STATION PAPER No. 7
AUGUST
1947
I
4
THE ASPEN - GRAY BIRCH FORESTS
OF THE ANTHRACITE REGION
by C.F Burnham
M.J. Ferree
F. E. Cunningham
.
%
U.S. Deportment of Agricu/ture
Forest Service
Northeastern Forest Experiment Station
Bankers Securities Building
Philadelphia 7 , Pa.
NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERilENT STATION
This paper i s a progress report of f o r e s t resekmh i n the
Anthmcite ~e&&.onby personnel of t h e S t a t i o n l s b x w h at Kingston
Pa. Jt i s %be fouTbh i n a s e r i e s of seven reports deaupg witti th
prinoipal f o r e a t types i n t h e Anthracit,e ABgion. !he repqrts poppleted are:
1.
The hlorthsrn Hardwood f o r e s t s of t h e Anthracite Wgipn.
3,tatS_an Faper Roi 1, issued i n b . r c h 1947.
2.
The Red Oak - White Oak Foreists of t h e AnthracLke! Region..
s t a t i o n paper bd. 2, issued i n hay 1947,
\
3.
m e ,Scrub Oak Porestq of t h e Anthracite Region.
h p e x No. 4, issued $n June 1947.
$tation
t
The other peports, a l l of which w i l l be issued this year, deal wi6
the whiCe, pipe - hemlock f o r e s t s , t h e white pine
oak forests, an
the chestnut oak f o r e s t s . .
-
!Phis report preaen%s data on t h e candi%ion of &be f a r e s t s 4
the aspen - gray Birch f o r e s t type,,and recamwdatiops far k p r o v
$ng suah f ~ r e s t s . The recommendations are onlg: tentslti;qs82 412%.
the
should s s r v e ' a s a useful guide untillhore precise and reftned info
mation i s available.
The authors thank t h e many landowners on whose property t h e
sample f l o t s were establishad; t h e personnel of t h e I n d u s t r i a l
Forestry Division of t h e Wyoming Valley Chaber of Commerce; f o r
t h e i r advice and assistance; and t h e many other indidduals who ha
shorn a desire t o help solve t h e f o r e s t problems found in t h e
Anthracite Region.
Introduction
.
,
Present condition
.,.
1
.
3
.
,
Measures needed t o
improve productivity.
Literature c i t e d
.
. . .
10
..
13
7
Appendix
Definitions of terms
Supplementary tables
11
PRINCIPAL FOREST TYP
OF THE
ANTHRACITE RENo@nmNHAROWOOO
WHITE PINE-WHTE OAK-R€D O
0
RED OAK-BLACK OAK-WHlE
014
DSGRUe OAK
ASPEN-GRAY
CHERRY
=-OAK
0
9
Ulus
18
WHITE +
E
m
A S P E N
THE
OF
THE
--
G R A Y
B I R C H
ANTHRACITE
FORESTS
REGION
Their Present Condition and P o s s i b l e Treatment
by C. f. Burnham
M, J , Ferree
F. E. Cunningham
INTRODUCTION
The aspen - gray b i r c h f o r e s t type occupies about 98j000 a c r e s
i n t h e Anthracite Region of Pennsylvania ( s e e map). T t i s confined t o
two r e l a t i v e l y small areas. One i s i n S u l l i v a n and Wyoming Counties;
t h e o t h e r i n Luzerne and Lackawanna Counties.
This type of f o r e s t i s composed of trembling aspen, gray birch,
p i n cherry, and a few remnants of red maple, black cherry, hickory, and
beech. It g e n e r a l l y i s found where northern hardwood f o r e s t s have
been burned over a f t e r logging.
I n t h e i r present condition t h e s e f o r e s t s make p r a c t i c a l l y no cont r i b u t i o n t o t h e supply of lumber and mine props s o badly needed i n t h e
a r e a . No p o r t i o n of t h e acreage i n t h i s type meets t h e minimum quali f i c a t i o n s of t h e saw-timber c l a s s u -- 2,000 o r more board feetaper
a c r e ( t a b l e 1 ) . The few t r e e s of sawlog s i z e a r e decadent o r are of
. i n f e r i o r species,
These f o r e s t s grow on a r e a s t h a t once were covered with vdluable
species. Repeated burning a f t e r heavy logging operations not only
lowered t h e p r o d u c t i v i t y of t h e s i t e s , but a l s o destroyed t h e seed
sources of t h e d e s i r a b l e species. Aspen, on t h e o t h e r hand, has a
tremendous c a p a c i t y t o regenerate i t s e l f by r o o t suckers a f t e r f i r e s ;
it reappears a t once (L) (2) (2).y Gray b i r c h a l s o regenerates and
-makes exceptional growth a f t e r f i r e s ( 5 ) .
Moreover, B e s s , Spurr, and L i t t l e f i e l d
maintain t h a t f o r e s t s
predominantly of aspen, gray birch, o r oaks on d r y s i t e s a r e susceptible
t o i n f e s t a t i o n by t h e pypsy moth. This i s not because aspen and gray
b i r c h a r e a f a v o r i t e food source, but because " t h e i r presepce i s associ a t e d with f i r e , grazing, overcutting, o r o t h e r forms of &use t h a t
lSee
/ appendix f o r d e f i n i t i o n s .
2/ Numbers i n parentheses r e f e r t o L i t e r a t u r e Cited, p . 10.
Bess, Henry A., Spurr, Stephen H., and L i t t l e f i e l d , E. W.
F o r e s t s i t e conditions and t h e gypsy moth. 1945. (Unpublished
manuscript, Harvard Forest. )
z/
%
type, by stand-size c l a s s e s
: Saw
: timber
Item
: Pole
: timber
:
:
Unmerchantable
(seedling and
sapling)
. .
3
Acres
Percent
Sawlog m a t e r i a l :
M bd. ft;......
Percent........,
* Ed. f t . p e r acre..
...
..
Other material:
'.'
.
tons^^,;.......'..
..........
Percent. ......., ..
'
'
Tons per a c r e . . . . .
A l l material?'
-
. .
'
.
..........
Percelt... ........
ft'
'
'
"
.
'
.
.
Cu. f t . p e r acre..
I/ Ineson, F. A., ~ e r r e e ,M. J., and Robinson, D. F.
. Northeast. Fore
Anthracite Forest Region--a problem area.
Sta.
1946. (1n pnocess of p u b l i c a t i o n by U. S. Dept. Agr
a r e f o r t h e e n t i r e 15-county area; percentages and volume-pe
f i g u r e s should not be confused w i t h t h e p l o t f i g u r e s t h a t fo
t h e r e p o r t r e f e r r e d t o t h e type i s c a l l e d aspen - gray b i r c h
cherry.
"Unmer~hantable~~
a s used i n t h i s t a b l e includes po
t r a c t s l e s s than 1 0 a c r e s i n s i z e . The term Itseedling and s
used elsewhere i n t h i s r e p o r t does not include t h e s e t r a c t s .
c r e a t e ' c o n d i t i o n s favorable t o s u r v i v a l of t h e gypsy moth la
A l a r g e a r e a of t h e gypsy moth i n f e s t a t i o n i n Luzerne and La
Counties has been i n t h i s f o r e s t type.
The a b i l i t y of t h e more d e s i r a b l e s p e c i e s t o f i l t e r e
i n t o t h e s e a r e a s and eventually t o replace t h e aspen and gra
doubtful, e s p e c i a l l y on t h e poorer s i t e s . Some a r t i f i c i a l m
speeding up t h e process may be necessary. Studies i n t h e La
have l e d t o t h e general conclusion t h a t p l a n t i n g may be pra.
some s i t e s . Future research i n t h e Anthracite Region shoyld
s i m i l a r s t u d i e s . Finety-eight thousand a c r e s i s t o o l a r g e a
be l e f t unproductive.
PRESENT CONDITION
Temporary-sample p l o t s were measured i n o r d e r t o determine t h e
age, growth ate, c h a r a c t e r of stand composition, and manner of rep e n e r a t i o n . These p l o t s were d i s t r i b u t e d e q u a l l y i n seedling-ands a p l i n g s t a n d s and on s i t e I and s i t e 11. (The aspen - gray b i r c h
type h a s ' n o saw-timber c l a s s and has l i t t l e acreage on s i t e 111.)
Analysis of t h e s e measurements d i s c l o s e d t h a t t h e stocking
of merchantable-sized t r e e s i s poor ( t a b l e 2 ) . Northern hardwood
s t a n d s on s i m i l a r s i t e s have 20 t o 50 percent more t r e e s i n t h e 4i n c h diameter c l a s s and l a r g e r .
The seedling-and-sapling c l a s s
has somewhat b e t t e r s t o c k i n g but includes few s p e c i e s of commercial
value.
Because of b e t t e r growth r a t e and a s l i g h t l y b e t t e r composition,
s i t e I stands-have a l a r g e r cubic-foot volume t h a n s i t e T I stands.
They a r e about t h e same age. S i t e I1 s t a n d s a r e mostly aspen, red
maple, gray b i r c h , f i r e cherry, and black cherry. On s i t e I t h e r e
i s l i t t l e o r no gray b i r c h o r f i r e cherry; and sugar maple, r e d oak,
hickory, white pine, and white ash make t h e s i t e I f o r e s t more valuable.
Although t h e b e t t e r s p e c i e s a r e present on s i t e I, m o r t a l i t y
i s h i g h because t h e aspen d i e s a s i t i s crowded o u t of t h e stand. It
cannot endure t h e competition from more t o l e r a n t s p e c i e s . The h e a v i e s t
m o r t a l i t y i s i n t h e 1- t o 3-inch diameters on both s i t e s . C u l l volpne
i s a l s o high on both s i t e s ; aspen accounts f o r most of it.
Poorly formed stems c o n s t i t u t e a t h i r d of t h e volume of poletimber s t a n d s and over two-thirds of t h e volume of seedling-ands a p l i n g s t a n d s (ta.bles 4-11).
The l a r g e percentage of high-vigor
t r e e s i s due t o poor s t o c k i n g and consequent crown expansion.
%
The low volume i n s p e c i e s of commercial value r e s u l t s i n p o o r .
growth even i n young s t a n d s . The high m o r t a l i t y and excessive c u l l
i n t h e p r i n c i p a l s p e c i e s (aspen) o f f s e t s t h e yrowth. On s i t e I
aspen i s o f t e n of good q u a l i t y ; and white ash, black cherry, red maple,
red oak, and white pine gradually t a k e over a s t h e aspen d i e s . This
appears t o occur when t h e s t a n d i s between 40 and 60 y e a r s o l d .
S i t e I1 s t a n d s , however, comprise t h e bulk of t h e aspen pray b i r c h acreage. Here about 80 percent of t h e t o t a l volu$E i s
aspen, gray b i r c h , and f i r e cherry ( t a b l e s 7 and 1 1 ) . Few seed t r e e s
of commercial s p e c i e s , poor seedbed conditions, and competition from
s p r o u t s prevent conversion t o productive f o r e s t .
Burnham, C. F., Ferree, M. J . , and Cunningham, F. E. The
n o r t h e r n hardwood f o r e s t s of the Anthracite Region. Northeast. Forest
- Expt. S t a . Paper 1. 1947.
%
'
Pole timber
Seedl
sap
Average condition
: Site
..>'.
Volume per acre
.
:
Site I1
Site I
669
16.3
105
143
3.5
Board feet..
1,291
31.5
494
..............Years..
42
42
22
...........Number..
288
335
126
Seedling and sapling
(0.6-3.5" d.b.h.1
Number..
...
1,004
867
u2, 948
........... Degree..
Poor
Poor
Poor
33.8
39.0
72.5
7.8
18.2
18.5
32.9
32.6
16.0
18.4
121.2
31.6
8.8
29.3
34.3
31.4
5.0
6.4
11 4
7.8
50.0
9.6
17.0
3.7
2.3
25.0
8.1
20.3
51
1.24
36
17
0.93
0.15
14.4
88.2
27.2
73.4
Averape a@
%iEz?-73.611
and larger
\
Quality
Cubic feet.
I
*Tons..
--
d.b.h.1
...............
Percent
of t o t a l cu. - f t . volume
i n poorly formed trees..
................
h
Oripin
Vigor
Percent
of t o t a l cu.-ft. volume
i n sprout-origin trees..
................. Percent
i n vigor
vigor
vigor
vigor
class 1..
c l a s s 2..
class 3..
class 4..
Cull ..................
-of t o t a l cu. -ft.
of t o t a l bd.-ft.
Annual mortality
Percent
volume..
volume..
... Cubic feet
.
per acre.
Percent
of t o t a l growth..
Annual m w t h
per acre
....Cubic feet..
Tons.
.
..............increase..
Percent
In~roPrth
of annual cu.-ft.
of annual W.-ft.
L/
increase..
Includes t r e e s down t o 0.1 inches d.b.h.
--
4-4
--
-
Table 3.--Growth data f o r n a t u r a l aspen
- pray birch stands
MORTALITY NOT DEDUCTED
Growing stock
per acre
Cubic
feet
-
4
:
:
Annual growth
per a c r e
: Growing stock
- :
'
Site I
: S i t e I1
Cubic
feet
-
Cubic
feet
-
:
Annual groath
per a c r e
per a c r e
1
.
Tons
.
:Site I
Tons
: S i t e I1
Tons
1/ Since m o r t a l i t y i s much g r e a t e r on s i t e I than on s i t e 11, t h e
g r o w t h r a t e s a r e about t h e same a f t e r m o r t a l i t y i s deducted.
Converting f a c t o r : 41 cubic f e e t = 1 ton.
\
i
$
Figure 1.--Pole-timber
stand, site I.
.
..
2:.I
~
~
.~:
F i q r e 2.--Pole-timber
stand, Site I1
I.:-~.$4
>zg
MEASURES h?l3EDED TO IMPROVE PRODUCTIVI'IY
.
.
The n a t u r a l conversion of s i t e I stands t o productive f o r e s t s can
be speeded by r e l e a s i n g t h e b e t t e r s p e c i e s , removing dominant aspen,
and t h i n n i n g t o improve growth and composition. However, t h e s p e c i f i c
recommendations f o r such treatments, t h e c o s t s , and t h e improved growth
r a t e s t h a t w i l l r e s y l t must await f u r t h e r research.
The b i g problem, both i n acreage occupied and i n d i f f i c u l t i e s , i s
t h e almost worthless s i t e I1 stands. P l a n t i n e w i l l undoubtedly be
r e q u i r e d t o convert them. Introduction of b e t t e r species on this s i t e
through d i r e c t seeding i s l i k e l y t o prove both u n c e r t a i n and c o s t l y .
t
i n t h e Lake S t a t e s determined t h a t
S t u d i e s i n a s i m i l a r f ~ r e s type
m i n e r a l seedbeds must be prepared, seed o r seedlings must be protected
from rodents, and frequent l i b e r a t i o n must be made i n order t o succ e s s f u l l y e s t a b l i s h a new stand by d i r e c t seeding (4.).
I n gray b i r c h stands o r where t h e aspen overstory i s t h i n , it may
prove f e a s i b l e t o underplant with white o r red pine t r a n s p l a n t s , red
p i n e t o be planted i n openings. Tourney (6) found t h a t t h e l i g h t f o l i age of b i r c h t r e e s i n t e r f e r e d very l i t t l e with t h e growth of underplanted
white pines. About 500 t r e e s p e r a c r e should be planted, t a k i n g f u l l
advantage of openings i n t h e crowns of t h e overstory. When t h e growth
slows down because of excessive shade, t h e overtopping t r e e s should be
removed--by g i r d l i n g i f they have no commercial value.
Where t h e aspen i s dense it w i l l have t o be thinned o u t before
; n d e r p l a n t i n g . g S h i r l e y ' s methods (4) f o r r e s t o r i n g c o n i f e r s t o
aspen lands i n t h e Lake S t a t e s a r e worthy of t r i a l i n aspen a r e a s of
t h e Anthracite Region. These procedures, with some modifications, a r e
a s follows:
*
.
1. S e l e c t a r e a s , p r e f e r a b l y of good s o i l , on which aspen i s small o r
s p a r s e , and not i n t h e v i c i n i t y of swamps used by deer as winter
y a r d i n g grounds.
.%
2.
Choose t r e e s p e c i e s t o suit s o i l q u a l i t y .
a r e s u i t a b l e f o r t h e Anthracite Region. )
3.
Use l a r g e . high-quality t r a n s p l a n t stock, p r e f e r a b l y 2-2.
4.
Thin t h e overstory t o admit 50 percent o r s t r o n g e r l i g h t , but leave
e n o u ~ ht o shade each planted c o n i f e r d u r i n c some portion,cof t h e
7
day.
5.
Open up t h e undergrowth t o prevent excessive shading and r o o t
competition.
(White pine and red pine
6/ Lake S t a t e s Forest Experiment ~ t ' a t i o n . P l a n t i n g under aspen
can b e made successful. Lake S t a t e s Forest Expt. Sta. Tech. Note 80.
-1934.
Fieure 3 . S e e d l i n g - a n d - s a p l i n g
stand, s i t e I.
Figure 4.-Seedling-ncd-sapling
s t a n d , s i t e 11.
-e-
6.
Prepare t h e p l a n t i n g area by plowing furroiws or by c a r e f u l l y scalpi n g 20-inch-square spots so t h a t t h e t r e e s w i l l be f r e e from imr r e t l i ~ t ecompetition of o t h e r vegetation.
7.
P l a n t c a r e f u l l y by t h e deep-hole method, t o i n s u r e spreading of
roots.
8.
Maintain r a p i d growth by e a r l y and frequent weedings u n t i l t h e
c o n i f e r s , h a v e overtopped t h e undergrowth.
9.
P r o t e c t planted a r e a s from deer by fencing, and from r a b b i t s
. b y fencing o r snaring i f necessary. Whit.e p i n e p l a n t i n g s w i l l
need t h e usual p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t t h e b l i s t e r r u s t disease.
10.
Remove t h e overstory when t h e c o n i f e r s have reached heights of 4
t o 6 f e e t , exposing r e l a t i v e l y narrow s t r i p s of p l a n t a t i o n a t one
time and leaving enough o v e r s t o r y m a t e r i a l t o prevent drying winds
from gaining access t o t h e s o i l .
The above m t h o d of r e s t o r i n g c o n i f e r s t o aspen lands was estimated
by S n i r l e y (g)
t o c o s t $25-$30 p e r a c r e i n t h e Lake S t a t e s , This was i n
1939 o r 1940. He concludes it i s u n l i k e l y t h a t over t h e f i r s t r o t a t i o n
of c o n i f e r s t h e r e t u r n s would o f f s e t t h e c o s t s , but t h e r a t e of i n t e r e s t
might be low.
Further s t u d i e s of this problem i n t h e Anthracite R e g i o n p r e needed
t o develop more a p p l i c a b l e methods of r e s t o r i n g t h e s e f o r e s t s t o g r e a t e r
production a t reasonable c o s t s .
L I T E R A T U R E
(1)
(2)
C I T E D
Baker, Frederick S.
1918. Aspen a s a temporary f o r e s t type.
8 294-303,
illus.
-J
Jour. F o r e s t r
Kittredge, J . J r . , and Gevorkiantz, S. R.
1929. Forest p o s s i b i l i t i e s of aspen l a n d s i n t h e Lake
Minn. Agr. Expt. S t a . Tech. Bul. 60. 84 pp..
(3) S h i r l e y , H a d y L.
1931.
w
)
Does l i g h t burning s t i m u l a t e aspen suckers?
F o r e s t r y 29: 524-525.
Jou
------------1941.
R e s t o r i n g c o n i f e r s t o aspen lands i n t h e Lake S t
U . S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bul. 763. 35 PP., i l l u
(5)
Skutch, Alexander F.
1929. E a r l y s t a g e s of p l a n t succession following f o r e s
B
Eco!. o g y 10: 177-190, i l l u s .
(6)
Toumey, J. W.
1919. The r e l a t i o n of gra.y b i r c h t o t h e r e g e n e r a t i o n o
pine. Jour. F o r e s t r y 17: 15-20.
A P P E N D I X
1
DEFINITIOITS OF TERMS
The use of terms i n t h i s paper i s i n accord w i t h t h e d e f i n i t i o n s
given below.
Forest S i t e s
.
S i t e 1.--This s i t e i s u s u a l l y found i n p r o t e c t e d ooves o r a l o n g
streams o r bottom-lands t h a t maintain moist, well-drained c o n d i t i o n s
throughout t h e year. On northern exposures, it o r d i n a r i l y extends higher
up t h e slope t h a n on southern exposures because of more s o i l moisture.
Club moss, hydrangea, maidenhair f e r n , trillium, sphagnum moss, and
f e r n - l e a f moss a r e f a i r l y good i n d i c a t o r s .
S i t e 11.--Site I1 a r e a s a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d by s o i l s i n t e r m e d i a t e
i n moisture, depth, drainage, and f e r t i l i t y . They dry out f o r only
s h o r t p e r i o d s during t h e year. Usually they a r e s l o p e t y p e s l o c a t e d
between t h e r i d g e s and t h e coves o r battom-lands, but u s u a l l y reaching
n e a r l y t o t h e r i d g e tops. Poorly drained bottom-lands may be of s i t e I1
q u a l i t y . T r a i l i n g arbutus, ground p i n e , a s t e r , goldenrod, bracken f e r n ,
hand sheep l a u r e l u s u a l l y i n d i c a t e s i t e 11.
at
S i t e 111.--This s i t e i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by shallow, r a t h e r dry,
stony, o r compact s o i l s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of r i d g e s . On southern exposu r e s it may extend down a slope f o r a considerable d i s t a n c e , because
o f unfavorable s o i l moisture c o n d i t i o n s . Dense mountain l a u r e f o r a
preponderance of l i c h e n s o f t e n i n d i c a t e s i t e 111 c o n d i t i o n s .
F o r e s t Stand-size C l a s s e s
Saw-timber stands.--Stands b e a r i n g a minimum volume of 2,000
board f e e t p e r a c r e . Saw-timber volume i s measured i n c o n i f e r s i n t h e
9-inch d . b . h . c l a s s and over, and i n hardwoods i n t h e 11-inch d.b.h.
c l a s s and over.
Pole-timber stands.--Stands bearing a minimum volume of 5
s t a n d a r d c o r d s p e r a c r e i n t r e e s i n t h e 4-inch d. b. h. c l a z s and over.
i
and l e s s t h a n 2,000 board f e e t of saw-timber.
S e e d l i n g and sapling.--Areas
of young growth having l e s s t h a n
class
5 s t a n d a r d c o r d s of wood p e r a c r e i n t r e e s i n t h e 4-inch d.b.h.
and over.
.%
Tree Vigor Classifications
T i m r c l a s s 1,--Trees i n t h i s c l a s s have l a r g e dense
They are usually dominant o r co-dominant with a t l e a s t one-h
crowns exposed. They a r e f r e e from diseases or mechanical b
i n g t o reduce the crown surface. (Small mechanical i n j u r i e
trunks do not,affect t h e vigor c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , 1 They a r e f r
age stagnation a s evidenced by dead limbs i n the crown, and
healthy and t h r i f t y appearance.
S.
Vigor cxass 2.--Trees i n t h i s c l a s s have fair-sized c
moderate density o r large crowns of l i g h t density. They a r e
dominant with l e s s than one-half the crown exposed, but with
the t i p i n the open i n well-stocked uncut stands. They a r e
diseases or mechanical breakage tending t o reduce the crown
and a r e f r e e from old-age stagnation. They may be t r e e s t h
from vigor c l a s s 1 because of injury, disease,or o l d age.
. V i ~ o rc l a s s 3.--Trees i n t h i s c l a s s have small, dense
j u s t the t i p s exposed and are f r e e from diseases and mechan
tending t o reduce crown surface. They have not reached oldtion. They may be t r e e s t h a t are dropped from vigor c l a s s e
because' of i njury, disease, or old-age ,
Vigor c l a s s 4.--~rees growing under obvious handicap
severe suppression, injury, disease, or old age.
I. pole timber:
1
0.5
3.6
Percent
2.2
6.4
0.7
2.0
-
--
----
--"
0.9
2.7
25.0
8.7
--
--
--
--
----
.7
--
161
16.0
-
146
15
1.8
5.1
--
116
11.6
8
59
49
71;2
205.1
.5
1.3
4.9
13.3
134
57
28
49
2.7
7.9
-
--
8
16
1.6
--8
1
1/ Includes noncomnercial spies-serviceberry, hornbeam, hop-hornbeam, w
t o t a l i n g 529 stern3 unler 4 inches d.b.h. and 6.5 atems over 4 inches d.b.h.; and co
red spruce, black qirch, yellow poplar, and hickory--totaling 8 stems under 4 inche
inches d.b.h.
1.4
-
--
-
--
--
8
--8
0.8
--
-
--
\
10.5
----
-
--
--
Total
13
11
12
Total
Percent
3
2
:
I
Number of t r e e s per acre. by speci
D.b.h.
: Whits : White : Red : Sugar : Red : Yellow : Gray :
: wte
(inohes) : pine. : oak : oak : maple : maple : birch : birch : Ispen
: ash
Table &.--Site
Table 5 . 4 i t e I, pole timber:
Volume ner acre by species and
and by t r e e form
: Poor : Good
: Yorm : form
:$
Item
Cubic
feet
-
i
Total
Cubic
Cubic
feet . feet
: Poor : Good
: form : form
Percent
Board
feet
100.0
131
i
To
R
o a ~ b Boar
feet
feet
Species:
White pine
Hemlock
Bed spruce
White oak
Red oak
Sugar maple
Red maple
Yellow birch
Black birch
Gray birch
'Aspen
White ask?
Basswood
Yellow poplar
Black cherry
Sassaf;;as
Misc.
Total
-
'
D.b,h. :
(Indhes)
4
5
13
Total
Percent
435.9
27.,0
54e2
11.8.
435.9
33,8
854.7 1,290.6
6.1
18.4
-
33.1
2=6
72.6
5,6
-
-.
11.8
09
53
854.7 1,2q0,6
10,O
131
66.2
100.0
--
26.5
363.
--
363
73-5
Shadbush, blue beech, witch hazel, ironwood.
494
--
-
5
49
100.0
1
VI
w
I
3
11. pole timber:
295
34.0
-
--
-
2
Total
Percent
66.1,
222.6
d
0.9
3.0
--
1.0
2.0
1.8
16
8
1.6
0.5
2.6
-
0.8
.8
10.1
88
32
48
8
: Fire
: cherry
8.8
--
2.4
1.6
--
,
I
serviceberry, witch hazel.
10.0
Q.5
17.6
Percent 1.5
Noncommercial species:
33.4
1.6
39.1
5."
Total
1.0
---
-
80.4
55.4
25.4
220
64
68
88
13.5
13.2
13
-
27.6
15.0
17.0
147
15
33
99
4.0
1.0
1.6
3.5
30
--
10
20
5
4
180
57
58
-
--
1
Black
1 Beech ; cherry
8
-
Number o r t r e e s per acre. by sp
D.b.h.
: Red : Red t Yellow : Gray :
( i n c h e s ) : oak : maple : b i r c h : b i r c h : Aspen
.Table 6.--Site
11, pole timber:
Table ?.--Site
Volume per acre, by species an
and by t r e e form
: Poor
Item
-
:, form
-
Cubic
feet
-
: Good :
: form :
Cubic
feet
: Poor
: form
Cubic
feet
: Good :
: fom :
Board B
--
PerBoard
cent
feet
feet
Species:
Red oak
Red maple
sYellow birch
Gray birch
Aspen
Beech
BiLack cherry
Fire c h e ~ r y
Total
l2,b.h.
(Inches)
4
5
Total
Percent
261.1
408.4
669.5
100~0
105
-
f
I, seedling and s a p l i n ~ : Number of t r e e s per acre, by
Percent
Total
Percent
Total
--
4.8
6
0.3
10
-
Nonc~mmerc$+
-
0.3
8
--
species:
3.2
4
6.8
200
-84,O
3.2
--
1.6
2
---
4
0.1
-
0.5
14
0.5
14
serviceberry, hawthorn, alder, willow, hornbeam.
-
0.7
22
106
23.8
702
4
50.7
1494
D.b,h.
: White : Sugar : Red : Gray :
: White : Black : Hick-:
(inches) : oak : maple : maple : birch : lapen
Beech : ash : cherry : ory : c
Table 8.--Site
Table 9,--Site
I, seedling and sapling:
Volume Der a
by species and diameter, and by t r e e f o r m
: Poor : Good
: forrr, : form
Cubic
Misc.
Fire
.
Total
Cubic
Cubic
feet
Per
c en
11.0
3ri.O
25
22.2
51.4
35
143.4
100
100.0
.
feet
feet
26,O
2q *2
39@4
Species :
Sugar maple
Red maple
Gray birch
Aspen
Hickory
:
:
Fry
Total
,D.b*h.:
(Inches )
4
5
Total
Percent
104.0
72.5
27.5
Noncommercial species:
ahd@r, willow, and blue beech,
shadbush, cratasgu
Percent
Total
Percent
Total
-
7.9
Noncommercial species:
1.3
12
-2
4
2.6
96
63.2
2.6
70
7 9
12
8.6
228
ha
: Black : Fire :
: cherry: cherry:
willow, alder, holly, doflood,
17.1
26
22.4
25.4
28.8
594
672
762
0.2
4
0.1
2
: Red : Gray :
: maple : b i r c h :
11. seedling and sapling: Number of t r e e s per
: White : HemD.b,h.
(inches) : pine : lock
Table 10.--Site
Table 11.-Site
XI, s e e d l i n ~and sapling:
by
Item
4
:
:
species and diameter, and by t r e e form
Poor
form
Cubic
:
:
Good
form
:
:
Total
feet
Cubic
feet
-
78,8
39.8
11s.6
100, 0
30,6
8.4
Species :
White pine
Red maple
Gray birch
Aspen
Black cherry
Fire cherry
Total
Volume per a
Cubic
feet
-
Percent
-
I
D.b.h.:
( Inches )
%.4
5
28.0
6.0
39.0
34 0
.
32.8
28.6
6
7
10.4
9.8
15.6
9.8
26. o
19.6
22.0
16,6
Total
78,8
39.8
118.6
100.0
Percent
66,4
33.6
100.0
.
.
--