
. - ctUia 1ft 1951 baa bMa a aubjen of acut.a •m==veny
.OJl9 the Cld.tta
eet.s..n.
Ill f.:tt. 1~ :I.e ......,.
dlfficv.lt. to
pr:obe into tbe Cbi.nUe lntentlone lD 1fiw of .~
aDY ca~lcal ~ -
.-erac:e
tbe Peking ~·
of
Chaima
M- ~•...tung l•ter 't014 tha ~ ChM.man R1ld.t.a ~~
I't 1• ftZ'J' c1eu fi.'Qal t.be 4lliOVe
~
tl'sat. the
Chlnetae belt U Ule 1r*erut. J.ft t.alclb9 the offabon ialanc!a
aloM. Thi•
·~ clo•ly reHmblea the uplenaUon
given br Mia• Nma LouUe suong1
joum&liat..
have t.a'kan
J)ullee• •
•
vell-kntrtm A~Mar1co
Accordil'l9 to her anely.S.a.
~
CbiDue cou14
ou.mo,. •bf • .-_.. or oct lt 'b!i bet:'9dnin9 with
au:t. 'the Chin- knew that •
.o take TatJMn-. tau.r:ty) at. pruent vou14
,.,leta
Tal•• .ad ~ •atn. Dull. . in bia
policy of l:lui14t.ftg •two ChJ.naa•. ~~ wou.la
deprive the ~•• on 'l'alveD of 'their mpe
of •ntun _, ~· mdnlan4•. !topu ~at.
Peking (BeiJJ.av) v111 nallae f()r ~. but; J.o
1U 0tm WQ• Xt. ..ou14 t.bmv l'.S.wan OD t:he
Jlll'tny of w..bl~• HltDC4a h1d.nv ~
Tss•--.. _. e.tt.aebb it· fifttly to T.S.wen,
boping laur 1:0 ta'ke t.'-' b7th in a package
a.al. 111
a.st. p.a&s.
111
Talbott,
111
Anne Loul. . su.,ng, •Cbi. . . . Arat.ev in t.he Talwa11
su.s.••,
""}""• (Moacow) • • · • • • llov.btr 1tse. p.a.
su.ag ba8 wr -.t.en \hie article ln Peklng ctu.r.tD9 .,_
cri.a1e. 1951.
1..L 1.i.
suoag ......
Wlftally,
t.aka b;r
'~:he
~
•11
ou••:r
and MaUG nn
ml~
CbS.JJ.u• C'!oBIIUiteu, ti'le V11
3
puhapa be
lllduell4 by la.S.ota pnuue to " " up a t.n.~bip ••
TU.w•• • a .olu.UoD wtd.cb the Ch1lMtM hid bin at:.rongly
Hence Ptdc.lng ~ to upal ~
rea1at1ng d.race 1950.
Vn.lte&S &t.au •by peUUeal IPS aoral pnaaun, ml..S td:th
occaa1ona1 'ahaotlfto aft4 DOt'. a'hoot.l119'• br pnenre wiW..
~
1...- of
~ Pe.c1f1c • " fa.
~
vor14.•a people,
111~ peJ:'IId.•t.t.Do t.be J>rusun to develop into a major v.-.lll
Thla .nalp!a of suong
1nuncs.4
made no
~
cd.aia
a•~t.
~be
aU
~
t.ha
~
Ch1D-
of a ll:mlt.tld operatt.oa ..S
to ceptuoe tlw
o~fahon
~
ialantla alone.
In
tact., it. la pd.aad.ly uue. TM Chtn- llifJht 1\aft fe&r*!
~
if 't.hiiJ' wu14 eec:el* t.he effllbore ialan&t aloM in
eachenoe of us
for '-Mlr:
4•~
~
in v.. c - of
to.- a ce...un. .f..mamat.t.oDal auppo11t
of Tet.v• .ul4 vane.
As X haYe &I'Q\lll4
earU•• en.a.a. •tae nal concem of tm.
Chin..• c:oa.ntau • • Tdv•• oot the offabon tal., ••
Now the
t.be
quee~a
er1MS, why 414 the Chinue apply
contmlled pnaeu.n on . . o!fshon ialan4JJ7
An4 why d14
t.beJ' not 1..-h a 41not. offeu1,. to capt.tu:e Talwan7
x-.
ia to ta Mt•4 the,• d. ~· time ~ Chi...• 1\84 no intention
.., fi91* a wu vlth ..- UnlttM! suua. 'lba ChlDese offer to
111 . tbl4., p.tt.
11.4
. : • - Qeneva Ullul 'WldeJ'lm.cl tile keen 4ul.n em th.S.r pU't\.
te cuo14 a ecmf•M.Uoa ¥1«1\ i:be Unite« ftatea. TM Ch1nu•
were quite aenaiUve to UD4ent..-ld..,. impllea'tlou of usROC ueay vbl.ch
of Tatwe:n.
ao1111i~Ud
Keoln9 adM
_. Unl't4ad st.-a •• the 4efenc.
t.ld.••
a el.Ne a'bHI:Ya.tea of the
cd.aJ.a 1110ul4 aa'k• it elear: t.bat.
~lw
Chlne•
no• ....,. aa
au
tno~
al.l.-out: pnpU'aUon -.cb aa eaasln; ol Wffiel8M
or ahlpa nec•••aJY for: lnYaaioa .:co•• the
their: CbD1ce of ~~
fnQ.uerrt, vou14 have
Tbls 'Wbla
~
'~at.v•
Mol'fJOvel',
a ""- •ben the ~n• wen
•.S• •
lm'uloa extnaely
1\u~a.
Cblb- nally vamea . . . . . 11m1'ted. Jow-J:Ulc
war 1n tJw T.S.w• SU'alt te
o..-
o
su.s.u.
keep t.he
1ane of their .t:i91*
allvee .,be PM1n9' a lee4ua shr:wAly c:alculau4
that. . - Mlel'iceD pmuo enct t.M elllea of t.M
um.ua
St.a:tu
wen ftr'l UMD. . . .l..UO abou" a vw ·1D ~ Taiwan SU'atta.
Henc4t
b1 a . .uvat.t.ng
~..
ti:aa :uolV. tJu:ouOh ooauo11e4
pnsMtA, 1:l'le CblneM hoped t:o alacnc. Amllricen
Cbieftg Kal-abllll.
an.
Tbla t.bq
with eucceaaiw us
an4 m.S. an
·~
un111caUon of 'the
k'l~
~fa1
~t.:mant.
ftiC)J."'Uly at Geneva•
tbltf ega1ft t.\U'nM
to 'talk to iShe lflthoriUu
w
8\1~
t.e 'telw.n
~hue fo.,
n-
~land.
Anot.her oelwl&t:'o• ia Chlnue lld.a4 waa wl"' n;ad
u . . U.S.nt
of t.be erial••
tbVe • • a _..u,cal
•bU• ia
lt. 1a t.0 1Mt
noaaa
that. in ltSI
~ fon!gn pol.J.Cy.
At. t!d.a
1t5
u..
•UeQ1ogioa11J' P4tlciq
~
on
~ pn~on
~~ vaa an age of h'¥01utlcm•. 11' a perlod of dlelDWGra,ion of bOth blpttrlaU• .a ccd.t.aU•• During~·
puiocS ln~ adlon.Un up1oaiorla wen •ald.tlg pl.ce ln
that.
vsloua pena of ...... wo.l"14 auch u
Aa9Jt1a. Hoa.W.que.
~
end
'*'*'• Lebuor:a. Al;el'la.
~
etc. ,_,.. Cbin...
co-.mi•u tbouf#4 1• an t4eal t.liMt to bd.n; t.he Utd.W
staua t.o iU aena.. lJf' precJ.p1..._ft9 a cd.et.a ia ~ Tel'Qft
SUeib•
AJ;J.n f&'OII tlW ...-luUonUJ' worla lliblation, ...._
ctoMaUo eituaUol'l tiao algbt. have con'tdtutaa 'to
'the._.,.
~
'-he Gna
laion of ..._ cdaia.
LeiP l'ol'WU'4 a1l4 ~
eco1'1iC%'81c QI'OWtoh
lD t.bia
to
1ft 1118 Cblna hll4
eo...
catch up
PlOP..,. to -=celerau 1-ta
vi~
the otlwt in4uatd.al .;onra.
ait.uaU.Oa t.ba Cbl.l'leae pzoM'bly waDUd to en-. a
tenn aitaad.oa oD • • 'l'.S.wen
ava1u
for 1ntemaltrOb1Uution
for~ acce•• of the al:loft P.I:OP'-•120
l'ine.Uy, ..,\.her qu..UOD vb1cb .UU &Waaina un-
.-e.olvect ... wlt.h n;ard to t.he
aovJ..-
aupport. 4\ld.Do the
cd.•l•• TM 1ntup--aU.on 'the• MoMOW 9*" 1... 8U.PPOft
llt
120
~ l)eld,.ag ~ bU - - U';d4 -
~ o'tben.tll
~ . . Halllh.
AftOtbU. ift\erpnt.e:tioD thd the ChiM. .
o1••
4.14 - - •eeJc • 1u'gu -~ 1'0111 ..... been
b.r Halped.D;
122
T..-u and ~.
Hen • poln oen 1» fllde irt fa'VOtll: of
the
second lnezoprn.uon, Me_.. H., Jmw w11 ln
of Soviet. 1l'lt.•Uou
su,ppon.
tJw
~
00\114 not have ~ flljeh SoYi-'
Ra1:bu' he ........ to
cdai••
.«v~
wat. Sov1-'
~M
tlurl.n;