Electric Vehicle Battery – Wind Storage Facility
Utilizing EV batteries to store wind energy for grid peaking
The Concept
The System
The EV battery reuse wind energy storage system is a storage facility which will consist
of hundreds of thousands (and eventually millions) of post-consumer (PC) and reject
batteries in a distribution facility (battery farm). This facility will be located near a Li-ion
battery recycling facility. Wind intensity is generally higher at nighttime; however, the
grid needs additional energy for peak demand which occurs during the daytime.
Therefore, the wind turbines will redirect their electricity to the battery farm during offpeak hours. The battery bank will then be discharged during on-peak demand periods
based upon the utility provider’s preferences for energy efficiency optimization .
The battery manufacturing facility is the beginning and the end of the life cycle
for the battery materials. As the batteries are manufactured, some will be
discarded for quality related reasons. Those suitable reject batteries will be sent
directly to the wind storage facility. The consumer batteries will be installed in
EV’s until the end of their life.
1. Battery Mfg. Facility
2. The Battery Farm
The battery farm will store reject and post consumer batteries in a warehouse
similar to a computer server farm. Reject batteries will dwell in the facility for
approximately 10 years while the post-consumer batteries will dwell in the
facility for approximately 5 years.
Electric
Grid
4
3. The Wind Farm
6
Battery
3
2 Farm
EV
Mfg.
There are approximately 1100 MW (minimum) of wind projects to be installed in
Michigan by 2015.
Key
4. Electrical Grid
Electricity
Reject Batteries
PC Batteries
Consumer Batteries
Dead Batteries
Battery Materials
Recycle
Center
5
Battery
Mfg
1
The stored wind energy will be dispersed to the grid as per the utility provider’s
requirements.
5. Recycling Center
The recycling center will be located at or near the wind energy storage facility.
The post-reuse batteries will be recycled at this facility and the usable materials
will be sent to the battery manufacturing plant.
Figure 1: Flow Diagram - EV Battery Wind Storage System
Analysis: Department of Energy (DOE) Model
The analysis includes a forecast of the number of EV batteries available for use in the wind energy storage system, total storage capacity of the facility, the size of the
facility, and the required wind farm capacity in comparison to planned wind projects in Michigan. Two models were used to create this analysis: 1) The DOE predictions
on the EV market and 2) a more conservative model of the EV market (shown on reverse side).
Department of Energy (DOE) Model Assumptions
Charging Electric Vehicles (EV's) and Battery Banks Using Wind Energy
7,000
3,000
6,000
2
2,500
5,000
2,000
4,000
1,500
3,000
1
1,000
2,000
500
Total Annual Energy [GWh]
Wind Turbine Capacity [MW Installed]
3,500
1,000
0
0
•100% Battery Capacity:
•Reject Capacity(75%):
•Post-Consumer Capacity(50%):
•2011 National Production:
•Production Increase3:
•Reject Rate:
•Usable Life, Reject (available immediately):
•Usable Life, PC:
•Capacity Loss:
15 kWh
11.25 kWh
7.5 kWh
35,000 EV’s
Based upon Mfr Projections
10%
10 yrs
5 yrs
10% annually
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
Charging Batteries
Charging Vehicles
Working Assumptions for Charging Michigan’s EV’s
Mi RPS: 10% by 20151
Charging Electric Vehicles (EV's) and Battery Banks Using Wind Energy
3
2
1
2,000
100
200
10
20
1
2
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
2.
Estimated up to 2,800 MW
Wind Capacity Installed (See
Table 2 on reverse side)
3.
>10,000 MW (Not shown on
linear graph)
20% by 20302
•Michigan EV’s on Road:
•Wind Capacity Req’d per Ave. 1,000 EVs:
~3% of National EV’s
~1 MW (See calculation below)
Wind Capacity to Offset EV Energy Consumption:
5 kWh battery:
5,500(miles/yr) / 4(mi/kWh) / (8670hr/yr*25%CF)= .628 kW/EV or 1.6 EV/kW= 1600 EV/MW
15 kWh battery:
16,500(miles/yr) / 4(mi/kWh) / (8670hr/yr*25%CF)= 1.88 kW/EV or .53 EV/kW= 530 EV/MW
Charging Vehicles
National Annual EV Purchases
6,000,000
500,000
5,000,000
400,000
4,000,000
300,000
3,000,000
200,000
2,000,000
100,000
1,000,000
-
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
3a. Past 10 Years of Reject
Batteries in Battery Bank
5,000,000
2,500,000
3b. Past 5 Years of PC
Batteries in Battery Bank
Batteries Accumulated
Facility size, shown on the secondary axis of the graph, was calculated using a average storage volume of 2.69 ft³/kWh
battery and a facility ceiling height of 20 ft. A more detailed calculation is shown below in Table 1.
3,000,000
2,000,000
1. First 3,500 Reject Batteries
Obtained (10% of 35,000
Produced). These batteries
remain in the battery bank for
10 years.
4,000,000
2. After 5 years, the first
35,000 PC Batteries
Obtained. These batteries
remain in the battery bank
for 5 years.
3,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
2,000,000
500,000
1,000,000
0
Estimated Facility Size (ft^2)
At a capacity of 7.5 kWh, 2,800,000 batteries could supply 21GWh, ~21 GW of power if discharged in 1 hour. The
Ludington Pumped Storage facility produces ~2 GW of power, which has a total storage of about 16 GWh.
2011
The figure to the right shows the potential number of batteries accumulated from the assumed production rates. At a 10%
manufacturer reject rate for EV batteries, the first 35,000 produced should yield 3,500 reject batteries. These batteries
have 10 years of usable life (Note 1). After 5 years (2016), the 35,000 EV’s produced in 2011 will submit 35,000 batteries
into the battery bank and remain in use for 5 years (Note 2). This pattern continues as EV production rate increases,
providing more reject and post-consumer batteries. After 15 years (2025), given production rates and battery useful life, a
potential of 2,800,000 batteries could be obtained (Notes 3a and 3b).
2017
•These EV’s batteries are to be accumulated in a battery bank as they become insufficient for consumer use, after
about 5 years of being used. They have an estimated remaining useful life of 5 years.
7,000,000
600,000
2016
•35,000 EV’s are assumed to be produced nationally in 2011, and according to a recent DOE report3 on manufacturer
projections, will increase as shown to the right (above left).
National Total EV Purchases to Date
700,000
2015
In order to understand the capacity of wind turbines needed to charge Michigan’s electric vehicles (EV’s), and recycled EV
batteries for energy storage, a few assumptions must be made.
2014
Charging Batteries
Minimum 1,100 MW Wind
Capacity Installed per RPS1.
This is ~5x the capacity
required to charge the
battery bank and Mi EV’s.
2013
Note: Vertical axis is a logarithmic scale.
1.
2012
1,000
Total Annual Energy [GWh]
Wind Turbine Capacity [MW Installed]
10,000
0
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Western Michigan University
College of Engineering and Applied Sciences
Manufacturing Research Center
Green Manufacturing Initiative
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
Kalamazoo MI 49008-5314 USA
269-276-3245 ~ 269-276-3257 FAX
www.wmich.edu/mfe/mrc/greenmanufacturing
Electric Vehicle Battery – Wind Storage Facility
Utilizing EV batteries to store wind energy for grid peaking:
Analysis: Western Michigan University (WMU) MODEL
The analysis includes a forecast of the number of EV batteries available for use in the wind energy storage system, total storage capacity of the facility, the size of the
facility, and the required wind farm capacity in comparison to planned wind projects in Michigan. This is a more conservative model, if market penetration is not as
prevalent as expected.
Model Assumptions
Charging Electric Vehicles (EV's) and Battery Banks Using Wind Energy
3,000
2,500
1
1,000
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
Total Annual Energy [GWh]
Wind Turbine Capacity [MW Installed]
1,500
500
0
•100% Capacity:
•Reject Capacity:
•Post-Consumer Capacity:
•2012 National Production:
•Production Increase:
•Reject Rate:
•Usable Life, Reject(available immediately):
•Usable Life, Post-Consumer:
•Capacity Loss:
10 kWh
7.5 kWh
5 kWh
100,000 EV’s
10% annually
10%
10 yrs
5 yrs
10% annually
0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
Charging Batteries
Working Assumptions for Charging Michigan’s EV’s
Charging Vehicles
MI RPS: 10% by 20151
Charging Electric Vehicles (EV's) and Battery Banks Using Wind Energy
3
2
1
1,000
2,000
100
200
10
20
1
Total Annual Energy [GWh]
Wind Turbine Capacity [MW Installed]
10,000
1.
Minimum 1,100 MW Wind
Capacity Installed per RPS1.
This is ~5x the capacity
required to charge the
battery bank and Mi EV’s.
2.
Estimated up to 2,800 MW
Wind Capacity Installed (See
Table 1 below)
3.
>10,000 MW (Not shown on
linear graph)
20% by 20302
2
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016 2017 2018
Charging Batteries
Note: Vertical axis is a logarithmic scale.
2019 2020 2021
Charging Vehicles
2022
2023
2024
•2012 Michigan EV’s on Road:
•Annual Increase:
•Wind Capacity Required per 40,000 EVs:
40,000 EV’s
40,000 EV’s/Yr
29 MW
Wind Capacity to Offset EV Energy Consumption:
40,000 (cars) * 5,500(miles/yr) / 3.5(mi/kWh) / 1,000,000(kWh/GWh) = 62.86 (GWh)
62.9 GWh/(25% CF *8760(hr/yr)/1000 (GWh/MWh)) = 29 MW
2025
In order to understand the wind turbine capacity needed to charge Michigan’s electric vehicles (EV’s), and recycled EV
batteries for energy storage, a few assumptions must be made.
• If the number of EV’s in Michigan increase by 40,000 per year for the next 10 years, totaling 400,000 EV’s, a
required 290 MW of wind power will be necessary to meet the demand.
• 100,000 EV’s are assumed to be produced nationally in 2012, and is expected to increase by 10% annually.
• These EV’s batteries are to be accumulated in a battery bank as they become insufficient for consumer use, after
about 5 years of being used. They have an estimated remaining useful life of 5 years.
National EV Purchases
National Total EV Purchases to Date
400,000
3,500,000
350,000
3,000,000
300,000
2,500,000
250,000
2,000,000
200,000
1,500,000
150,000
1,000,000
100,000
The figure to the right shows the potential number of batteries accumulated from the assumed production rates. At a 10%
manufacturer reject rate for EV batteries, the first 100,000 produced should yield 10,000 reject batteries. These batteries
have 10 years of usable life (Note 1). After 5 years (2016), the 100,000 EV’s produced in 2011 will submit 100,000 batteries
into the battery bank and remain in use for 5 years (Note 2). This pattern continues as EV production rate
increases, providing more reject and post-consumer batteries. After 15 years (2025), given production rates and battery
useful life, a potential of 1,200,000 batteries could be obtained (Notes 3a and 3b).
500,000
50,000
-
-
1,400,000
3a. Past 10 Years of Reject
Batteries in Battery Bank
3b. Past 5 Years of PC
Batteries in Battery Bank
1 ft
3 ft
1 ft
0.5 ft
3 ft³
7.875 ft³
0.6 ft³/kWh
3.2 ft³/kWh
100%
15 kWh
50%
7.5 kWh
1 Ft
3 Ft
5 Ft
0.5 Ft
15 ft³
28.875 ft³
1.0 ft³/kWh
3.9 ft³/kWh
Storage Facility Information
# of batteries
vehicle
vehicle
1.16 kWh/ft³
0.86 ft³/kWh
Leaf
400,000
facility
0.19 kWh/ft³
facility
extra facility space
offices
% total space
aisles
% total space
Total Facility Vol.
Total Facility Area
Average Storage/Batt.
Average Storage/kWh
3.36 ft³/kWh
total battery vol.
vehicle volume
facility volume
total battery capacity
vehicle capacity
facility capacity
15,200,000 ft³
29,550,000 ft³
17,600,000 kWh
8,800,000 kWh
2,955,000 ft³
10%
14,775,000 ft³
50%
47,280,000 ft³
2,364,000 ft²
39.40 ft³/batt
2.69 ft³/kWh
1,000,000
400,000
200,000
0
-
1 ft
4 ft
5 ft
0.5 ft
2011
2012
20 ft³
37.125 ft³
Total Facility Area assumes 20 ft. ceilings.
Power Density units displayed in both
"kWh/ft³" and "ft³/kWh".
Cells labeled "vehicle" pertain only to the
vehicle itself while cells labeled "facility"
pertain to both the vehicle and facility.
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
Comparison of Alternative Models3,6
0.8 ft³/kWh
3.1 ft³/kWh
Notes:
400,000
400,000
1,500,000
600,000
500,000
100%
24 kWh
50%
12 kWh
power density
Prius
Volt
800,000
2,000,000
2. After 5 years, the first
100,000 PC Batteries
Obtained. These batteries
remain in the battery bank
for 5 years.
400000
Estimated Total EV Purchases, Nationally
100%
5 kWh
50%
2.5 kWh
Nissan Leaf
battery capacity
% capacity
vehicle capacity
% capacity
facility capacity
battery size
height
width
depth
total spacing per side
battery volume
in-vehicle volume
in-facility volume
power density
in-vehicle
in-facility
Estimated Annual EV Purchases, Nationally
evy Volt
battery capacity
% capacity
vehicle capacity
% capacity
facility capacity
battery size
height
width
depth
total spacing per side
battery volume
in-vehicle volume
in-facility volume
power density
in-vehicle
in-facility
Batteries Accumulated
Table 1: Estimated Facility Size
Toyota Prius
battery capacity
% capacity
vehicle capacity
% capacity
facility capacity
battery size
height
width
depth
total spacing per side
battery volume
in-vehicle volume
in-facility volume
power density
in-vehicle
in-facility
1. First 10,000 Reject Batteries
Obtained (10% of 100,000
Produced). These batteries
remain in the battery bank for
10 years.
350000
300000
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
2011
2012
Modest Model
2013
DOE Model
2014
2015
C.A.R. Model
1400000
1200000
1000000
800000
600000
400000
200000
0
2011
2012
Modest Model
2013
DOE Model
2014
C.A.R. Model
Table 2: Estimated Additional Wind Capacity Installed5
Wind Installation Projections
Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) Michigan
Wind energy captured will be
directed into the facility and stored
until needed or otherwise
disbursed. The Department of
Energy (DOE) estimates that
approximately 16 GW of wind
power could be captured on land in
Michigan.4 By 2015, the Renewable
Portfolio Standard (RPS) aims to
have 10% of Michigan’s energy
supplied through renewable
resources; estimated at
approximately ~9,600 GWh.
(Current Data From MPSC DeLEG Report, Feb. 2011)
Current
Production:
96,611
3.63
%
Current
Renewables
3,507
GWh
RPS 2015:
Required
Renewable
Production:
Additional
Production
Required
Installed Wind
Capacity
10
The graphs above relate the assumptions for EV purchases for the two models show on this poster, along with a model
developed by the Center of Automotive Research.
GWh
RPS 2011:
%
9,661
GWh
6,154
GWh
2.81
GW
Estimated Facility Size (ft^2)
1,000,000
Facility size, shown on the secondary axis of the graph, was calculated using a average storage volume of 2.69 ft³/kWh
battery and a facility ceiling height of 20 ft. A more detailed calculation is shown below in Table 1.
2,500,000
1,200,000
At a capacity of 5 kWh, 1,200,000 batteries could supply 6 GWh, ~6 GW of power if discharged in 1 hour. The Ludington
Pumped Storage facility produces ~2 GW of power, which has a total storage of about 16 GWh.
Sources:
1. 2011 Public Service Commission of DeLEG, Julie Baldwin
2. 20% Wind Energy by 2030, DOE
3. One Million EV’s by 2015 February Status Report, DOE
4. Wind Powering America FY08 Activities Summary, DOE
5. State Energy Profiles, Michigan, U.S. Energy Information Administration
6. Deployment Rollout Estimate of Electric Vehicles, Center of Automotive Research
2015