Table of Contents
Welcome ...............................................................................1
Committees ...........................................................................2
Sponsors...............................................................................4
Program at a Glance ............................................................6
Getting to ICCR2013...................................................8
Registration and Payment............................................11
Hotel.................................................................................13
General Information..............................................................15
Social Program .....................................................................16
Exhibition .......................................................................16
Scientific Program ................................................................17
Speaker Guides .........................................................17
April 7, 2013, Sunday ................................................18
April 8, 2013, Monday ..............................................29
Abstracts .............................................................................44
The 5th International Conference on Cryogenics and Refrigeration
ICCR2013
Welcome
Dear Colleagues:
On behalf of the organizing committees, we feel greatly honored to welcome you to
the 5th International Conference on Cryogenics and Refrigeration (ICCR 2013) to be
held in Hangzhou, China, from April 6 to April 9, 2013. Thank you for your help and
involvement which will make ICCR 2013 a success.
The International Conference on Cryogenics and Refrigeration (ICCR) has been
successfully held in Hangzhou for three times in 1989, 1998 and 2003, and once in
Shanghai in 2008, respectively. The purpose of ICCR is to bring together academic
and industrial experts specializing in cryogenics, refrigeration and air conditioning,
in order to stimulate a fruitful exchange of up-to-date scientific and technical
information.
Zhejiang University is located in Hangzhou, a world famous sightseeing city about
150 km southwest to Shanghai, endowed with a pleasant climate, picturesque
surroundings and a rich academic environment. Hangzhou’s West Lake Cultural
Landscape was inscribed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List in 2011.
Looking forward to meeting all of you in person and wishing your visit a great
success.
Limin QIU and Ruzhu WANG
ICCR Chairmen
1
Committees
ICCR CHAIRMEN
L. M. Qiu
R. Z. Wang Zhejiang University, China; Vice President of Commission A2, IIR
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Vice President of Commission B2, IIR
INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM COMMITTEE
A. Akisawa
H. Auracher
A. M. Bredesen
G. B. Chen G. M. Chen K. N. Cho
M. Chorowski
V. Chrz
R. E. Critoph
F. de Waele
G. L. Ding P. Domanski
J. D. Fuerst
E. A. Groll
R. Herzog
T. Haruyama
E. Hihara
S. K. Jeong
Y. T. Kang M.Kauffeld
D. L. Kim N. H. Kim C. N. Kim
P. Lebrun
Y. Z. Li
Y. G. Li W. D. Long Tokyo University of Agriculture andTechnology, Japan
University Berlin, Germany; President of Section B, IIR
Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
Zhejiang University, China
Zhejiang University, China
Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Korea
Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland, President of Commission A2, IIR
Chart Ferox, Czech Republic
Warwick University, UK
Technical University of Einhoven, The Netherlands
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
NIST, USA, President of the Science and Technology Council, IIR
Cryogenic Society of American, Inc.,USA
Purdue University, USA
ILK Institute, Germany; President of Commission A1, IIR
KEK High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Japan
The University of Tokyo, Japan
KAIST, Korea
Kyung Hee University, Korea, President of Commission B1, IIR
The Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences, Germany; President of
Commission B2, IIR
Korea Basic Science Institute, Korea
University of Incheon, Korea
National University of Singapore, Singapore
CERN, Switzerland; President of Section A, IIR
Xi’an Jiao Tong University, China
University of Hong Kong, China
Tongji University, China; President of Section E, IIR
2
The 5th International Conference on Cryogenics and Refrigeration
ICCR2013
L. Luo
Y. T. Ma M. Murakami P. Neksa
B. Palm J. Pfotenhauer
L. M. Qiu
R. Radebaugh
R. Radermacher
L. Renato K. Saito S. M. Shu
M. Ter Brake G. Thummes
S. W. Wang R. Z. Wang J. F. Wu
Y. N. Wu Y. F. Yang H. Zhang L. Zhang X. S. Zhang Y. P. Zhang Y. Zhou F. Zigler
Savoy University, France
Tianjin University, China
University of Tsukuba, Japan
Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
University of Wisconsin, USA
Zhejiang University, China; Vice President of Commission A2, IIR
NIST, USA
University of Maryland, USA
University of Padova, Italy; President of Commission E1, IIR
Waseda University, Japan
Huazhong University of Science & Technology, China
University of Twente, The Netherlands; ICEC Chairman
University of Giessen, Germany
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Vice President of Commission B2, IIR
Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS, China; Vice President of
Commission A1, IIR
Institute of Technical Physics, CAS, China
University of Southampton, UK
University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, China
Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS, China
Southeast University, China
Tsinghua University, China
Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS, China
TechnischeUniversitaet Berlin, Germany
LOCAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
G. M. Chen
G. L. Ding
Q. Wang
P. Zhang
H. Q. Jing
Zhejiang University, China(Chairman)
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
Zhejiang University, China(Secretary General)
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
Chinese Association of Refrigeration, China
3
Sponsors
Zhejiang University, China
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
Chinese Association of Refrigeration
International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR)
National Natural Science Foundation of China
Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China
4
The 5th International Conference on Cryogenics and Refrigeration
ICCR2013
GOLD:
Air Liquide (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd.
Hangzhou Fushida Special Nanjing Cooltech Cryogenic
Material Co., Ltd.
Technology Co., Ltd.
Vacree Technologies Co., Ltd.
Sumitomo Heavy Industries
(Shanghai) Management, Ltd.
SILVER:
Air Products and Chemicals (China)
Investment Co., Ltd.
DunAn Artificial
Environment Co., Ltd.
Chart BioMedical-Qdrive
Hangzhou Hangyang Co., Ltd.
Lihan Thermoacoustic
Technologies (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd.
Shanghai Chaiodin
Valve Trading Co., Ltd.
Panasonic R&D Center
Suzhou Co., Ltd.
TransMIT
5
DeMaCo Holland bv
Hangzhou State Power Energy
Environment Design & Research
Institute, Co., Ltd.
RUAG Space GmbH
Linkphysics Co., Ltd.
Program at a Glance
April 6, 2013, Saturday
08:00-20:00
Registration ICC
18:00-20:00
Welcome Reception
Dining Hall, YQT
April 7, 2013, Sunday
08:30-08:45
Opening Ceremony Room 225, ICC
Plenary Session A Room 225, ICC
08:45-09:45
GROLL Eckhard, Novel Compression and System Concepts for Cold Climate
Air-Source Heat Pumps
CHRZ Vaclav, Liquefied Industrial Gases and Small LNG technology in 21st Century
09:45-10:00
Group Photo
10:00-10:15
Coffee Break
Plenary Session B Room 225, ICC
RADERMACHER K. R., Thoughts on Robust System Design
10:15-11:45
OHLIG Klaus, Latest Developments and Outlook for Hydrogen Liquefaction
Technology
WATSON Tom, Reducing the Impact of Refrigerants on the Environment
11:30-13:00
13:00-15:00
Lunch Room 138, Room 139, ICC
Oral Session A
Oral Session B
Oral Session C
Oral Session D
Room 138, ICC
Room 139, ICC
Room 223, ICC
Room 225, ICC
Applications of
Cryogenic
Refrigeration
Cryogenic and
Other Related
Engineering-1
Engineering-1
Refrigeration
Topics-1
Techniques
15:00-15:15
Coffee Break
15:15-17:00
Poster Session A First Floor, ICC
17:00-18:00
Go to Lou Wai Lou Restaurant from ICC by Bus
18:00-19:00
Dinner at Lou Wai Lou Restaurant
19:00-20:50
Go to Yuefen on Walk (750 m Lake View, about 15 minutes)
Enjoy The Show “Impression West Lake” (19:45-20:45)
20:50-21:30
Return to Hotel
6
The 5th International Conference on Cryogenics and Refrigeration
ICCR2013
April 8, 2013, Monday
Plenary Session C Room 225, ICC
CHEN Guangming, Cooling availability: concept, fundamentals and applications
08:00-09:30
PFOTENHAUER John, Recent Progress in Pulsating Heat Pipe Technology for
Cryogenic Systems
LUO Ercang, Advances in Some Thermoacoustic Fundamentals and
Thermoacoustic Heat Engines/Refrigerators
09:30-09:45
09:45-11:45
Coffee Break
Oral Session E
Oral Session F
Oral Session G
Oral Session H
Room 138, ICC
Room 139, ICC
Room 223, ICC
Room 225, ICC
Cryogenic
Refrigeration
Refrigeration
Other Related
Engineering-2
Engineering-2
Engineering-3
Topics-2
11:30-13:00
13:00-15:00
Lunch Room 138, Room 139, ICC
Oral Session I
Oral Session J
Oral Session K
Oral Session L
Room 138, ICC
Room 139, ICC
Room 223, ICC
Room 225, ICC
Cryogenic
Refrigeration
Refrigeration
Other Related
Engineering-3
Engineering-4
Engineering-5
Topics-3
15:00-15:15
Coffee Break
15:15-17:00
Poster Session B First Floor, ICC
17:00-18:00
Free Time
18:00-20:00
/))8(GTW[KZ]OZN6KXLUXSGTIK Banquet Hall, ZIH
April 9, 2013, Tuesday
08:00-11:00
08:30-12:00
Option 1: Trip to Shanghai for China Refrigeration Expo CR2013
(pick up at Hotel Gate 7:45)
Option 2: Technical Tour to Hangzhou Hangyang Co., Ltd.
(pick up at Hotel Gate 8:15)
12:00-17:00
Option 3: Visit the Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Zhejiang University
(pick up at Campus Gate 12:15)
ICC -International Convention Center
YQT -Yuanzheng Qizhen Hotel
ZIH -Zijingang International Hotel
7
Getting To Iccr2013
The conference site will be at the Zijingang campus of Zhejiang University. (Google
Map or GPS setting: 30.30594N, 120.08556 E).
Venue
International Convention Center
Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University
No. 866, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
It is convenient to get to the conference site from the Hangzhou Xiaoshan
International Airport and railway station. Upon arriving in Hangzhou, taxis services
are available at Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport terminal 24 hours a day.
A typical fare for Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport to Zijingang Campus of
Zhejiang University is about RMB180 Yuan. You could also take the airport shuttle
charged RMB20 Yuan to the downtown of Hangzhou city, then transfer to your hotel
or Zhejiang University (Zijingang campus) by a taxi charged about RMB30 Yuan.
If there is no direct flight from your city to Hangzhou, you may choose Beijing,
Shanghai or Hong Kong as a transfer station. There are scheduled flights from
Beijing or Hong Kong to Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport everyday, which
may takes no more than 2 hours. You can also take high-speed trains from Shanghai
to Hangzhou. The time to travel from Shanghai to Hangzhou is less than one hour,
and the cost is about RMB 124 (US $20) for a first class ticket or RMB 78 (US $12)
for a second class ticket. You should first take subway, taxi or bus to the Shanghai
Hongqiao Railway Station from the Shanghai Pudong International Airport. There are
also shuttle buses from Pudong International Airport to Hangzhou.
8
The 5th International Conference on Cryogenics and Refrigeration
ICCR2013
ICCR2013
The 1st floor plan
133
143
140
142
132
Stairs
WC
141
139
7 6 5 4
12
Poster Area
WC
134
11 10 9 8
3
2
1
138
136 135
137
Main Entrance
1
Lihan Thermoacoustic
Technologies (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd.
GOLD
7
Vacree Technologies Co., Ltd.
2
Hangzhou Hangyang Co., Ltd.
GOLD
8
Nanjing Cooltech Cryogenic
Technology Co., Ltd.
3
Chart BioMedical-Qdrive
9
Air Products and Chemicals (China)
Investment Co., Ltd.
10
Panasonic R&D Center
Suzhou Co., Ltd.
GOLD
4
GOLD
5
Sumitomo Heavy Industries (Shanghai)
Management, Ltd.
11
Hangzhou State Power Energy
Environment Design &
Research Institute, Co., Ltd.
GOLD
6
Hangzhou Fushida Special
Material Co., Ltd.
12
DunAn Artificial
Environment Co., Ltd.
Air Liquide (Hangzhou)
Co., Ltd.
9
The 2nd floor plan
ICCR2013
215 217
216
229
227
228
WC
Stairs
218
WC
226
219
13
16 15
225
220 221
14
222
223
224
13
DeMaCo Holland bv
15
Shanghai Chaiodin
Valve Trading Co., Ltd.
14
TransMIT
16
RUAG Space GmbH
14
Linkphysics Co., Ltd.
10
The 5th International Conference on Cryogenics and Refrigeration
ICCR2013
Registration
All prospective participants are encouraged to register on-line at your earliest
convenience. All accepted Papers are required to be presented by at least one
registered author on the ICCR2013 during April 6-9, 2013. Conference Registrations
cannot be acknowledged or processed without payment.
Registration Fee
The rate of the registration fee depends on the type of participants and the date of
registration.
Registration Type
On-line Registration
On-site Registration
Standard
(by Mar. 20, 2013)
Late
(from Mar. 21, 2013)
500 US$
600 US$
Fee includes admission for all scientific programs; for the
Full Participants welcome reception, banquet, and lunch card; and for the
technical tour and the show “Impression West Lake”.
Participants will also receive a thumb drive with conference
papers, a conference program & abstract booklet, a conference
bag and a name badge.
300 US$
250 US$
Student and Retiree
Fee includes admission for all scientific programs; for the
Participants
welcome reception, banquet, and lunch card; and for the
(student ID is
technical tour and the show “Impression West Lake”.
required)
Participants will also receive a thumb drive with conference
papers, a conference program & abstract booklet, a conference
bag and a name badge.
Accompanying
Persons
200 US$
Fee includes a name badge, welcome reception, banquet and
the show “Impression West Lake”
*The net remittance should be paid to conference and the service fee is borne by the delegates.
11
Payment
Please pay your registration fee by bank transfer to the bank accounts of the
conference as follows in US Dollars or RMB. After your payment information is
received and confirmed, accommodation for you and your accompanying persons
will be reserved. Your registration fee can also be paid on-site at the conference
registration desk on April 6, 2013
(1) The USD bank account
BENEFICIARY:HANGZHOU TONGLI EXHIBITION INDUSTRY MANAGEMENT
CO.,LTD.
ACCOUNT NO: 1202024609914400145
ACCOUNT: INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL BANK OF CHINA ,ZHEJIANG
PROVINCE BRANCH, SWIFT CODE: ICBKCNBJZJP
ADDRESS: NO. 48, TIANMUSHAN ROAD, HANGZHOU, CHINA
(2) The RMB bank account
户名：杭州同力会展业管理有限公司
账号：1202024609914400145
开户行：中国工商银行股份有限公司 杭州浙大支行
银行代码：ICBKCNBJZJP
地址：中国 杭州 天目山路 48 号
After the telegraphic transfer payment, please scan the receipt provided by the
bank and send the receipt by email attachments to ICCR2013@zju.edu.cn. ICCR
Office will reply to you as soon as your payment has been confirmed. The receipt of
registration fees will be provided at on-site registration on April 6, 2013.
12
The 5th International Conference on Cryogenics and Refrigeration
ICCR2013
Hotel
ICCR Office has reserved more than 200 guest rooms for delegates in the
Yuanzheng Qizhen Hotel ( ★★★★ , http://www.yz-hotels.cn/) and the Suntree
Business Hotel.
1. The Yuanzheng Qizhen Hotel (30.31249 N, 120.08290 E ) is in the campus and 10
min walking distance to the conference hall.
2. The Suntree Business Hotel (30.30919 N, 120.08896 E) is close to the campus
and also 10 min walking distance to the conference hall, only for conventioneers from
Mainland China.
Hotel reservation will be made by ICCR Office according to your selection.
Cancellations for hotel reservation received by Fax or e-mail on or before April 1,
2013 will be possible at no cost to the delegate. The hotel information is as follows.
13
RATES
HOTEL
(per room, per night)
60 USD (Superior single room)
Yuanzheng Qizhen Hotel
55 USD (Superior double room)
(for all persons)
65 USD (Deluxe single room)
60 USD (Deluxe double room)
Suntree Business Hotel
228 RMB (Standard single room)
(only for conventioneers from Mainland China)
228 RMB (Standard double room)
The rate is in USD or RMB per room, per night.
ICCR Office will provide free lunches (quick meals) on April 7 and 8 in Room 138 and
Room 139 of the International Convention Center.
14
The 5th International Conference on Cryogenics and Refrigeration
ICCR2013
Language
General Information
The official language for the Conference is English. All papers and presentations
should be prepared in English.
Climate
Early April Hangzhou is humid and warm. The average temperature is about 65 ° F
(18°C). The weather is often rainy, and umbrellas are recommended.
Electricity
Electricity is supplied at 220V, 50Hz AC throughout China. Major hotels usually
provide 115V outlets as well for razor.
Internet access
Wireless Internet access is available to the conference attendees in the
International Convention Center (VPN username: hwzx, password: 87953890)
Currency and Banking
The official name for the currency of China is the Renminbi (RMB). It is denominated
into the Yuan. Foreign currency can be exchanged for RMB at airports, banks and
hotels. Major credit cards are accepted at most hotels. Banks usually open at 9:00
am and close at 5:00 pm weekdays and weekends.
Liability
The conference secretariat and organizers cannot accept liability for personal
accidents, loss of or damage to private property of participants, students and
accompanying persons, either during, or directly arising from the ICCR2013.
Participants should make their own arrangements with respect to health and travel
insurance.
15
Social Program
You are invited to take part the technical tour to Hangzhou Hangyang Co., Ltd. or take
our free shuttle bus to Shanghai for the China Refrigeration Expo CR2013(the biggest
Refrigeration Exhibitions in the world to be held on April 8-10) on April 9. Attendees are
also welcome to visit the Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Zhejiang University.
Besides, you will enjoy the wonderful social activities, such as welcome reception,
banquet with performance, and “Impression West Lake”, an extraordinary show in the
west lake. A free Shuttle bus to China Refrigeration Expo will be available in the morning
of April 9.
Post-conference tours included a three-day Traveling Itinerary to Yellow Mountain and
two-day Traveling Itinerary to Putuo Mountain have been suggested. Other Traveling
Itinerariescan also be selected with the help of the travel agency guide at On-site
Registration. The post-conference tour will start on April 10 in Hangzhou and also end
in Hangzhou. The traveling expenses for each person are depended on the selected
traveling itinerary.
Exhibition
LihanThermoacoustic Technologies (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd. (Booth 1)
Hangzhou Hangyang Co., Ltd.(Booth 2)
Chart BioMedical-Qdrive (Booth 3)
Air Liquide (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd. (Booth 4)
Sumitomo Heavy Industries (Shanghai) Management, Ltd. (Booth 5)
Hangzhou Fushida Special Material Co., Ltd.(Booth 6)
Vacree Technologies Co., Ltd. (Booth 7)
Nanjing Cooltech Cryogenic Technology Co., Ltd. (Booth 8)
Air Products and Chemicals (China) Investment Co., Ltd.(Booth 9)
Panasonic R&D Center Suzhou Co., Ltd.(Booth 10)
Hangzhou State Power Energy Environment Design & Research Institute, Co., Ltd. (Booth 11)
DunAn Artificial Environment Co., Ltd.(Booth 12)
DeMaCo Holland bv (Booth 13)
TransMIT (Booth 14)
Linkphysics Co., Ltd.(Booth 14)
Shanghai Chaiodin Valve Trading Co., Ltd. (Booth 15)
RUAG Space GmbH (Booth 16)
16
The 5th International Conference on Cryogenics and Refrigeration
ICCR2013
Scientific Program
Speaker Guides
Oral Presentation
Oral presenters are required to copy their presentation to the computerin the Slide
Preview Desk beside the On-site Registration Desk ONE hour before the scheduled
session. They have to provide a PowerPoint or PDF presentation, as well as ashort
bio (50-100 words including your name, title, affiliation, paper title and ID, and short
description of your research interests and positions etc.). Authors must assure that
all fonts needed are embedded in their presentation files, which are compatible
with Microsoft Office 2010. To avoid disruption of the session, the author will not
be allowed to use their own computer and files will need to be downloaded to the
computer from a USB key or a CD-ROM. The length of the presentation is restricted
to 10 minutes, plus 5 minutes for questions, totaling 15 minutes for each paper.
Poster Presentation
1. Each poster presenter is provided with a 90cm wide × 120cm high poster board.
2. Place paper Title and Authors' names prominently at the top of the poster to allow
viewers to identify your paper easily.
3. The text and illustrations should be readable from at least two meters(six feet)
away.
4. Tacks, adhesives and materials will be provided by the conference office for setting
up your posters.
5. If you have special needs for your poster presentation, please bring those supplies
with you to the meeting.
6. Posters should be set up in the morning according to the assigned session which
will be shown in the Conference Final Program.
The thumb drive containing all conference manuscripts together with an abstract
booklet (hard copy) will be distributed to delegates at the conference registration
desk.
Manuscripts will be peer-reviewed and recommended to publish on International
Journal of Refrigeration (Indexed by SCI and EI), Cryogenics (Indexed by SCI and EI)
and International Journal of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration on request.
17
April 7, 2013, Sunday
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Opening Ceremony Room 225, ICC
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------08:30-08:45 Opening Ceremony
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plenary Session A, Keynote Speech Room 225, ICC
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------08:45 Novel Compression and System Concepts for Cold Climate Air-Source Heat Pumps
GROLL Eckhard, Purdue University, USA
09:15 Liquefied industrial gases and small LNG technology in 21st century
CHRZ Vaclav, Chart Ferox, Czech Republic, ex-president of A2 and honorary
member of IIR
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plenary Session B, Keynote Speech Room 225, ICC
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10:15 Thoughts on Robust System Design
RADERMACHER K. R., University of Maryland, USA
10:45 Latest Developments and Outlook for Hydrogen Liquefaction Technology
OHLIG Klaus, CEO of LindeKryotechnik AG, Switzerland
11:15 Reducing the Impact of Refrigerants on the Environment
WATSON Tom, ASHRAE President, USA
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oral Session A, Cryogenic Engineering-1 Room 138, ICC
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13:00 A-1-05 Modeling cryogenic air separation system with multidisciplinary
unified physical modeling theory and the specific simulation of
cryogenic distillation
Tian Q., He G., Wang H., Cai D., Chen L.
13:15
A-1-11
Theoretical analysis of uniform flow distribution in the П-flow type
radial adsorber
Zhang X. J., Lu J. L., Qiu L. M., Zhang X. B., Wang X. L.
18
The 5th International Conference on Cryogenics and Refrigeration
ICCR2013
13:30
A-2-11
Theoretical and experimental investigation on two pulse
tubecryocoolers driven by single opposed linear compressor
Cao Y.G., Chen X., Wu Y.N.
13:45
A-2-14
Numerical Study of MeshScreen Regenerator using Lattice
Boltzmann Method
Xia Y. D., Chen X., Zhang H.
14:00
A-2-19
ESS Accelerator Cryogenic Plant
Wang X.L., Weisend II J. G., Koettig T., Hees W., Darve C.
14:15
A-2-26
Development of High-Capacity 4K Two-Stage Pulse Tube Cryocooler
Lin X., Saito M., Takayama H., Tsuchiya A., Xu M.
14:30
A-2-31
Investigation on a gas bearing Stirlingcryocooler and linear
compressor
WAN G. B., YE Z., WANG F., Xu. H.F., YU S.J., ZHU K.Z.
14:45
A-2-39
Study on the acoustic impedance characteristics of linear compressors
Gan Z. H, Wang L. Y., Zhao S. Y., Wang W. W., Wu Y. N.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oral Session B, Refrigeration Engineering-1 Room 139, ICC
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13:00 B-1-10 Intermittent Driving Simulation of Compression Type Heat-Pump
SAITO K., OHNO K.
13:15
B-1-13Simulation Research on Operation Characteristics of Ground Source
Heat Pump with Nature Cold Storage
Han Z. W., Meng X., Ablat Y., Yang J., Wang Y. R.
13:30
B-1-22
Preliminary Investigation on Performance of A Trans-Critical Carbon
Dioxide Heat Pump System for Water Heating
Maina P. and Huan Z.
13:45
B-1-26
Performance Study of a New Type of Heat-Source Tower with PreCondensation Function
Liu C. X., Liang C. H., Lv Y, Wen X. T., Zhang X.S., Yue X. L.
19
14:00
B-1-29
Supermarket Refrigeration with Heat Recovery Using CO2 as Refrigerant
Funder-Kristensen T., Bjerg P.
14:15
B-1-33
Progress and Prospect of Refrigeration Driven by Exhaust Heat
from Fishing Vessels
Yang S., Chen G., Chen S., Chen Z., Wang Q.
14:30
B-3-13
Frost Growth and Performance Variation of Refrigeration System of
Refrigerator Truck under Various Conditions
Kim S. H., Cho H. H.
14:45
B-4-16
Low Global Warming Refrigerants For Residential Air Conditioning
Applications
Mark S., Samuel Y. M, Christopher S., NIU Y. M.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oral Session C, Applications of Cryogenic and Refrigeration
Techniques Room 223, ICC
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13:00 C-1-14 Generation of tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide clathrate hydrate
slurry in a cold storage air-conditioning system using
heterogeneous storage tank
Shi X. J., Zhang P.
13:15
C-1-15
The uniformity improvement of temperature distribution in the
cryogenic target by means of auxiliary heating belts
Zhao J., Li Y. Z, Yu J. L., Zheng J.
13:30
C-1-16
The study of energy consumption simulation on residential building
by eQUEST software
Zuo Z., Liu Z., Li L.
13:45
C-3-01
An experiment study of low temperature vacuum drying on carrots
Shen J., Hu K. Y., Qi H. F., Miao H.
20
The 5th International Conference on Cryogenics and Refrigeration
ICCR2013
14:00
C-3-02
Effect of Static Magnetic Field on Carp Frozen Process
Lou Y. J., Zhao H. X., Han J. T.
14:15
C-3-03
Improvement of Vegetable Preservation by Auto-MoistureConditioning Membrane for Refrigerator
Tao L. R., Yu G. X., Zhang W. Y., Wang G. J., Suzuki K., Noda T., Kamei K.
14:30
D-3-03
The boiling heat transfer characteristics of the mixture HFO-234yf/
oil inside a micro-fin tube
Han X. H., Li P., Yuan X. R., Wang X. H., Wu M., Wang Q., Chen G. M.
14:45
D-3-09 Numerical Simulation of Impact of Indoor Thermal Environment
Characteristics in Winter by Vertical Wall Attached Jet Flow
Xia X. J., Liu Z. Q., Ma L. Y.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oral Session D, Other related Topics-1 Room 225, ICC
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13:00 D-1-01 Physical Property Calculation of CO2 Hydrate Slurry as a TwoPhase Secondary Refrigerant
Liu N., Yu H. Y., You L. T., Dai H. F.
13:15
D-1-02
Population balance model of ice particle size distribution during ice
slurry storage
Xu A. X., Liu Z. Q., Zhao T. L., Wang X. X.
13:30
D-1-04
Isobaric Heat Capacity of Potential Liquid Desiccant Solutions
Containing CalciumChloride and Its Mixtures
Gao N., Jiang Y. Y., He Y. J., Chen G. M.
13:45
D-1-07
The Numerical Simulation of Thermophysical Properties of Propane
Blend POE or PAG Oil Mixtures with Charge Minimization
Leqin P., Gang Y.
14:00
D-1-09
Solubility and Miscibility for the Mixture of (Ethyl Fluoride +
Alkylbenzene Oil)
Gao Z. J., Xu Y. J., Yuan X. R., Han X. H., Wang Q. , Chen G. M.
21
14:15
D-2-02
Numerical Model of Mobile Air Conditioning Evaporators Using
HFO-1234yf as Working Fluid
Qi Z.G.
14:30
D-2-16 Experimental observation of the development of two droplets of
methanol in array on Teflon surface
Liu B., Cai B. H., Zhou X. J., Di Q. Q., Richard B.,
14:45
D-2-45
Performance Characteristics of Microchannel Evaporator with
Different R404A Charge Quantities
Liu B., Shen Z. Y., Dong X. Y., Yin. H.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
15:00-15:15 Poster Session A, Plenary First Floor, ICC
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A-1-02 Design of Cryogenic Distillation forLiquid Xenon to Remove Krypton for
Dark Matter Detector
Wang Z., Bao L., Hao X. H., Ju Y. L.
A-1-07
Adsorption Dynamics of the Dual-bed Radial Flow Adsorber Used in the Air
Separation Unit
Zhang X. J., Wang X. L., Lu J. L., Qiu L. M., Zhang X. B., Gan Z. H., Sun D. M.
A-1-09
The Numerical Simulation and Experimental Comparison of a helium Phase
Separator with Small Heat Loss
Liu C. P., Hsiao F. Z., Tsai H. H., Li H. C., Huang T. Y.
A-1-12
Experimental Study onTemperature Stratification of Cryogenic Fluid in
Horizontal Cryogenic Tank withBottom Heating
Wang T. X., Chen H., Qiu X. L., Lei G., Liu H. F., Gao W. L.
A-1-13
Numerical investigation of Vaporization of Liquid Hydrogen in the MultilayerInsulated Pipe during the Stagnation
Gao X., Chen H., Xing K. W., Xu Y. Y.
A-2-04
Single-stage stirling-type pulse tube cryocooler with temperature below 16 K
Chen L. B., Zhou Q., Jin H., Zhu W. X., Wang J. J., Zhou Y.
22
The 5th International Conference on Cryogenics and Refrigeration
ICCR2013
A-2-08
Experimental study on a low-temperature regenerator packed with multimesh screens
Zhang A. K., Chen. X, Wu. Y. N., Zhang. H., Yang. K. X., Cao. Y. G., Zhang. C.
A-2-10
Analysis of the Impact of Suction and Discharge Pressure on Performances
of Linear Compressor
Wang S. H., XIE Y. B., Wu Y. F.
A-2-13
Numerical Analysis of Stress and Heat Transfer of Low Temperature Coldbox in 10kW@20K Helium Refrigerator
Xu D., Gong L. H., Xu P., Li L. F., Liu H. M., Xu X. D.
A-2-37
A Pulse Tube Cooler for 243 K
ZHU J. K., SONG Y. J., GAN Z. H., WU Y. N, MA B.
B-1-01
Analysis of Low-temperature Solar Power System combined with Ejector
Refrigeration
Yao Q. K., Zhang X. S., Song J. Z.
B-1-04
Feasibility Study of a Ground Source Heat Pump in a Metro Station
Wang Q. J., Zhai X. Q., Wang X. B., Song J., Zheng Y.
B-1-07
Operation Characteristic of a Heat Pump of Mechanical Vapor
Recompression Propelled by a Fan and Its Performance Analysis
Pang W., Lin W., Pan Q., Lin W., Dai Q., Yang L., Zhang Z.
B-1-08
Performance Analysis of a Dual-Nozzle Ejector Enhanced Heat Pump Cycle
with Two Heat Sources for Heating Application
Wang X., Zhu L, Zhou M. L., Yu J. L.
B-1-11
Research and Development Experimental Study of Multifunctional Air-cooled
Heat Pump with Heat recovery and Thermal Economics Analysis
Wang E., Tan H.
B-1-15
Experimental Study on CO2 Heat Pump Water HeaterCO2 Heat Pump Water
Heater: System Design and Experimental Study
Liu Y. F., Zhuo Z. Y., Zhang F., Bao T. W.
23
B-1-31
An Experimental Comparison of Transcritical CO2 Heat Pump Systems
Lu Y., Chen Q., Qi H., Tang L., Chen G.
B-1-34
Design on the Experimental Table for CO2 Refrigeration System with Turbo
Expander
Ma J.L., Liu C.H., Sun W.,Wang M., Lai T.W.,Hou Y.
B-2-01
Optimization Design Method of Absorption Chiller Based on Integrated
Operation Parameters
Yang Y. Y., Ma L. D., Zhao T. Y., Zhang J. L.
B-2-03
Performance Improvement of an Adsorption Chiller Using Composite
Adsorbent, Silica Gel Impregnated with Lithium Chloride, Paired with
Methanol as the Adsorbate.
Ishugah T. F., Wang R. Z., Wang L. W., Lu Z. S.
B-2-05
Experimental Study of Steam Generation and Heat Exchanger
Characteristics According to Outlet Port Position in a High-temperature
Generator
Kwak M., Chen T., Cho H.
B-2-07
Experimental Study of the Matching of Three Kinds of Solar Collectors with
Different Sorption Chillers
Lu Z., Wang R.
B-2-08
Thermodynamic Analysis and Comparison of Different Kinds of Mass
Recovery Processes Applied in Adsorption Refrigeration System
Pan Q. W., Wang R. Z., Lu Z. S., Wang L. W.
B-2-25
Performance Prediction of CO2-[Emim][Tf2N] Solution in a New Absorption
Refrigeration Driven by Low-Grade Energy
He L.J. , Zhao J.M., Zheng X.L., Yang Z.L.
B-2-26
Investigation of a Diffusion Absorption Refrigerator Using He/R23/R227ea/
DMF as Working Fluids
Wang S. K., He W., Yang S. Y., Wang Q, Gong L, Chen G. M.
24
The 5th International Conference on Cryogenics and Refrigeration
ICCR2013
B-3-02
Experimental Research on Heat Transfer Performance and Water
Condensation Phenomenon of Radiant Cooling Panel
Yin Y. L. Wang R. Z, Zhai X. Q., Ishugah T. F.
B-3-04
Quantitative Study on Contributions of High-intensity Ultrasound to the
Enhancement of Regeneration of Silica Gel
Yang K., Yao Y., He B.
B-3-06
Performance Comparison between R1234yf and R134a Mobil Airconditioning with Operating Conditions
Park C., Lee H., Cho H.
B-3-09
Using Data Envelopment Analysis to Assess a Chiller System's
Fang.X., Jin.X. Q., Fan.B., Zeng.X. Q.
B-3-10
The Design of Split Evaporative Air Conditioner of Evaporative Cooling
Sun Z., Huang X., Fan K., Liu J.
B-3-19
Experimental Investigation and Entropic Analysis of the Integration of TwoStage Dehumidification and Regenerative Evaporative Cooling
He H. B, Li Y, Dai Y. J, Wang R. Z.
B-3-20
Metal Ceiling Radiant Heating System of Capillary Tube Experimental Study
of Performances and Thermal Comfort
Wang F., Liang C., Zhang X., Xia Y., Yao W.
B-4-01
Low GWP Replacements for R404A in Commercial Refrigeration Applications
Niu Y. M., Spatz M., Yana Motta S.
C-1-01
A modeling method for the post-evaluation of CCHP systems based on
cluster and discriminate analysis
Zheng C. Y., Wu J. Y., Zhai X. Q.
C-1-02
Manufacture and test of the prototype of Vacuum Barrier for the ITER CC
Feeder
Lu K, Song Y. T., Ding K. Z., Wang Z. W., Cheng Y., Wu. H., Liu C. L.
25
C-1-03
The optimal excitation power of cryogenic temperature sensor at low
temperatures
Zhang X., Zhou G., Li K. R., Li Q., Liu L. Q.
C-1-04
Design of Cryogenic Box System for Testing Characteristicsof Compression
Springs
Xie J., Du B. Y., Yu X. L., Wu W. F.
C-1-05
Corrections of reducing the uncertainty of the self-heating in cryogenic
temperature measurements of the highest accuracy
Li K. R., Zhou G., Zhang X., Dong B., Liu L. Q., Li Q.
C-1-06
Comparison of energy use assessment for office buildings in China among
China building codes, LEED and HK-BEAM
Chen H., Lee W. L., Wang X. L.
C-1-07
Development of a condensation refueling gas recovery system based on
turbo Brayton refrigeration technique
Xiong L., Liu L., Lu W., Huo Z., Peng N.
C-1-08
Design and Analysis of a High-Low Temperature Visualization System from
-196°C to 100°C
Wang S. S., Huang Y. H., Chen Q., Wu J. Y., Xu Y. X.
C-1-09
Conceptual Design and Evaluation of cooling system for 1 km HTS Cables
Li Z. M., Li Y. X., Qiu M.
C-1-11
Thermal Analysis and Design of the Cryogenic System for 12MW offshore
Superconducting Wind Turbine
Li X. Y., He J., Li R., Song M., Gao K. N., Wang D. D., Li J. D., Tang Y. J.
C-1-17
Comparison of Hydrogen Adsorption on Graphene Sheets and Activated Carbon
Zheng Q. R., Gao S., Wang X. H.
26
The 5th International Conference on Cryogenics and Refrigeration
ICCR2013
C-1-20
Safety System Design of Cryogenic Hydrogen System for China Spallation
Neutron Source
He C. C., Xiao J., Wang G. P., He K.
D-1-03
Computer Simulation of Helium Adsorption in Argon Frost in Low
Temperature
Tang J. C., Xiong L. Y., Peng N., Jiang Y. C., Dong B., Liu L. Q., Zhang L.
D-1-05
Numerical analysis of self start process of a free piston Stirling engine
Li R. J., Li W., Hong G. T.
D-1-13
Application research of the Gear’s predictor-corrector algorithms in a
molecular dynamics simulation to the EXP-6 potential function of liquid helium
Chen Y., Chen S.
D-2-06
Experimental investigation on the falling film evaporation of R404A outside
a horizontal tube
Qiu X. S., Ou Yang X. P.
D-2-07
Condensation heat transfer coefficients of R417A on three dimensional
enhanced tubes
Yuan D. A., Ou Yang X. P.
D-2-08
Louver Fin Design for Fin-and-Tube Heat Exchanger Using Microgroove Tubes
Gao J. D., Ding G. L., Wu W., Gao Y. F., Song J.
D-2-13
A Theoretical Analysis of Evacuated Heat Pipe Solar Collector with different
Tilt Angle and Operating Conditions
Tong Y. J., Cho H.
D-2-15
Experimental performance analysis and simulation of a lithium chloride
aqueous solution in a plate type dehumidification system.
Gu H. R., Yong T. K., Seon C. K., Kim Y. L.
27
D-2-17
Experimental Study on Decomposition Characteristics of Methane Hydrate
below Freezing Point
Wen Y. G., Chen Q. X., Fan S. S., Chen Y. W.
D-2-22
Experimental Investigation on Pool Boiling Curve of R14 Under 0.1MPa Pressure
Zhao C., Gong M. Q., Ding L., Chen G. F., Wu J. F.
D-2-37
Theoretical and Experimental Study on the Falling-film Evaporator
Propelled by a MVR Heat Pump
Pang W. K., Lin W. J., Lin W. Y., Dai Q., Yang L. W., Zhang Z. T.
D-2-42 Study on thermal performance of LED array heat sink under natural convection
Lai Y. H., Wei L. L., Lyu M. X., Liu C. F.
28
The 5th International Conference on Cryogenics and Refrigeration
ICCR2013
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April 8, 2013, Monday
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plenary Session C, Keynote Speech Room 225, ICC
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------08:00 Cooling availability: concept, fundamentals and applications
CHEN Guangming, Zhejiang University, China
08:30
Recent Progress in Pulsating Heat Pipe Technology for Cryogenic Systems
PFOTENHAUER John, University of Wisconsin - Madison, USA,Zhejiang University, China
09:00
Advances in Some Thermoacoustic Fundamentals and Thermoacoustic Heat
Engines/Refrigerators
LUO Ercang, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS, China
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oral Session E, Cryogenic Engineering-2 Room 138, ICC
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------09:45 A-2-40 The Design and Primary Experiments for a Pneumatically Driven
Split-StirlingCryocooler Operating at Hundred Herz Range
Yuan Y, Wang L. Y., Guo Y. X., Song Y. J., Gan Z. H.
10:00
A-2-42
Stability of high-aspect-ratio cryocooler regenerators
De Waele A. T. A. M., Sun D. M., Fang K.
10:15
A-2-44
Recent Development Status of High-Efficiency 4K GM Cryocoolers
Xu M. Y., Morie T.
10:30
A-2-46
The application of gas-kinetic scheme to model acoustic streaming
and nonlinear effects in a standing wave resonator
Zhang X. Q., Feng H. Y., Peng Y. H.
10:45
A-2-47
Impact of Pressure Ratio on Heat Transfer of a Finned Heat
Exchanger in Oscillating Flow
Tang K., Yu J., Jin T., Gan Z. H.
11:00
A-3-02
Effects of Hydrogen Content on Nitrogen Expansion Liquefaction
Process of Coke Oven Gas
Lin W. S., Zhang L., Gu A. Z., Yang Y. F.
29
11:15
A-3-03
11:30
A-3-04
Comparison of heat transfer processes of different working fluids in
LNG intermediate fluid vaporizers
Yang Y. F., Lin W. S., Chen S. S., Ji X.
Waste heat-driven refrigeration and cryogenic systems for LNG vessels
Buyadgie D., Buyadgie O., Drakhnia O., Sladkovskyi Y., Chamchine A.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oral Session F, Refrigeration Engineering-2 Room 139, ICC
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------09:45 B-2-02 The Research on The Making Characteristic for Binary Ice in
Vacuum Environment under Solution Absorption Driving
Zhang X., Chen X., Liu Xi., Yang Y.
10:00
B-2-04
Experimental Study on the Performance Characteristics with
Operating Conditions in High-Temperature Generator
Kwak M., Chen T., Cho H.
10:15
B-2-06
Solar Air-conditioning System Using Solar-driven Absorption Chiller
Yabase H.
10:30
B-2-09
Modeling of a Two-Bed Silica Gel-Water Adsorption Chiller
Wang X., Chua H. T.
10:45
B-2-12
Performance Analysis of Compressor-Driven Adsorption Refrigeration
Lai Y. H., Dong Z., Lyu M. X., Yue H., Yang Z. Zhang X. Q., Feng H. Y., Peng Y. H.
11:00
B-2-13
The Characteristics of the Absorption-Compression Hybrid
Refrigeration Cycle under Different Vehicle Driving Conditions
Li J., Xu S.
11:15
B-2-14
Feasible Study of a Self-Cooled Solid Desiccant Cooling System
Based on Desiccant Coated Heat Exchanger
Ge T. S., Dai Y. J., Wang R. Z., Li Y.
30
The 5th International Conference on Cryogenics and Refrigeration
ICCR2013
11:30
D-2-24
Numerical simulation and exploration on heat transfercharacteristics
of adsorbent bed
An W. Z., Liu. Z. Q, Wu Z. J.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oral Session G, Refrigeration Engineering-3 Room 223, ICC
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------09:45 B-3-01 Experimental Investigation of a Solar Air-Conditioning System with
Phase Change Cold Storage
Zhai X. Q., Wang X. L., Wang H. X., Wang R. Z.
10:00
B-3-05
Performance Improvement of R1234yf Mobil Air-conditioning
System Using Internal Heat Exchanger
Cho H., Lee H., Park C.
10:15
B-3-07
Module Development and Simulation of Multi-evaporator Variable
Refrigerant Flow System
Zhu Y. H., Jin X. Q., Fu S. J., Fan B., Du Z. M.
10:30
B-3-08
Development of an Air-Cooled Package Air Conditioner with
Refrigerant pump for Data Centers
Udagawa Y., Sekiguchi K., Yanagi M., Uekusa T., Saito K., Ohno K., Naito Y.
10:45
B-3-14
Experimental Researches on the Operational Stability of a VRF
Refrigeration System
Fan L. N., Tao L. R., Yang L. H., Tao H.
11:00
B-3-15
Physical Property Calculation of CO2 Hydrate Slurry as a TwoPhase Secondary Refrigerant
Liu N., Yu H., You L., Dai H.
11:15
B-3-17
Empirical Model of Centrifugal Water Chillers Based on Degree of
Grey Incidence
Wang H., Zhang Y.
11:30
B-3-28
Performance Improvement of the Ventilating System and Indoor
Airborne Contamination for an Operating Room in a Health-Care Building
Wang F. J., Lai C. M., Zheng Y. R.
31
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oral Session H, Other Related Topics-2 Room 225, ICC
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------09:45 D-2-05 Numerical modeling of parallel flow condenser and performance
optimization based on genetic algorithm
Tian Z., Zhang P., Gu B.
10:00
D-2-12
Performance Analysis of the Mass Flux for a Two-Phase
LoopThermosyphon
Hao X., Gang Y., Wu Y. N.
10:15
D-2-14
CO2 Absorption/Regeneration Performance Enhancement in DI
Water Using SiO2 Nanoparticles
Dong C., Tae K. Y.
10:30
D-2-15
Experimental performance analysis and simulation of a lithium
chloride aqueous solution in a plate type dehumidification system.
Ro G. H., Kang Y. T., Kim S. C., Kim Y. L.
10:45
D-2-18
Experimental and Numerical Heat Transfer Analysis of a V-Cavity
absorber for linear parabolic trough solar collector
Shao D. D., Zhang P., Li M.
11:00
D-2-19
Heat and mass transfer performance of silica gel combined with
Expanded NaturalGraphite
Zheng X., Wang R. Z., Wang L. W., Ge T. S.
11:15
D-2-21
Measurement of the thermal conductivities of open-cell metallic
foams infiltrated with paraffin for thermal heat storage
Xiao X., Zhang P., Luo B., Li M.
11:30
D-2-23
Experimental and Numerical analysis of multi-port mini-channel
evaporator
Li M., Xu M., Liu Y., Han Y. H., Stevens J. W.
32
The 5th International Conference on Cryogenics and Refrigeration
ICCR2013
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oral Session I, Cryogenic Engineering-3 Room 138, ICC
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13:00 C-1-12 High stability and accuracy temperature measurement and control
at liquid hydrogen temperatures
Weng J. M., Huang Y. H., Liu J .Q.
13:15
C-1-18
Dynamics Study on the Free Piston Stirling Generator
Zhang J., Chen X.
13:30
C-1-23
Numerical Simulation of ThermoacousticStirling Engine with a
Phase Adjuster
Yang P., Xu W. P., Liu Y. W.
13:45
C-2-02
A new method to calculate the pressure drop loss of the regenerator
in VM refrigerator
Pan C. Z., Zhou Y., Wang J. J., Chen L. B.
14:00
C-2-06
Numerical study of zero boil-off storage system with heat pipe and
pump-nozzle unit
Wang X. J., Yuan X. Z., Wang T. G. Ye W. L, Xu S.H, Liu Y. W.
14:15
D-2-28
Natural convection of supercritical helium in a closed vertical
cylinder
Long Z. Q., Zhang P.
14:30
D-2-32
Numerical study on boiling of liquid nitrogen through microchannels
Jia H. W., Zhang P., Fu X., Jiang S. C.
14:45
D-4-11
Cryogenic temperature mechanical properties of 40CrNiMoA alloy
constructional steel
Gu K. X, Zhang. H, Wang. J. J., Wang S. X.
33
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Oral Session J, Refrigeration Engineering-4 Room 139, ICC
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13:00 B-3-29 Experiment and CFD Investigation of R410A Distributors for Air
Conditioner
Han Q., Zhang C., Hu J. C., Chen J. P.
13:15
B-3-30
Study of a Desiccant Air Conditioning System Driving by Solar Energy
Dang C. B., Jang D. R, Feng S. Y., Hihara E. J.
13:30
B-3-37
Experimental Study on the Performance of Segment Handling AirConditioning System on Working Condition of Variable
Compression Ratio
Jiang X. W., Liang C. H, Zhang X. S., Chu Y. X.
13:45
B-4-08
A Review of Experimental Researches on Transcritical CO2
Refrigeration And Heat Pump Systems
Deng S., Dai Y. J., Wang R. Z.
14:00
B-4-09
Comparative Performance of Low GWP Alternate Refrigerants
Schultz K., Kujak S.
14:15
B-4-10
Future of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning in 2032; Insights
into Design and Market Challenges with Lower Global Warming
Potential (GWP) Refrigerant Candidates
Kujak S., Thompson M.
14:30
B-4-11
Heating and Cooling Performance of Residential Heat Pump Using
Low GWP Refrigerants
In S., Cho K., Lim B. H., Kim H. N., Youn B.
14:45
B-4-12
Laboratory Studies of Stability of Low GWP Refrigerants
Leck T., Hydutsky B.
34
The 5th International Conference on Cryogenics and Refrigeration
ICCR2013
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oral Session K, Refrigeration Engineering-5 Room 223, ICC
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13:00 B-4-17 Lubricant and Refrigerant Properties - The Need for Lubricant
Optimization with Various Types of Alternate Refrigerants
Karnaz J., Liu K.
13:15
B-4-20
Effect of Refrigerant Injection on the Discharge Temperature of
Scroll Compressor Using R32
Wang B., Jiang A., Shi W., Li X.
13:30
B-5-04
Simulation and Experimental Research on Multistage Thermoelectric
Cooler
Zhao J., Chen X., Zhang H.
13:45
B-5-05
A Novel Auto-Cascade Ejector Refrigeration Cycle
Tan Y., Wang L., Ma A., Ren X.
14:00
B-5-06
Numerical Study on Transient Behavior of Thermoelectric Cooler System
Hu H. M., Dai Y. J., Ge T. S.
14:15
B-5-12
Effects of Magnetic Field on Frost Formation
Sheng W., Wang F. H., Liu G. X., Liu X. F.
14:30
B-5-13
The Influence of the Outside Heat Exchanger on the Performance
of Thermoelectric Radiant Air Conditioning System
Shen L., Chen H., Xiao F., Huang j., Wang S.
14:45
A-2-32
Thermodynamic analysis of an R744–R404A cascade refrigeration system
Lai Y. H., Wang Q. W., Zhao L. Y., Lyu M. X.
35
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oral Session L, Other Related Topics-3 Room225, ICC
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13:00 D-2-26 Heat Transfer and Thermodynamic Aspects of One-Dimensional
System Simulation and Experimental Analysis of a Commercial
Household Refrigerator
Bilgin N., Acar M. A.
13:15
D-2-40
Regeneration of Liquid Desiccant Assisted by Ultrasonic Atomizing
Yao Y., Yang K., Guo H.X.
13:30
D-2-41
Experimental study on flow boiling heat transfer and pressure drop
of LNG in a vertical smooth tube at 0.5MPa
Chen D. S., Shi Y. M.
13:45
D-2-43
Experimental study and CFD validation of evaporating heat transfer
coefficient of CO2 in horizontal small tube
Chien N. B., Vu P. Q., Kim K. W., Choi K. I., Oh J. T.
14:00
D-2-44
An improved thermal contact resistance model for pressed contacts
and its application analysis of bonded joints
Zheng J., Li Y. Z., Lai H., Zhao J.
14:15
D-2-47
Analysis of the ice slurry production by direct contact heat transfer
of air and water solution
Zhang X. J., Zheng K. Q., Wang L. S., Jiang M., Zhao S. Y.
14:30
D-2-48
Analysis of the heat transfer process in the ice slurry generator
using direct contact heat transfer
Zhang X. J., Zheng K. Q., Wang L. S., Wang W., Zhao S. Y.
14:45
D-2-49
A Study of The Effects of Surface Characteristics of Fins On The
Residual Defrosting Water
Lv Y., Liang C. H., Zhang X. S., Fan C.
36
The 5th International Conference on Cryogenics and Refrigeration
ICCR2013
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Poster Session B, Plenary First Floor, ICC
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A-2-17 RAMI analysis of cryogenic Helium gas bearing turbo-expander
experimental system
Li J., Xiong L. Y., Liu L. Q.
A-2-22
Study on single-stage high capacity coaxial pulse tube cryocooler
Liu X. T., Quan J., Liu Y. J., Zhao M. G., Li Y. L., Liang J. T.
A-2-23
Experimental investigations on a Stirling-type pulse tube cryocooler driven
by a small-scale traveling wave thermoacoustic engine
Chen M., Ju Y. L.
A-2-27
The development of Stirling-type pulse tube refrigerator in Liquid Hydrogen
temperature
Zhou Q, Chen L. B., Jin H., Wang J. J., Zhou Y.
A-2-35
Study on Condensing Temperature and Cycle Characteristic of Mixed
Refrigerant for Single-Stage Regenerative Cycle
Rui S. J., Zhang H., Li J. J.
A-2-43
The Application,Manufacturing and Testing of the Helium Turbines in the
EAST Cryogenic System
Fu B., Zhang Q. Y., Zhu P., Chen A. Y.
A-2-48
A Preliminary Discussion on the Influence of Thermophysical Properties on
Thermoacoustic Effect with Near-critical Carbon Dioxide
Jin T., Yang R., Tang K.
A-3-01
Performance improvement of nitrogen expansion liquefaction process for
small-scale LNG plant
He T. B., Ju Y. L.
A-3-05
HFC-245fa for Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Carrier Application
Qin S. L.
37
A-3-06
Simulation and Performance Analysis of a Heat Transfer Tube in SuperORV
Jin T., Wang M., Tang K.
B-3-11
Design and Analysis of Modular Indirect - Direct Evaporative Cooling
Composite Water Chiller
Hao H., Huang X., Bai Y., Qiu J.
B-3-18
A Review of Regeneration Methods for Liquid Desiccant Air-Conditioning System
Cheng Q., Zhang X.
B-3-21
Comparative Study on Operation Characteristics of Radiant-Coil Cooling
and Fan-Coil Unit's Cooling
Yao W., Zhang X., Xia Y., Wang F.
B-3-25
The Application of Adjustable Two-phrase Ejector in R410A Air-conditioning
System
Hu J., Liang Y., Han Q., Chen J.
B-3-26
A New Reference Model for Fault Detection and Diagnosis in Large Water
Chillers without Water Flow Measurements
Zheng C. Y., Xiao F., Chen W.
B-3-32
LCCP 2012: A Global Industrial Model to Assess Life-cycle Climate
Performance of Mobile Air Conditioning Systems
Wang Z. W., Sun Y. B., Zhao Y., Chen J. P.
B-4-02
Performance Study on Refrigeration System with R134a
Huang M. W., Yao Y.
B-4-05
Performance Simulation of Evaporator in Water Vapor Compression
Refrigeration System
Yu L., Ma G., Xu S.
B-4-07
Comparison Study of Cooling Performance in R134a, R404A and R744
Refrigeration Truck
Sin Y. C., Kim S. H., Cho H. H.
38
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ICCR2013
B-4-13
Settings and Descriptions of the Heat Pump Water Heater and Refrigerated
Display Cabinet Test Rigs for CO2 Trans-Critical Refrigeration Cycles and
Equipments
Wang Z., Gong Y., Wu X. H., Li Y. Q., Zhang W. H., Lu Y. L.
B-4-21
Experimental Analysis on Heat Exchanger’s Performance of Air Conditioner
Using R32 in Winter Condition
Wang F., Zhang Z., Liu Z., Wang H., Hang Y.
B-5-02
Analyses of the Performance of the Thermoelectric Cooler with Different
Hot End Temperature
Zhang M., Liu J., Zhang L., Qi D., Liu Q., Wang H.
B-5-03
Feasibility Analysis on Einstein Refrigeration Cycle
Ye P., Liu D., Liang Y.
B-5-16
Experimental Investigation on the Thermal Performance of the Solution in
Solar Collector
Qian J., Yin Y., Zhang X.
B-5-17
A Numerical Model of A Hybrid Magnetic Refrigeration Cycle
He X. N., Gong M. Q., Zhang H., Dai W., Shen J, Wu J. F.
B-5-27
Experimental Investigation of High Heat Flux Spray Cooling
Liu X. F., Sun W., Wang M., Hou Y., Zhao H. L.
C-1-21
Application of energy audit in energy efficiency reformation of central airconditioning
Jiang X. Q.
C-1-22
Numerical Simulation of the Standing wave Thermo-acoustic Engine with
Nonparallel Plate Stacks
Yang P., Xu W. P., Liu Y. W.
39
C-1-24
Study on the Resonance Characteristics of a Traveling-wave
Thermoacoustic Electric Generator
Wang K., Sun D. M., Guo Y. N., Zhao Y. T., Qiu L. M.
C-1-25
Numerical Study of Thermoacoustic Stack with Modified Plate Based on Fluent
Li Y. B., Liu Y. C., Xie H. B., Niu Y., Xia Y. B.
C-1-26
Research on structure and material properties of Thermoacoustic
regenerator
Niu Y., Liu Y. C., Xia Y. B., Li Y. B., Xie H.B., Yan P., Li Z. L.
C-1-27
Numeric Simulation of Structure Oscillation in Thermoacoustic
Regenerators
Liu Y. C., Xie H. B., Yan P., Li Z. L., Li Y. B., Xia Y. B., Niu Y.
C-1-28
Piezoelectric harvesting of wind energy in a mean flow acoustic engine
Sun D. M., Xu Y., Chen H. J.
C-1-29
Investigation on heat dissipation performance of a LED projectorlamp
Sun D., Shen Q., Zhao X.
C-2-01
Design and simulation of a novel accelerated thermal-cycling test system
for space application
Yang G., Wu J. Y., Zhang L. J.
C-2-03
Heat leakage measurement system for aerospace large-scale cryogenic valve
Chen L. B., Cui C., Guo J., Xue X. D., Wang J. J.
C-2-08
The research of cryogenic environmental test’s simulated method
Ding W. J., Shan W. W., Liu B. T., Li G., Tong H.
C-2-09
Cryo-pumping Technology Applied in Ultra-high Vacuum Acquiring in a
Large Space Environment Simulator
Ru X. Q., Liu B. T., Li Q., Fang Y., Wang J. W., Yang R. H.
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C-2-10
Large helium refrigerator and its application in space environment tests
Li G., Liu B. T., Ding W. J. Chen C. Z.
C-3-04
Effects of Vacuum Cooling and Storage Condition on the Quality of Leafy Lettuce
Wang X. Q., Liu B. L.
D-2-27
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Fin-Tube Heat Exchanger on
Household Refrigerators
Uras E., Erek A., Durmaz G.
D-3-01
Product Design of A Novel Double-loop Rotary Compressor
Lei R., Ou Yang X. P., Guo Z.
D-3-04
Experimental Study and Numerical Simulation on Reed Valve Flow
Coefficient
Yang K., Guo B., Liu C., Chang Y. F., Fabian F., Wang W.
D-3-05
Numerical Model for the Behavior of Liquid Droplet on Vertical Plain-fin
Surface
Zhuang D. W., Ding G. L., Hu H. T., Xiong W.
D-3-06
Numerical Simulation of Indoor Air Distribution Affected by Heated Source
Distribution Models
Su Y., Liu Z. Q., Wang N.
D-3-07
Numerical simulation of velocity field characteristics of free falling bulk
materials affected by the dust suppression guide plate
Feng Z. P., Liu Z. Q., Wu Z. J.
D-3-11
Numerical simulation of indoor thermal environment characteristics affected
by stratum ventilation
Zuo Z. J., Liu Z. Q.
D-3-12
Numerical simulation and analysis of indoor thermal environment of three
air supply modes
Zheng C. X., Liu Z. Q.
41
D-3-14
Experimental Study and Numerical Simulation on Reed Valve Thrust
Coefficient
Liu C., Guo B., Yang K., Chang Y. F., Fagotti F., Wang W.
D-3-18
Numerical simulation of velocity field characteristics of free falling particle
plume affected by mass flow rate
Liu L. Y., Liu Z. Q., Li X. J.
D-3-19
Experimental study of characteristics of particle plume flow field affected by
side wind
Liu Z. Q., Liu L. Y., Bai Y. Z.
D-3-20
Theoretical prediction and experimental validation of onset of flooding for
liquid nitrogen and the vaporin an inclined tube
Zhang X. B., Yao L., Chen J. Y., Zhang W., Xiong W., Zhang X. J., Qiu L. M.
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The 5th International Conference on Cryogenics and Refrigeration
ICCR2013
Contact us
General: +86-13989489559 (Prof. WANG Qin)
Registration: +86-13157171165 (Dr. ZHANG Shaozhi)
Accommodation: +86-13857170531 (Prof. TANG Liming)
Sessions: +86-13616528228 (Prof. GAN Zhihua)
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ICCR2013 General Office
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027, P. R.
China
ICCR2013 Secretary Office
Yuanzheng Qizhen Hotel: Room 8502, Tel 88982888-8502
Zijingang Hotel: Room 1103, Tel 89977088-1103
E-mail: ICCR2013@zju.edu.cn
www.doe.zju.edu.cn/ICCR2013
43
Novel Compression and System Concepts for
Cold Climate Air-Source Heat Pumps
Groll E. A.
Purdue University, USA
Abstract
This presentation outlines the development of technologies and systems that promise
significant improvements in energy efficiency and performance of air-source heat pumps for use
in low temperature climate regions. It is anticipated that these system improvements can be
implemented with modest consumer price premiums since they are primarily built on already
commercialized, mature technologies. The technologies focus on heating capacities in the range of
10 to 19 kW, which correspond to the anticipated heating loads of a net-zero energy home.
The technologies that will be presented are based on 1) the use of two-stage compression
with economizing, where the high-stage compressor is a variable speed scroll compressor and the
low-stage compressor is a large displacement fixed-speed, tandem scroll compressor; 2) the
development and application of two different compression technologies and techniques, namely
flooded compression with regeneration, and cooled compression with economizing, which provide
substantial improvements in both capacity and COP of the heat pump system; and 3) developing
low-cost flow control devices that minimize mal-distribution of two-phase refrigerant in the
evaporator.
Each technology will be compared to the performance of conventional HVAC&R systems.
Six performance objectives will be used to outline the comparisons; primary energy consumption,
cost, emissions, installation and operation difficulty, and comfort. Each objective has defined
conditions to quantify a successful demonstration and motivate the feasibility of
commercialization.
The vapor compression heat pumping technologies presented can be implemented in a wide
variety of end-use commercial and residential products, including new equipment and retrofits.
The technologies are applicable to any vapor compression cycle for air conditioning, refrigeration,
and heating application, which will have economic impacts beyond just the low temperature heat
pump market.
Keywords: Air-Source Heat Pump, Cold Climate, Two-Stage Compression,Economizing,
Flooded Compression
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Liquefied Industrial Gases and Small LNG Technology in 21st
Century
Chrz V.1, Han P.2, Neeser T.3
1
Chart Ferox a.s., Czech Republic.
2
Chart Cryogenic Equipment, China
3
Chart Inc., USA
Abstract
This paper presents achievements and trends in distribution and storage equipment for
liquefied industrial gases and liquefied natural gas in the beginning of 21st century. One
characteristic aspect is growth of volumes of the stationary and mobile vacuum insulated vessels
satisfies the needs of the growing production of industrial gases and the needs of diversification of
the LNG supply, especially in liquid phase directly to the end users. The other aspect is
manufacturing of complete systems, which allow satisfaction of different end user technology
needs directly at their sites. LNG distribution technology and application will be the driving
vector of technical development of liquefied cryogenic gases for upcoming decades.
Keywords: Cryogenic tanks, vacuum insulation, industrial gases, LNG, NGV, distribution,
storage
45
Thoughts on Robust System Design
Ling J., Radermacher K. R.
University of Maryland, USA
Abstract
There seems to be an ever accelerating drive to change refrigerants based on the latest
understanding of environmental impact and safety considerations. Numerous kinds of working
fluids such as CFC, HCFC, HFC and natural refrigerants have been investigated over the last 30
years. The definition of desirable working fluids includes such considerations as thermo physical
and transport properties as well as other issues such as toxicity, flammability and environmental
concerns. But refrigerant selection is not the only change HVAC designer has to contend with.
The progress in heat exchangers isa constant topic: how to make heat exchangers perform better at
less manufacturing cost. The shift from traditional tube-fin heat exchangers to micro-channel heat
exchangers is one example. Then there is the drive for higher efficiency cycles and variable speed
and high speed compressors.
This paper briefly summarizes the current state-of-the-art development of these major
components used in the HVAC industry. However, the design of the HVAC components becomes
a more involved process asmore and more parameters have to be considered. Moreover, how can
we ensure that all the best components will have a robust and optimal performance on the system
level? The second part of the paper discusses a design process which fully integrates the
component-level and system-level designs. It also strives for designs that are refrigerant
independent, meaning units can be charged with any refrigerant and still have good performance
and service life. The new process utilizes verified and validated software tools to conduct those
design optimizations. Optimization routines such as multi-objective optimization techniques allow
users to obtain the entire Pareto (optimal) solutions instead of a single design from the
conventional design process. Other techniques such as parallel parameterized CFD (PPCFD) can
assist users to rapidly conduct computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses while significantly
reducing the engineering time. When the PPCFD is coupled with the genetic algorithms (GA) and
approximation assisted optimization (AAO), they significantly reduce the computation time and
cost and moreover, enable the optimization of novel components and systems. The proposed
design process can lead to a series of optimized system designs that meet the design objectives and
constraints, and thus provide engineers with a wide range of choices for different requirements.
Keywords:Optimization, System design, heat exchanger
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ICCR2013
Latest Developments and Outlook for Hydrogen Liquefaction
Technology
Ohlig K., Decker L.
Linde Kryotechnik AG, Switzerland
Abstract
Liquefied hydrogen is presently mainly used for space applications and the semiconductor
industry. While clean energy applications, for e.g. the automotive sector, currently contribute to
this demand with a small share only, their demand may see a significant boost in the next years
with the need for large scale liquefaction plants exceeding the current plant sizes by far.
Hydrogen liquefaction for small scale plants with a maximum capacity of 3 tpd is
accomplished with a Brayton refrigeration cycle using helium as refrigerant. This technology is
characterized by low investment costs but lower process efficiency and hence higher operating
costs. For larger plants, a hydrogen Claude cycle is used, characterized by higher investment but
lower operating costs. However, liquefaction plants meeting the potentially high demand in the
clean energy sector will need further optimization with regard to energy efficiency and hence
operating costs.
The present paper gives an overview of the currently applied technologies, including their
thermodynamic and technical background. Areas of improvement are identified to derive process
concepts for future large scale hydrogen liquefaction plants meeting the needs of clean energy
applications with optimized energy efficiency and hence minimized operating costs.
Keywords:Clean energy, hydrogen, liquefier, refrigeration, turbine
47
Reducing the Impact of Refrigerants on the Environment
WATSON Tom
ASHRAE President, USA
ASHRAE President Tom Watson discusses the built environment industry and its global
presence, with an update on how ASHRAE is expanding internationally and its offerings for
membership outside the United States, particularly in developing countries. Among the programs
underway is a joint effort with the United Nations Environmental Program in writing a new Guide
for Sustainable Refrigerated Facilities and Systems and a recent refrigerants conference held with
the National Institute for Standards and Technology.
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Cooling Availability: Concept, Fundamentals and Applications
CHEN Guangming, HONG Daliang
Zhejiang University, China
Abstract
Cooling is a process in which work is done to move thermal energy from one location to
another. Clearly it is much different from power production process. Firstly, it consumes energy
when it occurs. Secondly, its purpose is to move thermal energy from substances with lower
temperatures to those with higher temperatures. The output of a cooling process is its cooling
effect whose grade is closely related to cooling temperature while the output of power production
is work in general. Thirdly, the efficiency of a cooling device is generally expressed by coefficient
of performance which can be greater than one, while for power, the thermal efficiency is used
which is always positive but less than one. Although the fundamentals of cooling and power are
the same, i.e. thermodynamics and all the analysis methods such as entropy method, exergy
method, can be used for both cooling and power cycles, considering the differences mentioned
above, it is worth to propose some special methods which can be used to analyze the cooling
process and cooling cycles more efficiently and conveniently.
Similar to thermal energy whose grade is related to its temperature, the grade of cooling
effect is considered to be related to the temperature of cooling as is mentioned above. Being
different from the concept of work availability, considering the grade of cooling effect, a so-called
cooling availability is proposed in this paper. The cooling availability of a system is defined as the
maximum possible cooling effect at cooling temperature during a process that brings the system
into equilibrium with its environment. According to this definition, the calculation methods of
some typical systems are given out in detail. The fundamentals of cooling availability used to
analyze a cooling system are presented. Some application examples using the fundamentals are
discussed. It has shown that the cooling availability method is useful to analyze the availability of
a cooling system, especially to explore a new configuration of cooling cycles driven by thermal
energy.
Keywords:Cooling availability, Work availability, Thermodynamics, Refrigeration, Heat
pumps
49
Recent Progress in Pulsating Heat Pipe Technology for
Cryogenic Systems
PFOTENHAUER John
University of Wisconsin - Madison, USA
Zhejiang University, China
Abstract
Pulsating heat pipe (PHP) technology has been developing rapidly for room temperature
applications since its introduction in the early 1990s, however it is only recently being explored as
an effective, passive mechanism for transferring heat at cryogenic temperatures. The advantages
of the pulsating heat pipe include the absence of the wicking component that is essential for
conventional heat pipes, and the resultant simplicity of fabrication as well as low weight, the
possibility for orientation independent performance, and thermal conductance values an order of
magnitude (or more) larger than those afforded by high conductivity metals. A myriad of physical
properties influence the operation of the PHP and comprehensive models are still lacking that can
successfully predict their thermal behavior. An overview of the present understanding regarding
PHP behavior will be presented, along with recent results describing cryogenic PHPs using helium,
hydrogen, neon, and nitrogen.
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Advances in Some Thermoacoustic Fundamentals and
Thermoacoustic Heat Engines/Refrigerators
LUO Ercang
Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS, China
Abstract
Thermoacoustics is an interdisciplinary science which is involved with complicated
interaction effect between heat and acoustical wave. Due to natural compression and expansion
processes of acoustical wave, thermoacoustic heat engines including thermoacoustic prime movers
and refrigerators can be realized without moving mechanical parts or much fewer moving parts
compared with conventional energy systems. As a result, the thermoacoustic engines can be highly
reliable and low-cost. In this paper, advances in some thermoacoustic fundamentals and
thermoacoustic machines will be both covered. In the aspect of thermoacoustic fundamentals,
classical Thermoacoustics (so-called linear thermoacoustic theory) will be concisely reviewed.
Then, some misunderstanding about thermoacoustic effect, thermoacoustic thermodynamic cycle
and thermoacoustic theory will be argued and discussed. In the aspect of thermoacoustic heat
engines/refrigerators, the developments in standing-wave and traveling-wave thermoacoustic
systems used for prime movers and refrigerators will be introduced. Finally, recent and future
developments will be discussed and forecasted. In the last part, we will particularly report a looped
double-action traveling-wave thermoacoustic systems which was proposed recently. Due to
significant advantages of the double-action thermoacoustic systems over traditional
thermoacoustic systems, it is believed that the novel technology will open much space for practical
applications.
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A-1-02
Design of Cryogenic Distillation forLiquid Xenon to Remove Krypton
for Dark Matter Detector
Wang Z.Bao L. Hao X. H. andJuY. L.
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240,
China.
Because of its excellent physicochemical properties, liquid xenon is one of the commendable
detecting media for the dark matter detection. But there is normally a small content of
radiokrypton-85 in the commercial xenon gas, which has to be reduced to a quite lower level in
facilitating the dark matter experiment with high-sensitivity and low-background. An efficient
cryogenic distillation system to remove krypton from commercial available xenon has been
specifically designed, developed and constructed. The distillation system can reduce the content of
the krypton in xenon from 10-9 to 10-12 with 99% Xe collection efficiency (i.e., the amount of Xe
rejected is only 1%) at maximum flow rate of 5kg/h (15SLPM). The purified xenon gases
produced by this distillation system will be used as the detecting media in the manufacture of
Chinese dark matter detector (Project Panda X).
A-1-05
Modeling cryogenic air separation system with multidisciplinary
unified physical modeling theory and the specific simulation of
cryogenic distillation
Tian Q.1, He G.*1, Wang H.1, Cai D.1, Chen L.2
1
School of Energy & Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan,
430074, China
2
School of Mechanical Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology,
Wuhan, 430074, China
Modelica is an objected-oriented modeling language, not a programing language, which
specializes in multidisciplinary unified physical modeling. In this paper, the multidisciplinary
unified physical modeling theory and modelica language are introduced in detail, which have the
obvious advantages over the traditional modeling approach, for it can both reduce the complexity
of modeling and assemble the multidisciplinary systems in one platform. With this modeling
theory, the general approach to assemble all the subsystem of cryogenic air separation system is
proposed, mainly including air compression system, air purification system, air expansion system,
plate-fin heat exchanger system, oxygen and nitrogen distillation system and argon recovery
system. An accurate thermophysical property library is the premise for modeling and simulating of
air separation system. Therefore, an appropriative library specialized in cryogenic air separation is
established, which mainly concerned with the nitrogen, oxygen, argon as well as the mixture with
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arbitrary proportion of them. Distillation process is the key part for cryogenic air separation,
concerned with the heat and mass transfer between liquid phase and gaseous phase. With
multidisciplinary unified physical modeling theory, the modeling and simulation of cryogenic
distillation based on column tray series is carried out. And the new modeling approach is
compared with the traditional approach based on Boiling Point Algorithm. The concentration
profile of oxygen and nitrogen both in liquid phase and gaseous phase, the relation between
nitrogen purity and total stage numbers, the influence of reflux ratio are all analyzed based on
simulation results.
A-1-07
Adsorption Dynamics of the Dual-bed Radial Flow Adsorber Used
in the Air Separation Unit
Zhang X. J., Wang X. L., Lu J. L., Qiu L. M., Zhang X. B., Gan Z. H., Sun D. M.
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
The dual-bed adsorber is one of the most important equipments for the feed air
pre-purification in the cryogenic air separation process. In this paper, a one-dimensional dynamic
mathematical model based on the extended Langmuir equation was established to simulate the
radial flow adsorption process of the dual-bed adsorber, which comprises one layer of activated
alumina and one layer of molecular sieve. With this dynamic model, the distributions of both the
temperature and concentration of the adsorbed gases along the adsorbent bed were obtained. The
simulating results disclosed two facts that the concentration of CO2 at the outlet should be
monitored as the signal of the adsorption saturation, and that there existed a competitive
adsorption rate of the H2O and CO2. The thickness of the two independent adsorbents is optimized
to guarantee the synchronous penetrations, which is essential to improve the efficiency and the
service life.
A-1-09
The Numerical Simulation and Experimental Comparison of a
helium Phase Separator with Small Heat Loss
Liu C. P., Hsiao F. Z., Tsai H. H., Li H. C. and Huang T. Y.
National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan.
We developed a 100-L helium phase separator with a small heat loss as a prototype built in
National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC).The experimental results for the
temperature difference and total heat load of the phase separator are consistent with simulation
53
results; the deviation is within 20%, which includes the effect of thermal conduction and thermal
radiation. The heat loss of the helium phase separator from experiment is 1.017 W and from
simulation is 0.841 W. The phase separator was built, and vacuum and leakage tests were
completed: a vacuum 1.4 × 10-5 mbar was achieved, and the leakage rate was 7.9 × 10-10 mbar L
s-1. The mechanism of heat transfer in phase separator was investigated and is discussed.
A-1-11
Theoretical analysis of uniform flow distribution in the П-flow type
radial adsorber
Zhang X J, Lu J L, Qiu L M, Zhang X B, Wang X L
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
In order to improve adsorption efficiency for air separation, a cone is usually placed in the
center pipe to keep equal pressure drop gradient along the axial direction of the radial adsorber,
which is to ensure that air is distributed uniformly along the radial direction in the adsorber. In this
paper, a differential equation is derived through pressure drop analysis in the П-flow type radial
adsorber. This differential equation finds the coupled relationship between the parameters of the
adsorber where air is uniformly distributed. As a case study, the design calculation is made for an
experimental П-flow type radial adsorber using this equation. The variation law of the cone’s
cross-sectional radius along the axial height is obtained by solving the derived differential
equation. It is concluded that this differential equation can provide theoretical support for
designing П-flow type radial adsorbers.
A-1-12
Experimental Study onTemperature Stratification of Cryogenic Fluid
in Horizontal Cryogenic Tank withBottom Heating
Wang T.X., Chen H., Qiu X.L., Lei G., Liu H.F., Gao W.L.
State Key Laboratory of Technologies in Space Cryogenic Propellants, Beijing, 100028, China.
The temperature stratification and pressure changes in cryogenic horizontal tank under
different filling ratios were studied experimentally. The results show that with the effect of
agitation stirring of heat leakage from the bottom of the tank, the temperature stratification of bulk
liquid is weakened under the standing state, while the temperature stratification of gas phase is
more obvious, and the rising rate of pressure is slow; with the increase of storage time, the liquid
temperature stratification is less obvious, but the pressure of the vapor ullage gradually becomes
lager and lager; in the same storage time, the lower the filling ratio of the liquid phase is, the less
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obvious the temperature stratification of gas phase and liquid phase is, and the pressure rising rate
of vapor ullage is larger at a lower liquid-level. This research provides the analytical basis for the
theoretical study on temperature stratification of cryogenic fluid in horizontal cryogenic tank with
bottom heating.
A-1-13
Numerical investigation of Vaporization of Liquid Hydrogen in the
Multilayer-Insulated Pipe during the Stagnation
Gao X., Chen H., Xing K. W., Xu Y. Y.
State Key Laboratory of Technologies in Space Cryogenic Propellants, Beijing 100028, China
During the transportation of large scale of cryogenic liquid through pipes, such as liquid
hydrogen, liquid nitrogen, and liquid oxygen for industrial used and in space vehicle ground
support systems, cryogenic liquid can vaporize during the stagnation when the valve shuts down.
The formation of vapor cavity can induce water hammer after the valve opens again which usually
can induce the damage of the pipes, valves and pumps. This paper strives towards developing a
simplified vaporizing model to simulate the process of vaporization of liquid hydrogen in the
multilayer-insulated pipe. Based on the fundamental principles for the open systems with the
variable of mass, thermodynamic equation of the state change of liquid hydrogen in the pipe is
established taking no account of the heat transfer in the interface of different phases. And the
effects of the thermal insulating property, length and pressure of the pipe on the vaporization of
the liquid hydrogen in the pipe are carried out.
A-2-04
Single-stage stirling-type pulse tube cryocooler with temperature
below 16 K
Chen L.B.1,2, Zhou Q.1,2, Jin H.1,2, Zhu W. X.1, Wang J. J.1, *, Zhou Y.1
1
Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS, Beijing,
100190, China
2
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
A single-stage multi-bypass Stirling-type pulse tube cryocooler (SPTC) has been designed,
built and tested. The performance characteristics are presented. At present, a lowest temperature of
15.5 K, which is the reported lowest temperature for single-stage high frequency PTC, and 386
mW/ 20 K with an electric input power of 246 W have been achieved, which are comparable to
the multi-stage SPTC with a similar electric input power.
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A-2-08
Experimental study on a low-temperature regenerator packed with
multi-mesh screens
Ankuo Zhang1,2, Chen Xi1, Yinong Wu2,Hua Zhang 1, Kaixiang Yang2, Yonggang
Cao1, Chen Zhang2
1
University of Shanghai for Science and Technology. Shanghai, 200093, China
2
Shanghai Institute of Technical physics, CAS, Shanghai, 200083, China
Regenerator is a key component of a recuperative cryocooler and its performance directly
affects its whole performance. In this paper, the regenerators packed with multi-mesh screens are
studied under oscillating flows of helium in an inline Stirling type pulse tube cryocooler, which
could improve the helium gas distribution inside of the regenerator. The multi-mesh screens
consist of three types: #500ss (stainless steel)、#400ss and #300ss. After an experimental setup
established, lots of experiments have been finished and the results confirm that it is an effective
optimization method to fill low and high mesh screens at the warm and cold ends of the cryocooler
regenerator, respectively, which could improve the efficiency of the cooler.
A-2-10
Analysis of the Impact of Suction and Discharge Pressure on
Performances of Linear Compressor
Shaoheng Wang1, XIE Yingbai2, Yifeng Wu3
The Sixteen Institute Of CETC Anhui Vacree Technologies Co ,Ltd Hefei, 230088, China.
2
School of Energy & Power Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003,
Hebei, China
Linear compressor is driven by a linearmotor, which has higher whole unit efficiency. The
performances of the linear compressor are not only affected by the driving force of the motor, but
also by the suction and discharge pressure. For the moving coil linear compressor takes R134a as
the refrigerant, impact of suction and discharge pressure on the performances is processed under
the standard conditions. With other parameters unchanged, elevation of suction pressure will
increase the refrigerating capacity and the displacement. But the electric power input is also
increased, which results in the drop of coefficient of performance of the linear compressor and
reduce its performance. The increasing of the discharge pressure will make the operational
efficiency of the linear compressor worse; moreover, it will shorten the stroke in the compressor,
which may cause the stroke deviation.
1,3
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A-2-11
Theoretical and experimental investigation on two pulse
tubecryocoolers driven by single opposed linear compressor
Cao Y.G.1, 2, Chen X.1, Wu Y.N.2
1
Institute of Refrigeration Technology,University of Shanghai for Science and Technology,
Shanghai, 200093, China
2
Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, ChineseAcademy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China
In order to achieve low temperature at different positions, two coaxial pulse tube
cryocoolersdriven by one linear compressor had been designed, built and tested at Shanghai
Institute of Technical Physics (SITP), Chinese Academy of Sciences. The performances of two
coupling pulse tube cryocoolerswere investigated at different operating frequencies from 50 Hz to
60 Hz and different charging pressure from 2.0 MPa to 3.2 MPa, and its reject temperature
dependence was observed in the range of 290 K to 320 K by the test bench. Experimental results
showed that the performancesof the two pulse tube cryocoolers, which were designed
identically,were different. After being coupled, the differences on the performance between the
two pulse tube cryocoolers were more obvious. This two pulse tube refrigerators could obtain a
low-noise cooling capacity of more than 1.79W at 60K and 1.38W at 60K, respectively.
A-2-13
Numerical Analysis of Stress and Heat Transfer of Low Temperature
Cold-box in 10kW@20K Helium Refrigerator
Xu D.1, Gong L.H.1, Xu P.1,2, Li L.F.1,Liu H.M.1,2 and Xu X.D.1
1
Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry,Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
2
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
This paper is based on the low temperature horizontal cold-box in 10kW@20K helium
refrigerator developed by Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of
Sciences. Cryogenic devices (total Weight≈4.8tons) are put in a cold-box. These devices are
connected with tubes following the designed piping and Instrument Diagram. The temperature of
these devices is far below the room temperature and the lowest temperature is 19.5K. In order to
reduce the cold loss, supporting components should be used to hang the low temperature devices
in the cold-box. Besides supporting role, the supporting components play a role in the thermal
isolation from the room temperature parts. Finite element analysis software SOLIDWORKS
SIMULATION is used to numerically simulate the stress of cold-box vessel and supporting
components. The results show that the maximum displacement of cold-box vessel occurs in the
middle field of top flange on the neck tube and the maximum stress occurs in the horizontal vessel
nearing the neck tube. The maximum displacement of supporting components occurs in the
57
supporting part ofdevice ⅲ and the maximum stress occurs in the main supporting part. Also, the
cold loss due to the heat conduction through the supporting components is numerical simulated.
The total cold loss is 198.83W and the cold loss through supporting part of device ⅲwhich is the
lowest temperature part is 18.2W. It is only 0.01% of the heat transfer in device ⅲ. These
numerical simulation and analysis play an important role in the structure design of low
temperature horizontal cold-box in 10kW@20K helium refrigerator.
A-2-14
Numerical Study of MeshScreen Regenerator using Lattice
Boltzmann Method
Xia Y D., Chen X., Zhang H
School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology,
Shanghai, 200093, China
A Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) was introduced and developed in this paper to predict
the characteristics of gas flow in mesh screen regenerator under steady flow. The flow field at the
micro-kinetic scale of mesh screen with different packed pattern was gained. The velocity
distribution and pressure drop in different conditions of flow rate were obtained. The simulation
results show that velocity field in mesh screen regenerator in regular packed is better distributed
than that of random and the friction factor of steady flow decrease as the Reynolds number
increase. Additionally the friction factor of mesh screen regenerator in regular packed is smaller
than that of random, which can be treated as a criterion of choosing regenerators in cryocoolers
design. The results indicate that LBM performs well in simulating the microstructure of
regenerators which will contribute to predict the performance of regenerators.
A-2-17
RAMI analysis of cryogenic Helium gas bearing turbo-expander
experimental system
Li J.1,2, Xiong L.Y.1,2, Liu L.Q.1,2
Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
2
Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190,
China
A cryogenic Helium gas bearing turbo-expander experimental system is established at the
Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS. This turbo-expander experimental system is
designed for performance test and experimental research on Helium turbo-expanders with
1
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different sizes from the liquid hydrogen temperature to room temperature region. To improve
experimental system’s availability, a specific Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and
Inspectability (RAMI) analysis is performed. A Functional analysis of turbo-expander
experimental system is conducted firstly. Then a Failure Modes, Effects & Criticality Analysis
(FMECA) is performed and the critical components with high risks are proposed. The result
indicates that Helium turbo-expander to be tested, the first stage heat exchanger, the second stage
heat exchanger and vacuum pump are critical components and key units to experimental system.
The mitigation actions with respect to design, testing, maintenance and operation are applied to
decrease those medium and major risks. For example, a specific design is issued according to
RAMI result：The cryomodule of experimental system has a separate structure, which including
two cold boxes, one big cold box and one small cold box. All the heat exchangers, inner purifier
and most valves are mounted in the big cold box. The turbo-expander to be tested and other
necessary control valves are mounted in the small cold box. Such layout scheme will decrease the
influence on experimental system caused by mounting and dismounting turbo-expanders and will
increase system’s availability.
A-2-19
ESS Accelerator Cryogenic Plant
Wang X.L., Weisend II J. G., Koettig T., Hees W. and Darve C.
European Spallation Source ESS AB, Lund, SE-22100, Sweden
The European Spallation Source (ESS) is a neutron-scattering facility being built with
extensive international collaboration at Lund, Sweden. The ESS accelerator will deliver protons
with 5 MW of power to the target at 2.5 GeV, with a nominal current of 50 mA. The
superconducting section of the ESS accelerator consists of a total of 208 SRF cavities in
cryomodules (CMs) cooled with superfluid helium to 2 K. The CM contains one thermal radiation
shield operating from 40 K to 50 K. Additionally, 4.5 K gas helium is used to provide forced
cooling to the fundamental power couplers for the cavities. The cryogenic cooling for these CMs
is provided by one cryogenic plant connected to CMs via a cryogenic distribution line.
This paper describes the requirements and preliminary design decisions for the ESS
accelerator cryoplant. The expected capacity, temperature levels and operating modes are given.
Design choices to address important issues of turn down capability, high availability and timely
restart after plant trips are discussed. Procurement options and schedules are described.
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A-2-22
Study on single-stage high capacity coaxial pulse tube cryocooler
Liu X T1,2, Quan J1,2, Liu Y J1, Zhao M G1 , Li Y L1, Liang J T1
1
Technical Institude of Physics and Chemistry, CAS, Beijing 100190, P .R. China
2
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
A single-stage high capacity coaxial pulse tube cryocooler is designed to cool down the large
infrared photon detector. REGEN3.3 is used to simulate performance of the regenerator to achieve
the goal of cooling capacity of 10W at 80K.The parameters such as frequency, input power,
inertance tube are experimented and analyzed. After matching the compressor, the pulse tube
cryocooler achieve no-load temperature of 35.6K and cooling capacity of 10.4W at 80K with input
electrical power of 250W, around 11.5% of relative Carnot efficiency can achieved at 80K when
the reject temperature is 300K
A-2-23
Experimental investigations on a Stirling-type pulse tube cryocooler
driven by a small-scale traveling wave thermoacoustic engine
Chen M., Ju Y.L.*
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240,
China
In the present paper, a miniature co-axial pulse tube cryocooler (PTC) was combined with a
self-designed small-scale traveling wave thermoacoustic engine (TE) with a resonator of only 1 m
length. Since the maximal pressure ratio of the small traveling wave thermoacoustic engine
located in the resonator cavity, an outlet for the acoustic work transmission was adopted in the
resonator cavity. The combination system, which could realize both good connection and
separation of the engine and the pulse tube cryocooler, was designed and fabricated. The influence
of the inertance tube on the cooling performance of the whole refrigeration system was carefully
studied using helium and nitrogen as working medium, respectively. The cooler achieved so far
the maximal temperature drop of 57.2 K using helium as working gas with the charge pressure of
1.5 MPa and the heating power of 800 W. Experimental results showed that further efforts in the
phase shift and the frequency match between the engine and the cooler are required to optimize
the whole refrigeration system in order to obtain better cooling performance.
A-2-26
Development of High-Capacity 4K Two-Stage Pulse Tube Cryocooler
Lin X.1, Saito M.1, Takayama H.1, Tsuchiya A.1, Xu M.2
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1
Cryogenics Division, Precision Equipment Group, Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd., Tokyo,
188-8585, Japan
2
Technology Research Center, Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd., Tokyo, 188-8585, Japan
Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd. (SHI) has been continuously improving the efficiency of
4K pulse tube cryocoolers in order to be exchangeable with 4K GM cryocoolers. To satisfy the
demand for low-vibration cryocoolersfor dilution cryocoolers and other cryogenic devices,
SHIdeveloped a high-capacity 4K two-stage pulse tube cryocooler. The compressor is the same as
thatused in an SHI 1.0W 4K pulse tube cryocooler. The power consumption is 7.3 kW at 50Hz and
8.8 kW at 60Hz. A typical cooling capacity of the high-capacity pulse tube cryocooler is 30 W at
42.0K at the first stage and 1.5 W at 4.22 K at the second stage when the compressor is operated at
50 Hz, and 30 W at 37.3 K and 1.5 W at 4.12K at 60 Hz. Compared to the existing 1.0W pulse
tube cryocooler, the cooling capacity at the second stage increased by about 50% while the cooling
capacity at the first stage decreased by about 25%. The cooling capacity at the second stage is
improved by enlarging the volume of the second stage regenerator and pulse tube, and optimizing
the orifice impedance to generate an optimum DC flow in the pulse tube. The typical experimental
and vibration measurement results of the 4K pulse tube cryocoolers will be reported in this paper.
A-2-27
The development of Stirling-type pulse tube refrigerator in Liquid
Hydrogen temperature
Zhou Q1,2, Chen L. B.1,2, Jin H.1,2 , Wang J.J.1, Zhou Y.1, *
1
Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS, Beijing,
100190, People’s Republic of China
2
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People’s Republic of China
This paper will introduce the Stirling-type one-stage multi-bypass pulse tube refrigerator
(PTR) developed in our lab. With 260W electric input, this PTR can realize a no-load temperature
of 16.9 K and provide 0.24W cooling power at 20 K, which is the highest level of Stirling-type
one-stage PTR. This characteristics make itself feasible to be coupled with physics experimental
apparatus (such as PPMS or ARPES) to study the characteristics of samples at low temperature or
cool the optical devices (such as gyroscope) in outer space. As an important point in achieving
such a low temperature, the optimizing of the inertance tube will be presented in detail.
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A-2-31
Investigation on a gas bearing Stirling cryocooler and linear
compressor
WANG B., YE Z.hong，WANG F., Xu H.F., YU S.J., ZHU K.Z.
Institute of Cryogenics and Electronics, Hefei, 230043, PR China
The cryocooler is the key component and affects the performance of the High-temperature
Superconducting (HTS) devices. A gas bearing Stirling cryocooler is made in the institute of
cryogenics and electronics, which can reach the lowest temperature of 33.5 K and can provided
7.7 W at 80K. In order to understand the stability of the gas bearing at different frequency,
especially at low frequency, a gas bearing linear compressor is made. The output characteristics of
the compressor is simulated and tested using the RC load method. The calculation and the
experiment results have good agreement. In the experiments, the instable phenomenon is observed
when the frequency is lower than 34 Hz. The efficiency of 67% is obtained using RC load method.
A-2-32
Thermodynamic analysis of an R744–R404A cascade refrigeration
system
Y.H Lai1,*, Q.W Wang 1, L.Y Zhao M.X Lyu1,2
1
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, No. 17923, Jing shi Road, Jinan
250061, China
2
School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072,
China
In this study, thermodynamics optimization and exergy analysis are applied to a CO2/R404A
cascade refrigeration system to study the effects of the design and operating parameters on the
system performance. The design and operating parameters include the condensing temperature TC,
the evaporating temperature TE, and the temperature difference in the cascade-condenser ΔT.
Results show that the optimal condensing temperature of the cascade-condenser TMC,opt increases
with TE, TC and ΔT. The maximum COPmax and the corresponding maximum exergetic efficiency
ηe,max increase with TE, but decrease as TC and ΔT increase. A multi-linear regression analysis is
employed to develop mathematical expressions for the optimum condensing temperature of the
cascade-condenser, the corresponding maximum COPmax and ηe,max. The influence of the
compressor isentropic efficiency on the system COP has been demonstrated.
A-2-35
Study on Condensing Temperature and Cycle Characteristic of
Mixed Refrigerant for Single-Stage Regenerative Cycle
Shengjun Rui，Hua Zhang，Juanjuan Li
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ICCR2013
Institute of Refrigeration Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology,
Shanghai, 200093, China
The characteristics and main problems for Linde-Hampson refrigeration cycle of the
zeotropic mixture single-stage compression heat regenerative cycle were analyzed. According to
the performance of zeotropic mixture, mixed refrigerant R23 and R600a was selected, which is
suitable for -70 ℃ low temperature refrigeration. Based on the research of single-stage
regenerative cycle, 3:7 ratio experiment of water-cooled and double-pipe condenser was done. By
changing the flow rate of cooling water, the system condensing temperature varied with the
suction and discharge temperatures of double-pipe condenser. The experimental features of
discharge and suction temperature, evaporation temperature were studied in different condensing
temperature. The condensation process of mixed refrigerant in double-pipe condenser, the
condensing characteristic of mixed refrigerant was analyzed based on the temperature sliding
principle of mixed refrigerant.
A-2-37
A Pulse Tube Cooler for 243 K
ZHU Jiakai1,SONG Yujing1, GAN Zhihua1*, WU Yinong2, MA Bin2,3
Cryogenics Lab., Institute of Cryogenics and Refrigeration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou,
310027, China
2
Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200083, P. R.
China
3
Key Laboratory of infrared imaging materials and detectors, Shanghai Institute of Technical
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200083, P. R. China
Pulse tube coolers own advantages of compact structure, high reliability, low vibration and
long-life by eliminating moving parts at the cold end. Much attention has been paid to the
development of pulse tube coolers driven by linear compressors at cryogenic temperature range.
However, rare work has been taken on the performance of pulse tube coolers with high cooling
power above 200 K. In this paper, a single-stage Stirling type pulse tube cooler driven by a
commercial linear compressor is designed based on the modeling software Sage.
1
A-2-39
1
Study on the acoustic impedance characteristics of linear
compressors
Gan Z. H.1, Wang L. Y.1,3, Zhao S.Y. 2*, Wang W. W.1, Wu Y. N.3
Cryogenics Lab, Institute of Cryogenics and Refrigeration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou,
63
310027, China.
School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou,
310015, China
3
Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200083, China.
The acoustic domain of the linear compressor serves to transfer the compression work to the
connected cold head of the cryocooler, which is decisive for the performance of the whole system.
This paper focuses on the effects of the acoustic impedance and develops expressions to calculate
the general performance parameters of a linear compressor. Different from previous theoretical
studies, optimization for the operations away from the resonance is also included. More general
optimization results imply some relevance between thermoacoustic engines and linear
compressors. The theoretical analyses are validated by the experiments performed on a linear
compressor with a resistive-capacitive (RC) acoustic load. Both the calculations and experimental
results show that the acoustic impedance has significant effects on the performance of a linear
compressor which provides deeper understanding of the impedance match mechanism.
2
A-2-40
The Design and Primary Experiments for a Pn eumatically Driven
Split-Stirling Cryocooler Operating at Hundred Herz Range
YUAN Yuan1,2 WANG Longyi1,2 ,GUO Yongxiang1, SONG Yujing1, GAN Zhihua
WU Yinong2
1
Cryogenics Lab., Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou,
310027,China.
2
Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai,
200083,China
3
Key Laboratory of infrared imaging materials and detectors, Shanghai Institute of Technical
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China
Improving operating frequency can effectively reduce volume and weight of the whole
system while efficiency maintain the same or change a little, which is very prospective in the
aerospace application. Based on the software SAGE, this paper firstly gives the design of a
pneumatically driven Split-Stirling cryocooler operating at hundred herz range and discusses the
influence of some parameters on the cryocooler. The design is verified in some extent by using a
commercial compressor to drive this cryocooler. The experimental results show that the cryocooler
can reach a no-load temperature of 77.1K and gain 0.28W cooling power at 90.0K, while running
at 105 Hz and the charging pressure of 2.50MPa.
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A-2-42
Stability of high-aspect-ratio cryocooler regenerators
De Waele A.T.A.M.¹, Sun D.M.², and Fang K.2
¹Emeritus Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, PO Box 513, NL5600MB Eindhoven,
the Netherlands
²Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
Increasing the cooling power of regenerator-based cryocoolers can be achieved basically by
increasing the overall diameter of the cooler. However, in regenerators with a large diameter, very
non-uniform temperature distributions are observed which prevent the development of efficient
high-power cryocoolers. In this paper various possible mechanisms for this effect are investigated
theoretically. The temperature inhomogeneity suggests the presence of a nonhomogeneous DC
flow which can set in similar to the well-known Rayleigh-Bénard instability. In case of an ideal
gas an eventual DC flow tends to be driven by the difference of the time average of the square of
the pressures over the two sides of the regenerator rather than of the average pressures. Various
mechanisms, that can generate such a nonzero squared pressure difference, will be discussed.
A-2-43
The Application,Manufacturing and Testing of the Helium Turbines
in the EAST Cryogenic System
FU Bao, ZHANG Qiyong, ZHU Ping, CHENG Anyi.
Institute of Plasma Physics, China Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China)
The helium cryogenic system supplies 4.5 K superciritial helium cooling for the
superconducting magnets in the EAST superconducting tokamak. Four helium turbines at low
temperature are used in the 2 kW helium refrigeration system and their performance and reliability
are very important for the continuously experimental operation of EAST tokamak. We need to
design, manufacture and test them. Some analysis,manufacture and design of the helium turbine
structure,the helium turbine’s testing process and some testing results are given,The starting up
process and some operational experiences of the turbines are also present in this paper.
A-2-44
Recent Development Status of High-Efficiency 4K GM Cryocoolers
Xu M.Y. and Morie T.
Technology Research Center, Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd.2‐1‐1, Yato‐choNishi‐tokyo,
Tokyo 188-8585 Japan
The power consumption for a conventional 1W 4K GM cryocooler at Sumitomo Heavy
Industries, Ltd. (SHI) is about 7 kW when the compressor is operated at 60 Hz and about 6 kW at
50 Hz. In 2011, SHI developed an Experimental Model of a high-efficiency 4K GM cryocooler. In
the Experimental Model, the input power was reduced by about 30% compared to that of a
65
conventional 1W 4K GM cryocooler.
After that, the cooling capacity of the high-efficiency 4K GM cryocooler was further
improved and 5 units of an Engineering Model was designed, built and tested. With 44 W and 1.0
W heat load, the average temperatures are 40.7 K at the first stage and 4.02 K at the second stage.
The compressor is operates at 50 Hz and the average input power is 4.21 kW. The standard
deviation is 0.8 K at the first stage and 0.04 K at the second stage, which means that the variation
between units is small and the reproducibility is good.
The details of the concepts for improving the efficiency and the measurement results of the
Engineering Model are reported in this paper.
A-2-46
The application of gas-kinetic scheme to model acoustic
streaming and nonlinear effects in a standing wave resonator
Zhang X. Q. 1, Feng H. Y.1, 2 and Peng Y. H.2
1
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University ofScience and Technology,
Wuhan430074, China.
2
Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Health Maintenance for Mechanical Equipment, Hunan
University of Science and Technology,Xiangtan411201, China.
A gas-kinetic scheme is presented for simulating acoustic streaming, shock waves and
nonlinear effects in air-filled two-dimensional cylindrical closed resonator driven by a harmonic
motion of piston. The fully compressible Navier-Stokes equations are considered in the present
model. Investigated is the interaction of acoustic wave fields with viscous boundary layers near
the resonator walls, and the influence of shock on the axial velocity, transverse velocity and flow
field, as well as acoustic streaming pattern in two-dimensional flow fields under the case of finite
amplitude. The instantaneous velocity y component relative to x component becomes
non-negligibly significant. Therefore, the shock-like waveform and strongly two-dimensional flow
fields occur. The instantaneous flow fields are obviously characterized by the changing flow
direction and circulatory flow patterns. It is also observed numerically that different scales of
irregular multi-vortices occur and even the turbulent streaming are developed. Moreover, some
factors inducing these nonlinear phenomena are closely analyzed in this paper inducing the reverse
of flow velocity, the turbulence, and irregular Rayleigh flow. The simulated results in this study
have demonstrated that the gas-kinetic scheme is capable of dealing with some nonlinear problems
in compressible viscous fluids and in high amplitude nonlinear acoustic or thermoacoustic
oscillations.
A-2-47
Impact of Pressure Ratio on Heat Transfer of a Finned Heat
Exchanger in Oscillating Flow
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Tang K., Yu J., Jin T. and Gan Z.H.
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
Compression and expansion of a working gas due to the pressure oscillation of an oscillating
flow can lead to a temperature variation of the working gas, which will affect the heat transfer in
the oscillating flow. This study focuses on the impact of the compression-expansioneffect,
indicated by pressure ratio, on the heat transfer in a finned heat exchanger under practical
operating conditions of the ambient-temperature heat exchangers in Stirling-type pulse tube
refrigerators. After describing the experimental apparatus including the measurement system, the
experimental results summarized as Nusselt number are presented for analysis. An increase in
pressure ratio can result in a marked rise in Nusselt number, which indicates that the
compression-expansioneffect should be considered in characterizing the heat transfer of the
oscillating flow, especially in the case with a higher Valensi number and a lower Reynolds
number.
A-2-48
A Preliminary Discussion on the Influence of Thermophysical
Properties on Thermoacoustic Effect with Near-critical Carbon
Dioxide
Jin T., Yang R. and Tang K.
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
In order to achieve a higher efficiency from the thermoacoustic conversion,the working fluid
is required to have a higher thermal penetration depth and a lower viscous penetration depth.
Besides, the acoustic wave attenuation in the fluid, which is the loss outside the thermoacoustic
conversion region, will also affect the efficiency of a thermoacoustic engine. Thermophysical
properties of the fluid near critical points are very sensitive to the variation of the pressure and the
temperature. This sensitivity might be beneficial for improving the efficiency of thermoacoustic
effects. The density, thermal conductivity, viscosity and also wave propagation features of
near-critical Carbon Dioxide (CO2) are analyzed to discuss its applicability in thermoacoustic
engine, emphasizing on their impact on the efficiency of thermoacoustic conversion and the
acoustic wave attenuation.
A-3-01
Performance improvement of nitrogen expansion liquefaction process
for small-scale LNG plant
67
He T.B., Ju Y.L.*
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Liquefaction of natural gas is usually a kind of high energy consumption process. Therefore,
any performance improvement of the liquefaction process will definitely reduce the energy
consumption. Nitrogen expansion liquefaction process is regarded as a suitable process for
small-scale LNG plant due to its simplicity, quick startup and convenient maintenance. However,
the disadvantage of the process is high-energy consumption. An efficient way to lower its energy
consumption is to add a precooling cycle. In this paper, two different precooling cycles including
propane precooling cycle and R410a precooling cycle are proposed to the nitrogen expansion
liquefaction process to improve the liquefaction process performance. Unit energy consumption as
an objective function is optimized in terms of several key operating parameters. Based on the
optimization results, the effects of the liquefaction rate and the methane recovery rate on the
process performance are investigated. Furthermore, exergy analyses of the main equipment are
also presented and discussed. The results show that the unit energy consumption for the nitrogen
expansion process with R410a precooling and with propane precooling reduce by 22.68% and
19.95% respectively, compared with nitrogen expansion process without precooling.
A-3-02
Effects of Hydrogen Content on Nitrogen Expansion Liquefaction
Process of Coke Oven Gas
LinW. S., Zhang L., Gu A. Z. and YangY. F.
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240,
China
Coke oven gas (COG) is a by-product when producing coke from coal. Along with the
development of the coke industry, a large amount of COG has not been utilized properly, leading
to serious environmental pollution and energy waste.Producing liquefied natural gas (LNG) is an
efficient way of utilizing COG. The amount of hydrogen in COG affects liquefaction process
significantly, because its thermal properties are quite different from the other compositions
(methane, carbon monoxide, etc.) of COG. Based on nitrogen expansion liquefaction process, a
series of liquefaction processes of COG containing different amount of hydrogen are simulated in
this paper. After optimizing these processes and comparing their parameters, it turns out that the
hydrogen content exerts a great influence on the unit power consumption and the liquefaction rate
of the processes.
In order to ensure very low concentration of hydrogen in LNG product, distillation is added
to the process. The processes with or without distillation are compared. Furthermore, for the
processes with distillation, the liquefaction process is integrated with distillation separation of
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hydrogen to upgrade the quality of LNG. Because the nitrogen flow after the first stage of
expansion has the lowest temperature in all the flows hotter than reboiler, it is used to heat the
reboiler of the distillation column. In this way, nitrogen is further cooled before it goes to the
second stage of expansion, while the reboiler obtains the required heat.
Simulations indicate that liquefied natural gas (LNG) can be produced by improved nitrogen
expansion processes with acceptable energy consumption.The unit power consumption increases
with the increase of hydrogen content of COG and the increase of the methane recovery rate. And
the unit power consumption of the process with distillation is about 10% lower than that of
process without distillation, when the methane recovery rate is fixed.
A-3-03
Comparison of heat transfer processes of different working fluids in
LNG intermediate fluid vaporizers
Yang Y.F., Lin W.S., Chen S. S. and Ji X.
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240,
China
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) has to be regasified in vaporizers before using. There are
different kinds of LNG vaporizers and the open rack vaporizer (ORV), which uses seawater to
heat LNG, is most popular in large LNG terminals because of its low energy consumption. The
most critical problem for ORV is seawater corrosion. Thus, it needs very clean seawater. As
intermediate fluid vaporizer (IFV) may be used in bad seawater condition, it is used more and
more. In an IFV, LNG is heated by the intermediate medium fluid (working fluid), and the
working fluid is heated by seawater. Thus, working fluids have decisive influences on evaporation
heat transfer efficiency.
The heat transfer process in the IFV system consists of two parts: (1) heat exchange between
intermediate fluid and seawater; (2) heat exchange between intermediate fluid and LNG; (3)heat
exchange between natural gas and seawater. In this paper, various working fluids used in IFVs are
studied. The working fluids are divided into two groups by whether there is vapor-liquid phase
change during the heat transfer process. Propane (R290), difluoroethane (R152a) and propylene
(R1270) are selected as phase-change working fluids, whose vapor pressures are appropriate for
both warm and cold seawater. Propane (R290), iso-butane (R600a) and n-butane (R600) serve as
the non-phase-change working fluids, which remain liquid under normal or low pressure. This
paper focuses on comparison of phase-change and non-phase-change processes. HYSYS
simulation software is used to get the thermodynamic status of working fluids and LNG, and
calculation of phase-change and non-phase-change heat transfer in the IFVs is also included. The
work consumption and required heat transfer area for each kind of working fluid are also
compared.
Through the simulation analysis, the recommendations of best working fluids for both
phase-change and non-phase-change IFVs are R290, and the conditions of adopting the two types
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of processes are also summarized. Phase-change IFV needs larger heat exchange area but less
power consumption than non-phase-change IFV.
A-3-04
Waste heat-driven refrigeration and cryogenic systems for LNG
vessels
Buyadgie D.1,2, Buyadgie O. 1,2, Drakhnia O. 1,2, Sladkovskyi Y. 1,2, Chamchine A.3
1
Wilson, 25, Mikhailivs'ka Street, 65005, Odessa, Ukraine
2
Sustainable Refrigeration Technology Centre, 1/3, Dvoryanskaya str., 65026, Odessa, Ukraine
3
University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
The liquefied gases transportation constantly increases and, sometimes, becomes a single
meaningful mean of the energy supply. The evaporated gas release to the ambient is common for
the conventional LNG vessels during the transportation. But in order to increase the economic
efficiency and minimize the environmental pollution during the LNG transportation, the maximal
utilization of energy is required that will serve to minimize the gas losses and make LNG more
accessible. The energy audit of the LNG vessels showed that the waste heat utilization does not
exceed 20-30% although it can be increased up to 60-70% with a reasonable upgrade.
The cost of the electrical energy, produced by the gas-generators, which power compressor
refrigerators and cryogenic liquefiers, doesn’t often balance with the cost of the gas burnt.
Therefore, the heat-utilizing system was developed to produce the cold for keeping the gas in a
liquid state, using low potential heat, which is, otherwise, exhausted into the atmosphere. Two heat
using cold generators were compared: expander-compression and ejector based. Rational fields of
application were determined for each of the analysed systems.
A-3-05
HFC-245fa for Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Carrier Application
Qin.S. L.
Honeywell integrated technology (China) Co, Ltd. 430, Libing RD. Shanghai, China.
LNG Carrier is commonly used for LNG transportation with HCFC-141b blown
Polyurethane (PU) foam as the insulation material. Marine LNG carrier needs -162°C extremely
low temperature to keep NG as liquid and there are remarkable boil-off gas (BOG) being released
during transportation. Blowing agent for insulation PU material plays an important role for
insulation performance. In this paper, various blowing agent alternatives for this application have
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been studied and HFC-245fa has been proven as a better solution for this application which can
both meet properties and environment protection requirement.
A-3-06
Simulation and Performance Analysis of a Heat Transfer Tube in
SuperORV
Jin T., Wang M., Tang K.
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
A heat transfer tube of SuperORV (Super Open-Rack Vaporizer) consists of a vaporizing
section and a heating section, with different configurations. In this paper, a distributed parameter
model was built to simulate the LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) evaporating process in a SuperORV
heat transfer tube. In terms of diverse mechanisms about the different regimes of LNG evaporation,
the heat transfer region is divided into the single-phase liquid convection zone, the subcooled
boiling zone, the saturated boiling zone and liquid deficient zone alongthe vaporizing section,and
the single-phase vapor convection zone alongthe heating section. Aset of applicable correlative
formulas for the heat transfer coefficients in various zones were chosen for the heat transfer model
in our case. Numerical calculation was then carried out to present the heat transfer performance of
the tube. The dependence of heat transfer performance on ice thickness was also analyzed in order
to obtain the tolerable maximum thickness. The distributions of some important parameters
concerning heat transfer characteristics were listed for the performance prediction of this type of
vaporizer under different freezing conditions.
B-1-01
Analysis of Low-temperature Solar Power System combined with
Ejector Refrigeration
Qikuang Yao, Xiaosong Zhang, Jianzhong Song
School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210018, People’s Republic
of China
This paper focus on the efficiency that improved by using ejector refrigeration in low-grade
solar power system. In this system, the conception of energy step utilization and recovery has been
reflected. One portion of system is used to provide heat that absorbed from low-temperature hot
resources such as industrial waste heat or some green energy like solar energy and geothermal
energy. The Organic Rankine Cycle has also been used in this power system and stably exporting
electric power is obtained. The enthalpy drop in the expander in ORC system is low because of
low-temperature hot resource. The temperature of exhaust steam (R245fa) comes out from the
expander is about 57℃ theoretically while 70℃ or higher during the experiment when expander
outlet pressure is 0.2MPa. For energy step utilization and recovery, the steam can be used to drive
ejector refrigeration, which can provide cooling, heating and power simultaneously.
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In this paper, the principleand process of OrganicRankinecycle was first introduced and as
well as the circulation of ejector refrigeration. To assess the performance improvement of the
present system, three further cases are considered: electrical power, cooling-cogeneration, and
heating-cogeneration. Then, mathematical model of ejector refrigeration was build and parameters
of a modified system were set up for calculating and evaluating the performance of the new
system. This system is designed to produce 2kW of electricity. The theoretical and actual
efficiencies were obtained from the calculations based on theoretical models and experiments of
ORC system. This study reveals that the efficiency of the combined system is 44.24%, and COP of
ejector refrigeration cycle is about 0.8386. The steam comes out from turbine is used to drive
ejector refrigeration cycle which can provide cooling, heating and power, obviously, overall
efficiency of the whole system is promoted.
B-1-04
Feasibility Study of a Ground Source Heat Pump in a Metro Station
Wang Q. J.1, Zhai X. Q.1 , Wang X. B.2, Song J.2 , Zheng Y. 2
1
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240,
China.
2
Shanghai Shentong Metro Consulting Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201103, China.
Nowadays, the metro stations mostly adopt conventional water chiller air conditioning systems
for controlling the temperature and humidity in stations, resulting in high energy consumption.
Owing to the fact of environmental protection, energy saving, high efficiency, low noise, ground
source heat pump (GSHP) attracts the attention of metro company. However, it brings great
difficulties in using GSHP in metro stations, that most of the metro station is underground, which
just need cooling in summer, without heating demand in winter. Therefore, how to solve the
problem of thermal balance is the key to make GSHP widely used in metro stations.
One Metro Station with the area of 9100 m2, located in Shanghai is an underground two-floor
metro station. The cooling load in summer is about 1283.58 kW. Two screw GSHP units are
selected, either with the cooling capacity of 762 kW and the input power of 122 kW in nominal
conditions. The single-U-pipe vertical ground heat exchangers (GHEs) are used, around the metro
station. The depth of each borehole is 110 m, and the total of boreholes is 260. The TRNSYS
software was used to simulate the GSHP system. Two design approaches were proposed. Firstly,
the GSHP system handles part of the total cooling load. It is shown that, the system can only take
at most 40% of the total load. In such a case, during 15 years operation, the system performs well
with the increase of temperature around the GHEs of 6.67 ℃; and the highest outlet water
temperature of 27.9 ℃.
Secondly, the GSHP system handles the peak load. Generally, the peak load in the morning
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and evening rush hour can even reach more than two times of the ordinary load. The GSHP
system can be designed to take 75% of the peak load. It is shown that, during 15 years operation,
the average temperature around the GHEs rises by 5.79 ℃; the highest outlet water temperature is
about 31.5 ℃. Because of short operation time, it’s helpful for the natural recovery of soil
temperature. As a result, the GSHP performs well; it can work steadily for a long time.
To sum up, although it’s feasible to apply GSHP in the metro station, the design approach
should be optimized. The GSHP may be designed to handle part of the total cooling load or take
peak load without affecting thermal balance of soil. Using GSHP is meaningful for the energy
conservation of metro station cooling systems. Besides, compared to the conventional cooling
system, GSHP system has better economic benefit and social benefit.
B-1-07
Operation Characteristic of a Heat Pump of Mechanical Vapor
Recompression Propelled by a Fan and Its Performance Analysis
Pang W.1, 2, Lin W.3, Pan Q.4, Lin W.1, 2, Dai Q.1, Yang L.1, Zhang Z.*
1
Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS, Beijing 10090,China;
2
Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
3
Xinjiang University, Xinjiang Urumqi 830046, China;
4
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
A mechanical vapor recompression heat pump propelled by a centrifuge fan is designed
together with falling-film evaporation. Based on theoretical analysis, experimental research is
applied to study the fan type of MVR. Choosing water as the experimental medium, the
operation characteristic of MVR applied to low evaporation is examined. Practically, the pressure
difference of the unit is likely to keep stable while its evaporation pressure goes up. After the
system performance is tested and analyzed, it shows that the total evaporation water and total
input energy increase as its evaporation pressure grows. Further, some calculation is done and
the result indicates that its SMER and COP decrease while the evaporation pressure rises. The
reason of this phenomenon is: the leakage loss of the fan inside goes up and its displacement
efficiency reduces as the evaporation temperature and pressure is high; finally, it brings forth the
drop of the system’s adiabatic efficiency. Finally, the trend of average input work for
compressed vapor is compared in three different terms. The trend of average input work by
calculation is the same as that in theory; that is to say, both of them descend when the evaporation
pressure ascends. Because of displacement efficiency, the trend of average input work by measure
is different from that in theory; that is to say, the average input work by measure grows slightly
when the evaporation pressure goes up.
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B-1-08
Performance Analysis of a Dual-Nozzle Ejector Enhanced Heat Pump
Cycle with Two Heat Sources for Heating Application
Wang X., Zhu L, Zhou M.L., Yu J.L.
Department of Refrigeration & Cryogenic Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering,
Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, China
In this study, a novel dual-nozzle ejector enhanced vapor-compression cycle (DEVC) for
dual-source coupled heat pump is proposed. The cycle system consists of a compressor, a
condenser, a dual-nozzle ejector, a separator, two expansion valves, a low-temperature evaporator
and a high-temperature evaporator. In the DEVC, the ejector equipped with two nozzles has the
advantage of a very efficient expansion losses recovery. Moreover, the use of dual-nozzle ejector
in the cycle not only may operate the heat pump with two heat sources at the same time, but also
may improve the heat pump performances. A mathematical model of the DEVC is developed to
predict its performance under specified operating conditions. In the performance modeling of
DEVC, the one-dimensional constant pressure mixing model for conventional ejectors and
common thermodynamic cycle analysis method are applied to develop the mathematical model.
The simulation results indicate that the discharge temperatures of the compressor in DEVC can
stay below 100 °C at all given operating conditions and the coefficient of performance (COP) and
the volumetric heating capacity of the novel cycle using refrigerant R410A are theoretically
improved by 4.60-34.03% and 7.81-51.95% over conventional ejector enhanced
vapor-compression cycle (CEVC), respectively. However, the selection of proper mass flow rate
allocation ratio for the DEVC in accordance with dual heat sources conditions is very important in
order to maintain high cycle performance and reliability in the DEVC heat pump system. The
results imply that the dual heat sources heat pump system could take advantage of the best features
of the DEVC. Of course, to accomplish this, more intensive experimental study on the
characteristics of dual-nozzle ejector and cycle performance is still required. In general, it is
expected that the new cycle presented here will be very useful to the investigators dealing with
dual heat sources heat pumps, especially for solar assisted air source heat pump systems.
B-1-10
Intermittent Driving Simulation of Compression Type Heat-Pump
SAITO KIYOSHI, OHNO KEISUKE
Dept. of Applied Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8555,
Japan
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Compression type heat pumps have been employed in many fields of the refrigeration and
air conditioning to realize energy savings. The performance of the compression type heat pumps
has greatly improved recently because the system can be operated under a variety of operating
conditions throughout the year with the inverter of the compressor. However, since the running
time of the system over the year under the very low partial load is getting longer, the system is
operated intermittently because of the difficulty in the continuous running of the compressor. In
this case, the performance is easily estimated to decrease greatly. But in the present situation, the
actual performance of the low partial load has not been clarified yet since it is not easy to get the
reliable driving data of the low partial load. Therefore, the key goal of this study is to grasp the
intermittent driving performance of the compression-type heat pump develop its optimum design
and control method. As a first step, we construct the mathematical model that can predict the
intermittent driving characteristics at low partial load that are crucial to the investigation of the
performance. The constructed model is validated experimentally. As a result, the mathematical
model of the compression-type heat pump to calculate the intermittent driving was constructed,
and its validity was confirmed by the comparison of simulation results with those of experiment.
B-1-11
Research and Development Experimental Study of Multifunctional
Air-cooled Heat Pump with Heat recovery and Thermal Economics
Analysis
Wang E. and Tan H.
College of Mechanical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
This paper introduces the principle of multifunctional air-cooled heat pump heat recovery
unit. The unit can be run under five operation modes, include single refrigeration operation mode,
refrigeration + heat recovery hot water operation mode, single heating operation mode, heating +
hot water operation mode, single hot water operation mode. The five modes cover the annual air
conditioning and heating and domestic hot water demand conditions. The heat recovery unit can
reclaim part condensing waste heat or total waste heat if needs. The multifunctional air-cooled
heat pump with heat recovery prototype is tested under the five operation modes. The refrigeration
and heating comprehensive energy efficiency has been got after calculation according to the
experiment data. Under the refrigeration + heat recovery hot water operation mode, the heat
recovery amount decreased significantly with increasing inlet temperature of hot water , but little
change for refrigeration capacity. Refrigeration energy efficiency has relationship with partial heat
recovery ratio and hot water temperature. In order to evaluate the cold and hot comprehensive
performance of multifunctional air-cooled heat pump with heat recovery more scientifically, the
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five exergy expression and analysis models corresponding to the five operation modes have been
established. This paper points out that the hot and cold comprehensive energy efficiency can only
reflect the rough performance of multifunctional air-cooled heat pump with heat recovery. The
cost of cooling and heating is not the same. This evaluation method with the hot and cold
comprehensive energy efficiency is not very scientific. But the exergy efficiency can be used to
evaluate the thermal economic performance of multifunction air-cooled heat pump with heat
recovery more scientifically. Even if cold and hot comprehensive energy efficiency is high, exergy
efficiency is not necessarily high. This article can be used as reference of developing refrigeration
unit with heat recovery and heat economics evaluation.
B-1-13
Simulation Research on Operation Characteristics of Ground Source
Heat Pump with Nature Cold Storage
Han Z.W.1, Meng X.1,Ablat .Yimit2,Yang J.1, Wang Y.R.1
1
School of Materials & Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P.R. China
2
Xinjiang Institute for New Energy, Urumqi 830011, P.R. China
In the cooling dominated areas, the GSHPS has a problem that the heat rejection in summer is
much larger than the heat absorption in winter, so that the temperature of soil around the soil heat
exchanger will be gradually increased, and the operating performance and reliability of heat pump
will drop. In order to solve this problem, they usually use a cooling tower-assisted ground-source
heat system in these areas currently, and the system is called hybrid ground source heat pump
system. Scholars from various countries do much research on the operating performance and
optimizing parameter. In hybrid ground heat pump system, the cooling tower is often as an
auxiliary heat dissipating component. It usually used when the ground source heat pump system is
difficult to guarantee the building cooling demand. At that moment, the outdoor temperature is
usually high, and the operating performance of heat pump system will not effectively increase, and
the average coefficient performance of the whole system is low in the air conditioning period. In
order to use ambient air and soil heat source reasonably and fully consider characteristics of
building cooling load and heat source, we put forward hybrid ground-air source heat pump system
(HGASHPS) with nature cold storage in this paper. This system can utilize composite separated
type heat pipe and vapor compression refrigeration chiller, accumulating ambient air cold in the
soil during the non-cooling period, and meanwhile combining with ground source heat pump in
cooling period, to solve the problem of soil thermal balance. The mathematics model of each part
of the system was set up and conversion conditions between operation modes for the system were
determined. The transient simulation for GSHP and GSHP with nature cold storage was in
Nanjing carried out. The operation characteristics of both systems in operational life are
comparatively analyzed. The simulation results indicated that the new ground-source heat pump
with nature cold storage could retain the thermal balance of soil temperature field in year cycle
and increase COP and reliability.
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B-1-15
Experimental Study on CO2 Heat Pump Water HeaterCO2 Heat
Pump Water Heater: System Design and Experimental Study
Liu Y. F.1 Zhuo Z.Y.1 Zhang F.1 Bao T. W.2
1
University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, shanghai, 200093, China.
2
Shanghai Delphi Automotive Air Conditioning Systems Ltd. Shanghai, 201204, China.
A performance testing experiment platform of heat pump water heater of CO2 trans-critical
cycle whose evaporator and gas cooler are both sleeve type heat exchanger has been designed and
then constructed. CO2 refrigerant charge amount of the system is 1.23kg. System performance has
been researched by adjusting the degree of opening of the expansion valve and controlling the
flow of water of the gas cooler. The results show that: The system can provide hot water of 65
degrees when its cop is 3.2. And hot water of above 80 degrees can be obtained when system’s
cop is above 2.0. The water flow of the gas cooler has the greatest impact on the cop of the system,
the temperature of water out of the gas cooler and the exhaust pressure of the system. With highly
efficient heat exchanger, the temperature of water out of the gas cooler could be increased while
compressor discharge temperature is remained the same. So when the system provides
high-temperature water, it could run in higher cop.
B-1-22
Preliminary Investigation on Performance of A Trans-Critical
Carbon Dioxide Heat Pump System for Water Heating
Maina P. and Huan Z.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680,
Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
Many of the refrigerants currently being used in heating, ventilation, air conditioning and
refrigeration systems have high Global Warming Potential (GWP); only natural refrigerants have
properties to beat tough environmental regulations, though most of them either are toxic or
flammable. One potential, environmentally friendly replacement refrigerant is Carbon Dioxide
(CO2); though it has a low critical point thus cannot be used effectively in a convectional heat
pump cycle. In this study, a CO2 trans-critical water to water test bed was used to study the output
of a typical heat pump. Initial experimental results and thermo-physical properties were analyzed.
The heat output in the gas cooler were compared to the energy input in the compressor and the
efficiency of the system in terms of coefficient of performance (COP) was observed to vary from
3.7 to 3.9. Overall cycle inefficiencies of between 56% and 60% were also observed. The effect of
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chilling and cooling water temperatures was also tested at reduced refrigerant amount. It was
observed that keeping the chilling water temperature as high as possible while the cooling water
temperature as low as possible is the most desirable condition in terms of COP and heat output.
B-1-26
Performance Study of a New Type of Heat-Source Tower with
Pre-Condensation Function
Liu C.X., Liang C.H.*, Lv Y, Wen X.T., Zhang X.S., Yue X.L.
School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
Moisture is transferred from ambient air to solution in tower when a heat-source tower heat
pump works in heating season, which causing dilution of solution and rise of its freezing point.
The regeneration of solution concentration at expense of additional energy is needed for a
sustainable and reliable operation of heat-source heat pump. A new type of heat-source tower for
the reduction of regeneration energy consumption and improvement of systems efficiency was
proposed in present paper. Compared to conventional heat-source tower, the new type of
heat-source tower was equipped with fin-tube heat exchanger (FTHE) at bottom of tower for
pre-condensation of moisture in air. The implementation of this new type of heat-source tower was
studied theoretically. The new type heat-source tower’s performance under various operation
conditions was investigated, and the effects of variables such as air inlet temperature and humidity,
solution inlet temperature on the performance have been discussed. The performance of new type
of heat-source tower was better than that of conventional heat-source tower concerning the
moisture condensation and the heat absorption. The percentage of reduction of moisture
condensation rate (PMCR) varied from 26.7% to 22.8% when the inlet air temperature varied from
8℃ to 12℃, for the given inlet solution temperature of 0℃ and air relative humidity of 70%. The
PMCR varied from 22.8% to 40.1% when the inlet air relative humidity varied from 60% to 90%,
for the given inlet solution temperature of 0℃ and inlet air temperature of 10℃. The PMCR
increased from 22.8% to 52% when the inlet solution temperature varied from 0℃ to4℃, for the
given inlet air temperature of 10℃ and relative humidity of 70%. It could be found that the point
following the start of air dehumidification in FTHE was the operation condition where PMCR was
the lowest. It also could be found that the percentage of increase of heat absorption rate (PQ)
remained stable at 12% approximately, having only a slight dependency on above factors.
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B-1-29
Supermarket Refrigeration with Heat Recovery Using CO2 as
Refrigerant
Funder-Kristensen T.1 Bjerg P.2 .
1
Ph.d.; Head of Public & Industry Affairs, Danfoss, Nordborg, 6430,Denmark
2
M.Sc.Lead Application Specialist, Danfoss, Nordborg, 6430,Denmark
This paper describes the opportunities and advantages for utilizing CO2 as refrigerant in
supermarkets. As CO2 entered the food retail sector it was mainly due to very strict regulations on
refrigerant usage. From 2006 it was forbidden to use HFC systems with a charge above 10 kg in
Denmark. This urged the Industry to reconsider the choice of natural refrigerants and within the
food retail Industry CO2 has been increasingly used as refrigerant during the last 10 years.
During this time period as substantial development has taken place and now third generation
applications are rolled out in the market where cooling and heating is combined.
Normally supermarkets are focused on securing the food safety at the best energy efficiency
(COP). The first generations of CO2 applications were relatively inefficient compared to
conventional HFC solution. Second generation application would even out compete the HFC
systems, mainly due to better systems design and component improvements. This development
has continued. CO2 has some very good properties for generating high temperatures at relatively
high efficiency and the fact that Food retail stores also use a lot of hot water for sanitary purposes
(bakery and slaughter department) and space heating creates a very good opportunity for utilizing
CO2 cooling systems for heating at good efficiencies.. Overall COP adding both heating and
cooling energy shows COP in the area of 8. This is based factual measurements at supermarkets.
B-1-31
An Experimental Comparison of Transcritical CO2 Heat Pump
Systems
Lu Y., Chen Q., Qi H., Tang L., Chen G.
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
In order to study the effects of ejector and internal heat exchanger (IHX) on transcritical CO2
heat pump system performance, a prototype of transcritical CO2 heat pump water heater was
designed, and the measurement and control system for testing was developed. Experimental
research on conventional transcritical CO2 heat pump system (TCHS), transcritical CO2 heat
pump system with internal heat exchanger (TCHSI), transcritical CO2 heat pump system with
ejector (TCHSE), and transcritical CO2 heat pump system with both internal exchanger and
ejector (TCHSEI) are carried out in this paper. The optimum working conditions for each system
are discussed. The heating capacities and heating coefficients of TCHSI, TCHSE, TCHSEI are
separately compared with that of TCHS under different heated water temperatures. Experimental
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results show that: the introduction of IHX can improve the system performance by up to 3.64%
(heated water temperature at 70℃); the introduction of ejector improves the system performance
by up to 3.57% (heated water temperature at 45℃); When heated water temperature reaches 70℃,
the introduction of both ejector and IHX can improve the system performance by 5.24%.
B-1-33
Progress and Prospect of Refrigeration Driven by Exhaust Heat from
Fishing Vessels
Yang S.1 Chen G.2 Chen S.1 Chen Z.1 Wang Q.1
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou,
310027, PR China
2
College of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang
University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
Application of refrigeration driven by exhaust heat in fishing vessels is not usual yet, but it is
important in energy saving for fishing vessels because a great amount of waste heat from engine is
exhausted. Obviously refrigeration driven by waste heat or solar energy, such as the adsorption,
absorption and the ejection refrigeration system, must be more economical than the original
methods used for cooling the fishery harvesting. In this study, application of ice in the fishing
vessels is introducted first and then followed with the technical difficulties of in the fishing
industry. It costs lots of time and money to prepare ice used for cooling the harvesting on the coast
and usually the limited amounts of ice will limit the period at sea. All these lead to a
diseconomical work for the fishers. To solve these problems, several means are summarized in
which refrigeration driven by exhaust heat from the vessel stands out and is put main emphasis on
in this study to present the characteristics of different refrigeration systems and progress and
prospects of that technology for the application in the fishing vessels. Studies show that the
adsorption refrigeration can well adapt to the shaky situation of the deck at sea and keeps a steady
state, but it will occupies too much room while room in the boat is very limited. The absorption
refrigeration system can easily get a low cooling temperature and has a higher COP than
adsorption and ejection system relatively, but its absorber and generator lead to a low reliability at
sea. The ejection system is simply constructed compacted and economical and high reliable.
However, it’s hard to get a low cooling temperature and COP of the system is low. Only the one
that is simply constructed, compacted, economical and high reliable can meet the requry of the
fishing boat, such as the very restricted room on the boats, the low cooling temperature and the
shaky situation of the deck, and can finally be widely applied.
1
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B-1-34
Design on the Experimental Table for CO2 Refrigeration System
with Turbo Expander
Ma J.L.1, Liu C.H.1, Sun W. 1,Wang M.1, Lai T.W.1,Hou Y.1,2, *
1
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
2
State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an
710049,China.
As a good alternative refrigerant for CFCs, CO2 is being increasing used in refrigeration, air
conditioning, and heat pump, and transcritical cycle is always employed. Due to the transcritical
process and the physical properties of CO2, the throttle loss in CO2 system is larger than that in
conventional CFCs refrigerants system. One effective method to improve the performance of the
CO2 transcritical cycle is replacing the throttling valve by the other expansion devices. In this
paper, a transcritical carbon dioxide refrigeration cycle with different expansion devices was
analyzed theoretically using the first and second laws of thermodynamics. And the feasibility
analysis on the application of the turboexpander in CO2 refrigeration cycle was carried out. Two
turboexpanders (the working state of CO2 at the outlet of the expanders are the two-phase fluid
and the subcooled liquid, respectively) for the CO2 system with a nominal cooling capacity of
15KW were designed. Then the CO2 turboexpander experimental test rig was also presented in
this paper.
B-2-01
Optimization Design Method of Absorption Chiller Based on
Integrated Operation Parameters
Yang Y. Y. Ma L. D. Zhao T. Y. Zhang J. L.
Faculty of Infrastructure Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
During structure design of lithium bromide absorption chiller unit, its initial cost and
integration performance is affected directly by heat transfer area of the components of the unit,
including generator, condenser, absorber, evaporator and heat exchanger. To improve the overall
performance of the absorption chiller, it is necessary to optimize the structure parameters and
operation parameters.
In this paper, based on the mathematical model of lithium bromide absorption refrigerating
unit, the effect of design variables on unit’s area and the coefficient of performance (COP) is
analyzed. The design variables include total temperature difference of cooling water, condensation
temperature, evaporation temperature, outlet temperature of weak solution from absorber, outlet
temperature of strong solution from generator and outlet temperature of strong solution from heat
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exchanger. The optimal design method of lithium bromide absorption refrigeration unit is
proposed, and the optimization results of different objective functions, i.e. min (Ftol/ COP) and
min (Ftol), are compared. In the condition of keeping other design parameters constant, area of
evaporator, condenser and heat exchanger is affected markedly by evaporation temperature,
condensation temperature and outlet temperature of strong solution from generator, respectively.
As outlet temperature of weak solution from absorber increases, the absorber area is decreased and
the generator area is increased obviously. And area of heat exchanger and generator is influenced
greatly by temperature difference of cooling water. Outlet temperature of strong solution from
heat exchanger has little influence upon each component area.
The results show that the area of generator and condenser are slightly increased, the area of
evaporator, absorber and heat exchanger, the chiller area and Ftol/ COP are reduced, and COP are
obviously increased. Based on optimization objective function min (Ftol/ COP), compared with
min (Ftol), optimized total heat transfer area is almost the same, but COP obviously increases. So,
using min (Ftol/ COP) as objective function, accounting for economic performance and thermal
performance, is superior to min (Ftol).
B-2-02
The Research on The Making Characteristic for Binary Ice in
Vacuum Environment under Solution Absorption Driving
Zhang X., Chen X., Liu Xi.,Yang Y.
Shanghai Maritime University, 1550 Harbour Avenue, Shanghai, 201306, China
Based on the theoretic analysis and experiment, the making characteristic for binary ice in
vacuum environment under solution absorption driving was studied and some factors influencing
binary ice making, such as the pressure in the flash chamber, water flow, lithium bromide solution
flow were analyzed. Research results show that the pressure in the flash chamber, water flow rate,
lithium bromide solution flow have a great influence on binary ice making. In brief, the factors
mentioned before have a big influence on the binary ice generation driven by solution absorption
in vacuum, and it needs a further research on relevant experiment.
B-2-03
Performance Improvement of an Adsorption Chiller Using
Composite Adsorbent, Silica Gel Impregnated with Lithium Chloride,
Paired with Methanol as the Adsorbate.
Ishugah T.F., Wang R.Z., Wang L.W., Lu Z.S.
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Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240,
China
This study aimed at analyzing different operation strategies to improving the performance of a
new type adsorption chiller employing a novel composite adsorbent, silica gel impregnated with
lithium chloride, paired with methanol as the adsorbate. The chiller’s experimental test results
showed an average specific cooling power and Coefficient of Performance (COP) of 280 W/kg
and 0.41 respectively. This was when the hot water inlet temperature, cooling water inlet
temperature, and chilled water outlet temperature were 83 ℃, 29 ℃ and 15 ℃, respectively. In
addition, the corresponding mass flow rates were 0.22 Kg s-1, 0.39 Kg s-1 and 0.09 Kg s-1,
respectively. Despite the fact that the average specific cooling power and Coefficient of
Performance (COP), were rather satisfactory, analysis of experimental results conducted with
different cycle times, inlet hot water temperatures, and hot water flow rates showed that a much
better performance could be achieved. Experimental results indicated the following; (1) the
coefficient of performance increased while the cooling capacity decreased with increased cycle
time, (2) both the coefficient of performance and the cooling capacity increased with increase in
heat and mass recovery time to an optimal time then started to decrease as heat and mass recovery
time increased beyond the optimal time, (3) both cooling capacity and COP generally increased
with increase in inlet hot water temperature at a relatively higher value from 60 ℃ to about 90 ℃
beyond which the incremental value started diminishing, and, (4) increase in mass flow rates
produced higher cooling power with decreased COP while decrease in mass flow rates of hot
water produced lower cooling capacity with increased COP. This paper therefore recommends a
cycle time, heat and mass recovery time, inlet hot water temperature, and hot water mass flow rate
of 720 seconds, 90 seconds, 83 ℃, and 0.22 Kg s-1 as appropriate to give the best chiller
performance for refrigeration.
B-2-04
Experimental Study on the Performance Characteristics with
Operating Conditions in High-Temperature Generator
Kwak M. 1, Chen T. 2 , Cho H. 3
Graduate school of Mechanical Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, 501-759, South Korea
2
Graduate school of Mechanical Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, 501-759, South Korea
3
Department Mechanical Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, 501-759, South Korea
When engine exhaust gas is used to the absorption chiller-heater, energy efficiency can be
increased up to 75-90% and the coefficient of absorption chiller-heater performance can be
improved significantly. To investigate performance of the high-temperature generator using
exhaust gas in the absorption chiller-heater, Lab. scale high-temperature generator using exhaust
1
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gas was designed and test setup was installed. The performance of the high-temperature generator
using exhaust gas in the absorption chiller-heater with operating conditions was investigated.
As a result, as the mass flow rate ratio of absorption liquid was changed from 80% to 120%,
steam mass flow rate of high-temperature generator of was increased. Besides, the exit
temperature of absorption liquid was decreased by 2.0℃ and decreasing rate was reduced. When
the temperature of absorption liquid goes up from 133.7℃ to 141.7℃, the heat capacity of
high-temperature generator is increases by 15.8%.
B-2-05
Experimental Study of Steam Generation and Heat Exchanger
Characteristics According to Outlet Port Position in a
High-temperature Generator
Kwak M.1, Chen T.2 , Cho H. 3
1
Graduate school of Mechanical Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, 501-759, South Korea
2
Graduate school of Mechanical Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, 501-759, South Korea
3
Department Mechanical Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, 501-759, South Korea
In the absorption chiller-heater, the HTG (high-temperature generator) using exhaust gas is an
important factor to achieve high system performance. To investigate performance of the HTG
using exhaust gas in the absorption chiller-heater, Lab. scale HTG using exhaust gas was designed
and setup. Since it is very difficult to uses and controls the 500℃ exhaust gas, the experiment was
performed using 200℃ air instead of 500℃ exhaust gas by using the dimensionless scaling
method. In this study, to analysis the performance of the HTG using exhaust gas in the absorption
chiller-heater with operating conditions, the inlet condition of exhaust gas was changed.
As the results, the more steam would be separated from absorption liquid within the HTG with
the increase of the inlet temperature at the air side. The third outlet port of high-temperature
generator shows more steam generation compared to that of other position outlet port because it is
located at the inlet of hot air which can supply most hot source. Besides, the heat transfer
efficiency of the HTG increases due to higher heat capacity and Re number with an increase of air
mass flow ratio. As the air mass flow ratio increases from 80% to 120%, the heat capacity of 1st-,
2nd-, and 3rd-outlet port increases by 39.2%, 37.9%, 35.9%, respectively.
B-2-06
Solar Air-conditioning System Using Solar-driven Absorption Chiller
Yabase H.
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Kawasaki Thermal Engineering Co.,Ltd., Engineering Office, Kusatsu, 525-8558, Japan
Absorption chillers use water i.e. natural refrigerant as a cooling medium as well as having
zero ozone depletion potential because of Freon-Free, which can contribute to prevention of global
warming. In addition, absorption chillers use thermal energy as driving source, and have a feature
of being capable of saving electricity.
Meanwhile, the global warming issue has worsened markedly in recent years, which causes us
to be confronted with the urgent task of realization of low-carbon society. In Japan, power for
air-conditioning accounts for 43% of total power consumption used for office buildings and
absorption chillers are also strongly required saving-energy.
Under these situations, a solar cooling system which performs cooling by introducing hot water
obtained from solar heat into absorption chillers using thermal energy as driving source has
received increasing attention and undergone promotion of development toward practical use
recently.
We developed a single-double effect combined absorption chiller for "Solar air-conditioning
system" in 2010. And we constructed the demonstration plant in Japan, and estimated its
performance. we report the outline and the performance of the above system as follows.
1) Absorption chiller
This chiller is composed of a highly-efficient gas absorption chiller/heater with COP1.3 (gross
calorific value) as a main machine which are equipped with a solar heat recovery unit comprising
a heat recovery heat exchanger and special condenser. It enables low temp. solar hot water at
75degreeC under operation at the cooling rating (load factor: 100%, cooling water temp:
32degreeC) or even lower temp. hot water depending on loading conditions and cooling water
conditions to be used.
2) Demonstration plant and the performance
Demonstration plant is installed in Kusatsu City of Shiga Prefecture, Japan. Cooling capacity is
738kW, and evacuated glass tube type solar energy collectors supply 75-90degreeC hot water to
the absorption chiller. We confirmed that the solar heat priority usage function and gas-based
backup function operate properly and overall system functions normally. In summer, fuel gas
reduction by 10% could be achieved and the results as estimated were obtained.
B-2-07
Experimental Study of the Matching of Three Kinds of Solar
Collectors with Different Sorption Chillers
Lu Z.*, Wang R.
Institute of refrigeration and cryogenics engineering, Dongchuan Rd. 800#, Shanghai Jiao Tong
University, Shanghai, China, 200240, E-mail: zslu@sjtu.edu.cn, Tel/fax numbers:
85
86-21-34206309
Solar systems have been integrated with building integrated for building heating, cooling and
hot water supply. Various types of solar collectors integrated with different sorption systems
have been well studied and demonstrated. Solar collectors include traditional evacuated tube solar
collector (providing 60-85 ℃ of hot water), high efficient CPC (Compound Parabolic
Concentrating) solar collector (providing 85-125 ℃ of hot water), and medium temperature PTC
(Parabolic Trough Collector) solar collector (providing 100-150 ℃ of hot water). Solar sorption
chillers include silica gel-water adsorption chiller, single effect LiBr absorption chiller and double
effect LiBr absorption chiller. The test results show that in the single effect absorption cooling
system, the efficiency of the medium temperature CPC solar collector efficiency can reach 0.5
when the hot water temperature is 125 ℃. The absorption chiller can provide 15 ℃ of chilled
water from 11:00 to 15:30, and the average solar COP (Coefficient of Performance) of absorption
system is 0.19. The PTC has high efficiency at high temperature. When the ambient temperature,
the intensity of the solar radiation and the solar collector operating temperature are 35 ℃, 458
W.m-2 and 150 ℃, the solar collector efficiency is about 0.44. The PTC can drive double effect
LiBr absorption chiller. The adsorption chiller can provide 15 ℃ of chilled water from 9:30 to
17:00, the average solar COP of the system is 0.16.
B-2-08
Thermodynamic Analysis and Comparison of Different Kinds of
Mass Recovery Processes Applied in Adsorption Refrigeration
System
Pan Q. W., Wang R. Z., Lu Z. S., and Wang L. W.
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering
of M.O.E, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
Mass recovery process is a way to improve the performance of adsorption refrigeration system
significantly. By researching two kinds of conventional mass recovery processes, i.e. mass
recovery between two beds and between evaporators, double mass recovery process is proposed to
reduce the heat loss of conventional mass recovery processes. Cycle analysis shows that the heat
loss of double mass recovery process is less than the other two kinds. A thermodynamic model is
built to analyze the system performance of different kinds of mass recovery processes. The
thermodynamic model shows the performance of the first and the second kind is equal when the
smallest mass of refrigerant is required, and the performance of the second kind is better than the
first one when the mass of refrigerant is equal. Meanwhile, system performance of the third kind is
optimal among these three kinds. Temperature difference and heat capacity are key factors for heat
loss of the third kind. Heat loss increases when the temperature difference increases. When heat
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capacity ratio is 1, heat loss of double mass recovery process is only three quarters of the other
two kinds under the ideal condition of mass and heat transfer. Heat loss decreases when the heat
capacity ratio increases.. Under the ideal condition of mass and heat transfer, the lowest heat loss
of double mass recovery process is half of the other two kinds. When heat capacity ratio less than
2, heat loss decreases sharply.When heat capacity ratio more than 2, heat loss decreases slowly.
Therefore, the optimal heat capacity ratio should be less than 2.
B-2-09
Modeling of a Two-Bed Silica Gel-Water Adsorption Chiller
Wang X. 1*and Chua HT 2
1
School of Engineering, University of Tasmania, Private bag 65, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia.
2
School of Mechanical and Chemical Engineering, University of Western Australia, Australia, 35
Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
This article presents a lumped-parameter model which was recently developed by our group to
investigate the performance of multi-bed adsorption chillers. We demonstrate that this model has
the same efficacy as distributed model by comparing the predictions from both lumped-parameter
and distributed models at various operating conditions. The model is then used to analyze the
effect of heat recovery schemes and the effect of other parameters on system performance.
Through the experimental validation, it is found that the differences between predictions and
experimental data in both cooling capacity and Coefficient of Performance are typically less than
10% in our studied working conditions. This provides useful information for adsorption chiller
manufacturers.
B-2-12
Performance Analysis of Compressor-Driven Adsorption
Refrigeration
Lai Y.H. 1, Dong Z. 1, Lyu M.X. 1,2, Yue H.1, Yang Z.2
1
Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
2
Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
A compressor-driven adsorption system with a gas cooler (CDCSGC) operating with the
time-delay cycle is proposed for the purpose of enhancing the compressed heat transfer and
recovering part of the pressure energy. At present，the compressor-driven adsorption system
(CDAS) becomes more and more important and interesting with the deepening of research. Not
only the CDAS has potential to compete with the conventional vapor compression systems (CVCS)
in theory, but also it bases on natural refrigerants, which don’t destroy the ozonosphere or cause
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the greenhouse effect. The CDCSGC system using the basic and time-delay cycles is then
mathematically simulated, and the influences of various parameters, including the volumetric
displacement rate (Ucom), the area of the gas cooler (Agc), the basic cycle time (tbc) and the
time-delay process time (ttd), on the specific cooling power (SCP) and the coefficient of
performance (COP) are studied. Compared with a conventional system using the basic cycle, the
proposed system not only can reduce the temperature in the adsorption reactor and the
compression ratio, but also can recover the pressure energy. This study clearly demonstrates that
adding a gas cooler can effectively reduce the temperature of adsorption reactor and the
compression ratio, and then enhance the performance and security of overall system.
A transient model based on lumped parameters was used to analyze the CDCSGC system under
the time-delay cycle, considering the assumptions adopted in this work for convenience of the
analysis. It is showed that the COP of CDCSGC can be increased about 6% in all cases, although
the SCP drops by about 2%. In summary, benefits of the CDCSGC system using the time-delay
cycle outweigh its drawbacks.
In addition, the graphite-chloride composite adsorbent/ammonia pair are considered as a
potential alternative because of the low switch frequency of four-ways valve, which can improve
the stability of the system, while a high SCP is obtained. Hence, this refrigerant pair are
considered as one of the potentially and important alternatives.
B-2-13
The Characteristics of the Absorption-Compression Hybrid
Refrigeration Cycle under Different Vehicle Driving Conditions
Li J., Xu S. *
Key Laboratory of Ocean Energy Utilization and Energy Conservation of Ministry of Education,
School of Energy and Power, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
Through quantitatively analyzing the exhaust gas parameters from vehicle engine under
different driving conditions and calculating heat load of equipments in the absorption-compression
hybrid refrigeration cycle, the heat transfer area and structure of the principle unit were
determined. The distributed-parameter model of heat transfer between the gas and working fluids
in the generator was established, as well as the lumped-parameter model in the other heat
exchangers. The research results show that the absorption refrigeration sub-cycle can meet
completely the cooling load (30kw) for the bus when the bus drives over 100 km·h-1. Both
absorption and compression refrigeration sub-cycles supply the cooling load for the bus when its
speed is between 40km·h-1 and 100 km·h-1. And the compression sub-cycle supplies completely
the cooling load for the bus when it is lower than 40 km·h-1. In addition, the performances of the
absorption-compression hybrid refrigeration cycle decreases with the increase of ambient
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temperature.
B-2-14
Feasible Study of a Self-Cooled Solid Desiccant Cooling System Based
on Desiccant Coated Heat Exchanger
Ge T.S. *, Dai Y.J., Wang R.Z., Li Y.
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
Solid desiccant cooling technology has become a research focus for its features of
energy-saving and eco-friendly. However, widely adopted rotary desiccant wheel cooling system
can’t realize inner-cooling dehumidification process. In this paper, a novel self-cooled solid
desiccant cooling system (SCDHE) is developed by integrating desiccant coated heat exchanger
and regenerative evaporative cooler. In the system, regenerative evaporative cooler is adopted to
produce chilled water, which is again pumped into desiccant coated heat exchanger in
dehumidification process to realize self-cooled dehumidification process. Similarly, in
regeneration process, hot water heated by low grade thermal energy is adopted to regenerate the
coated desiccant material. A mathematical model is established to validate the feasibility and to
analyze performance of this novel system. Also, effects of ambient air condition are predicted. It is
found that SCDHE system is feasible, it can provide satisfied supply air to conditioned room
under simulated ARI summer condition, and the required regeneration temperature is from 50-80℃
which is lower than rotary wheel desiccant cooling system. Also, there exists an optimal switch
time and suitable control mode for system to obtain enhanced performance in terms of cooling
power. Compared with conventional DCHE cooling system without regenerative evaporative
cooling, SCDHE system can provide satisfied supply air while conventional system cannot, also it
can obtained increased cooling power. Under simulation condition, cooling power of SCDHE
system increases by about 30% compared with conventional DCHE cooling system.
B-2-25
Performance Prediction of CO2-[Emim][Tf2N] Solution in a New
Absorption Refrigeration Driven by Low-Grade Energy
He L.J. , Zhao J.M., Zheng X.L., Yang Z.L.
Institute of Environment and Energy, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology,
Baotou 014010, China
A theoretical analysis of the coefficient of performance was undertaken to examine the
efficiency characteristics of CO2-[emim][Tf2N] as working fluids for a new absorption
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refrigeration cycle driven by low-grade energy. In this paper, the analysis was carried out using a
mathematical model of a novel system an implemented in a computer program. Thermodynamic
performances of the new system were calculated and compared with traditional absorption
systems. Simulation results show that the novel system not only overcomes some shortcomings of
the traditional absorption system, but also increases the system’s coefficient of performance.
B-2-26
Investigation of a Diffusion Absorption Refrigerator Using
He/R23/R227ea/DMF as Working Fluids
Wang S.K., He W., Yang S.Y., Wang Q†, Gong L, Chen G.M.
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
This paper numerically investigated a diffusion absorption refrigerator (DAR) using
He/R23/R227ea/DMF as working fluids. The results show that the coefficient of performance
(COP) is mainly determined by the following parameters at the specified generating temperature,
ambient temperature and heat source temperature: system pressure, composition of the rich
solution, rectifying effect of the rectifier and ratio of helium to the mixed refrigerant. The
optimum system pressure corresponding to the maximum COP achieves when the heat capacity
rates of the hot and cold working fluids reach an overall match in the refrigerant recuporator at the
specified composition of rich solution, rectifying effect of the rectifier and ratio of helium to the
mixed refrigerant. The factors that influence COP are investigated in detail, which include the
above parameters as well as the generating temperature (110~160°C), ambient temperature
(10~28°C) and heat source temperature (-15~-45°C). The application of binary refrigerant in the
DAR can provide a new way to obtain the refrigerating temperature level of -40°C using
low-grade thermal energy, which is very promising to low temperature applications where the
electricity is shorted.
B-3-01
Experimental Investigation of a Solar Air-Conditioning System with
Phase Change Cold Storage
Zhai X.Q., Wang X.L., Wang H.X., Wang R.Z.
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240,
China
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Solar energy systems in combination with thermal driven sorption chillers for air-conditioning
are gaining increasing attention. Since solar energy is available only during daytime and solar
cooling systems are usually intermittent and susceptible to the weather, applying cold storage
methods to solar air-conditioning systems is favorable to utilize renewable energy and enhance the
system stability. A self-developed phase change material (PCM) providing a suitable phase change
temperature of 14.97℃ and a reasonable phase transition latent heat of 115.1kJ/kg is used to
fabricate a cold storage tank. The aim of this paper is to investigate experimentally the
performance of the cold storage tank for solar air-conditioning application. The experiments
include two steps: a small-scale steady-state testing system of the charging and discharging
behavior of a single spherical capsule employing the self-developed PCM; and a solar
air-conditioning system integrated with the spherical capsule cold storage tank. The temperature
distribution and phase change interface movement of the capsule are theoretically predicted. Main
parameters of the cold storage tank, namely the inlet and outlet water temperature, the internal
temperature variation of capsules, the charging/discharging capacity and charging/discharging rate
are analyzed. The experimental results show that the charging and discharging process completed
in 230min and 220min under steady states. While under unsteady states of a solar air-conditioning
system, the charging and discharging process of the phase change cold storage tank completed
within 320min and 110min with the total amount of charging and discharging capacity of
1016.1kJ and 942.8kJ, respectively. The phase change cold storage tank manifests good feasibility
and stability in both charging and discharging process for solar air-conditioning application.
However, some difficulties still remain to be solved concerning the acceleration of charging
process and the control strategy to ensure that more cooling energy can be stored within limited
hours, thus improving the system efficiency.
B-3-02
Experimental Research on Heat Transfer Performance and Water
Condensation Phenomenon of Radiant Cooling Panel
Yin Y. L. Wang R. Z Zhai X. Q. Ishugah T.F.
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240,
China
Building air conditioning system plays important role in energy consumption and
environmental pollution, the two most challenging issues the world is currently facing. Many
researchers are now working on different projects to find proper solutions to these challenges.
Currently, more and more attention has been directed to radiant cooling/heating due to its
advantages of high efficiency in energy use, possibility of using renewable energy and
improvement of indoor thermal comfort. Radiant cooling system is a promising technique, which
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is suitable for temperature and humidity independent process. The two main benefits of radiant
cooling are the potential to save energy as well as the improvement of indoor thermal comfort.
However, both the poor heat transfer performance and the possibility of condensation restrict the
widespread utilization in the residential buildings. Three radiant cooling panels with the area of
0.16m2 fabricated. A constant temperature and humidity chamber was introduced to simulate the
different indoor thermal environments. A thermostat was employed to simulate the chilled water
of a chiller. The heat transfer performance and moisture condensation phenomenon of the radiant
cooling panels were investigated. It is showed that compared with temperature difference between
chilled water and ambient temperature the flow state has bigger influence on the heat transfer
performance of the radiant cooling panels. The condensation of moisture on the radiant cooling
panels increases the heat transfer quantity, but affects the using of the radiant cooling panel. The
condensation of moisture is not generated immediately when the inlet chilled water temperature is
equals to the indoor dew point temperature. Taking the performance of heat transfer and moisture
condensation into consideration, the gypsum radiant cooling panel showed the best performance as
compared to the metal radiant cooling panel and pure tube panel. For the water condensation
property on the radiant panels, the results showed that the average diameter of condensation was
0.43mm when the chilled water temperature was15℃; correspondingly, 0.52mm when the chilled
water temperature was14℃
B-3-04
Quantitative Study on Contributions of High-intensity Ultrasound to
the Enhancement of Regeneration of Silica Gel
Yang K.1, Yao Y.1,2, He B.3
1
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao
Tong University, Shanghai, China, 200240
2
Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control, Ministry of Education, School of
Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China, 210096
3
Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
Silica gel, as a type of environment-friendly desiccant material, has been major used in
desiccant-based air-conditioning systems and cooling systems due to its high moisture adsorption
capacity. It requires considerable heat to be regenerated to work repeatedly after saturated with
moisture. The method of applying ultrasound to the regeneration for silica gel has been proved to
be able to improve regeneration efficiency and reduce regeneration energy. The benefits should
owe to the special ‘micro-vibration effect’ (enhancing heat and mass transfer near the surface of
silica gel) and ‘heating effect’ (increasing the water vapor pressure in equilibrium with silica gel)
caused by the power ultrasound. In this paper, the ultrasonic propagation and absorption
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characteristics in the silica gel are studied experimentally. A dynamic one-dimensional
mathematical model validated by experimental data is then established to predict the regeneration
rate of silica gel under the raying of power ultrasound and investigate the respective contribution
ratio of ultrasonic micro-vibration and thermal effect to the enhancement of silica gel regeneration.
Simulated results show that the regeneration conditions have great impact on their contribution
ratio. The contribution ratio of the micro-’vibration effect’ dominates under higher air temperature
and velocity. It increases with the regeneration temperature, and it increases first and then begins
to decline as the air velocity increases. The results also show that, due to the synergistic effect of
these two effects, the enhancement on regeneration brought by ultrasound is not a simple sum of
their respective contribution. In addition, the optimum regeneration condition for the using of
ultrasound was simulated based on the theoretical model.
B-3-05
Performance Improvement of R1234yf Mobil Air-conditioning
System Using Internal Heat Exchanger
Cho H.1, Lee H.2, Park C.3
1
Department of Mechanical Enginerring, Chosun Univsresity, Gwangju, 501-759, Korea
2
Division of the Thermal Management System Research Center, KATECH, Cheonan, 330-912,
Korea
3
School of Mechanical Engineering, Hoseo University, Asan,336-795, Korea
In this study, performance was assessed by charging the same automotive refrigeration
systems with the refrigerants R134a and R1234yf, respectively, to compare the characteristics of
the refrigeration cycle of the two refrigerants. The internal heat exchanger was installed in order to
improve cooling performance of R1234yf and to investigate the level of performance
improvement in comparison with conventional R134a system.
With respect to the same automotive refrigeration systems with R1234yf and R134a,
respectively, the R1234yf system revealed low compressor power consumption and cooling
capacity by up to 4% and 7% in comparison with the R134a system. In comparison with the
R1234yf systems with/without the internal heat exchanger, the refrigerant mass flow rate through
the system with the internal heat exchanger decreased by 2.1-2.7%. Besides, compressor discharge
temperature rose by 6.3-7.9℃. In particular, the R1234yf refrigeration system was compared with
the R134a refrigeration system in which R134a is a refrigerant used for automotive refrigeration
systems. The of cooling capacity and COP of the R1234yf system without the internal heat
exchanger decreased by up to 7% and 4.5%, respectively, compared to those of R134a system.
Performance test by using R1234yf and R134a in the same system revealed low power
consumption and cooling capacity for using R1234yf, that is, up to 4% and 7%. Besides, in the
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R1234yf cooling system, the installation of the internal heat exchanger contributed to decreasing
the refrigerant mass flow rate through the system by 2.1~2.7%, and to increasing the compressor
discharge temperature by 6.3~7.9℃. It was also revealed that the COP of automobile air
conditioning was improved by approximately 0.9% at the compressor speed of 2500 rpm.
B-3-06
Performance Comparison between R1234yf and R134a Mobil
Air-conditioning with Operating Conditions
Park C. 1, Lee H. 2, Cho H.3
School of Mechanical Engineering, Hoseo University, Asan,336-795, Korea
2
Division of the Thermal Management System Research Center, KATECH, Cheonan, 330-912,
Korea
3
Department of Mechanical Enginerring, Chosun Univsresity, Gwangju, 501-759, Korea
Since it is known that CFC-based and HCFC-based refrigerants typically used for air
conditioners are a main factor of destroying the ozone layer, researches on alternative refrigerants
are underway across the world. International agreements have been made for global environmental
regulations in order to jointly address the global warming issue led by greenhouse gas. Therefore,
since R134a used in vehicles currently produced cannot be used for automotive air conditioners
anymore, researches on development and application of alternative refrigerants are underway
actively, of which the GWP is smaller than 150. Since R1234yf is a chemical refrigerant of which
the GWP is 4 and the ODP is 0, it is thus an environment-friendly refrigerant.
In this study, the drop-in performance of the conventional R134a air conditioning system and
R1234yf was evaluated to compare the refrigeration cycle characteristics by using the two
refrigerants, respectively. As a result, the optimum charge amount of the R1234yf refrigeration
system was 675 g which is smaller than R134a by 10%. The comparison of pressure in the
evaporator and the condenser exits according to compressor speed. Under the same operation
conditions, the pressure at the evaporator outlet of the R1234yf system was higher than the R134a
system by 6-10%. Under the same operation conditions, the evaporation pressure of R1234yf was
higher than that of R134a. As the compressor speed increased from 800 rpm to 2500 rpm, the
pressure at the evaporator outlet decreased by approximately 26% for both of the R1234yf and
R134a. However, the pressure at the condenser outlet increased by 26% in the R1234yf system,
and by 36% in the R134a cycle. Power consumption by the air conditioning systems with two
refrigerants represented almost similar values, but cooling capacity of the R1234yf system was
smaller than that of the R134a system by 4-7%.
1
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B-3-07
Module Development and Simulation of Multi-evaporator Variable
Refrigerant Flow System
Zhu Y. H., Jin X. Q., Fu S. J., Fan B., Du Z. M.
School of Mechanical Engineering,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai, 200240, China
Multi-evaporator air conditioning systems featuring variable refrigerant flow technology has
become increasingly attractive due to better energy performances. However there is no
well-known simulation tool available yet which can be used for the study of multi-evaporator
variable refrigerant flow system, especially for its control analysis. This investigation developed a
generic system simulation model based on TRNSYS platform, in an attempt to simulate and
evaluate the characteristics of the multi-evaporator variable refrigerant flow and hence to make
preparations for control analysis to meet demands and/or save energy. The processes of the
component models as well as the way they embedded into TRNSYS are introduced firstly.
Emphasis is then put on the principle and methodology of the system model. Simulation results
show that the proposed system model is feasible and effective to simulate the variable refrigerant
flow systems with different number of evaporators. The simulation time is relatively small for
each simulation case and does not increase significantly as the number of evaporators increasing
dramatically, which indicates the developed system model is generic and independent of the
evaporator number. The model also shows great potential for control analysis from the time
costing point of view. Tests also show the system model good ability in responding to varying
outdoor temperature, inlet temperature of evaporators and opening of electronic expansion valves,
which are all very important in the control analysis. The developed system model lays solid
foundation for the further studies including performance and control analysis.
B-3-08
Development of an Air-Cooled Package Air Conditioner with
Refrigerant pump for Data Centers
Udagawa Y.1, Sekiguchi K.1 , Yanagi M.1 , Uekusa T.1 , Saito K.2 , Ohno K. 2 , Naito
Y.
3
1
NTT FACILTIES, INC. , 2-13-1 , Kitaotsuka , Toshima-ku , Tokyo,170-0004, Japan
2
Waseda University, 3-4-1,Okubo,Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555 Japan
3
Hitachi Appliances, Inc. ,390,Muramatsu , Shimizu-ku , Shizuoka-shi ,424-0926, Japan
In recent years, the amount of energy consumed by data centers has tended to increase.
Therefore, power savings are strongly required. Air conditioning in data centers must be operated
year-round due to the extremely large amount of heat emitted from the IT devices. Therefore, in
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order to decrease year-round energy consumption, it is important to wisely use low temperature
outdoor air during cool seasons such as mid to late fall and early spring and cold seasons like
winter.
Thus, we investigated cooling systems that use low temperature outdoor air, and we developed
a package A/C that has cooling functions that use outdoor air. The features of the new A/C we
developed is that it combines a compression cycle and a cycle which stops the compressor and
circulates refrigerant with a pump, and operates by switching the cycle based on numerous
conditions, such as the outside air temperature. Specifically, the pump cycle is the system of
taking the low-temperature outdoor air into a refrigerant cycle from the heat exchanger in the
outdoor unit (indirect outdoor-air cooling method), and transporting cold into the room with a
pump. By also using a pump cycle, cooling can be performed without operating the compressor
when during periods of low outdoor air temperature, resulting in a reduction in energy
consumption.
In this report, we compared experimental results with the results of a simulation of the
investigation of the suitability of mathematical models we constructed, and we elucidated the
characteristics of the A/C in regard to outdoor temperatures. With a simulation, we also calculated
the reductions in annual energy consumption. The result of our calculations was that the rate of
reduction in annual power consumption increased as outdoor temperature decreased. Specifically,
the A/C that we developed reduced energy consumption by 54% in Sapporo, 51% in Beijing, and
42% in Shanghai, compared to the energy consumption of conventional computer room A/Cs.
B-3-09
Using Data Envelopment Analysis to Assess a Chiller System's
Fang.X., Jin.X.Q., Fan.B., Zeng.X.Q.
Institution of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240,
China
The building energy software, Energyplus was used to set up a simulation model for an airport
terminal building and corresponding HVAC system. Based on the annual operating data of a
chiller system, a multiple linear regression model was used to correlate the coefficient of
performance (COP) with a set of climatic and operating variables. Data Envelopment Analysis
(DEA) was then employed to identify the climate factors and control factors that influence chillers’
operation. Scale Efficiency and Technical Efficiency were introduced to respectively represent the
climate factors and control factors. As supply chilled water temperature and part load ratio are two
main control parameters of chiller’s operation, by applying some control strategies, such as
changing supply chilled water temperature and changing chillers’ opening sequence, DEA was
used to calculate the technical efficiency of different strategies. Through simulation’s results, it is
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found that chillers’ technical efficiency can present control factors’ influence on chiller’s
operating level. As a result, the method of DEA can correctly make an assessment on chiller
system’s operating level.
B-3-10
The Design of Split Evaporative Air Conditioner of Evaporative
Cooling
Sun Z., Huang X., Fan K., Liu J.
College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi′an Polytechnic University, Xi′an 710048
China
This paper mainly discusses the two different modes of operation of the split evaporative air
conditioner combined evaporative cooling with semiconductor refrigeration technology. We also
calculate water flow requirement size of the outdoor unit in the two modes of operation. The
design step and selection calculation of the split evaporative air conditioner are given in Xi'an
region 2500W sensible heat load. It lays the foundation for future design and development of the
split evaporative air conditioner.
B-3-11
Design and Analysis of Modular Indirect - Direct Evaporative
Cooling Composite Water Chiller
Hao H., Huang X., Bai Y., Qiu J.
College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi′an Polytechnic University, Xi′an 710048
China
By drawing on idea of modular mechanical refrigeration chiller, modular idea is combined
with evaporative cooling chiller. It is proposed a modular indirect-direct evaporative cooling
composite chiller. The modular evaporative cooling chiller system taking water is designed flow
of 25 m3/h. From theoretical analysis and calculation, it shows main parameters about the modular
evaporative cooling chiller in primary air and secondary air volume of tube type indirect
evaporative cooling module unit, and direct evaporative cooling module unit of the filler volume,
the unit EER, et al. It is designed and analyzed evaporative cooling chiller reasonably. This paper
provides a brief analysis of principle &process and characteristics of producing high temperature
cold water; and a analysis on the modular of evaporative cooling chiller: First, the design of the
direct/indirect evaporative cooling module unit, and the tube type indirect evaporative cooler is
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made into module; Second, the unit cooling capacity modular chiller can be module group of
setting. This provides some reference to applications for the modular evaporative cooling chiller.
B-3-13
Frost Growth and Performance Variation of Refrigeration System of
Refrigerator Truck under Various Conditions
Kim S. H.1 and Cho H. H.2
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate school of Chosun University, Gwangju,
501-759, Korea.
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, 501-759, Korea.
The purpose of this study was to analyze a variable performance of refrigeration system for the
refrigerator truck. Frost in the low temperature condition is developed with the operating time, so
it has an effect on the heat exchanger of efficiency degradation owing to heat resistance of frost.
The experiment carried out performance test with a various condition of outdoor air temperature,
indoor air temperature, compressor rotating speed to analyze the performance of refrigerator tuck
in the psychrometric chamber, which were compared to the simulation results using the
EES(Engineering Equation Solver) program for refrigeration system of refrigerator truck. The
simulation modeling was developed to compare experiment results and simulation results. As a
result, frost thickness was increased with the rise of the indoor air temperature and the compressor
rotating speed, but increasing amount of frost was insignificant difference with outdoor air
temperature on experiment. Furthermore, the optimal refrigeration capacity was decreased by 30%
when operating time passed about three hours compared to basic conditions. In this case of
simulation, we developed the blocking ratio such as experiment’s conditions to compare the
experiment results.
B-3-14
Experimental Researches on the Operational Stability of a VRF
Refrigeration System
Fan L.N. Tao L.R. Yang L.H. and Tao H.
School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology,
Shanghai, 200093, China
As the refrigerant flow rate in the variable refrigerant flow (VRF) system varies in a big range,
it is hard to keep the regulating properties. A small- sized VRF refrigeration system was set up for
experiments. Many conditions could be regulated independently, such as the compressor capacity,
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electric expansion valve opening degree, temperature and flow rate of the cooling water and
freezing water. Then the basic parameters of the VRF refrigeration system could be studied. In the
pipe line, display units were added to show the various flowing condition. The operating
parameters were monitored and controlled by Siemens PLC. The experiment stand occupied a
little space and was easy to move. The refrigeration cycle had a small and variable capacity.
The causes of unstable operation according to the experimental results and the study on stability
of constant-capacity refrigeration system were analyzed. It is pointed out that there are three main
elements influencing the operational stability in a VRF refrigeration system: the random vibration
of the fully dried point at the evaporator outlet, evaporator minimum stable superheat and the
gas-liquid two phase flow pattern. This study on critical parameters will help to keep the stability
of the VRF refrigerating system.
B-3-15
Physical Property Calculation of CO2 Hydrate Slurry as a Two-Phase
Secondary Refrigerant
Liu N., Yu H., You L., and Dai H.
School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology,
Yangpu District, Shanghai 200093, China.
CO2 hydrate slurries are two-phase fluids composed of hydrate crystals in suspension in a
liquid phase. The interest in CO2 hydrate slurries is not limited to CO2 capture and storage for the
ever increasing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. One of the applications relates to secondary
refrigeration due to the high latent heat of melting CO2 hydrates (500kJ/kg) and used as
phase-change materials. Moreover, the melting temperatures of CO2 hydrate slurries are consistent
with the temperature need in cool storage applications such as air conditioning. However, the
investigation of the parameters of CO2 hydrate slurries and the approaches to determine the
parameters are essential for safe and efficient application. It is important to get a deep
understanding of the properties of CO2 hydrate slurry for the efficient application as a two-phase
secondary fluid. In this paper, the methods to determine physical parameters of CO2 hydrate
slurries are discussed, including hydration number, CO2 solubility in the presence of gas hydrate,
apparent viscosity, and the rheological property. Based on the mass balance of CO2 in different
states, a solid fraction model is proposed which can be used to calculate the solid fraction of CO2
hydrate slurries. In addition, the rheological properties of CO2 hydrate slurry can be obtained
based on the pressure drop and flow rate measurements. The apparent viscosity, behavior index,
shear rate and the shear stress can also be determined. This research work provides significant
guide for the development and practical application of CO2 hydrate slurries in the fields of
hydrate-based refrigeration, gas separation and storage by hydrates.
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B-3-17
Empirical Model of Centrifugal Water Chillers Based on Degree of
Grey Incidence
Wang H. 1 and Zhang Y.1,2
1
M. & E. EngineeringSchool of Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, China
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051,
China
Based on the experimental data of three centrifugal water chillers (named No.1, No.2 and No.3,
respectively) operating at steady state in the load range of 60-100%, the main factors influencing
the energy consumption of centrifugal water chillers were obtained by analyzing the degree of
grey incidence (DGI) of the experimental data. Thus, the modeling strategy and steps were put
forward and the empirical model of energy consumption of centrifugal water chillers was
proposed using these main factors. The model of coefficient of performance (COP) was also
presented consequently. Analysis showed that the analysis method of DGI was a convenient tool
to obtain the key influence factors of energy consumption of centrifugal water chillers when there
were only few sample data. The results indicated that the empirical models of energy consumption
and COP of centrifugal water chillers could be expressed by a function of the cooling capacity
(Qe), the inlet and outlet temperature difference of chilled water in the evaporator (ΔTch), and the
inlet and outlet temperature difference of cooling water in the condenser (ΔTcw). It also showed
that this empirical model had a satisfactory accuracy, e.g., the coefficients of variation of
root-mean-square error (CV) of the model for the No.1 to No.3 centrifugal water chillers were
1.298%、0.599% and 3.076%, respectively; and the relative errors of No.1 to No.3 chillers were
within ±1.86%, ±0.83% and ±4.50%, respectively. When the data presented in a reference were
used, the relative errors between the modeling results and the actual values were within ±3% and
the CV was 2.025%. It showed that this empirical model had acceptable prediction accuracy in the
load range of 60-100% and it could be used to predict the energy consumption of centrifugal water
chillers. Furthermore, the parameters of the empirical model are very easy to measure, the model
coefficients are convenient to determine. Therefore, it is very suitable for engineers to evaluate
and analyze the energy consumption or COP of centrifugal water chillers on the field.
B-3-18
A Review of Regeneration Methods for Liquid Desiccant
Air-Conditioning System
CHENG Q., ZHANG X.
School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
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Liquid desiccant air-conditioning system (LDAS) is a novel air-conditioner with good energy
saving potential, which should be a promising choice to meet the needs of cooling and moisture
loads. For the liquid desiccant air-conditioning system, the energy consumption mainly relies on
the regeneration process of the desiccant solution. At present, thermal energy (TH regeneration) is
widely used for the desiccant regeneration process in the liquid desiccant air-conditioning system.
Meanwhile, many new regeneration patterns are also being investigated, such as RO regeneration
and ED regeneration. In this paper, the principle of three regeneration methods (solar TH
regeneration, RO regeneration and ED regeneration) for the liquid desiccant air-conditioning
system is reviewed and the comparison of three regeneration systems for the liquid desiccant
air-conditioning system is discussed. What’s more, the different performance evaluation models of
three regeneration systems for the liquid desiccant air-conditioning system are investigated.
KEYWORDS
B-3-19
Experimental Investigation and Entropic Analysis of the Integration
of Two-Stage Dehumidification and Regenerative Evaporative
Cooling
He H. B, Li Y, Dai Y. J, Wang R. Z.
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
In this paper, the experimental results of a novel desiccant cooling system, which integrates
the technologies of two-stage dehumidification and regenerative evaporative cooling, have been
analyzed based on second law. The system mainly includes solar air collectors, a desiccant air
conditioning unit and a chilled water component. The objective of this paper is to report the test
results of the desiccant air-conditioning system, analyze the entropy production of the main
components and check the optimization potential of the system. It was found that the entropy
production of the desiccant wheel, the heat exchanger, the cross-flow heat exchange and the
evaporative cooler were about 0.1 W/K-4.67 W/K, 0.38 W/K-0.70 W/K, 0.03 W/K-0.11 W/K and
0.33 W/K-2.58 W/K, respectively. Additionally, the effects of regeneration temperature on
entropy production and on COP of chilled water have been analyzed. The results confirmed that
it is important to improve the performance of the process of desiccant dehumidification and
evaporative cooling, especially try to optimize the regeneration temperature.
This is also beneficial to reduce the complexity of the system.
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B-3-20
Metal Ceiling Radiant Heating System of Capillary Tube
Experimental Study of Performances and Thermal Comfort
Wang F.1, Liang C.1, Zhang X.1, Xia Y.1,2, Yao W.1
1
School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
2
Institute of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046,
China.
As well as a radiant floor, radiant ceiling can be used for not only cooling in summer but also
heating in winter. So far there have been little experimental studies of radiant ceiling and among
those studies most focused on analysis of cooling in summer. Therefore, in order to get a better
knowledge of radiant ceiling heating system, the further experimental study is necessary.
In this paper, a new kind of radiant terminal device, metal ceiling with capillary tube was
introduced, which has advantages of large heat transfer area, small thermal resistance, low water
temperature requirement and so on. The performances and thermal comfort of the metal ceiling
radiant heating system were analyzed combined with the method of experimental study. The study
results showed that: Compared with radiant floor and other types of radiant ceiling heating
systems, it had shorter preheating time, lower temperature requirement of supply water and
obvious energy-saving effect, but the heat storage capacity was poor. When the system reached
stable condition, radiant heat quantity accounted for 62.7% of the total. The heat loss of the system
was up to 30.5%, which was caused by upward heat transfer of ceiling and "thermal bridge”.
Vertical temperature gradient near the ceiling was large. The temperature from 0.1m to 2.2m was
almost linear distribution and had a certain rise from 0.1m to ground. MRT, OT, PMV and PPD
indexes were used to evaluate thermal comfort and the calculation results showed that the indoor
thermal comfort was good. The change trends of ceiling, indoor and floor temperature under
different supply water temperature were obtained. When the supply water temperature was in the
range of 40℃~ 45℃, it had a greater influence on indoor temperature than temperature outside
this range. Rising supply water temperature had litter impact on vertical temperature gradient
except near the ceiling.
B-3-21
Comparative Study on Operation Characteristics of Radiant-Coil
Cooling and Fan-Coil Unit's Cooling
Yao W.1, Zhang X.1, Xia Y.1, 2, Wang F.1
1
School of Energy and Environment,Southeast University,Nanjing 210096,China
2
Institute of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing
210000,China
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Proper design of terminal unit which is an important part of HVAC system directly affects the
thermal comfort and energy saving properties. In recent years, radiant-coils, which were thought
to be new cooling plant, were widely applied in hot in summer and cold in winter zones with many
merits.
In this paper, the indoor thermal environment of both radiant-coil cooling and fan-coil unit's
cooling were simulated via CFD software named “Airpak”. Based on simulation, radiant floor,
radiant ceiling panel, and fan-coil unit's cooling experiments were respectively conducted by
ground-source heat pump. As for the three terminal systems, difference indoor temperature of the
three systems after starting and stopping the heat pump was analyzed and the start-up time and
energy storage capacity among the three terminal devices were described. The experimental date
showed that fan-coil unit's cooling had the shortest start-up time, but it had little energy storage
capacity, since after stopping the heat pump, the indoor temperature changes greatly; radiant floor
cooling had the longest start-up time, as it took 3 hours to reach the indoor design temperature, but
it had the biggest energy storage capacity, so that it can maintain to offer cooling during the
following 6 hours. But also horizontal temperature field distributed evenly, the temperature
vertical gradient is very small in the systems of both radiant floor and ceiling panel cooling. At the
same time, making 7 degrees of water consumes more energy than that of radiant-coil cooling
whose water supply temperature is 16℃. From the two aspects of water supply temperature and
storage capacity, we can draw the conclusion that radiant-coil cooling can significantly save
energy.
The research proved valuable reference for choosing device. And the results will provide
necessary experimental basis for further research and promotion of radiant-coil cooling and
fan-coil unit's cooling system.
B-3-25
The Application of Adjustable Two-phrase Ejector in R410A
Air-conditioning System
1Hu J., Liang Y., Han Q., Chen J.
1School of Mechanical Engineering， Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
This study presents the experimental research of the R410A air-conditioning system with a
two-phrase ejector. A liquid-gas ejector was designed here to recover the expansion loses and
increase cycle efficiency. First, we studied the entertainment ratio and system performance with
the same nozzle of 1.0 mm but different nozzle positions. The distance of nozzle outlet and the
mixture inlet used were 2mm, 4mm, 6mm and 8mm. The indoor temperature was 26.7℃ and the
outdoor temperature was 30.6℃. The experiment results showed that the 4mm is the best distance
between the nozzle outlet and the mixture inlet. Then we studied the effect of nozzle diameter, the
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nozzle diameters used in the experiments were 0.9mm, 1.0mm, 1.1mm and 1.2mm at the same
operating condition. The nozzle diameter 1.0mm yielded the highest ejector efficiency and EER.
The above experiment results showed that nozzle diameter and nozzle position have a great
influence on the inject ratio and system refrigerating capacity, higher refrigerating capacity and
lower energy consumption can be got under proper design parameters.
Based on the above experimental results, we design an adjustable ejector, with a needle to
change the inlet area of the nozzle throat. In order to investigate the performance of the adjustable
ejector and the system capacity under different load, we chose three different working conditions:
high load (Outdoor temperature 35℃, Indoor temperature 26.7℃，compressor 2640rpm), middle
load (Indoor temperature 26.7℃，Outdoor temperature30.6℃, compressor 1680rpm) and low load
(Indoor temperature 26.7℃, Outdoor temperature 27.8℃, compressor 900rpm). Under the high
load operation condition，the capacity of the system was 6208W and the EER was 4.09，16.8%
higher than the 1st level of China new national air-conditioning energy efficiency standard; Under
the low load condition, the EER can reach 7.82.
B-3-26
A New Reference Model for Fault Detection and Diagnosis in Large
Water Chillers without Water Flow Measurements
Zheng C.Y. 1,Xiao F.2,Chen W. 1,*.
School of Marine Engineering Institute, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
2
Department of Building Services Engineering, the Hong KongPolytechnicUniversity, Hong
Kong, China
Low-cost was a key factor for the application of fault detection and diagnosis system in the
heating, ventilating, air-conditioning and refrigeration (HVAC&R). Conventional fault detection
and diagnosis in large water chillers with constant water flow rate needed water flow meters to
calculate real system cooling load. However, the measurement of water flow meters usually
fluctuated greatly, and high accuracy flow meters were very expensive which did not meet
low-cost requirement.
In this paper, a new reference model was developed for fault detection and diagnosis in large
water chillers without water flow measurements. In the new-developed reference model, real
evaporator water flow rate was replaced by pseudo evaporator water flow rate, which was equal to
designed evaporator water flow rate or the average evaporator flow rate in the stable operation
condition obtained during the trial operation stage. Since pseudo evaporator water flow rate may
be not equal to the real one when reduced evaporator water flow fault occurs, conventional fault
diagnosis rules for reduced evaporator water flow fault may not work well, and corresponding
diagnosis rules should be extracted. At the same time, due to the cancellation of water flow meters,
1
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if the developed reference model was not sensitive to reduced evaporator water flow fault, the
fault may develop to a large fault severity level before it could be diagnosed, thus, the developed
reference model’s sensitivity to reduced evaporator water flow fault was very important and
should be analyzed.
The new-developed reference model was validated by the data sets from ASHRAE 1043-RP.
The validation results showed that the new developed reference model has good prediction
accuracy and clear diagnosis rules, moreover, developed reference model was very sensitive to the
reduced evaporator flow fault, even in fault severity level 1, 10% evaporator water reduced could
be diagnosed 100%, and thus, it could be used for fault detection and diagnosis in large water
chillers in the absence of water flow measurements.
B-3-28
Performance Improvement of the Ventilating System and Indoor
Airborne Contamination for an Operating Room in a Health-Care
Building
Wang F. J.1*, Lai C. M.2, Zheng Y. R.1
1
Department of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Energy Engineering National Chin-Yi
University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan.
2
Department of Civil Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
The objective of this study is to present the scheme on performance improvement of the
ventilating system and airborne contamination for a hospital operating room under limited budget.
A physical curtain has been conducted around the high efficiency particulate air filter of an
operating room to validate the improvement of air distribution. Both numerical simulation and
field measurement of a full-scale operating room have been carried out at a district hospital in
Taiwan. The results from computer simulation revealed that the improvement of airflow could be
achieved satisfactorily by the application of a physical partition curtain at the length of 1.2m.
Ventilation performance could be assessed extensively by concentration profile but also by the
calculation of contamination concentration decay. Furthermore, the simulation results of the
operating room have been validated by comparison with the field measurement data of particle
counts as well as microbial counts.
B-3-29
Experiment and CFD Investigation of R410A Distributors for Air
Conditioner
105
Han Q. ,Zhang C. , Hu J.C., Chen J.P.
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China
In order to obtain a higher heat transfer coefficient of refrigerant flow, diameter of tubes tends
to smaller and smaller, which leads to large pressure drop of refrigerant flow. Therefore, multiple
number of parallel refrigerant passages are employed by using distributors. It is very important to
distribute the two-phase refrigerant evenly into each tube, otherwise, the thermal performance is
significantly deteriorated. The performance reduction by flow mal-distribution could be as large as
20-25%. The goal of this paper was to investigate that influence of different configurations to the
performance of refrigerant distributors by experiment and computational fluid dynamic code. The
effects of mass flow rate and quality of distributor inlet on the characteristics were also
quantitative considered. In this study, an experiment test rig was built to measure the mass flow
rate and quality of 4 circuits after distributor under different conditions respectively. Refrigerant
R410A was used as working fluids. Three classic types (jet, cyclone and reservoir) of distributors
with 4 paths were manufactured and tested under relevant operating conditions. The inlet
temperature was 4 ℃，mass flow rate range was 50-100kg/h and the quality range was 0.1-0.3.
Experiment results show that the maximum deviation of mass flow rate for jet, cyclone and
reservoir type is 13.0%; 21.6% and 10.9% respectively; the maximum deviation of quality was
0.08; 0.10 and 0.05 respectively. In addition, the standard deviation of mass flow rate and quality
over four paths were selected to evaluate the performance of different type distributors. The results
shows the performance of jet and reservoir are better than cyclone. The flow behavior of
two-phase refrigerant such as phase distribution and separation phenomena were studied by CFD.
The flow pattern of inlet for R410A was investigated and using in present model. The results in
present model show good and reasonable approximation with experiment data, which validate the
CFD simulation. CFD simulation analysis elucidates the mechanics that how the configuration and
operation conditions affect the refrigerant distribution.
B-3-30
Study of a Desiccant Air Conditioning System Driving by Solar
Energy
Chaobin Dang 1, Duri Jang 2, Shiyu Feng 3, Eiji Hihara 4
1
The University of Tokyo, Chiba, 277-8563, Japan
2
The University of Tokyo, Chiba, 277-8563, Japan
3
Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China
4
The University of Tokyo, Chiba, 277-8563, Japan
A desiccant air conditioning system driven by solar energy is proposed, and the absorption
performance of two absorbents which can be regenerated at relatively low temperatures, i.e.
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mesoporous silica TMPS 4A and organic sorbent Exran, were experimentally studied. Both the
experimental study on the absorption capacity and the cycle simulation about the energy saving
potential by using solar energy for the generation of absorbents were conducted.
The Exran was found has superior absorption performance than that of TMPS 4A. It has about
twice of absorption capacity but similar absorption velocity as compared to that of TMPS 4A. It
was also found that the mass diffusion inside the absorbents is the major mass transfer resistance,
while increasing the air velocity may enhance the heat transfer performance and indirectly
enhance the mass transfer.
Based on the experimental measurements of the absorption capacity and velocity of the two
sorbents, cycle simulation were conducted considering a hybrid desiccant and heat pump air
conditioning to control the humidity of the room, the solar energy was introduced as alternative
energy for generation when available. Climate condition in Tokyo from July 1st to Sept. 30th,
2000 were used in simulation. Cycle simulation results of the hybrid desiccant and heat pump
system were compared to that of a conventional cooling dehumidification system, it is shown that
the proposed solar heat assisted desiccant air conditioning system has 25.1% or 31.9% higher COP
when the TMPS4A or Exran is used, respectively.
B-3-32
LCCP 2012： A Global Industrial Model to Assess Life-cycle Climate
Performance of Mobile Air Conditioning Systems
Wang Z.W,Sun Y.B , Zhao Y., Chen J.P.
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China
The LCCP 2012© [Life Cycle Climate Performance 2012] model described here is an update
and an enhancement to GM’s former life cycle model, GREEN-MAC-LCCP© [Global
Refrigerants Energy & Environmental - Mobile Air Condition - Life Cycle Climate Performance].
The new model is developed based on Microsoft Visual Studio© to calculate the LCCP value once
all the inputs are filled. This model provides human-centered interfaces, reduces the complexity of
input and produces a concise but detailed analysis for output. Compared with the former model,
besides the comprehensive analysis for Mobile Air Conditioning (MAC) systems, such as the
mass and type of material for each MAC component, different leakage and atmospheric
degradation of alternative refrigerants, drive cycle and local climate condition for each considered
city, Coefficient of Performance (COP), and evaporatorcooling capacity data (Qe) obtained from
bench tests, the new model makes meaningful improvements: i) Climate data for existing cities
has been updated; more than 140 cities have been added. ii) New drive cycle is added. iii) A
selective and time-saving calculation for output. iii) New function: the comparison among
different systems for one refrigerant; the comparison among different refrigerants for one system.
This software is hoped to serve as the industry standard in assessing the life-cycle performance of
MAC systems globally.
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B-3-37
Experimental Study on the Performance of Segment Handling
Air-Conditioning System on Working Condition of Variable
Compression Ratio
Jiang X. W1, Liang C. H1, Zhang X. S1, Chu Y. X1
1
School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China,
jxw101023@163.com
To overcome the shortcomings of the present air handling method in air conditioning system, a
novel air handling method, the heat-humidity segment handling method is proposed. The method
means dividing air handling process in air-conditioning system into two sections, the first section
for sensible heat load treated with high temperature chilled water from the high temperature chiller
and the second section for latent heat load treated with low temperature chilled water from the low
temperature chiller. The essence of this method is to improve the efficiency of system by
increasing the evaporation temperature of high temperature chiller.
Based on the principle and process of the method, considering the characteristics that high
temperature chiller in segment handling air conditioning system works in condition of variable
compression ratio for chilled water outlet temperature changes with load, this paper deeply
analyzed the system performance of high temperature chiller with constant-volume-ratio
compressor in working condition of variable compression ratio. Experimentally study, the
performance of high temperature chiller in different compression ratio conditions is given.
The findings show that: the COP of the high temperature chiller will increase with the rise of
chilled water outlet temperature when the system is running in a right compression ratio range,
which shows that the segment handling air conditioning system can create big energy-saving
potential. But when the system compression ratio drops to a certain value (the value is affected by
the condensing pressure), the efficiency of the compressor will decline rapidly, which leads to an
increase of the discharge air temperature of compressor, as a result, the COP of the high
temperature chiller will fall instead of increasing with the rise of chilled water outlet temperature.
The results can serve as a theoretical basis and guidelines for the design and operation
optimization of the segment handling air conditioning system.
B-4-01
Low GWP Replacements for R404A in Commercial Refrigeration
Applications
Yongming NIU1, Mark SPATZ2, Samuel YANA MOTTA2,
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1
Honeywell Integrated Technology (China) Co, Ltd., Shanghai, China
2
Honeywell International, 20 Peabody Street, Buffalo, NY 14210
Due to the growing global concerns around the use of refrigerants with relatively high
global warming potential, new refrigerants that have the positive attributes of both high
thermal performance and low environmental impact are currently in development. These
newly developed refrigerants show high levels of energy efficiency and significantly low
global warming potential, minimizing the overall environmental impact. Some of these
options are non-flammable, and the flammable ones exhibit significantly lower flammability
characteristics than the much more flammable hydrocarbons. This work discusses the
performance of these new refrigerants in the system tested as possible replacements for
R-404A in commercial refrigeration applications. Thermal properties as well as experimental
results in test systems and components are presented, suggesting benefits which may be
possible from using these new refrigerants.
B-4-02
Performance Study on Refrigeration System with R134a
Huang M.W. and Yao Y.
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240,
China
A variable speed refrigeration system is designed to supply chilled liquid for cooling
high-power electronic device to maintain the temperature at an acceptable level. Fin-plate heat
exchangers are adopted to save space. The paper presents the simulation of the refrigeration
system to study its steady performance. The simulation model is developed by using a detailed
thermodynamic model and containing a series of heat transfer correlations for specific parameters.
The cooling capacity of the refrigeration system under different working conditions is investigated.
The simulation results keep in agreement with experimental data. The cooling capacity increases
with the rise of cooled oil inlet temperature. Besides, condenser cooling liquid inlet temperature
affects the cooling capacity greatly. The cooling capacity and the COP of the system under
different motor speeds are studied subsequently. The simulation results have been validated by
experiments. The mean relative error of the cooling capacity and the COP between simulation
results and experimental data is 12.6% and 4.8% respectively. The results can be used to determine
control strategy for regulating refrigeration flow rate to offer adequate cooling capacity and supply
cooled oil of constant temperature.
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B-4-05
Performance Simulation of Evaporator in Water Vapor Compression
Refrigeration System
Yu L.1, Ma G., Xu S.
1
Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
With the date approaching gradually when the HCFCs are forbidden completely stated by
Montreal Protocol, and the low-carbon environment is advocated all over the world, it is
especially important and urgent to find the refrigerants which are safe, efficient and environmental,
and to study the systems which use these refrigerants. Scientists and technical experts in the world
focus on the natural refrigerants gradually. And the water, as a kind of natural refrigerant which is
environmentally-friendly, safe and cheap, is taken into account again. Water vapor compression
refrigeration, one form using water as the refrigerant, has got intensive study. In this paper,
flooded evaporator and falling film evaporator are the research objects, and established models
separately to analyze performance variation of water heat exchanger with operation condition
changes under negative pressure. The calculation results demonstrate that heat transfer coefficient
decreases with the reduction of evaporation pressure. So the optimization measures for the
evaporator of water vapor compression refrigeration system are proposed, and this study will be
helpful to the further research of this system.
B-4-07
Comparison Study of Cooling Performance in R134a, R404A and
R744 Refrigeration Truck
Sin Y. C. 1, Kim S. H. 1, and Cho H. H. 2.
1
Graduate school of Mechanical Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, 501-759, South Korea
2
Department Mechanical Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, 501-759, South Korea
Generally, the storage and transport of various items become an important element of energy
consumption because mass delivery and distribution have increased. As products that are very
sensitive to temperature are rapidly increased, the long-range delivery refrigeration truck also has
been increasing simultaneously. Under this situation, the performance improvement of
refrigeration truck is really needed to save a lot of energy. Most of refrigerants which used to the
refrigeration industry have bad effect on environment. Therefore, the used of these refrigerants has
been limited due to global warming and ozone layer destruction. An automotive air-conditioning
system and refrigeration truck is normally used refrigeration R134a and R404A. The natural
refrigerant R744 is one of alternative refrigerant for refrigeration truck.
In this study, the theoretical study on the performance comparison between R744, R134a, and
R404A for the refrigeration truck. The cooling capacity, compressor work, and COP of R744
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refrigeration system were analyzed according to outdoor air temperature, indoor air temperature.
Also, those are compared with those of R404A and R134a system. As a result, the performance of
all systems with the outdoor temperature was rapidly decreased. In addition, for all systems, when
outdoor air velocity varied 1 to 2 m/s, the performance improvement is noticeable, but it didn't
increase anymore over outdoor air velocity of 4 m/s due to a decrease in the effectiveness of the
heat exchanger. The data of this study is to provide the basic performance data of refrigeration
system of refrigeration truck.
B-4-08
A Review of Experimental Researches on Transcritical CO2
Refrigeration And Heat Pump Systems
Deng S., Dai Y.J., Wang R.Z.
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, 200240,China
Carbon dioxide, also known as CO2 or R744, is an ideal alternative working fluid to the
synthetic refrigerants. Since the 1990s, a revival of natural working fluids emerged with a pressing
need to replace CFCs with the natural refrigerant. In recent years, global research on the CO2
trans-critical cycle has slowed down owing to the limited commercialization of the technology. A
literature review of trans-critical CO2 cycle technology was present in this article, especially for
the applications of refrigeration and heat pump. Four typical cycle configurations are covered and
the performance data of existed experimental systems and prototypes for these typical cycles are
summarized in terms of cooling and heating mode, based on the reported data from more than 30
research groups. Moreover, performance results of typical experiments are compared through
coefficient of performance (COP) and second law efficiency (ηex) for an in-depth analysis. The
analysis of experimental results for the cooling performance of the CO2 trans-critical cycle shows
that the average values of COP and ηex are 2.48 and 44.72%, respectively. The average values of
heating COP and ηex are 3.40 and 51.54%, respectively. By illustrating the performance
comparisons within a framework of source and sink temperatures, a global view on the current
state-of-art of the tran-scritical CO2 cycle technology can be obtained as well. Comparing with the
experimental results on synthetic refrigerants, CO2 are available for some cooling applications,
although its cooling performance is lower than that of synthetic refrigerants under most of
operation conditions. Its heating performance is better than that of common synthetic refrigerant.
It has a promising future for various applications, as proved by some mature products in the local
market. Roadmap for technologies development is discussed in possible directions. Related
research method and typical studies are also present in this article.
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B-4-09
Comparative Performance of Low GWP Alternate Refrigerants
Schultz, K., Kujak, S.
Climate Solutions Division (Trane), Ingersoll Rand, La Crosse, WI, 54601, USA
Prospects for policy and regulatory actions to reduce, restrict, and even eliminate the use of
today’s HFC refrigerants continue to exist and grow because of their relatively high global
warming potentials (GWPs) and consequent impact on climate. This is leading to the
development and investigation of a new class of refrigerants with lower GWPs. This paper
summarizes the results of tests run on a small (~5 RT) air-cooled water chiller in which lower
GWP refrigerants were “dropped in”. The first set of tests considered R32 and refrigerant blends
with capacities and pressures similar to R410A. Following a change of compressor and TXV, a
second set of tests considered refrigerant blends with capacities and pressures more similar to R22.
The refrigerants tested consisted primarily of R32 blended with R1234yf and/or R1234ze(E), the
new hydrofluoroolefin (HFO) molecules with very low GWPs, in various proportions. Some of
the blends also contained R134a, R152a, R125, and/or CO2 as constituents. The refrigerants
tested covered a range of operating pressures, global warming potentials, and flammability ratings.
In general, the experimental results agreed reasonably well with the predictions of a simple
thermodynamic model with some refrigerants showing a positive deviation in capacity and COP
from the model prediction and others showing a negative deviation. In particular, refrigerant
blends with large glide did not perform well in the tested equipment. Several “near drop-in”
candidates exist for R410A with GWPs of 400-500. All are “mildly flammable” (class 2L by
ASHRAE Standard 34), as is R32 (GWP = 675). R22-like blends can have GWPs as low as
200-300, however, these are also class 2L. On the other hand, R22-like blends can be made that
are non-flammable (class 1), however, they have relatively high GWPs of 1300-1600. In
conclusion, lower GWP options to R410A and R22 are possible. Trade-offs between specific
capacity, GWP, and flammability will need to be made. These trade-offs may result in the need
for changes to equipment designs.
B-4-10
Future of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning in 2032; Insights into
Design and Market Challenges with Lower Global Warming
Potential (GWP) Refrigerant Candidates
Kujak S.1, Thompson, M.2
1
Climate Solutions Division (Trane & Thermo King), Ingersoll Rand, La Crosse, WI, 54601, USA
2
Climate Solutions Division, Ingersoll Rand, Davidson, NC, 28036, USA
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New societal demands to control climate change are driving the development of new
regulatory policies to restrict and lower the GWP (global warming potential) impact of F-gases.
These regulations has spurred both the technology development of alternative low GWP F-gas
chemistries and renewed consideration of so called natural refrigerants, like water, ammonia,
hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide. These new and old refrigerant chemistries are challenging the
improved refrigerant safety and durability demanded by society in the 1930’s which resulted in the
development of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants. The adoption of safe, reliable and
efficient F-gases allowed for the exponential expansion of refrigeration and human comfort
products. F-gases allowed for an increase in the standard of living of society through increased
food productivity and safety and allowed the migration of people to hotter climates. Refrigerant
safety was successfully maintained during the next refrigerant transition starting the 1990’s to
lower ozone depleting refrigerants with the development hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC’s) and
hydrofluorocarbons (HFC’s) chemistries.
Today designers are being asked to reconsider these less desirable natural refrigerants along
with new lower GWP unsaturated hydrofluorocarbons (HFO) chemistries.
The paper
summarizes the impact safety and other design consideration, like flammability, chemical stability
and efficiency, on HVAC&R system design for potential candidate replacements for R-123,
R-134a, R-410A/R-22 and R-404A applications. In some instances, new HFO refrigerants will
be able to maintain the societal demands of safety, reliability and efficiency while balancing the
need for lower GWP impact. In other instances, significant design compromises will need to be
accepted to use flammability or inefficiency issues.
In general, product designs that
compromise on safety, reliability and efficiency will have increased product costs to consumer and
will result in more market fragmentation by refrigerant type to enable a lower GWP refrigerant
world.
B-4-11
Heating and Cooling Performance of Residential Heat Pump Using
Low GWP Refrigerants
Sungjin In1, Keumnam Cho2 , B.H. Lim3, H.N. Kim3, B. Youn3
Graduate school, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyunggi-do, 440-746, Korea
2
School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyunggi-do, 440-746,
Korea
3
System Appliances Division, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd, Suwon, 443-742, Korea
Strong restriction of the refrigerants with high Global Warming Potential(GWP) requires
alternative refrigerant with low GWP. R-32 and HFO blends are potential candidates with low
GWP. The present study investigated performance test of a residential heat pump applied R-32
1
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and HFO blends as replacement of R-410A. Optimum refrigerant inventories of R-32 and HFO
blend systems were less by approximately 20~30% than those for R-410A system. Capacity and
COP of R-32 system for heating and cooling mode were close to those of R-410A system, while
those of HFO blend system were less by 4~11% than those of R-410A system. The compressor
discharge temperatures of R-32 system were higher by 12~24℃, while those of HFO blend system
were higher by 8~12℃ than those of R-410A system. R-32and HFO blend might be potential
candidates as replacement of R-410A for residential heat pump system.
B-4-12
Laboratory Studies of Stability of Low GWP Refrigerants
Leck T. and Hydutsky B.
Fluorochemicals Research, DuPont Chemicals and Fluoroproducts, Wilmington DE 19880, USA
Concern about global climate change has led to regulations, and proposals for more
regulations, concerning properties of refrigerant gas that can be used to achieve cooling while
minimizing potential impacts on the environment. As a result of these climate change related
concerns, new refrigerants have been developed, including HydroFluoroOlefin (HFO) molecule
based refrigerant candidates. In addition, new consideration is being given to other low GWP
molecules, such as HFC-32, HFC-152a and HFC-161.
These molecules have shorter
atmospheric lifetimes, and hence lower direct GWP values as compared to most conventional
commercial HFC molecules used currently in HVACR applications. However, since these
LGWP molecules react and decompose more rapidly in the atmosphere than conventional HFCs, it
is important to know if they will also react and decompose more quickly inside an AC or
Refrigeration system. Laboratory studies have been conducted to compare the chemical and
thermal stability of a group of low GWP molecules that have been proposed for use in HVACR
applications. The question of stability of these low GWP molecules, especially in the presence of
potential refrigeration system contaminants such as air and water has been raised. Tests were
performed with and without added lubricants, water, and air. Results of this array of designed
experiments show that contamination by air is detrimental to the stability of all of the refrigerants
and lubricants evaluated in this study, but that even legacy CFC, HCFC, and HFC refrigerants are
negatively impacted by air contamination.
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B-4-13
Settings and Descriptions of the Heat Pump Water Heater and
Refrigerated Display Cabinet Test Rigs for CO2 Trans-Critical
Refrigeration Cycles and Equipments
Wang Z., Gong Y., Wu X. H., Li Y. Q., Zhang W. H., Lu Y. L.
School of Electromechanical Science and Engineering Institute of Refrigeration, Zhengzhou
University of Light Industry, Henan Zhengzhou, 450002, RP China.
Following a widespread trend in international research on Trans-critical CO2 cooling
applications, the authors have developed two test rigs, one is heat pump and other is refrigerated
display cabinet for investigating refrigerating cycles and equipment, which operate with such
refrigerant. The two test rigs using different heat source and heat exchanger parts but having
similar control structure, heat pump focus mainly on heating efficiency, refrigerated display
cabinet puts emphasis on refrigeration efficiency. The paper gives some useful data, based on
direct experience, for the realization and management of the two test rigs that have different heat
source and heat sink operating conditions. Some of the main critical issues related to proper plant
and component design, a correct choice of the measurement equipment and a suitable system
management are shown and discussed. The paper also includes some experimental data obtained
while testing such as the heat pump performance is analyzed under a daily change in a
standardized hot water demand. The performance of the refrigerated display cabinet is measured
and analyzed by varying the refrigerant charge amount at standard cooling condition. Beyond that
the energy efficiency standards and thermodynamic perfectibility for the two test rigs have be
discussed.
Some conclusions are as follows: The daily change in the hot water demand under the standard
needs to ±20% does not significantly affect the averages of the heat pump system COP. In this
study, the COP of the refrigerated display cases system was peaked at an optimal charge
normalized charge of 0.45, the system equilibrium pressure is 4.375MPa. The efficiency of CO2
Trans-critical cycles system in the different heat source and heat sink conditions, which can make
use of the thermodynamic perfectibility to equivalence analysis.
B-4-16
Low Global Warming Refrigerants For Residential Air Conditioning
Applications
Mark SPATZ1, Samuel YANA MOTTA1, Christopher SEETON1, Yongming NIU2
1
Honeywell International, 20 Peabody Street, Buffalo, NY 14210
2
Honeywell Integrated Technology (China) Co, Ltd., Shanghai, China
Due to the growing global concerns around the use of refrigerants with relatively high global
warming potential, new refrigerants with the positive attributes of both high thermal performance
115
and low environmental impact are currently in development by Honeywell. These new
refrigerants exhibit promising performance when compared with refrigerants currently used in
stationary AC systems such as those that use R-410A, R407C, and R134, for example. These
new refrigerants also show significantly lower flammability characteristics than the much more
flammable hydrocarbons. Replacements of common HFC refrigerants such as R-410A and
R-407C are discussed for residential air conditioning applications. Thermal properties as well as
experimental results in representative air conditioning systems are presented, showing the benefits
of using these new refrigerants.
B-4-17
Lubricant and Refrigerant Properties - The Need for Lubricant
Optimization with Various Types of Alternate Refrigerants
Karnaz J1, Liu K. 2
1
CPI Engineering, Midland, Michigan, 48642, USA
2
Lubrizol Corp, Shanghai, China 201204
Lubricants are essential to the operation of various systems using a refrigerant gas to cool,
refrigerate and work in conjunction with some type of compressor. The interaction that the vapor
or liquid refrigerant has when it comes in contact with the lubricant can have a major impact on
the overall operation, reliability and efficiency of the system. This impact is sometimes
overlooked when refrigerants and process gases are developed and used.
Today the landscapes of these types of refrigerant gases are changing, from phasing out to
phasing down to development of new chemistries, all which will affect the lubricant that is used.
The development and use of lower global warming potential (GWP) refrigerant gases requires
investigation of lubricant options. A number of alternative refrigerant gas chemistries, mainly
based on lower GWP values, are being considered as future refrigerant options. Many of these
alternative refrigerant gases present certain challenges when it comes to choosing lubricants that
will provide optimal operation. This paper will show how these challenges can be met through a
systematic approach by matching the correct lubricant to the refrigerant gas. Early screening
methods such as modeling techniques, tribology studies, chemical stability, lubricant-refrigerant
miscibility and solubility; will show how this can lead to more advanced studies like
pressure-viscosity-temperature (vapor-liquid-equilibrium) measurements, heat transfer studies,
short-term compressor endurance tests and calorimeter efficiency studies.
This gathering and interpretation of information is important to being able to choose the
appropriate lubricant for the refrigerant gas that then can be used in more long-term compressor
reliability tests and field trials. Various lubricant chemistries will be shown in the investigation
interacting with many of the traditional lower GWP refrigerants such as hydrocarbons, HFC
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refrigerants like R-32, along with the multitude of new refrigerants based on hydrofluoro olefin
(HFO) and HFO blends. Generating this type of data will be essential to maintaining overall
required performance of systems that has been demonstrated in the past with prior refrigerants.
B-4-20
Effect of Refrigerant Injection on the Discharge Temperature of
Scroll Compressor Using R32
Wang B., Jiang A., Shi W., Li X.
Tsinghua Unveristy, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
HCFCs, such as R22, are widely used in the vapor compression refrigeration and air
conditioning system attributed to the good energy performance. However, increasingly stringent
global restrictions of greenhouse emission accelerate the replacement of HCFC. According to
different economy, technology and limitation of global warming potential (GWP), different
roadmaps are developed by different countries for different kinds of applications. For small to
middle capacity air conditioners, HFC R32 and its mixtures have been considered as most
competitive alternative by many countries because of its excellent thermodynamic and fluid
dynamic performance. However, the much increased discharge temperature of R32, compared to
the R22, becomes the main barrier affecting the widely and quickly alternation.
Two-phase suction is the frequently used method to decrease the discharge temperature of the
compressor. It can be applied in all types of compressors. But the two phase suction has a negative
influence on the capacity and COP of the system, especially for the low-side compressor, and
could lead to fatal damage to the compressor sensitive to liquid slugging, such as piston
compressor. The scroll compressor is main compressor type using in small to middle size air
conditioner. There are another unique technology for the scroll compressor, two-phase refrigerant
injection, which not only can largely decrease the discharge temperature but also has none or
positive effects on the performance of the system. The refrigerant injection currently is well
developed for scroll compressor to enhance the capacity and COP. So, it’s quite convenience to
use refrigerant injection to decrease the discharge temperature of the scroll compressor.
In this research, an air conditioner model adopting a distributed parameter scroll compressor
model is built up. The effects of different kinds of injection on the discharge temperature are
investigated. As conclusions, the two-phase refrigerant injection can effectively decrease the
discharge temperature and improve the COP of the air conditioner. The refrigerant injection is the
potential methodology for scroll compressors using R32.
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B-4-21
Experimental Analysis on Heat Exchanger’s Performance of Air
Conditioner Using R32 in Winter Condition
Wang F. 1, a Zhang Z. 1, b Liu Z. 1, c Wang H. 1, d Hang Y. 1, e
1
University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
a
wang1996930@163.com; bzzy129@126.com; cliuzhendong0104@163.com;
d
fengwanghj@sina.cn;
e
490958183@qq.com;
In this paper, the performance of heat exchanger for an air conditioner using R32 in winter
condition was discussed based on the experiment. All experiments were completed in the standard
laboratory for the measurement of enthalpy difference. The fin-tube heat exchanger coefficient
and pressure drops were calculated based on the experimental data. The results confirmed that the
air conditioner using R32 had a better COP than the one using the R410a or R22 in condition of
low temperature in winter even though the compressor had a higher outlet temperature and the
heat transfer coefficient of condenser was different from those of evaporator in this experiment.
The average heat transfer coefficients of condenser and evaporator all increased with the
increasing mass flux and have changed with air speed increasing, but the air speed increasing had
a bigger effect on condenser than evaporator. The pressure drop of the condenser increased
slightly with increasing mass flux and increasing condensation temperature while the pressure
drop of evaporator increased greatly with increasing mass flux and decreasing evaporation
temperature in this experiment.
B-5-02
Analyses of the Performance of the Thermoelectric Cooler with
Different Hot End Temperature
Zhang M.,* Liu J., Zhang L., Qi D., Liu Q., Wang H.,
Refrigeration Technology Institute University of Shanghai for Science and Technology,Shanghai
200093 China
This article main presents detailed performance analyses of two-stage thermoelectric (TE)
coolers, which are supplied with different hot end temperature(Th), with respect to the ratio n of
the TE couple number between the stages and the ratio t of the TE current between the stages. The
analyses are all carried out at three optima, namely, the point of the cold end temperature (Tc),
non-dimensional cooling rate per TE couple (q*) and optimum coefficient of performance (COP),
so that the optimum ratios n are determined at given operative conditions. For a fixed Tc, the
attainable COP of the cooler is determined as a function of the ratio n and Th. So the maximum
COP and the non-dimensional cooling rate per TE couple q* are calculated, the parameter n and t
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of the TE cooler is optimized, and the reasonable ranges of some parameter are determined with
different hot end temperature. In the meantime, the performance analyses of the single-stage TE
cooler with different hot end temperature is investigated, the result obtained is compared with the
two-stages TE cooler when the cooling temperature is regular 300K, at the same condition of the
cold end temperature Tc and the non-dimensional cooling rate per TE couple q*. The information
provided in the paper could be useful for both designers and users of TE coolers, especially when
the hot end temperature of TE cooler is not regular.
B-5-03
Feasibility Analysis on Einstein Refrigeration Cycle
Ye P., Liu D. and Liang Y.
Institute of Refrigeration Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology,
Shanghai 200093, China
Einstein refrigeration cycle is a kind of single pressure absorption refrigeration cycle. The
circulation of the fluids is accomplished by a heat driven bubble pump and operates with butane as
a refrigerant, ammonia as a pressure equalizing inert gas, and water as absorbent. Different from
the bi-pressure absorption cycles, the Einstein refrigeration cycle do not require solution pump for
the circulation of the fluids. Patel–Teja cubic equation of state and Reid–Panagiotopolosis mixing
rule are used to predict the thermodynamic properties of the working fluid mixture. Patel–Teja
cubic equation of state is selected due to its ability to model polar fluids and its accuracy in
predicting enthalpy and entropy. According to the mass and energy conservation theory and the
performance formula of the bubble pump, the cycle’s performance characteristics are investigated.
The feasibility of this refrigeration cycle is also investigated with the numerical model. A large
number of nonlinear equations were solved by E.E.S (Engineering Equation Solver). The cycle
COP value reaches 0.27, with a condenser/absorber temperature of 35°C and a system pressure of
3.7 bar. It is relatively low compared to two-pressure absorption cycles, but competitive with the
diffusion-absorption cycle. A comprehensive second law analysis of the cycle was carried out on
each component and process to determine the thermodynamic source of the low efficiency. The
result shows that the component with the largest irreversibility is the condenser/absorber, due to
heat transfer across the inherent temperature difference when working fluid mixing. The bubble
pump and the rectifier contribute relatively minor degradations.
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B-5-04
Simulation and Experimental Research on Multistage Thermoelectric
Cooler
Zhao J., Chen X., Zhang H.
Institute of Refrigeration Technology,University of Shanghai for Science and Technology,
Shanghai, 200093, China
The performance of single-stage thermoelectric coolers deteriorates rapidly when working at
the large temperature difference. Therefore, multistage thermoelectric coolers are often employed
to provide a larger temperature difference and a better COP. Theoretical analysis of multistage
thermoelectric cooler was introduced and discussed in this paper. Three conditions were defined.
The thermoelectric cooler was fully exposed to air in conditionⅠ while only the cold end of
thermoelectric cooler was exposed to air in conditionⅡand the thermoelectric cooler was fully
insulated in condition Ⅲ.The cooling temperature in these conditions was simulated by ANSYS.
The effect of the hot end temperature on the cooling temperature was also simulated. A test bench
was conducted, which consisted of a five-stage thermoelectric cooler, a water-cooled heat
exchanger, a DC power supply, thermal insulation material, temperature sensors, data acquisition
instrument and low-temperature thermostat bath. Large temperature differences were achieved by
this five-stage thermoelectric cooler at low input power. The cooling temperature of the five-stage
thermoelectric cooler was compared in the different conditions and voltages. The test results
showed that the optimal voltage was equal to 12V. Both simulation and test results showed that
condition Ⅲ had the best refrigeration effect while condition II was the second and condition I
was the worst. In the same input voltage, the input current and power would decrease with the hot
end temperature increasing. The higher temperature of the hot end was, the less input power and
input current were, because the average of thermoelectric cooler resistance increased as increasing
the temperature. The results also showed that the largest temperature difference and cooling
temperature would increase with the hot end temperature increasing. Both the simulation and test
results showed that the performance of thermoelectric cooler was extremely influenced by the
external environment and the hot end temperature.
B-5-05
A Novel Auto-Cascade Ejector Refrigeration Cycle
Tan Y.1,2 , Wang L.1, Ma A.1, Ren X.1
1
Institute of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration, Henan University of Science and Technology,
Luoyang, 471023,China.
2
School of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
To obtain lower refrigeration temperature with efficient use of low-grade heat, this paper
proposes a novel auto-cascade ejector refrigeration cycle based on conventional ejector
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refrigeration cycle and auto-cascade refrigeration cycle. This novel refrigeration cycle is
investigated in this paper. The non-azeotropic mixing refrigerants R32+R600a are used as its
working fluid. A parametric analysis is conducted to evaluate the effects of the key
thermodynamic parameters on the cycle performance. It is shown that condenser temperature,
pressure ratio of the ejector and purification concentration of the phase separator has significant
effects on performance of the new cycle. The theoretical results also indicate that the new cycle
can achieve -30℃ refrigeration temperature. This refrigeration temperature is much lower than
that obtained by traditional ejector refrigeration cycle.
B-5-06
Numerical Study on Transient Behavior of Thermoelectric Cooler
System
Hu H.M., Dai Y.J. and Ge T.S.
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai200240,China
This paper presents a simulation investigation on transient performance of Thermoelectric
Cooler (TEC) system. A numerical model which considers realistic cooling loads such as cooling
mass and cooling mass &internal heat source is developed in this paper. Furthermore, various
material properties of TE element are employed in the model. The established models with and
without cooling load were validated through experimental results under different conditions.
Influences of variable parameters, in terms of applied voltage to the system, hot-end convection
heat transfer coefficient (h), the dimension of TE element and different kinds of the cooling loads,
on the TEC performance were calculated and analyzed. In the analysis, it was found that it is
difficult to find a raise in the curves of hot-side temperature at the beginning due to the significant
role played by heat conduction in heat sink at the beginning. With a similar reason, the cold-side
temperature variation in realistic cooling loads systems was different from that in constant cooling
load system.
B-5-12
Effects of Magnetic Field on Frost Formation
ShenG W. Wang.F.H. Liu G.X. Liu.X.F.
Mechanical engineering department, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan Province,
454003, P.R. China
E-mail: weisean@163.com
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An experimental system for effects of magnetic field on frost formation was established, the
possible frost rejection phenomenon under magnetic field was closely observed. Influence of
magnetic field intensity on frost formation was also studied in this paper. The research results
provided a reference for subsequent research on the technology application in refrigerator, and
also further research about possible influence of the geomagnetic field on earth environmental
temperature.
B-5-13
The Influence of the Outside Heat Exchanger on the Performance of
Thermoelectric Radiant Air Conditioning System
Shen L.1,Chen H.2, Xiao F., Huang j., Wang S.
1
Department of Refrigeration & Cryogenics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology,
Wuhan, 430074, China
2
Department of Refrigeration & Cryogenics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology,
Wuhan, 430074, China
This study is carried out to explore the influence of the outside heat exchanger on the
performance of thermoelectric radiant air conditioning (TE-RAC) system under different installing
stations of thermoelectric (TE) radiant panel. The cooling and heating thermal resistance network
models of TE-RAC system were presented. The feasibility application of state-of-the-art heat
exchanger and the corresponding cooling and heating performance of TE-RAC system were
analyzed, respectively. The suitable heat exchangers were selected for the TE-RAC system. The
results showed that the coefficient of performance (COP) of TE-RAC system increase with the
decrease of the thermal resistance of the outside heat exchanger. It also found that the COP of the
TE-RAC system with foam-air heat sink, which thermal resistance is 0.152~0.625 KW-1, could be
comparable to conventional RAC systems. The results might provide guides for the analysis and
optimization of practical TE-RAC system.
B-5-16
Experimental Investigation on the Thermal Performance of the
Solution in Solar Collector
Qian J., Yin Y., Zhang X.
School of Energy and Environment, SoutheastUniversity, Nanjing210096, China
Solution regeneration process is an important part of liquid desiccant air conditioning systems.
Regeneration heat can be provided by the low grade heat-solar energy and it achieves
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energy-saving emission reduction purposes. So the research on the thermal performance of the
liquid in solar collector is very important to the development of solution regeneration process.
In this paper, it uses the test-bed of the solar liquid desiccant air conditioning system to do the
experimental research about the thermal performance of the solution in solar collector, and adopts
LiCL solution as the work medium and U-tubular all-glass evacuated tube as solar collector.
Adopt the heat collection efficiency and the solution temperature difference between inlet and
outlet to describe the thermal performance of the solar collector. From the experimental data, it
analyzes the influence of the various parameters, such as the solution volume flow, the inlet
solution temperature, the solution concentration, the ambient temperatures and the solar radiation,
on the heat collection efficiency and the solution temperature difference between inlet and outlet.
The result shows that: the heat collection efficiency increases with the solution volume flow, the
ambient temperatures and the solar radiation, but it decreases with the inlet solution temperature
and the solution concentration. The solution temperature difference between inlet and outlet
increases with the ambient temperatures and the solar radiation, but it decreases with the solution
volume flow and the inlet solution temperature, and it first decreases and then increases with the
solution concentration, and the critical solution concentration is 36.5%.
According to the results of the study in this paper, the appropriate parameters can be chosen
when designing and running the solar solution regeneration system. And it probably makes the
solar solution regeneration system running in the best condition. It provides the theoretic and
experimental basis for how to make use of solar energy efficiently in the liquid desiccant air
conditioning systems.
B-5-17
A Numerical Model of A Hybrid Magnetic Refrigeration Cycle
X. N. He1,2, M. Q. Gong1, H. Zhang1,2, W. Dai1, J. Shen1, and J. F. Wu1
1
Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
2
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
A new type of hybrid magnetic refrigeration cycle was introduced in this paper, in which
magnetic refrigeration materials were utilized as the regenerator matrix for both gas stirling and
active magnetic regenerative refrigerations. The effects of gas Stirling and active magnetic
regenerative refrigeration were combined to build a kind of environmental-friendly and high
efficient refrigeration cycle. A numerical method was built for this hybrid regenerator in the work.
By this model, the working mechanism of the hybrid regenerator was simulated. Extensive efforts
were made to optimize such parameters as the phase angle, operating frequency and pressure to
obtain the optimal cooling performance. From the simulation, the gas stirling cooling effect can be
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positively added to the active magnetic regenerative cooling effect to achive a better cooling
performance.
B-5-27
Experimental Investigation of High Heat Flux Spray Cooling
*
Liu X.F. 1, 2, Sun W. 1, Wang M. 1, Hou Y. 1, Zhao H.L. 1,
1
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
2
School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000,
China.
Phase change spray cooling is known as an effective method to remove heat from high-power
electronic devices. The critical heat flux (CHF) is the maximum heat flux that phase change spray
cooling system can achieve, and it is also an important indicator for system cooling capacity. In
this study, the influence of nozzle inlet pressure, spray chamber pressure, nozzle bore diameter
and nozzle inlet subcooling on CHF and cooling surface temperature are investigated
experimentally with R22 as the coolant. The results show that the CHF increases at first and then
declines with the rise of nozzle inlet pressure, the same trend holds true for the spray chamber
pressure. As the nozzle inlet subcooling degree increases, the CHF rises at the beginning and
thenbecomes roughly stable. There exists an optimal nozzle bore diameter with which the spray
cooling system performs best. The CHFs range from 193 W·cm-2 to 276W·cm-2 and the
corresponding cooling surface temperatures lay between 8℃ and 32 ℃, which indicate that spray
cooling can achieve both high heat flux and low cooling surface temperature at the same time.
C-1-01
A modeling method for the post-evaluation of CCHP systems based
on cluster and discriminate analysis
C.Y. Zheng1, J.Y. Wu1, X.Q. Zhai1
1
Institutite of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200240,
China
Combined cooling, heating and power system is a kind of system which is energy saving,
high efficiency and environment-friendly. However, it is always difficult to obtain the satisfying
performance in practice. Therefore, a modeling method based on both cluster and discriminate
analysis was proposed. It is a method that analyzes a certain number of samples to get index
weight, index optimization combination, systems classification and discriminate function. Through
a case study, the results show that this method can establish an accurate and reliable
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post-evaluation model which is capable of evaluating the performance of CCHP systems
reasonably by considering the weight, value and date structure of indexes.
C-1-02
Manufacture and test of the prototype of Vacuum Barrier for the
ITER CC Feeder
Lu.Kun1, Song.Yuntao2, Ding.Kaizhong2, Wang.Zhongwei2, Cheng.Yong2, Wu.Hua2,
Liu.Chenlian2
1
2
Institute of Plasma Physics, CAS, Hefei, 230031, China.
Institute of Plasma Physics, CAS, Hefei, 230031, China.
The system of International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) feeders brings
power, helium cooling and instrumentation to the magnets, terminated by coil terminal boxes
outside the cryostat.
The interface between the Cryostat feed-through (CFT) and the S-bend Box (SBB) of the
ITER magnet feeder is the vacuum barrier that separates the cryostat vacuum from the SBB and
CTB vacuum, which is maintained by two different vacuum systems. The CFT vacuum from the
barrier towards the Tokamak cryostat is same as that of the Tokamak main cryostat.
The total heat load to the 4.5K busbars and cryogenic pipes that penetrate through the
vacuum barrier is the critical parameter which is required to be less than 5W. So, the prototype of
this vacuum barrier for CC feeder was manufactured, and the test setup was built also. The
relevant cold tests had been completed to validate the current design.
C-1-03
The optimal excitation power of cryogenic temperature sensor at low
temperatures
X. Zhang1, 2, G. Zhou1, K. R. Li1, 2, Q. Li1, L. Q. Liu1
1
Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS, Beijing,
100190, China
2
Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
In cryogenic temperature measurements of the highest accuracy, any difference between the
temperature sensors and the environment to be measured will produce a temperature measurement
error or uncertainty. Dissipation of power in the temperature sensor will consequently cause its
temperature to rise above that of the surrounding environment especially to the operation of
resistance temperature sensors. The self-heating is a well-known phenomenon, which occurs,
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when the sensor is measured with a measurement current that dissipates power and therefore
additionally heats up the sensor. The self-heating temperature difference can be affected by
changes in the thermal resistance between the sensor and its surroundings due to remounting,
temperature dependent properties or thermal environment. Minimization of the temperature
measurement uncertainty thus requires balancing the uncertainties due to the optimal sensor
excitation, self-heating effects, and overall measurement system performance. The possibility that
other experimental considerations might impose more stringent limitations on the power which
can be dissipated in the temperature sensor should also be considered.
In this paper, a mathematical model of the basic two-current method for measuring the
thermal resistance on the mounted temperature sensor is presented based on the optimal selection
of currents and the use of more than two different currents. Correcting equations are provided for
calculating the optimal excitation power of cryogenic temperature sensor combined temperature
measurement uncertainty due to instrumentation, self-heating and other potential sources of error.
In the experimental process, thermal resistances are measured at cryogenic temperatures (4.2 to
20K) on Cernox temperature sensors. The sensors are mounted to an oxygen-free copper of
high-conductivity in a vacuum environment. The thermal resistance is found to depend on
temperature, thermal environment and details of sensor mounting and packaging.
The experimental and calculated results show that the optimal sensor excitation voltages at
different critical temperatures are all above the 2mV±25% range conservatively used in the
LakeShore calibration facility. The maximum temperature measurement uncertainty excited with
the optimal operating power is 1.55mK at 20K, and the minimum one is 0.65mK at 4.2K,
respectively.
C-1-04
Design of Cryogenic Box System for Testing Characteristicsof
Compression Springs
Xie J.1, Du B.Y.2, Yu X.L.1 and Wu W.F. 1
1
School of Energy and Power, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China.
2
Luoyang Opto-electro Technology Development Center, Luoyang471009, China.
Many springs are used in cryogenic circumstance. Thus, it is necessary to test its
characteristic in cryogenic circumstance. In this paper, a cryogenic box system was designed to
provide cryogenic atmosphere for the spring with diameter below 5mm and length less than 15mm.
The cryogenic box could be kept at a temperature between 77K and 300K. Liquid nitrogen was
used as cold source, which was mixed by an ejector with nitrogen gas at normal temperature to
provide nitrogen gas with temperature between 77K and 300K. Another nitrogen ejector was
designed to driven nitrogen gas flow.
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C-1-05
Corrections of reducing the uncertainty of the self-heating in
cryogenic temperature measurements of the highest accuracy
K R Li1, 2, G Zhou1, X Zhang1, 2, B Dong1, 2, L Q Liu1, Q Li1
E-mail (corresponding author):zhougang@mail.ipc.ac.cn
1
Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS, Beijing,
100190, China
2
Graduate University of ChineseAcademy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
Self-heating of resistance thermometers is a well-known phenomenon, which occurs when
the measuring current additionally heats up the sensing element. The following paper describes the
influence of the self-heating of Cernox thermometer on the uncertainty in cryogenic temperatures
(8K and 10K). The self-heating temperature difference relate to the thermal resistance between the
sensor and its surroundings.
The self-heating temperature increase can be corrected by basic two-current method.
However, in measurements of the highest accuracy, uncertainty of the self-heating correction,
achieved by basic two-current method, may not be sufficient. More advanced methods for
self-heating correction are proposed, based on the use of more than two different currents.
Uncertainty of the self-heating for four methods (basic two-current method, three-current method,
four-current method and five-current method) at different cryogenic temperatures is calculated.
We can find that using the advanced methods we can decrease the uncertainty from 0.7 to 0.5mK
in 8K, and from 0.84 to 0.64mK in 10K. This decrease may not be significant in common
cryogenic temperatures measurement, but it can present an improvement in measurements of the
the highest accuracy. The calculation results also show that there is no remarkable difference
between the three-current method and four-current method. The facts indicate that only slow
improvement with the increasing number of different currents when the number of current is more
than three.
C-1-06
Comparison of energy use assessment for office buildings in China
among China building codes, LEED and HK-BEAM
Hua Chen1*, WL Lee2, Xiaolin Wang3
1
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Refrigeration Technology, The Tianjin University of Commerce,
China
127
2
Building Services Engineering Department, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom,
Hong Kong.
3
School of Engineering, The University of Tasmania, Private Bag 65, Hobart TAS 7001, Australia
China had a rapid economic growth in the past two decades which results in large energy
consumption and various environmental impacts. Building construction was the third largest
player in China economy and building energy consumption accounted for about one third of total
energy consumption in 2011. It was projected to increase up to 35% in 2020. However, there is
still lack of published information on the effectiveness of China building energy codes.
In this article, we use a well-recognized US building environmental assessment scheme,
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) and Hong Kong building environmental
assessment method (HK-BEAM) to benchmark the energy use assessment for the China office
buildings. Two office buildings located in Beijing and Shanghai are selected to conduct this
assessment to analyze the difference of these two schemes and China commonly used scheme. The
assessment is based on building performance rating method which is simulated with typical
Beijing and Shanghai weather data to obtain hourly energy consumptions and cost. Most of
building operation parameters are considered in this analysis which includes lighting power
intensity, envelope features and HVAC system features, designed indoor temperature, ventilating
rate, equipment power intensity and operation schedules. The simulation results are compared with
energy and cost savings of the proposed building based on the two international schemes and
China commonly used scheme. The results of this study provide useful information to China
policy-makers and building designers for development and improvement of the energy
environment assessment scheme in China.
C-1-07
Development of a condensation refueling gas recovery system based
on turbo Brayton refrigeration technique
Xiong L.1,2, Liu L.1,2, Lu W.1,2, Huo Z.1, Peng N1,2
1
Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190,
China
2
Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, ChineseAcademy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted from the refueling of gasoline vehicles and
trucks. Controlling these emissions has been an important issue since the late 2000s in China.
There are several techniques for recovering VOCs from gaseous wastes, such as activated carbon
adsorption, condensation using refrigerants and membrane separation. This paper presents a
condensation refueling gas recovery system based on turbo Brayton refrigeration technique. The
capacity of condensation recovery system is 100 Nm3/hr at the lowest condensation temperature of
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190K.This system has been put into use since 2008. The achieved recovery efficiency is 96% and
the emission of VOCs is less than8 g/m3 at the exit of the recovery system.
C-1-08
Design and Analysis of a High-Low Temperature Visualization
System from -196°C to 100°C
Wang S. S., Huang Y. H., Chen Q., Wu J. Y., Xu Y. X.
Insititute of Refrigeration and Cryogenic, Shanghai Tiao Tong University, Shanghai,
200240,China
An internal visualization system enduring large temperature variation is useful for monitoring
working equipment inside a spatial simulation chamber or a commercial high-low temperature
chamber. This paper presents the design and analysis of a high-low temperature visualization
system working in the temperature range from -196°C to +100°C, integrating technologies such as
vacuum insulation, multilayer insulation and thermal conduction reduction. Under cryogenic
environment, heat compensation is provided by the thin film electrical heater and the Joule heat of
the camera. For high ambient temperature application, dry nitrogen at room temperature flows
through the inner space continuously to cool down the camera. Experiments show that the system
could be competent in the desired task with the surface temperature of the camera controlled
between -30°C to +45°C.
C-1-09
Conceptual Design and Evaluation of cooling system for 1 km HTS
Cables
Li Z. M.1, Li Y. X.2 and QiuM.1
1
Electrical Engineering and New Material Department / Superconducting Electricity Department,
China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing 100192, China.
2
School of Electric Engineering, Beijing Jiao Tong University, Beijing 100044, China.
A sub-cooled liquid nitrogen forced circulation cooling system was designed to cool the HTS
cables (1 km long, 110 kV, 3 kA, and 3 phases). It is composed of refrigerator, depressurization
device, cryogenic circulation pump, cold-box, liquid nitrogen vessel, and data acquisition system.
As per the basic parameters of the HTS, the thermal load was calculated so as to determine the
total capacity of the cooling system; the hydraulic characteristic (pressure drop) was estimated in
order to determine the capacity of the cryogenic circulation pump. The design maximum cooling
power of the cooling system is 18 kW. The design temperature at the outlet is determined to be 69
K. The design pressure at the outlet can be regularly adjusted from 0.2 MPa to 1 MPa. In addition,
the reliability of the cooling system was qualitatively evaluated based on the fault tree theory. The
equipment which has the most serious effects on the reliability of the whole cooling system was
explicitly determined as per the minimal Boolean algebra cut set of the fault tree.
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C-1-11
Thermal Analysis and Design of the Cryogenic System for 12MW
offshore Superconducting Wind Turbine
Xiaoyu Li1, Jie He1, Li Ren1, Meng Song2, Kunnan Cao2, Dada Wang2, Jingdong Li1,
Yuejin Tang1
1
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, Huazhong
University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P.R China.
2
Yunnan Electric Power Research Institute, Kunming, 650217, P.R China.
Applied superconductivity technology has been thought of being utilized in manufacturing
large capacity wind turbines for severalyears.It is regarded as the only way to minify the volume
and mass for large electric motors. Cryogenic system for the generator is fatally important, to
create the necessary low temperature maintaining field winding’s superconducting state. Aiming
at designing a reliable cryogenic system for large capacity as 12MW superconducting generator’s
field winding, in this paper, thermal numerical calculation and analysis for the superconducting
coil with cold shield with multilayer insulation (MLI) are done, a dynamic model is established
with finite element method (FEM) to verify the previous analysis. Optimization is also done to
reduce the thermal loss.Proposal for the numbers of Cryocoolers needed and their layout in
generator are given.
C-1-12
High stability and accuracy temperature measurement and control at
liquid hydrogen temperatures
Weng J.M.1, Huang Y.H.1, Liu J.Q.2
1
Shanghai Cryogenic Technology Service Center, Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics,
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
2
Research Institute of Micro/Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,
Shanghai, 200240, China
To study the heat transfer characteristics of a silicon arm for sample holding and cooling at
liquid hydrogen temperatures, the temperature of the heat sink to which the silicon arm connects
should be precisely controlled at 20K. The heat sink was specially designed and attached to the
second-stage cold head of a G-M cryocooler, which was used as the cold source. The temperature
was controlled through a programming electrical heater attached to the heat sink. Experiments
were conducted to achieve the stability of the temperature of the heat sinkwithin±0.4mK.
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C-1-14
Generation of tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide clathrate hydrate
slurry in a cold storage air-conditioning system using heterogeneous
storage tank
*
Shi X.J. and Zhang P.
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity, Shanghai, 200240, China.
In the present study, a secondary-loop cold storage air-conditioning system using
tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide (TBAB) clathrate hydrate slurry (CHS) as cold storage medium
and secondary refrigerant was built to investigate the high-efficiency generation of TBAB CHS at
40wt% initial solution concentration. Two kinds of different storage approaches, including
homogeneous and heterogeneous, were utilized togenerate TBAB CHS. And the performances of
the cold storage air-conditioning system using these two storage approaches wereexperimentally
studied and compared.In addition, the generated TBAB CHS was pumped to chill hot water as
secondary refrigerant. Then the mass fraction of TBAB CHS could be obtained for further analysis.
It was found that the generation rate of TBAB CHS with heterogeneous storage approach was
much higher than that of homogeneous storage approach. While using homogeneous storage
approach, lots of TBAB hydrate crystals would adhere to the evaporator wall, which would
deteriorate the heat transfer severely. While using the heterogeneous storage approach, TBAB
aqueous solution with low temperature, which was chilled by the primary refrigerant, would return
to the bottom of the storage tank. Thereafter TBAB aqueous solution with higher temperature
would be pumped to the evaporator to be chilled, resulting in high energy efficiency of the
refrigerator. After the TBAB hydrate crystal appeared, TBAB CHS with high temperature and low
mass fraction would also be pumped from the top of the storage tank to the evaporator, resulting in
less adhesion on the evaporator wall, which was beneficial for the heat transfer and would reduce
the pressure drop of TBAB CHS across the evaporator significantly.
C-1-15
1
2
The uniformity improvement of temperature distribution in the
cryogenic target by means of auxiliary heating belts
Zhao J.1, Li Y. Z.1,2, Yu J. L.1,2, Zheng J.1
Department of Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an,
710049, China
State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an, 710049,
China
An indirect-drive cryogenic target containing the smooth and uniform deuterium-tritium (DT)
fuel ice layer is required for the ignition experiments of Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF). The
spherical capsule is mounted in the center of the cylindrical hohlraum of which the geometric
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configuration has anadverse effect on the spherical symmetry of the heat flow released by the
tritium decay during the beta-layering of the DT fuel. A pair of auxiliary heating belts
symmetrically located above and below the mid-plane of the hohlraum is needed to improve the
uniformity of the temperature distribution around the capsule. In this study, two-dimensional
axisymmetric and three-dimensional models including the Al shell which is a part of the Thermal
Mechanical Package (TMP), are created based on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) target
system. Distributions of the temperature and velocity in the hohlraum are numerically simulated
by using FLUENT. Numerical results show that the uniformity of the temperature distribution in
the capsule can be effectively improved by selecting an appropriate position of arrangement and
supplying the optimum symmetrical heat flux in the auxiliary heating belts. Besides, the
uniformity of the temperature distribution in the capsule is also affected by the convection of the
gas in the hohlraum due to the gravity which results in that temperature in the northern pole of the
capsule is higher than that in the southern pole by supplying symmetrical heat flux in the belts.
Coordinating with the convective effect of the hohlraum gas, a scheme of asymmetrical heat flux
in the upper and lower heating belts was considered and discussed. The research shows that more
uniform temperature distribution in the capsule can be obtained by applying separately controlled
heating fluxes in the upper and lower belts against the gravity effect of convection in the hohlraum.
In addition, the auxiliary heating belts should be arranged as closer as possible to the mid-plane of
the hohlraum if permitted.
C-1-16
The study of energy consumption simulation on residential building
by eQUEST software
Zuo Zhenjun, Liu Zeqin and Li Lin1
1
Tianjin University of Commerce, Key Laboratory of Tianjin Refrigeration Technology, Tianjin,
300134, China
A residential building in Tianjin as the research object was studied in this paper. The
software eQuest can be carried out to simulate residential building’s energy consumption. This
software can be used exploring on the residential building’s annual total energy consumption,
which was influenced by air conditioning heating modes and the building orientations. The air
conditioning and heating system to be simulated including the heat pump air conditioning, which
can be used to control indoor temperature throughout the year, air conditioner & heat sink and
radiant heating & heat sink, which was used to control indoor temperature in summer and winter
respectively. The simulated building orientation included east, west, south and north. The two
floor of a residential building was considered as this research object. The transformation of the
sunshade direction could be obtained by changing the building orientation. The indoor design
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temperature in summer was set at 26℃, while winter design temperature was set at 18℃, All
windows in this building were installed the inner sunshade. As the result of the energy
consumption simulation study showed that, under the same conditions of indoor design
temperature,building orientation, sunshade direction, indoor heat source, outdoor heat source and
some other factors which influenced the building energy consumption, it could be found that the
annual total energy consumption achieved the minimum when heat pump type air conditioning
heating system was adopted. When the effected factors such as air conditioning heating system,
indoor heat source condition, window size and some other factors which influenced energy
consumption were constant, the simulation results might be found that the building orientation had
a small influence on the building energy consumption.
C-1-17
Comparison of Hydrogen Adsorption on Graphene Sheets and
Activated Carbon
Zheng Q.R., Gao S., Wang X.H.
Institute of Marine Engineering, JimeiUniversity, Xiamen 361021, China.
For obtaining the technical data to evaluate the performance of hydrogen storage by
adsorption on graphene sheets (GS), comparison of the adsorption equilibrium of hydrogen on the
GS and the activated carbon was made based on the hydrogen adsorption data covering a wide
temperature range. The GS, which were prepared from exfoliated graphite oxide (GO) and had a
specific surface area about 300 m2/g, was selected as the adsorbent. A kind of coconut shell-type
SAC-02 activated carbon, which has a specific surface area about 2074 m2/g, was also used as
adsorbent for comparison study. Setaram PCT Pro E&E, a fully automated Sievert instrument
specially designed for measuring gas sorption properties of materials, was employed to measure
isotherms of excess amount of hydrogen over a temperature range respectively from
77.15K-113.15K and 253.15K- 293.15K for pressure up to 11MPa. Toth equation was adopted to
calculate the absolute adsorption amount which was then used to set the isosteric heat of hydrogen
adsorption by adsorption isosteres. It shows that both isotherms of excess adsorption amount of
hydrogen on the GS and the activated carbon are type I, but the excess amount of hydrogen on the
GS monotonically increases in pressure within the lower temperature region. Results also show
that the storage density of hydrogen on the GS sample is smaller than that of hydrogen on the
activated carbon and is less than 1 wt%. However, the value of the isosteric heat of hydrogen
adsorption on the GS is about 5.06 − 6.37 kJ ⋅ mol -1 , whichismuch higher than
4.05 − 5.52 kJ ⋅ mol -1 for hydrogen on the SAC-02 activated carbon under the whole experimental
condition. It reveals that interaction energy between hydrogen molecules and the graphene layer is
stronger than that of hydrogen and carbon surface, controlling the physical properties of the GS is
133
also crucial to improving its hydrogen storage capacity.
C-1-18
Dynamics Study on the Free Piston Stirling Generator
Zhang J. and Chen X.
School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology,
Shanghai, 200093, China.
Compared with the conventional internal combustion engines, free piston Stirling engines
(FPSEs) have the advantages of low noise operation, high heat efficiency, clean combustion and
multi-fuel capability and so on, which are playing an important role in both energy saving and
environmental protection. In this paper, a mass-spring-damper model is built. Based on force
polygon method, a dynamics model of free piston Stirling generator is set up. According to the
mathematical model, the forces, which include spring force, inertia force, damper force and
electromagnetic force, could be shown by force polygon diagram. The phase shift between
displacer displacement and pressure wave could be obtained directly in the force polygon diagram.
Triangle indicator diagrams are used to indicate the PV power in compression space and
expansion space, respectively. Besides, output characteristics of linear generator are studied, and
the calculation method of the linear generator output power is developed. It is found that the
output power could be adjusted by changing the parameters of the load.
C-1-20
Safety System Design of Cryogenic Hydrogen System for China
Spallation Neutron Source
He C.C. Xiao J .Wang G.P. He K
Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, BeiJing, 100049, China
The cryogenic hydrogen system of China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) is used to
provide cryogenic supercritical hydrogen for target station and remove the heat loads of the
moderators. Because of the flammability and explosion of hydrogen, an integrated hydrogen
safety system should be designed to guarantee the cryogenic hydrogen system operate safely,
stably and reliably. The designed safety system contains gas blanket, hydrogen vent, ventilation of
hydrogen device room, and safety interlock. Principle of the CSNS cryogenic hydrogen system is
introduced first, then, component and design method of the hydrogen safety system is expatiated.
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C-1-21
Application of energy audit in energy efficiency reformation of
central air- conditioning
Xiaoqiang Jiang
Engineer College, Guangdong ocean university , Zhanjiang, China
Energy audit and retrofits for existing buildings are important contents in the
building-energy- efficiency engineering,and the retrofit of air conditioning system is the main
aspect .This paper studies energy performance of the chillers, the cooling water system and the
chilled water system in a complex commercial building by tests temperature,power,flow rate and
the pressure of them; then propose some energy-saving retrofit measures. It concludes that, to
renovate A/C system must survey the cooling load first; and obtain the performance parameters of
the chillers, the pump and the cooling towers, then you could combine the two aspects to optimize
the A/C system so that it still work with high efficiency under the part load.
C-1-22
Numerical Simulation of the Standing wave Thermo-acoustic Engine
with Nonparallel Plate Stacks
Yang P, Xu W.P, Liu Y.W
Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power
Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an , shaanxi 710049, P R China
In the thermo-acoustic system, the temperature change in the stacks was more poignant. The
temperature would change from 900K at hot side to 300K at the room temperature side.
Considering the gradual decrease of temperature from the hot side to room-temperature side, the
gap between plate stacks, which depends on the thermal penetration depth, also gradually
decreases. So a numerical model of thermo-acoustic engine with nonparallel plate stacks was
built. The numerical results showed that The arrangement of the stack has little influence on the
frequency of the engine, when the outer tube of the stacks both are equal-diameter. The ratio of
the pressure decreases with the radius of the cold heat exchanger.With the increase of the stack’s
dip angle, the pressure nodes move to the right.
C-1-23
Numerical Simulation of Thermoacoustic Stirling Engine with a
Phase Adjuster
Yang P, Xu W.P, Liu Y.W
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Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE School of Energy and Power
Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an , shaanxi 710049, P R China
In this paper, two dimensional compressible model of a thermoacoustic Stirling engine was
built. The validity of this model had been verified by analyzing the thermal performance of the
thermo-acoustic Stirling engine. In order to improve the performance of the thermoacoustic engine,
a phase adjuster(PA) had been installed in the loop tube and the performance with/without PA had
been compared in detail. After installing PA in the loop tube, because the cross-sectional area of
this part was smaller than that of the original loop tube, the particle velocity around PA had been
accelerated, furtherly changed the flow condition in the loop tube and finally improved its
performance. The simulating results indicated that PA could affect the distribution of pressure
amplitude and volume flow rate amplitude in the loop tube, and then increase acoustic power.
Keeping the PA position unchangeable, the influence of the inner diameter of PA on the
performance had been studied in detail. When the inner diameter of PA was 50mm, the acoustic
power was the maximum, exceeding 3.4% than that of the model without PA. To gain more
acoustic power and improve the efficiency of thermoacoustic Stirling engine, it was more
significant to optimize the inner diameter of PA.
C-1-24
Study on the Resonance Characteristics of a Traveling-wave
Thermoacoustic Electric Generator
Wang Kai, Sun Daming, Guo Yinan, Zhao Yitao,and Qiu Limin
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
Thermoacoustic electric generators have the advantages of high efficiency, high reliability,
and capability of utilizing low-grade heat, and are promising in applications such as solar power
generaion and low-grade thermal energy recovery, etc. In this paper, theoretical analysis and
calculations are first carried out based on the linear thermoacoustic theory and the governing
equations of a linear alternator. The effects of the mechanical and electrical resonances to the
output electric power and the efficiency are analysized. An thermoacoustic electric generation
system composed of a traveling-wave thermoacoustic engine and a linear alternator is then
designed and built to verify the theoretical analysis. Both the theoretical and experimental results
show that the mechanical and the electrical resonances are the two key factors to achieve a good
performance. By optimizing the mechanical and electrical impedance to be at resonant, 191.1 W
of electric power is obtained at a heat-to-electric efficiency of 7.15% with helium of 2.1 MPa as a
working gas.
C-1-25
Numerical Study of Thermoacoustic Stack with Modified Plate Based
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on Fluent
Li Y.B. Liu Y.C. Xie H.B. Niu Y. Xia Y.B.
School of Energy Science and Engineering, CentralSouthUniversity, Changsha410083, China.
Most of the previous numerical studies of thermoacoustic stack have considered zero
thickness plate as well as finite thickness plate. With the increasingly development of technology
and manufacturing engineering, we can try to remodel the geometry of the plate in order to
improve the performance of heat transfer between the solid-fluid medium. In this paper, we made
use of the commercial software Fluent to build the two-dimensional deformation model, studied
the flow situation inside the thermoacoustic refrigerator, discussed the change of the time-average
temperature distribution, and compared with ordinary flat plate under the same conditions. The
results indicated that the modification of geometry does affect the internal heat transfer between
the stack and fluid. The fluid streaming near the "micro-fin" plate has better performance of heat
transfer and streaming, it is worth further study and exploration.
C-1-26
Research on structure and material properties of Thermoacoustic
regenerator
Yue NIU, Yicai LIU, Yubo XIA,Yinbin LI,Haibo XIE,Peng YAN,Zhaolong LI
School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University,Changsha,410083,China
In this paper, an analytical study has been conducted on the flow and energy transfer of an
unsteady compressible oscillating flow through channels filled with porous media representing
stacks in thermoacoustic refrigerations and refrigerators. The thickness of the channel wall is
considered to be nonzero, and the entire problem is treated as a conjugate heat transfer problem.
Using the numerical analysis software and boundary layer approximation, the oscillating
temperature in the same plane at different locations, Nusselt number, work flux , energy flux of the
thermoacoustic system has been analysed based on the model and expression has been established,
and the effect of the channel wall spacing, stack materials and the category of refrigerant on the
performance parameters above is described.
C-1-27
Numeric Simulation of Structure Oscillation in Thermoacoustic
Regenerators
Liu Yi-cai, Xie Hai-boYan Peng, Li Zhao-long, Li Yin-bin, Xia Yu-bo, Niu Yue
137
School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
The propagation of acoustic waves in structures was analyzed and the theory of structural
waves was introduced into an investigation of structural oscillation in thermoacoustic regenerator
systems. The coupling effect between structural and acoustic waves in fluids can be affected by
dispersion during the process of propagation. Modes of structural oscillation in a regenerator were
analyzed using Ansys software. The results indicated that: (1) the plate in the regenerator is bent
by wave action during oscillation; (2) the natural frequency decreases as plate thickness decreases
but increases as plate length decreases; (3) the mode of structural oscillation is complicated with
higher orders, and the value of nature frequency can vary from dozens to thousands of hertz,
which includes the resonant frequency of the thermoacoustic system
C-1-28
Piezoelectric harvesting of wind energy in a mean flow acoustic
engine
Sun D. M., Xu Y. and Chen H. J.
Cryogenics Laboratory, Zhejiang University,Hangzhou, 310027, China
The Mean Flow Acoustic Engine (MFAE) is a new kind of energy conversion device which
converts wind energy into acoustic energy and then to drive piezoelectric transducers to acquire
electricity. A set of MFAE with a cross-junction structure is built and studied experimentally, as
well as the coupling with a piezoelectric transducer to harvest mean flow energy. When the length
of single end closed resonator is 190 mm and the mean flow velocity in the driver tube is 51.2 m/s,
a standing wave acoustic field is induced in the resonator of the MFAE with the frequency of 488
Hz and the pressure amplitude of 15.6 kPa. The generated voltage amplitude of the piezoelectric
transducer installed in the end of the resonator is 0.286 V. When a resistance of 21.3 kΩ is
connected, the maximum output power is 18.24 mW/m2.
C-1-29Investigation on heat dissipation performance of a LED projectorlamp
Sun D., Shen Q., Zhao X.
Faculty of Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
As the 4th generation of lighting technology, LED has to thermal problem when highly
integrated. This paper focuses on a 30 W LED projector lamp, which dissipates heat under natural
convection. Experimental and numerical studies are conducted. The experiment is performed in a
test room which prevents the outer air flow from interfering the inner natural convection.
Temperatures are measured by thermocouples and infrared thermal imaging camera. Numerical
model is built to reveal the air flow inside the projector lamp.The simulation reveals that the
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shrouded fins of the LED lamp are under poor convection. The streamline shows that the holes
provided for ventilation cannot distribute the air flow uniformly, causing weak flow within the
inner fin channels. The measured temperature agrees well with simulation. To improve the thermal
performance of the heat sink, it is suggested to enlarge the fin spacing and redistribute the vent
holes.
C-2-01
Design and simulation of a novel accelerated thermal-cycling test
system for space application
Yang G.1, Wu J.Y.1 and Zhang L.J.1, 2
1
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240,
China
2
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Spacecraft Mechanism, Shanghai, 201108, China
A novel accelerated thermal-cycling (ATC) test system is designed for space devices
performance test based on the theories of heat transfer and thermodynamics. The ATC system can
achieve the functions of gas replacement, heating, cooling, and maintaining the temperature at a
constant value from −100 ºC to 100 ºC under the atmospheric conditions. The heating of the ATC
system is provided by a controlled electronic heater which is fitted on the supply duct while the
gasification of liquid nitrogen in the heat exchanger, with a mass flow controller, provides the
cooling control for the system. A centrifugal fan and a controlled exhausting fan are adopted to
supply the power for the circulation of gas and control the test pressure in the system, respectively.
The heating or cooling of the space devices is achieved by the forced convection mechanism.
Mathematical models of each component are developed based on the fundamental conservation
laws of fluid mass, energy and momentum. The pressure drop equations and heat transfer
equations are solved separately using the process dissociation technique. Numerical simulation
results for both steady state and transient responses are then presented, providing basic parameters
for the design of the ATC system. In comparison with experimental data, the numerical results
show that the steady state precision of the model is acceptable and the trend of the transient
responses agrees with the experimental results. Furthermore, for heating and cooling process,
dynamic temperature and pressure characteristics of the ATC system under different control
strategies are studied by numerical simulation with a metal spacecraft mounted in the ATC test
cavity. The simulation results prove the feasibility and efficiency of the system to do ATC test and
provide optional control strategies and parameters for the design of controller.
C-2-02
A new method to calculate the pressure drop loss of the regenerator
in VM refrigerator
Pan C.Z.1, 2, Zhou Y.1, Wang J.J.1 Chen L.B.1, 2
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1
Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
2
Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
The VM refrigerator, known as heat driven refrigerator, is one kind of closed-cycle
regenerative refrigerator.There are some losses in VM refrigerator, but the losses in regenerator
are the main loss when the refrigeration temperature is below 100K. This paper present one
method to calculate the pressure drop loss in the regenerator, which is one main part loss in the
regenerator. The pressure drop loss in the regenerator will decrease the refrigeration capacity in
two aspects. On the one hand, due to the friction pressure drop in the regenerator will be converted
into heat that causes reducing the refrigeration capacity. On the other hand, the pressure drop in
regenerator will decrease the pressure ratio in cold end. From a practical standpoint, this
calculation method was used for analysis one VM refrigerator proposed by Zhou Y in 1984. The
results showed that the first part loss is 0.449 W, and the second part loss is 0.142W.
C-2-03
Heat leakage measurement system for aerospace large-scale
cryogenic valve
Chen L. B.1,2, Cui C.1, Guo J.1, Xue X. D.1, Wang J. J.1, *
1
Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS, Beijing,
100190, China
2
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
A heat leakage measurement system (HLMS) for large-scale aerospace cryogenic valve or
pipe has been designed, built and tested. The measurement principle and the design process are
introduced in this paper. With HLMS filled with liquid-nitrogen, the amount of the heat leakage
can be achieved indirectly by measure the amount of nitrogen, evaporating from the measurement
system within a given time. Heat-leakage measurement is a two-step process: fist measure the heat
leakage amount of the total system including HLMS and the cryogenic valve or pipe Q1, and
second, measure the heat leakage amount of HLMS itself Q2, then the heat leakage amount of the
cryogenic valve or pipe Q can be achieved by Q1 subtract Q2.
The heat leakage amount of the cryogenic valve or pipe was calculated firstly for the
preliminary design of HLMS, and then the preliminary design was modified according the total
heat leakage amount of HLMS and the cryogenic valve or pipe. The construction of HLMS is
presented and it somewhat likes a liquid-nitrogen canister. In order to reduce the heat leakage,
multi-screen insulation technology was adopted, i.e. the radiation shields are cooled down by
means of thermal contact with the cryostat neck and by refrigerant vapors. The theoretical
calculation of HLMS is introduced in this paper, the heat leakage mainly including the connection
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of the outer wall to the inner wall, the conduction of the residual gases and the radiation between
the outer and inner wall, as to the convection heat transfer, it is not taken into consideration
because of the high vacuum in the gas vessel.
C-2-06
Numerical study of zero boil-off storage system with heat pipe and
pump-nozzle unit
Wang X.J1,2,Yuan X.Zh1, Wang T. G2. Ye W.L2, Xu Sh.H1, Liu Y.W1
1
Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE，Xi’an Jiaotong University,
Xi’an, Shaanxi, P R China
2
Key Laboratory of Vacuum & Cryogenic Technology and Physics, Lanzhou Institute of Physics,
Lanzhou, Gansu, P R China
In order to realize the long-term storage of liquid hydrogen on the orbit, the different
enhancement components to control the pressure of the cryogenic tanks to a safety conditions had
been developed in the decade. In this paper, the micro-gravity three-dimensional model of the
liquid hydrogen storage system with heat pipe and pump-nozzle unit was built，and numerical
simulation of velocity and temperature distribution was studied in detail. The location of the heat
pipe and pump-nozzle unit and the heat transfer efficiency of the cooling finger were the most
important factors to the performance of the cryogenic tank. Six different types with different
numbers of the pump-nozzle units, the cooling finger with different fin and the relative position
between them were selected to study. The maximum temperature and standard deviation of the
temperature in the storage tank were selected to indicate boiling effect and mixing effect
respectively. Typical distributions of velocity and temperature of the optimal system were shown.
It was helpful to understand the fluid flow and heat transfer in the cryogenic tank. By comparing
these cooling performances of the above six types, two optimal structural styles had been found.
Our research results will be helpful to further improve the performance of low temperature liquid
storage system both for space application and ground application.
C-2-08
The research of cryogenic environmental test’s simulated method
Ding WJ. Shan WW. Liu BT. Li G. Tong H.
Beijing Institute of Spacecraft Environment Engineering, Beijing 100094, China
Under the background of exploring moon, environment test requirements of lunar roving
vehicle and its parts are discussed. Methods of ground simulation test are provided. The cold
source for cryogenic environmental simulated test is supplied by helium refrigerating system, and
gas helium cold box is design and put into use. By Flowmaster software, the flow and heat transfer
of gas helium in cold box is simulated numerically, the problem of supply’s disparity of supply’s
disparity of gas helium’s flow amount in the cold box’s design is solved, the uniformity of the cold
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box’s temperature in test is guaranteed too. In test, the temperature of cold box is lowed to
30K±2K, and the lowest temperature of test specimen is down to -200℃. The test certifies that the
cold box can meet the needs of cryogenic environmental test’s requirement, and also to make a
firm basement for the cryogenic environmental tolerant test of deep space detection.
C-2-09
Cryo-pumping Technology Applied in Ultra-high Vacuum Acquiring
in a Large Space Environment Simulator
Ru Xiaoqin1, Liu Botao2, Li Qiang, Fang Yan, Wang Junwei,Yang Ruihong
1China Academy of Space Technology,Beijing.100094,China
2 China Academy of Space Technology,Beijing.100094,China
This paper introduces the technology of ultra high vacuum acquiring in a large space
environment simulator in China which is the horizontal simulation chamber of KM6 (the largest
space environment simulator in China). The chamber is 5m in diameter and 11m by length with a
volume of 200m3. This simulator is equipped with three DN1320 refrigerator cryopumps and two
20K helium boards. A total pumping speed of 7.8×105 l/s is achieved, and an ultra-high vacuum
degree of 1.78×10-6Pa is obtained at the empty chamber. A number of complete satellite tests have
been conducted in this facility. Utilizing cryo-pumping technology to reach high pumping speed is
the best approach toobtain ultra-high vacuum in large space environment simulator.
C-2-10
Large helium refrigerator and its application in space environment
tests
Li G.1, Liu B. T.1, Ding W. J.1 Chen Ch. ZH.2
1Beijing Institute of Spacecraft Environment Engineering, Beijing 100094, China
2School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’anJiaotongUniversity, Xi’an 710049, China
A large helium refrigerator using liquefying helium technology is a key facility to complete
satellite space environment tests such as radiometric calibration test, cryogenic temperature test of
deep space exploration, cold welding test in ultra-high vacuum condition, antenna deployment, etc.
A china large space environment simulator is matched with a helium refrigerator developed in
china which has a refrigeration capacity of 600 watts at 20K. The large helium refrigerator using
reverse-Brayton cycle with advance refrigeration of liquid nitrogen is composed of compressor,
expander, multi heat exchangers, cold shield, and so on. Technics flow chart and composition of
the helium refrigerator are reviewed in this paper which illuminates technical features of main
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equipment such as compressor, expander, and so on. Test requirements for radiometric calibration
test of China Brazil earth resources satellite and cryogenic temperature test of Chang’E orbitor are
clarified. Refrigerator operation situation of the radiometric calibration test and the cryogenic
temperature test are given and test data are analyzed. In view of deficiencies in this helium
refrigerator, concepts and methods are proposed to improve reliability of the refrigerator. At last,
suggestions for future research work for helium refrigerator space environment tests are put
forward. These space environment tests to require helium refrigerator are a utility of helium
liquefaction technology in aerospace industry.
C-3-01
An experiment study of low temperature vacuum drying on carrots
Shen J.a, Hu K.Y.a, Qi H.F.b, Miao H.a
a Tianjin Key Lab of Refrigeration Technology, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134,
China
b Hangzhou Urban&Rural Construction Design Institute Co.LTD, Hangzhou 310000, China
The effectiveness of low temperature vacuum drying, compared with convective drying and
freeze vacuum drying was studied to determine the most favorable treatments in terms of drying
kinetics and dried products quality of carrots. The quality of the dried products differed among
drying process depending on the drying conditions. Compared with convective drying time 6h,
low temperature vacuum drying had a long drying time 22h. The total color variation (ΔE) of low
temperature vacuum drying is 4.72, which is lower than freeze vacuum drying 14.20 and
convective drying 10.80. The VC content of carrots dried under low temperature vacuum drying is
79 mg /100g (d.b), which is close to the fresh carrots. Freeze vacuum drying had a good
rehydration capacity for its better porosity.
C-3-02
Effect of Static Magnetic Field on Carp Frozen Process
Lou Y. J., Zhao H. X., Han J. T.
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China
Carp frozen process in static magnetic field was experimentally investigated. The test
samples were between 600g and 800g, the maximum thicknesses were between 46 mm and 52
mm. All frozen processes were performed in an air-blastquick freezer, where the temperature was
set -35 ℃. Magnetic fields intensities were respectively 0 G/3.6 G/7.2 G/10.8 G. The surface and
central temperatures were measured and recorded continuously in the whole frozen processes. The
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results indicated that the way magnetic field influenced frozen rate varied at different frozen stages.
From 13 ℃ to the freezing point, there was no obvious variety between cooling rates at different
magnetic field intensities. Magnetic field hold obvious facilitation in phase change stage, where
the time was reduced to 52.9% with 10.8 G magnetic intensity compared with natural freeze. And
magnetic field delayed the freezing stage from freezing point to -29 ℃, 75.3% more time than
nature freeze with 10.8 G magnetic intensity.
C-3-03
Improvement of Vegetable Preservation by
Auto-Moisture-Conditioning Membrane for Refrigerator
TaoL.R.1, YuG.X.2, ZhangW.Y.2, WangG.J.2, SuzukiK.3, Noda T.3, and KameiK.4
1
Instutute of Cryogenic & Food Science, College of Power Engineering, University of Shanghai
for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
2
Refrigerator R&D Center, Panasonic R&D Center Suzhou Co.Ltd, Suzhou 215123, China
3
Corporate Engineering Division, Appliances Company, Panasonic Corporation, Shiga 525-8555,
Japan
4
Takefu Plant, Rengo Corporation,Fukui 915-0011, Japan
The auto-moisture-conditioning membrane (AMCM) technology that the moisture
transferring ability (MTA) can be automatically controlled by the humidity in vegetable
compartment of household refrigerators has been developed, in order to get high relative humidity
(RH) and low dewing condition which is suitable for long term vegetable preservation. AMCM is
made from the cellulose and regenerated cellulose whose raw material is plant fiber. By means of
making use of the good ability of response to water molecules through the regenerated cellulose
mainly consisted of non-crystal structure, experimental results show MTA of AMCM can decrease
while RH decreases in the vegetable compartment, which prevents vegetable from dehydration.
Meanwhile, MTA can increase while RH higher than 90%, which reduces dewing. A transpiration
moisture mass mathematic model of vegetables is established. With the transpiration moisture
mass database, it is shown how to match MTA of AMCM to transpiration moisture mass of
vegetable in the compartment. It is proven that AMCM succeeds to provide the proper humidity
environment for vegetable preservation, which is not only at high humidity near 99%RH, but also
at the little dew.
C-3-04
Effects of Vacuum Cooling and Storage Condition on the Quality of
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Leafy Lettuce
Wang Xue-qin1, Liu Bao-lin
Institute of Cryobiology and Food Freezing, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology,
Shanghai,200093，China.
Vacuum cooling technique was applied to the cooling process in the lettuces and the effects
of vacuum cooling pre-treatment were investigated when using different pre-treatment methods
ahead of cooling process. The results show that spraying CaCl2 (0.5%) solution before vacuum
cooling and then storing at low temperature can improve sensory quality, slow down the loss of
weight, chlorophyll content and ascorbic acid content of the leafy lettuce. It provides theoretical
basis for exploring new pre-cooling and preservation methods.
C-3-05
Analysis of a heat driven freeze dryer
Peng Y., Chen GM., Zhang SZ.
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Hangzhou, 310027, China
Freeze drying is a good way to preserve foods and biomaterials. Due to its high cost of
producing, its application in food process is limited to some high-valued products. In this paper a
freeze dryer driven mainly by heat is put forward. Heat is utilized step by step. High temperature
heat (>300℃) is used to produce high pressure water vapor which drives a three-stage ejector
vacuum pump. The outlet fluid of the ejector at middle temperature level is used to drive an
ammonia-water absorption refrigerator which offers freezing for foods and cooling for
hygroscopic solution such as LiCl solution. Low temperature (<-20℃) LiCl solution is employed
to absorb sublimed water vapor from frozen foods. The outlet heating fluid from the absorption
refrigerator at low temperature level is used to provide heat for sublimation of ice and regeneration
of diluted LiCl solution. The regeneration of LiCl solution is fulfilled at ambient pressure. A heat
exchanger is arranged between concentrated and diluted LiCl solutions at different pressures and
temperatures. The performance of the novel freeze dryer is theoretically analyzed. Mass and
energy equations are established and solved. The amount of heat needed for the removal of 1kg ice
from food material is calculated for typical running conditions. The impacts of operation
parameters (working steam pressure, LiCl solution concentration, evaporation temperature,
condensation temperature) on the amount of heat are investigated. Since very few electricity is
needed, in rural areas or some industrial situations where solar heat or waste heat is rich, the
proposed freeze dryer may find its usage.
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D-1-01
Physical Property Calculation of CO2 Hydrate Slurry as a Two-Phase
Secondary Refrigerant
Liu N, Yu H.Y., You L.T. and Dai H.F.
School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology,
Yangpu District,Shanghai 200093, China.
CO2 hydrate slurries are two-phase fluids composed of hydrate crystals in suspension in a
liquid phase. The interest in CO2 hydrate slurries is not limited to CO2 capture and storage for the
ever increasing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. One of the applications relates to secondary
refrigeration due to the high latent heat of melting (500kJ/kg) and used as phase-change materials.
Moreover, the melting temperatures of CO2 hydrate slurries are consistent with the temperature
need in cool storage applications such as air conditioning. However, the investigation of the
parameters of CO2 hydrate slurries and the approaches to determine the parameters are essential
for safe and efficient application. It is important to get a deep understanding of the properties of
CO2 hydrate slurry for the efficient application as a two-phase secondary fluid. In this paper, the
methods to determine physical parameters of CO2 hydrate slurries are discussed, including
hydration number, CO2 solubility in the presence of gas hydrate, apparent viscosity, and the
rheological property. Based on the mass balance of CO2 in different states, a solid fraction model
is proposed which can be used to calculate the solid fraction of CO2 hydrate slurries. In addition,
the rheological properties of CO2 hydrate slurry can be obtained based on the pressure drop and
flow rate measurements. The apparent viscosity, behavior index, shear rate and the shear stress can
also be determined. This research work provides significant guide for the development and
practical application of CO2 hydrate slurries in the fields of hydrate-based refrigeration, gas
separation and storage by hydrates.
D-1-02
Population balance model of ice particle size distribution during ice
slurry storage
Xu A. X., Liu Z. Q., Zhao T. L., Wang X. X.
School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha410083, China
Ice slurry is increasingly considered as a promising binary fluid which contains a large
number of small ice crystals. Particle size distribution and number of ice crystals have a great
influence on the flow and heat transfer performance of ice slurry. In order to have a deep
knowledge of particle size distribution and its evolution mechanism of ice crystals during the
process of ice slurry storage, a population balance model (PBM) containing population and mass
balances has been presented to simulate numerically the development of ice particle size
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distribution and number during adiabatic ice slurry storage. The model assumes a homogeneously
mixed storage tank in which the effect of breakage and aggregation between differently sized ice
crystals was considered. Next, for solving the population balance equations (PBEs) in the PBM, a
semi-discrete finite volume scheme was applied for both breakage and aggregation processes
among ice crystals, first mean value theorem for integration was used to solve the integration
terms in PBEs. The discretization and solution of the PBEs have been achieved by a
self-developed Matlab program. And then the effect of pure aggregation as well as both breakage
and aggregation on number density of ice particle size distribution was analyzed respectively. The
results show that both breakage and aggregation are the two important effects on the particle size
distribution and evolution of ice particle during storage, but they have opposite effect on the
development of ice particle size. In storage, breakage and aggregation have almost equivalent
effect in the initial phase, but aggregation has dominant effect at last. The PBM was validated with
experimental results of definite concentration of sodium chloride solution and it is shown that the
numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental results. Therefore, the PBM
presented in this paper is capable to predict the development of the particle size distribution during
ice slurry storage.
D-1-03
Computer Simulation of Helium Adsorption in Argon Frost in Low
Temperature
Tang J.C.1,2, Xiong L.Y.1, Peng N.1, Jiang Y.C.1,2, Dong B.1,2, Liu L.Q.1and
Zhang L.1
1
Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
2
GraduateSchool of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100039, China
Fusion power has the potential to provide sufficient energy to satisfy mounting demand with
a relatively small impact on the environment. Fusion reactors require high-speed pumping of
helium, deuterium and tritium while maintaining the inventory of tritium in the pumps at a low
level.
Cryopumping is potentially the most attractive method for this task. Cryosorption pump using
rare-gas as sorbent is a good choice to satisfy the reactors for its special characters. Although a
large number of works have been published in recent years on the properties of cryosorption pump
using rare-gas as sorbent, it is hard to understand the behavior of fluid in a solid gas layer due to
expensive and strict experiment conditions. Molecular modeling provides a convenient way to
understand the principle of adsorption proceeding in microscopic view. This paper applies the
Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulation method to study the adsorption behavior of
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Helium in argon frost. The HFD-B (HE) Aziz potential is used for the description of the
interaction between two helium molecules. The adsorption behavior of helium in various slit pores
at T=4.3 K, 5 K, 6 K and 7 K is simulated. The simulation results show that the adsorption
capacity increased rapidly as the bulk pressure smaller than 0.01 Pa, and the slop becomes slowly
as pressure raised. The adsorption capacity is over 50% higher at lower temperature. The
adsorption behavior agrees very well with experimental data in the public literature. The results
show in this paper could be a guide for cryogenic workers to design cryosorption pump system. It
is also provided a convenient method to predict the real adsorption procedure.
D-1-04
Isobaric Heat Capacity of Potential Liquid Desiccant Solutions
Containing CalciumChloride and Its Mixtures
Gao N., Jiang Y. Y., He Y. J., Chen G. M.
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
Desiccant cooling and drying systems have attracted considerable attention in recent years, for
they can enhance higher quality of dried products and reduce the use of conventional source of
energy. This is true because the desiccant could be regenerated by “low grade” heat sources, such
as solar energy or waste heat.
CaCl2 aqueous solution is the cheapest and most readily available liquid desiccant that could
be used in desiccant cooling and drying systems, but it has the disadvantage of being instable
depending on the inlet air conditions and the concentration of the desiccant in the solution. One
way to solve this problem is mixing calcium chloride with other stable solutes. According to the
abundant research on a large amount of different mixtures, the CaCl2/LiCl (1:1 mass) and
CaCl2/Ca(NO3)2 (5:2 mass) mixtures are thought to be the two most potential liquid desiccants
with their relatively high performance and high economic efficiency. The main purpose of this
research is to obtain the basic thermodynamic properties, isobaric heat capacities, of the aqueous
solutions of CaCl2 and its two specially composed mixtures. The measurements were carried out
at temperatures range from 308 K to 348 K and different concentrations determined under
consideration of the working conditions of the liquids in systems. Scanning calorimetry was
applied and a specialized experimental unit for heat capacity measurements of liquids was used in
this research. In this way, bubbles and vaporization, which are thought to be the two major sources
of inexactitude of the measurement, could be avoided and the accuracy of the heat capacity data
was guaranteed. Based on the results, semiempirical equations as functions of temperature and
solute concentration were obtained. The deviation between the equations and experiment values
showed good agreements, which confirmed the capability of these equations to be used in
engineering applications.
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D-1-05
Numerical analysis of self start process of a free piston Stirling engine
Ruijie Li1,2, Weili1,2, Guotong Hong1
1
Key laboratory of Space Energy Conversion Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and
Chemistry, CAS, Beijing, 100190, China
2
University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, China
This study is aimed at dynamic analysis on the self start of a free piston Stirling Engine
numerically. Performance of free piston Stirling engine is influenced by many factors. In this
paper, dynamic model is established for a free piston Stirling engine, then the piston and
displacer’s amplitude and engine’s output power response to displacer’s initial position is studied.
The piston mass-piston spring stiffness and displacer mass-displacer spring stiffness’s effect to the
start of free piston Stirling engine are also studied. It shows that the resonance frequency of
piston-piston spring and displacer-displacer spring system should be approximate; otherwise the
engine cannot start to run.
D-1-07
The Numerical Simulation of Thermophysical Properties of Propane
Blend POE or PAG Oil Mixtures with Charge Minimization
Leqin Peng.1 and Gang Yan.2
1
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
2
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
According to the latest standards related to hydrocarbons, flammable refrigerants will be
allowed to be used this year. Propane (R290) as an alternative refrigerant draws large attention for
its zero ODP and extremely low GWP and higher COP than most HCFCs and HFCs, but its
inflammability causes serious safety problems. The most effective way to maintain its security is
to reduce the charge amount, while the lubricant influent significantly on the charge amount.
The present paper demonstrates the theoretical study with a detailed mathematical model
which using the Peng-Robinson equation of state and NRTL activity coefficient model to estimate
the saturated vapor pressure when mixed with POE (polyol ester) and PAG (polyalkylene glycol)
respectively. The enthalpy of ROS (refrigerant-oil solution) at different saturated temperature and
oil concentration were calculated with the model of enthalpy of blend. The error margin is within
5% between the calculation value and the experiment data from literatures. The results show that
when the oil concentration is 5%, the drop of pressure and enthalpy mixed with PAG is less than
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POE. The optimum charge with POE is much higher than that with PAG at given cooling capacity,
therefore, the PAG oil may be proposed as the better choice for R290.
D-1-09
Solubility and Miscibility for the Mixture of (Ethyl Fluoride +
Alkylbenzene Oil)
Gao Z. J., Xu Y. J., Yuan X. R., Han X. H., Wang Q. and Chen G.M.
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou,310027 China
In this paper, the vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data of different mass fraction of the
mixture (ethyl fluoride (HFC-161) + alkyl benzene Oil (AB)) at a temperature range from (283.15
to 343.15) K were measured by single-phase cycle method. For the mixture, the vapor pressure
decreases with the increase of oil concentration. The experimental results were correlated by
NRTL equation. The parameters of NRTL equation were regressed. From the correlated results,
the average relative deviation of the pressure is 1.4 %, and the maximum relative deviation of the
pressure is 3.7 %.
D-1-13
Application research of the Gear’s predictor-corrector algorithms in
a molecular dynamics simulation to the EXP-6 potential function of
liquid helium
Chen Yu1, Chen Shuo2
1
College of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai
201620, China
2
School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092,
China
Molecular dynamics (MD) is a method for computationally evaluating the thermodynamic
and transport properties of materials by solving the classical equations of motion at the molecular
level. There are many algorithms that can be used to integrate the Newton’s equation of motion in
the simulation process. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages. GPC method keeps track
of several time derivatives of the particle positions. Moreover, the GPC method requires only one
evaluation of the forces per time step. This is of chief importance because we will find that the
evaluation of forces is the most computationally expensive part of the molecular dynamics
simulation. Therefore, the intermolecular interaction resulted from the potentials is very important
for the molecular reaction dynamics and Molecular Dynamics. For helium, the repulsive part of
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the potential expressed in minus twelve power of r is not fit for it and exponential function form is
used instead. EXP-6 potential is one of the potential functions with exponential repulsive
interaction could explain the multi-body interaction between the liquid helium atoms and the
attractive part is the main part of the Van der Waals attractive interaction. The behavior of GPC
algorithm is observed during a canonical MD simulation of liquid helium. The relationship
between the stability and accuracy of the GPC algorithm and the size of the time step will be
explained in detail.
D-2-02
Numerical Model of Mobile Air Conditioning Evaporators Using
HFO-1234yf as Working Fluid
Qi Z.G.
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800, Dongchuan
Road, Shanghai 200240, China
In this paper, a finite element model is established for laminated plate and microchannel
parallel flow evaporators using HFO-1234yf as working fluid. The cell by cell energy balance is
achieved by ε-NTU method. Two kinds of different conditions at air side (full dry and full wet) are
also considered in this model. The widely used two-phase heat transfer coefficient and pressure
drop correlations for HFO-1234yf are compared and selected based on the results. Some different
type evaporator samples are tested in psychrometric calorimeter room. The comparison results
show the cooling capacity deviation between experiments and simulation is within +/-8%. The air
and refrigerant side pressure drop deviations are within +/- 10Pa and +/-20kPa, respectively.
D-2-05
Numerical modeling of parallel flow condenser and performance
optimization based on genetic algorithm
Tian Zhen, Zhang Ping and Gu Bo
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong
University, 800Dongchuan Road, Minhang, Shanghai 200240, PR China
The parallel flow heat exchangers (PFHE) are widely used as the air-cooled condenser in
automobile air conditioning system owing to the restricted installation space and weight limit. The
heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop in the PFHE are of vital importance to the whole
refrigeration system. An experimental study of a manufactured parallel flow (PF) condenser
(four passes with 15, 6, 4 and 3 tube numbers, hydraulic diameter Dh=1.7 mm) charged with
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R134a was performed. And this study presents a steady-state model of distributed parameter to
study the performance of PF condenser. In the proposed physical model, the condenser was
divided into three regions, namely, superheated vapor region, liquid-vapor region and sub-cooled
region. The model was validated by comparing its numerical results with experimental data,
which shows good agreement with the experimental data. The mean relative error between the
modeled and measured parameter was less than 6.58%.
It is useful to have an estimation procedure that can quickly give approximate dimensions of
a heat exchanger for a specified service. Further analysis shows the impact of the hydraulic
diameter and tube number of each pass number on the PF condenser performance. Genetic
algorithms (GA) are adaptive heuristic search algorithms premised on the evolutionary ideas of
natural selection, which encode a potential solution to a specific problem on a simple
chromosome-like data structure so as to preserve critical information. In optimization section, the
condenser heat transfer coefficient was maximized while its pressure drop was minimized
applying GA multi-objective optimization technique by taking the hydraulic diameter and the tube
numbers of each pass as variable parameters. A set of Pareto optimal solutions as well as the
final optimal design points were presented in our case study. The optimum design parameters
resulted in heat transfer coefficient increase for 23.08% and decrease in pressure drop for 55.32%
in comparison with the corresponding manufactured operating parameters.
D-2-06
Experimental investigation on the falling film evaporation of R404A
outside a horizontal tube
XueSong Qiu,1 XinPing OuYang2
1
School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology,
Shanghai, 200093, China, xs_qiu@163.com.
2
School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology,
Shanghai, 200093, China, xpoy@163.com.
An experimental study was carried out in order to investigate the heat transfer performance of
falling film on a single horizontal tube with a new falling film heat transfer test facility. Two types
of commercial evaporation tubes were tested: a plain tube and an enhanced tube, which have the
same outer diameter of 19 mm and the same test length of 2500 mm. Refrigerant 404A was used
as working fluid and spraying feeding method was adopted by using 21 spray nozzles with the
equivalent diameter of 2 millimeters. Experiments were performed at saturation temperatures of 0,
5, 10 and 15 oC, heat fluxes from 8 to 30 kW/m2 and mass flow rate per unit length of tube from
0.07 to 0.11 kg/ms. The characteristics of falling film evaporation of R404A on single plain and
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enhanced tube were obtained which is meaningful for the reference of industrial design and
application of falling film evaporator.
D-2-07
Condensation heat transfer coefficients of R417A on three
dimensional enhanced tubes
DaoAn Yuan1 and XinPing Ouyang2
1
University of Shanghai for Science and Technology School of Energy and Power Engineering,
Shanghai, 200093, China
2
University of Shanghai for Science and Technology School of Energy and Power Engineering,
Shanghai, 200093, China
Condensation heat transfer characteristics of a ternary zeotropic refrigerant mixture R417A
on the outside of single three-dimensional rectangular-fin enhanced tube and single
three-dimensional oblique-fin enhanced tube were experimentally investigated and analyzed. The
rectangular-fin tube inner surface was manufactured with screw thread. However, the oblique-fin
tube has a smooth inner surface. The external fin root diameter and the fin height of the two tubes
are 17.20mm, 1.10mm and 16.10mm, 0.80mm, respectively. The main experimental apparatus
constitutes of hermetic refrigerant cycle system with boiling tank and condensation tank. The
heating and cooling medium are tap water and glycol solution. All experimental data were taken at
the vapour saturation temperature of 40℃ with a wall subcooling ranging from 3℃ to 7℃. Inner
heat transfer correlation of enhanced tube is resolved through Wilson Plot method and the outside
heat transfer coefficient is separated from overall heat transfer resistance formula. The test results
showed that the heat transfer enhancement of rectangular-fin inner screwed tube and oblique-fin
inner smoothed tube under R417A ranges 2.93-4.49 times, 3.71-5.61 times ,respectively,
compared with the plain tube. And the overall heat transfer coefficient (HTC) of oblique-fin tube
is higher. In condensation heat transfer process, since the different condensation characteristics of
the three components of R417A, the combined effects of mass transfer resistances in the liquid and
vapour phases result in the condensation heat transfer coefficient increased with increasing the
wall subcooling, having an large difference with pure refrigerants. This reveals that the vapour
diffusion layer usually becomes the controlling thermal resistance in the condensation process of
zeotropic refrigerants. Furthermore, the HTCs of the oblique-fin tube for wall subcooling lower
than 4.8℃ increased rapidly, and then slightly increased with raising the wall subcooling. And the
HTCs of the rectangular-fin tube for wall subcooling lower than 5.7℃ increased rapidly, then
slightly increased with raising the wall subcooling. These should be attributed to the presence of
the hydrocarbon R600 in the mixture.
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D-2-08
Louver Fin Design for Fin-and-Tube Heat Exchanger Using
Microgroove Tubes
Gao J. D.1 Ding G. L.1 Wu W.1 Gao Y. F.2 Song J.2
1
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240,
China.
2
International Copper Association Shanghai Office, Shanghai 200020, China.
Louver fin for heat exchangers with 5 mm diameter tubes is designed by computational fluid
dynamics based method. To confirm the design result is reasonable, the designed fin as well as the
two existing fins is tested in a closed experimental system. The experimental results show that the
heat transfer capacity of the designed fin is larger than those of the two existing fins, which means
the designed fin is more suitable for heat exchangers with microgroove tubes than the two existing
fins.
D-2-12
Performance Analysis of the Mass Flux for a Two-Phase Loop
Thermosyphon
Hao Xu.1 and Gang Yan.2
1
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049,China.
2
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049,China.
This study presents a separated flow model for the specific two-phase loop thermosyphon
with vertical evaporator and condenser and performance analysis of the mass flux of the loop is
carried on. The Lockhart-Martinelli correlation is used to evaluate the two-phase friction pressures
in the model. Based on the balance of the flow resistance and the driving force of the loop, a
precise explicit correlation has been proposed to evaluate the mass flux in our two-phase loop
thermosyphon. It is found that except for the dramatically increasing section and moderately
decreasing section, which have been characterized as the gravity dominant regime (GDR) and the
friction dominant regime (FDR) in pioneering work, a new slightly increasing section of mass flux
is observed in our study when the heat flux of evaporator increases beyond a certain level. And it
has been studied that the slightly increasing section is attributed to the influence of the vapor line.
Besides, a new evaluation criterion（DRIFRI） in terms of the ratio of the change rate of the
driving force of the loop to the change rate of the average liquid-only friction multiplier of the
loop has been proposed to evaluate the change of the mass flux while the heat flux of evaporator
increases. If the DRIFRI is greater than 1, indicating that as the heat flux of evaporator increases,
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the change rate of the driving force of the loop is larger than the change rate of the average
liquid-only friction multiplier of the loop, and the mass flux of the loop will increase. If the
DRIFRI is less than 1, indicating that as the heat flux of evaporator increases, the change rate of
the driving force of the loop is smaller than the change rate of the average liquid-only friction
multiplier of the loop, and the mass flux of the loop will decrease. The greater DRIFRI departs
from 1, the more drastic change the mass flux will show, and vice versa.
D-2-13
A Theoretical Analysis of Evacuated Heat Pipe Solar Collector with
different Tilt Angle and Operating Conditions
Tong, Yijie1, Cho, Honghyun2
1
Graduate School of Chosun Univsresity, Chosun Univsresity, Gwangju, 501-759, Korea
Department of Mechanical Enginerring, Chosun Univsresity, Gwangju, 501-759, Korea
The solar energy has many advantages like low cost, non-toxic, and unlimited. But those
have very low energy efficiency. Generally, the solar heat collector using heat pipe shows the
relatively high efficiency, so it is used a lot of fields. In this paper, an analytical model of an
evacuated heat pipe solar collector was developed and analyzed with different angles and
operating conditions. Solar collector simulation of the installation is performed under the help of
equations of energy balance in solar collectors. We can compare the three kinds of angles by
determining the temperature of outlet of the solar collector in the same operating conditions while
the inlet temperature and ambient temperature is the same. In order to reach the higher
temperature of the outlet of solar collector, choose the appropriate tilt angle of collector is the
important factor to enhance the effective collection area. Besides, the collector efficiency and the
operating characteristics of solar collector with operating conditions were compared and
investigated. After the simulation, the performance was verified by experimental test. As a result,
the efficiency of tilt-angles was found to be in the range 0%-70%, and the annual average
radiation collected by different tilt angles doesn’t vary widely, but for the winter season the
relatively large distinguish is considered. The simulation results show the 3~8% higher
performance compare to those of experimental results because some simple assumption in the
simulation. In addition, the desired angle of solar collector was shown in 45 degree.
2
D-2-14
CO2 Absorption/Regeneration Performance Enhancement in DI
Water Using SiO2 Nanoparticles
155
ChoiIk Dong, Kang Yong Tae
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeong-gi 446-701,
Republic of Korea
In order to mitigate the adverse effect of CO2 gas on the environment, technology such as
CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) has been extensively paid attention. This study is focused on
CO2 absorption and regeneration.The SiO2 nanoparticles are dispersed in DI water by ultra
sonication for 1 hour to produce SiO2/DI water nanofluilds. The particle concentrations of the
nanofluids range from 0.01 to 0.1vol% of SiO2 nanoparticles. The main objective of this study is
to analyze the effect of nanoparticles on the CO2 regeneration enhancement and that on the heat
and mass transfer of the base fluid. It is found that the CO2 absorption rate is enhanced up to 12.5%
at the nanoparticle concentration of 0.01vol%. The maximum CO2 regeneration enhancement
obtained is 12.9% at 0.01vol% compared to the DI water.
D-2-15
Experimental performance analysis and simulation of a lithium
chloride aqueous solution in a plate type dehumidification system.
Gu Hyun Ro1, Yong Tae Kang1, Seon Chang Kim2, Young Lyoul Kim2
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yong In, Gyeong-gi 446-701,
Republic of Korea
2
Green Energy System Technology Center, , Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Cheonan,
Chungnam, Korea
Desiccant systems have been proposed as the alternatives to the conventional refrigerating
systems. Liquid desiccant systems are drawing more attention because of its advantages in energy
saving and environmental friendliness. Liquid desiccant systems offer design and performance
advantages over the solid desiccant systems. The objective of this paper is to analyze the heat and
mass transfer characteristics of lithium chloride aqueous solution for the plate type
dehumidification system. The plate surface has been treated with a hydrophilic coating to enhance
the wettability of the solution, distribution, and to decrease the solution scattering on the plate
surface. It is found that the heat transfer coefficient and the mass transfer coefficient range 30~40
W/m2K and 20~30m/s, respectively. It is concluded that the air velocity is the most important
factor for performance enhancement during the dehumidification process.
D-2-16
Experimental observation of the development of two droplets of
methanol in array on Teflon surface
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Liu Bin1,2, Cai Bihao1, Zhou Xiaojing1, Di Qianqian1, Richard Bennacer2
Tianjin Key Lab of Refrigeration Technology, Tianjin University of Commerce, P.R.C, 300134
2
ENS-Cachan Dpt GC/ LMT,61, Av du Président Wilson 94235 Cachan Cedex France
An experiment of the development of two pure methanol droplets in array with different
distances and sizes was investigated by the camera of DSA100. The contact angle and the based
line were recorded. Compared with the development of one droplet, the development is depended
on the distance between the two droplets and the cap ratio of the two droplets. It was observed that
there were three distinct stages as the development of one droplet: the constant contact angle stage
(CA), the constant contact based line stage (CD) or pinned triple line stage and the transition stage
(TS) between CA and CD. The evaporation of the droplets in array will increase with the
increasing of the distance between the two droplets and the decreasing of the cap ratio of the two
droplets. The development of the two droplets in array also shows a characteristic of a lower
evaporation rate and a shorter time of CA stage than that of single droplet. During the cross area,
there is a negative effect on the evaporation of the droplets.
1
D-2-17
Experimental Study on Decomposition Characteristics of Methane
Hydrate below Freezing Point
Wen Y. G.1, 2, Chen Q. X.1, Fan S. S.2 and Chen Y. W.1
1
Shenzhen Gas Corporation Ltd., Shenzhen, 518040, China
2
The Key Laboratory of Enhanced Heat Transfer and Energy Conservation, Ministry of Education,
South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640,China
As a kind of potential energy resource in future, methane hydrate hasunique stability at
atmospheric pressure below freezing point and its decomposition rate is far lower than other
temperature area. This phenomenon is also known asanomalous self-preservation effect. Since
methane hydrate has extreme lower dissociation ratein specific low temperature area with good
stability, it provides theoretical basis for storage and transportation of natural gas with hydrate
method. To develop the technology for application, it is necessary to understand the
thermodynamic stability and decomposition characteristics of hydrate at different temperature and
pressure.
In this paper, based on the hydrate synthetic technology at laboratory, anion surfactant
sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is used as addition for assisting pure methane hydrate to form, and
rapid depressurization method is used for methane hydrate to study decomposition characteristics
at normal pressure and in closed system below freezing point. The experimental results indicate
that either decomposition process at normal pressure or the one in closed system, the dissociation
rate of methane hydrate is not monotonous varying with temperature, and there is an anomalous
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mutation point. Compared with decomposition process at normal pressure, dissociation in closed
system shows better suppression characteristics. At condition in closed system, methane hydrate
has favorable self-preservation effect at 265K and 268K, and the dissociation rate per day is only
0.34%@265K and 0.31%@268K. The full time of complete decomposition at 265K and 268K is
283d and 311d respectively, and which is satisfying absolutely the technology request for industry
application of storage and transportation natural gas with hydrate method. On the base of
experiment, the optimum storage and transportation condition for natural gas with hydrate method
is proposed, and in closed system it is 268K@0.2MPa(A). The work done in the paper provides
instructive meaning for engineering application of storage and transportation technology of natural
gas with hydrate method.
D-2-18
Experimental and Numerical Heat Transfer Analysis of a V-Cavity
absorber for linear parabolic trough solar collector
Shao D.D.1 , Zhang P.*1 and Li M.2
1
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, MOE Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and
Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai 200240, China.
2
Institute of Solar Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650092, China.
Linear parabolic trough collector (PTC) is one type of the medium temperature application of
solar collectors and can be widely used in areas such as power generation, refrigeration, air
conditioning, space heating and desalination. The receiver is basically a heat exchanger where the
concentrated solar energy is intercepted and transformed into thermal energy. In this paper, a
V-cavity absorber with rectangular fins that can be used in the PTC system was proposed for the
first time. Since the heat flux distribution on the heating surface of a absorber is important to the
thermal efficiency of the PTC system, an optical model was established to analyze the heat flux
distribution by means of the Monte-Carlo ray-tracing (MCRT) method. A corresponding energy
balance calculation model was also established and a more detailed three-dimensional numerical
model based on the MCRT method and FLUENT software was developed to analyze the complex
coupled flow and heat transfer characteristics in the absorber. Moreover, an experiment set-up was
built to verify the accuracy of the calculation models. A good agreement was obtained between
models and experiments, which means that the models and methods used in the present study is
feasible and reliable. From the ray tracing result of the optical model, it is revealed that the
V-cavity absorber has a great optical efficiency because the sunlight can be reflected continuously
by the triangle shape and nearly no sunlight escapes. In addition, by using rectangular fins, the
average heat transfer coefficient increased from 353.37 W/m2.K to 438.92 W/m2.K (Tin=92.7℃，
Ib=1003W/m2), which confirms that the rectangular fins in the absorber can enhance the heat
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exchange between the heating surface and HTF and reduce convection and radiation heat losses at
the same time. Based on the experimental and numerical results, a Nusselt number correlation was
also proposed for the avrage HTF temperature range 50℃ to 200℃.
D-2-19
Heat and mass transfer performance of silica gel combined with
Expanded Natural Graphite
X. Zheng, R.Z. Wang, L.W. Wang, T.S. Ge
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering
of M.O.E, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
This paper presents a novel research on the thermal conductivity, surface area, pore
parameters and adsorption performance of compact composite silica gel with Expanded Natural
Graphite Treated with Sulfuric Acid (ENG-TSA) as a heat transfer matrix. In this study,
consolidated composite blocks with different density and different ratio of powder-like silica gel
have been manufactured and investigated.
Both the parallel and perpendicular thermal conductivity of compact composite adsorbents
are measured by Xenon flash apparatus. Results reveal that thermal conductivity of consolidated
samples perpendicular to compressing direction is higher than that of parallel ones. Besides, the
highest perpendicular thermal conductivity of consolidated samples increased more than 160 times
over pure silica gel.
The surface area and pore parameters encompassing pore volume, pore size and porosity of
compact composite adsorbents and silica gel are tested with an Accelerated Surface Area and
Porosimetry system. Results show that the simple mixture and compression of ENG-TSA with
silica gel will not destroy the morphology of silica gel.
Besides, both non-equilibrium and equilibrium adsorption performance for composite silica
gel blocks and powder-like silica gel have been evaluated. Experimental results obtained from
non-equilibrium adsorption performance show a faster sorption rate of compact composite
adsorbents as compared to silica gel. This reveals the prominent enhancement of heat transfer with
addition of ENG-TSA. In equilibrium adsorption performance test, results show that saturated
adsorption is not affected by addition of ENG-TSA for application in relative humidity lower than
70%.
To sum up, heat and mass transfer of compact composite adsorbents are both influenced by
the ratio of silica gel and density of composite blocks, but with inverse impact. Thus, optimization
of heat and mass transfer can be gained with an optimal proportion of silica gel and density of the
consolidated compound adsorbents.
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D-2-21
Measurement of the thermal conductivities of open-cell metallic
foams infiltrated with paraffin for thermal heat storage
Xiao X.1, Zhang P.*1, Luo B.1, Li M.2
1
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, MOE Key Laboratory for Power Machining and
Engineering,Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
2
Solar Energy Research Institute, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650092, China
The study of latent thermal energy storage (LTES) system with large energy storage density
and isothermal heat storage/retrieval characteristics has become more attractive recently for
energy conservation and waste heat utilization. The thermal conductivity of phase change material
(PCM) significantly affects the thermal performance of the LTES system. Metal foams can be
used to enhance the thermal conductivity of pure PCM. Accurate information on the heat transfer
in the paraffin/metal foam composite PCMs is indispensable for designing and modeling the LTES
system. In the present study, copper foam with various porosities and pore sizes were impregnated
with pure paraffin with vacuum assistance. The impregnation ratios which reflect the actual mass
fractions of pure paraffin impregnated were presented. A steady-state test system which
considered the thermal contact resistance (TCR) between the specimen and the test rig was built to
measure the thermal conductivities of the composite PCMs. The thermal conductivities were also
theoretically calculated based on the porous models from the literature. The results showed that
the impregnation ratios of the composite PCMs could reach about 95% with vacuum method. The
thermal conductivities measured with steady state method showed good agreement with the
theoretical predictions, and the thermal conductivities of the composite PCMs were drastically
enhanced, e.g. the thermal conductivity of paraffin/copper foam composite PCM with the porosity
of 88.89% and pore size of 25PPI was nearly forty-four times larger than that of pure paraffin. The
thermal conductivity increases as the porosity of the copper foam decreases, and no significant
changes of the thermal conductivity were found by varying the pore size of the metal foam at a
fixed porosity. The thermal contact resistance (TCR) plays an important role in the total thermal
resistances of the specimens in the experiments, and the ratios of TCR to the total thermal
resistances are in the ranges of 15~25 %.
D-2-22
Experimental Investigation on Pool Boiling Curve of R14 Under
0.1MPa Pressure
Ch. Zhao1,2, M. Q. Gong1, L. Ding1,2, G. F. Chen1, J. F. Wu1
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1
Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
2
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
The nucleate boiling curve near CHF (critical heat flux) and transient transition boiling
region of R14 under 0.1 MPa was carried out with pool-boiling heat transfer apparatus. The pool
boiling behavior on a horizontal copper surface was visually studied using a high speed camera.
Most efforts were made to focus on the boiling behavior near the critical heat flux and the
transient boiling regions. Based on the measurements, the CHF point, DNB (departure from
nucleate boiling) point and boiling heat transfer data at different heat fluxes were obtained. The
measured CHF point is 231.49 kW/m2, surface superheat is 19.9 K and DNB point is 207.68
kW/m2 for R14 under 0.1 MPa. Those measured data were also compared with several existing
correlations. The uncertainties of the experiment were also analyzed in details.
D-2-23
Experimental and Numerical analysis of multi-port mini-channel
evaporator
Ming Li1,2, Ming Xu3, Yan Liu1,2, Yanhui Han2, Stevens Jams W.4
1
State Key Laboratory of Automobile Dynamic Simulation, Jilin University, Changchun 130022,
China；
2
Department of Thermal Energy Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China；
3
FAW Car Co.,Ltd. (FCC), Chang chun 130012, China；
4
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Colorado, Colorado
Springs, United States
There are more and more automotive air-conditioning evaporators use small extruded
channels with passage diameters smaller than 1mm. Flow and heat transfer in mini-channels is of
great interest in compact evaporator applications.
The heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of several parallel mini-channel
evaporators are investigated based on numerical simulation. The effects of different louvered fin
structures such as fin pitch, louver pitch, louver angle, number of channels and diameter of
mini-channels were investigated by simulations based on energy balance method. The results
indicated that the performance of fins can be improved by decreasing the fin pitch. The overall
performance of fins can be optimized in the condition of optimized louver pitch and louver angle,
however, if the fin pitch is different, even the optimized louver angle is same, the optimized louver
pitch is different. The heat transfer performance of the parallel evaporator can be improved by
improving refrigerant mass flow rate, increasing the number of passages, and decreasing the
mini-channel diameter, which will results in higher pressure drop in the refrigerant system. The
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flow uniformity was simulated for different tube ratio between passages, and the heat transfer
performance whereof. The results indicated that there is no significant relation between the flow
uniformity and heat transfer. However, the ratio of the tube passage would affect the heat transfer
performance, i.e. there is an optimal ratio with which heat transfer quantity can be maximized
which the pressure drop can be minimized.
D-2-24
Numerical simulation and exploration on heat transfer
characteristics of adsorbent bed
An Wenzhuo.1 and LiuZeqin.2 and Wu Zhenjing.3
1
Tianjin University of Commerce, Key Laboratory of Tianjin Refrigeration Technology, Tianjin,
300134, China
2
Tianjin University of Commerce, Key Laboratory of Tianjin Refrigeration Technology, Tianjin,
300134, China
3
Tianjin University of Commerce, Key Laboratory of Tianjin Refrigeration Technology, Tianjin,
300134, China
Adsorption refrigeration is an energy-efficient refrigeration form, and the core of the
adsorption refrigeration system is the adsorbent bed. The performance of the adsorbent bed has a
great influence on the Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) of the adsorption refrigeration system. The
geometry model and the mathematical model of the adsorbent bed were established in this study.
CFX, the Computational Fluid Dynamics Software, was used to simulate and study the
temperature distribution of the adsorbent bed, and explore the influence rules of the temperature
distribution of the adsorbent bed by the parameters of the coefficient of the adsorbent and the heat
transfer fluid varied. The method of control variation was used to simulate the variation of the
temperature of the same point of the adsorbent bed in different time, the variation of the
temperature of the different points in the radial direction at the same time, and the variation of the
temperature of the different points in the axial direction at the same time. The influences and
reasons for these variations have been analyzed. The results showed that, if the time step number
was seven (about 105 seconds regarded as a demarcation point), the rate of the temperature rising
appeared the trend from the high to the low. There was a larger gradient of bed temperature
distribution in radial direction while the temperature was uniform in axial direction. However, the
time step number required to achieve the stable temperature value 353K are both 17 steps (about
255 seconds). There is a little effect on the temperature of absorption bed by the parameters of
velocity and the inlet temperature of heat transfer fluid, the density and the heat capacity of the
adsorbent. However, the effect of the thermal conductivity to the variation of the temperature
distribution of bed was greater. When the thermal conductivity increased from 0.1372W/(m•K) to
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1.372W/(m•K), if the same step number 5 (75 seconds) was regarded as the comparison time point,
the temperature rising has increased 3K. Therefore, the important way to improve the Energy
Efficiency Ratio (EER) of the adsorption refrigeration system is to enhance heat transfer
efficiency of the adsorbent bed for adopting related measures, or to use the specific selected
adsorbent and add the material of good thermal conductivity to the absorbent bed. Meanwhile, it is
necessary to conduct comprehensive analysis for the heat conduction and adsorption of the
adsorbent, and to enhance the conduction property of the adsorbent in the mean time, to reduce the
impacts on the adsorption property.
D-2-26
Heat Transfer and Thermodynamic Aspects of One-Dimensional
System Simulation and Experimental Analysis of a Commercial
Household Refrigerator
Bilgin.N.1 and Acar.M.A.2
1
Indesit Company Inc., R&D Center, Manisa, 45030, Turkey
2
Indesit Company Inc., R&D Center, Manisa, 45030, Turkey
In this study, a household static refrigerator was modeled by using one dimensional system
simulation method. Vapor compression cycle that has a suction line heat exchanger, freezer and
cooler cabinet and heat loads were modeled with lumped-parameter theoretical method by using
commercial software (LMS Amesim v11). Refrigeration cycle and cabinet of the refrigerator were
investigated under cyclic behavior of compressor in order to simulate energy consumption test
declared on ISO 15502 standards. Also temperatures of cabinet, evaporator inlet, evaporator outlet,
condenser inlet, condenser outlet and power consumption of compressor were measured in order
to validate the simulation results under unsteady conditions.
The simulation results showed acceptable agreement with the measured data. The cabinet
temperatures, the energy consumption and working ratio of compressor can be predicted within
the ± 10% error bound by using simulated data.
D-2-27
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Fin-Tube Heat Exchanger
on Household Refrigerators
Uras. E.1 , Erek. A.2 , Durmaz. G.1
1
Indesit Company Inc., R&D Center, Manisa, 45030, Turkey
2
Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, 35040, Turkey
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The flow characteristic and the heat transfer performance of a fin-tube heat exchanger was
analyzed both numerically and experimentally. In order to analyze the effect of the fluid flow and
the thermo-hydraulic performance of a fin-tube heat exchanger, the governing equations were
solved numerically and important parameters were found. For the numerical analysis of the
fin-tube heat exchanger, one reference module was taken both the cooler and freezer parts of the
heat exchanger. The fin pitch, fin thickness, air flow rate, inlet air temperature, refrigerant
temperature, different fin dimension were taken into consideration as parameters for the numerical
analysis. Experimental analyses were performed in the enthalpic wind tunnel in order to validate
the numerical simulations. The numerical and experimental results are presented in this study.
D-2-28
Natural convection of supercritical helium in a closed vertical
cylinder
Long Z. Q., Zhang P.
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240,
China.
A cryogenic thermosyphon is a hollow vacuum tube partially filled with a certain kind of
cryogen as the working fluid. It works with the liquid-vapor phase change of the working fluid.
Thus there is a limitation on the operational temperature range for the cryogenic thermosyphon
due to the triple point and the critical point of the working fluid. When the cryogenic
thermosyphon serves as the thermal link between the cooled target and cold source during the
cooling down process, the state of the working fluid in it is always supercritical as the liquid-vapor
temperature ranges for cryogenic liquids are always very narrow. Under this situation, the heat on
the cooled targeted can be only removed to the cold source through the cycling of the supercritical
working fluid, and the heat transfer mode can be only natural convection. Therefore, the natural
convection of supercritical helium in a closed vertical cylinder is studied numerically in this study,
which can give assistance to the study of the heat transfer characteristics of supercritical fluids in
the cryogenic thermosyphon. The natural convection of the supercritical helium is studied
numerically at steady state in a large temperature scale (from the critical temperature of helium to
room temperature) and the effect of the charging amount is considered. The numerical model is
simplified from the cryogenic thermosyphon in the corresponding experiments and the boundary
conditions are idealized according to the experimental data. From the numerical study, it is found
that the flow pattern is independent from the charging amount and there are similar steady flow
patterns formed through the entire cylinder in the cases of different helium charging amount: the
hot stream ascends through the center and the cold stream descends along the wall, vertexes are
found in the regions with intensive heat transfer. The heat transfer rate can even reach about 25.0
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W at the temperature difference of 180.0 K. Furthermore, the numerical results of the heat transfer
characteristics are compared with the experimental results, which is consistent with each other.
D-2-32
Numerical study on boiling of liquid nitrogen through micro-channels
Jia H. W.1, Zhang P. 1*, Fu X.2 and Jiang S. C.2
1
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240,
China
2
Shanghai Institute of Satellite, Shanghai 200240, China
Micro-channels flow boiling has attracted a great deal of attention in past few years due to
the various applications in the cooling of electronic devices and aerospace engineering, etc. In
addition, flow and heat transfer of liquid nitrogen in micro-channels have many particular
characteristics and are very important for many cooling applications. However, there are still some
intractable problems of the two-phase heat and mass transfer in micro-channels. For example,
more work needs to be done on the investigation of mechanism in micro-channels heat and mass
transfer and problems in two-phase pressure fluctuations. The investigation point on the
mechanism of flow boiling in micro-channels is numerically conducted. It is a key point to
understand the bubble behavior in order to quantitatively describe the flow and transfer
characteristics in micro-channels.
Three-dimensional numerical investigations on bubble formation, growth in micro-channels
are investigated using the volume of fluid (VOF) model with Fluent software. CFD modeling for
the heat and mass transfer on the interface is developed by modeling the source terms in the
governing equations of the VOF model. In contrast to most other numerical methods for
evaporating interfacial flows, the model incorporates an evaporation source-term derived from the
evaporation mass flux. An approach of equalization is preliminarily applied for solving the mass
source-term distribution. Moreover, most of previous numerical studies unexceptionally utilized
constant wall temperature as the boundary condition, instead of constant heat flux which is close
to the real experimental condition; therefore, the present study employs the constant heat flux
boundary condition to perform the simulation of bubble dynamics in micro-channels. The
preliminary results are compared with the experimental results.
D-2-37
Theoretical and Experimental Study on the Falling-film Evaporator
Propelled by a MVR Heat Pump
PANG Weike1, 2, LIN Wenju3, LIN Wenye1, 2, DAI Qunte1, YANG Luwei1,
ZHANG Zhentao*
1.Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS, Beijing 10090,China;
2.Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
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3.Xinjiang University, Xinjiang Urumqi 830046, China;
The advantages of falling-film evaporation are its small temperature difference, high
efficiency of heat-transfer and large density of heat flux and so on; as a result, the area of heat
exchanger is cut down greatly. Based on a heat pump system of mechanical vapor recompression
(MVR) designed and manufactured independently, the heat transfer performance of falling-film
evaporator is measured by a combination way of theory analysis and experiment proving as the
heat pump operates in practice. After the result of theoretical calculation is worked out, the start
thickness and entrance velocity of the liquid film are established by adjusting the flux of raw
solution. Finally, there is an optimization that the film thickness at the bottom of the tubes
amounts to that of boundary layer of velocity. Additionally, it is a process of falling-film flow
with heat and mass transfer between the start and end of falling-film. The last thickness of the
falling film is about 0.21~0.44mm. The thickness of falling film when the falling-film flow and
heat exchange is over is compared with each other, and the effect of heat resistance on heat
transfer is discussed also. It is showed that an optimal thickness is formed during the process of
falling-film flow and evaporation, and disadvantages come up when it is not formed. The
falling-film evaporator propelled by the MVR heat pump with low compression ratio carries
through a process of strong and high-efficiency heat transfer with phase transition. It is because
the states of produced vapor both before compressed and after compressed are saturated. In
conclusion, its heat-transfer coefficient may be as high as 1990 W/ (m2·K). The start and end
thickness of falling film become great while the evaporation pressure goes up. It leads to the drop
of the heat-transfer efficiency, so there is an optimization to the system in all probability.
D-2-40
Regeneration of Liquid Desiccant Assisted by Ultrasonic Atomizing
Yao Y.1,2, Yang K.2, Guo H.X.3
1
Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control, Ministry of Education, School of
Energy and Environment, SoutheastUniversity, Nanjing, China, 210096
2
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao
Tong University, Shanghai, China, 200240.
3
Shanghai Kaisituo Energy-saving Technology Co Ltd, Shanghai, China, 200240
Regeneration of desiccant is the critical process of the desiccant application in
air-conditioning systems. Currently, the regeneration of liquid desiccants is normally done in a
packed tower in which the heat and mass transfer takes place on the packed material between the
dilute desiccant solution and the regeneration air. Although effort has been made in the structure
of the packed tower aiming at increasing the contact area per volume in a packed tower and the
regeneration efficiency, the improvement is still limited. In this paper, the method of ultrasonic
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atomizing is employed to improve the regeneration efficiency of liquid desiccants. In theory, the
solution can be atomized into numerous tiny droplets ranging from 10 to 100 micrometers in size
by the effect of ultrasonic cavitation, which will result in a great increase in the contact area
between the dilute solution and the air, and hence, the regeneration rate can be promoted. The
experimental study has been performed to investigate the potential improvement of the desiccant
regeneration efficiency due to the ultrasonic atomizing under different solution temperatures of
regeneration air. A calculation model is developed to depict the regeneration process of liquid
desiccant with the help of ultrasonic atomizing. The calculated results have been compared with
the experimental data, which show that the model in this study can predict well the regeneration
rate of liquid desiccants assisted by the ultrasonic atomizing and can be used for the optimal
design of the new regeneration method.
D-2-41
Experimental study on flow boiling heat transfer and pressure drop
of LNG in a vertical smooth tube at 0.5MPa
Chen Dongsheng, Shi Yumei
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
An experimental apparatus is set up in this work for study on the heat transfer characteristics
of LNG flow boiling in a vertical smooth tube with 8mm inner diameter. The experiments were
performed at pressures of 0.5 MPa. The results were obtained over the mass fluxes ranging from
50 to 200 kg m-2 s-1 and heat fluxes ranging from 8.0 to 30 kW m-2. The influences of quality,
heat flux and mass flux on the heat transfer characteristic were examined and discussed. The
comparisons of the experimental heat transfer coefficient with the predicted value using the
existing correlations including Gungor and Winterton (1987) with the Thome and Shakir
correction factor, Zou et al.(2010), and Wojtan et al.(2005) were analyzed. The Zou et al.(2010)
correlation gives the best prediction value among them with the deviation of ±30.2%. And five
frictional pressure drop predictive methods are also chosen to compare with the experimental
database. Base on the comparison results, the L–M model and Friedel model are recommended to
predict the two-phase pressure drop of LNG in tube roughly at present.
D-2-42
Study on thermal performance of LED array heat sink under natural
convection
Y.H Lai, L.L Wei, M.X Lyu, C.F Liu
Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
Experimental study and numerical simulation on thermal analysis and design of array heat
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sink are conducted by natural convection. Based on computational fluid dynamics(CFD) method,
the thermal analysis and design are studied. The results show that both the average convection
heat transfer coefficient and the heat resistance decrease with the increase of the number of fins.
The height of the fins have the same effect on LED array thermal performance with the number of
fins. When the heating power is increased, the horizontal air import volume is increased at the
same time, Both of them can lead to the decrease of the thermal resistance and the increase of the
average convection heat transfer coefficient. In addition, according to the regression analysis
method, the average Nusselt criterion correlations is derived, the calculated results of the
simulation are also compared with the experimental data. The study suggest that the established
mathematical model is able to predict the heat transfer characteristics of this type of heat sink.
D-2-43
Experimental study and CFD validation of evaporating heat transfer
coefficient of CO2 in horizontal small tube
Nguyen-Ba Chien1, Pham-Quang Vu1, Kwoo-Whan Kim1, Kwang-Il Choi2,
Jong-Taek Oh2*
1
Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 50 Daehak-ro, Yeosu, Chonnam 550-749,
Republic of Korea
2
Department of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineering, Chonnam National University,
50 Daehak-ro, Yeosu, Chonnam 550-749, Republic of Korea
An experimental study and computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling of boiling heat
transfer coefficient of CO2 in horizontal small tube were investigated in this paper. The
experimental data were conducted in the horizontal circular small tubes of 1.5 mm inner diameter,
the length of 2000 mm with conditions including: the mass fluxes range from 50 – 650 kg/m2s,
the heat fluxes range from 5-40 kW/m2 and saturation temperatures from -5 to 10oC. The test
section was heated by applying the electric power directly to the tubes. In simulated procedure,
both the steel pipe and the inner fluid were modeled. The computational grid was meshed by
Ansys ICEM using the sweep method. The Fluent code was used to predict the convective heat
transfer of CO2. The Eulerian multiphase with boiling parameter and the RGN k-ε model for each
phase were applied. Properties of CO2 were set in set up in piecewise-linear mode for each phase.
The CFD results have been analyzed and compared to the experimental data that the effects of
mass flux, heat flux, saturated temperature and tube diameter on heat transfer coefficient were
illustrated. The experimental test demonstrated that the boiling heat transfer coefficient of CO2
was increased with the increasing heat flux, saturation temperature and the decreasing of inner
tube diameter. The effects of mass flux on heat transfer coefficient seem to be insignificant. The
CFD simulation values were in agreement compared to experimental data except in some cases
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that the simulated heat transfer coefficient was higher than the experimental one. In general, the
CFD simulation can be a useful tool in studying the two phase heat transfer of refrigerants in
horizontal tubes.
D-2-44
An improved thermal contact resistance model for pressed contacts
and its application analysis of bonded joints
Zheng J.1, Li Y. Z.1,2, Lai H.1, Zhao J.1
1
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong Universtiy, Xi’an 710049,
China
2
State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’anJiaotongUniversity, Xi’an
710049, China
Contact heat transfer across solid-solid joints is an important phenomenon in many
applications such as inertial confinement fusion target assembly and electronic packaging,
especially in cryogenic engineering. Bonding materials are often adopted to adhere two substrate
surfaces and make them better contact. They generally increase the heat transfer across the
material junction and enhance the joint heat conductance. On the basis of Kimura’s expressions
for the numbers and the mean area of contact points formed between real rough surfaces, an
improved thermal contact resistance (TCR) model for mechanical pressed contacts is proposed in
this paper, which considers both plastic deformation and elastic deformation. Based on the model,
a simple correlation for predicting the TCR of stainless steel ANSI 304 sets as a function of the
temperature, contact pressure and surface roughness is developed in the temperature range
80-300K. The predictions of the correlation are in good agreement with the experimental results
from the literature. A process of steady heat transfer across the joint is analyzed by considering the
heat conduction in both the substrate and the gap. An analytical model is then suggested for
predicting the thermal joint resistance (TJR) of a bonded joint formed by two nominally flat rough
surfaces filled with bonding material. The TJR of a bonded joint is modeled as the sum of the TCR
and the gap resistance. The TCR is calculated by means of the improved model mentioned above,
in which a practical rough contact surface with a vacuum gap is considered. In another aspect, the
gap resistance with filling is obtained by assuming the gap completely filled with bonding material
and the bounding surfaces perfectly wetted. The prediction based on the models mentioned shows
that the TJR are obviously affected by surface roughness, bonding area, and the thickness of the
bonding material. The results could better estimate the TJR between metal surfaces and be helpful
to optimize the thickness of the bonding material for various kinds of bonded joints.
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D-2-45
Performance Characteristics of Microchannel Evaporator with
Different R404A Charge Quantities
Liu Bin,Shen Zhiyuan,Dong Xiaoyong,Yin Hui
Tianjin Key Lab of Refrigeration Technology, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134,
China
The temperature of cold storage was studied with different R404A charge quantity of 800g,
1000g, 1100g, 1200g, 1300g and 1400g, and the evaporation temperature and pressure-drop of
evaporator were especially researched with charge quantity of 800g,1000g and 1400 g when the
microchannel heat exchanger was used as evaporator. The results show that the temperature of
cold storage declined and the drop ratio of the temperature of cold storage became faster and faster
with the increase of the refrigerant charge quantity from 800g to 1400g. When the charge quantity
was over 1300g, the temperature of cold storage kept at a constant temperature of -22℃. If the
system was stable, the state of R404A in the microchannel was gas, liquid-gas and liquid
respectively when the charge was 800g, 1000gand 1400g. Under this condition, the pressure-drop
was 0.07 Mpa, 0.08 Mpa and 0.04 Mpa. It must be paid attention that the outlet temperature of the
microchannel was lower than the inlet temperature of the mirochannel, which means that there is
temperature drift in the microchannel evaporator.
D-2-47
Analysis of the ice slurry production by direct contact heat transfer
of air and water solution
X. J. Zhang1, K. Q. Zheng1, L. S. Wang1, M. Jiang1, S. Y. Zhao2
1
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China,
2
School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou,
310015, China
Ice slurry is a mixture of liquid and ice crystals with the diameters from 5 microns to 1 cm
which is a promising second refrigerant in various cooling processes. There are several methods to
make ice slurry, such as the vacuum method, the fluidized bed method, the scrape method, the
supercooling method and the direct contact method. All methods have their own advantages as
well as strict requirements and limitations in practical application. Because of the relative
simplicity of design, higher rates of heat transfer and the capacity to operate at relatively low
temperature driving forces, the direct contact method is chosen in the experiment. Although many
researches have been carried out on direct contact heat transfer, the work on the heat transfer
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process between cold gas and water solution involving phase transition and ice slurry generation
in the continuous phase is lacking.
In this paper, a novel system using direct contact heat transfer between air and water solution
was proposed to generate ice slurry. The heat transfer process and the system performance were
studied. An empirical relationship between the volumetric heat transfer coefficient (Uv) and the
main parameters was obtained by fitting the experimental data. The Uv calculated from the
empirical formula agreed with the experimental Uv quite well with a relative error less than 15%.
Based on the empirical formula, a laboratory-scale direct contact ice slurry generator was then
constructed, in view of practical application. If the air flow rate is fixed at 200 m3/h, the ice
production rate will be 0.091 kg/min. The experimental results also showed that the cold energy
consumption of the fan accounted for more than half of the total amount. In order to improve the
system energy efficiency coefficient, it is necessary to increase the air pipes insulation and the
solution thermal capacity, and also is appropriate to utilize the free cold energy of LNG (Liquefied
Natural Gas).
D-2-48
Analysis of the heat transfer process in the ice slurry generator using
direct contact heat transfer
X. J. Zhang, K. Q. Zheng,L. S. Wang, W. Wang, X.B Zhang
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China,
Ice slurry is a promising second refrigerant in various cooling processes, such as chemical,
fishery and food industries, and thermal energy storage systems because of its excellent features
including high cool-storage capacity, fast cool-release rate and good fluidity. In conventional
direct contact ice slurry making system, the low temperature two-phase refrigerant is injected into
water. The refrigerant exchanges heat with the water by direct contact. The water temperature
decreases till the ice crystals appear, while the refrigerant get warmer and warmer till it vaporizes
and flows out of the generator. Some problems exist in such a system including a large
consumption of the refrigerant, difficulty in separating the refrigerant from the water and ice
blockage in the nozzle. Instead of the two-phase refrigerant, gas was used as the dispersed phase
in this experiment. And the characteristics of the bubbles produced by the dispersed gas from the
nozzle are important factors in the heat transfer process, which is associated with the variations of
dimensions and velocities of the rising bubbles.
In this paper,a novel system using double direct contact heat transfer between air and water
solution is proposed to generate ice slurry with high heat transfer efficiency. The heat transfer
process within the ice slurry generator was theoretically and experimentally analyzed. Through
theoretical analysis, key factors which significantly influence the volumetric heat transfer
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coefficient (Uv) of the heat transfer process are identified, including the geometric parameters, the
operating conditions, and the physical properties of the continuous phase and the dispersed phase.
Experiments are conducted to test the influences of these factors on Uv. An empirical relationship
between Uv and the system key parameters is obtained by fitting the experimental data. Validation
result shows the maximum relative error of Uv between the calculated value and the experimental
value is less than 15%.
D-2-49
A Study of The Effects of Surface Characteristics of Fins On The
Residual Defrosting Water
LvYan, LiangCaiHua, ZhangXiaoSong, FanChen.
School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096 , China,
There was partial defrosting water on the fins of the air source heat pump after defrosting.
Much more time and energy was required to evaporate the residual defrosting water, or else the
residual defrosting water would freeze directly and then formed dense frost layer in the next frost
period. While the surface characteristics of fins, such as static contact angles and the contact angle
hysteresis, were closely related to the surface wettability and the difficulty of the droplets
slipping.In this paper, the computation models of the maximum droplets , the droplets distribution
density and the mass ofresidual defrosting water on the fins of the air source heat pump were
developed. The models considered the effects of the static contact angles and the contact angle
hysteresis. Based on these models, the characteristics of the residual defrosting water were
investigated with various static contact angles and contact angle hysteresis. The results showed
that the maximum droplets radius and the mass of defrosting residual water both decreased with
static contact angles increasing, and the greater the contact angle hysteresis, the faster the values
reduced. While the number of the maximum droplets increased with static contact angles
increasing, and the greater the contact angle hysteresis is, the smaller the number of the maximum
droplets is. When the fins surface with a certain static contact angle, the maximum droplet radius
and the mass of defrosting residual water both decreased with contact angle hysteresis decreasing.
While the droplets distribution density decreased with drop size increasing, especially when the
droplets radius were greater than the critical radius, the droplets distribution density decreased
sharply, but the effect of contact angle on the droplets distribution density was found to be
insignificant. The results provided theory support for the improving defrost efficiency through the
surface modification.
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D-2-50
Optimal design of the cold-end heat exchanger for a 4 K pulse tube
cryocooler
ZHANG Kaihao, QIU Limin, GAN Zhihua, SHEN Xian, DONG Wenqing
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
Enhancement of the thermal transport in the cold-end heat exchanger will improve the
cooling performance in a pulse tube cryocooler. Considering the heat and mass transfer within
oscillating flow at liquid helium temperatures, the cold-end heat exchangers for a 4 K pulse tube
cryocooler must be more compact and better designed than the conventional ones. However, there
is seldom systematic or distinct investigation on the low-temperature oscillating flow. In this study,
the optimal geometric configuration of a slot-type heat sink, which is widely employed in a 4 K
pulse tube cryocooler, was discussed. On the basis of the optimization scheme, a computation
fluid dynamics (CFD) model was carried out for the heat and mass transfer within
low-temperature oscillating flow in a slot-type heat sink. The CFD calculation helps to examine
the performance improvement of the optimized 4 K heat sink. Additionally, the verification
experiments were also implemented in a self-made 4 K pulse tube cryocooler. The heat
conductance of the cold-end exchanger increases from 7.16 to 14.31 W/K and the cooling power
at 4.2 K increases from 600 to 700 mW with an actual input power of 6.7 kW.
D-3-01
Product Design of A Novel Double-loop Rotary Compressor
Lei R.OuYang X. P. Guo Z.
Institute of Energy and Power,University of Shanghai for Science and Technology,Shanghai
200093,China
Here introduced a novel double-loop rotary compressor, which is developed based on the
combination of some characteristics of rolling type compressor and scroll type compressor, it
possessed a lot advantages over the traditional compressor, such as simple structure, wide flow
range etc.. This article described the working principle and structure characteristics of compressor,
and then a detail presentation for product design were followed. Besides, the paper tested the
prototype and analyzed the results, meanwhile, evaluated the performance and provided the
improvement methods. As a new type compressor which own intellectual property rights in the
field of refrigeration, its research and development has a certain positive significance in promoting
the development of the refrigeration compressor.
D-3-03The boiling heat transfer characteristics of the mixture HFO234yf/oil inside a micro-fin tube
Han X.H., LiP., YuanX. R., Wang X. H., Wu M., Wang Q., Chen G.M.
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou,310027, China
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The boiling heat transfer characteristics of refrigerant HFO-1234yf in a 7 mm O.D. micro-fin
tube was investigated. The local heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop were measured at the
mass fluxes of 100、200、400 kg/m2s, heat fluxes of 4、8、12 kWm2, and the saturation temperature
of 5、15℃. The influences of vapor quality, mass flux, heat flux and saturation temperature on the
heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop were analyzed. The effect of lubricant oil on the
boiling heat transfer performance of HFO-1234fy in the micro-fin tube were also discussed. All
researches play a good basis for the actual application of HFO-1234fy.
D-3-04
Experimental Study and Numerical Simulation on Reed Valve Flow
Coefficient
Yang K.1, Guo B.1, Liu C.1, Chang YF.1, Fabian F.2, Wang W.3
1
Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, P. R. China
2
EMBRACO Research & Development Group, P.O. Box 91, 89219-901 Joinville, SC, Brazil
3
Beijing Embraco Snowflake Compressor Co., Ltd, Beijing, 101312, P. R. China
In a complex simulation of a household refrigerator compressor, the flow coefficient and the
corresponding effective flow area of the reed valve are key parameters which should be known
previously. In general, the flow coefficient and the corresponding effective flow area can be
obtained by experimental measurements. But in fact, it is hard to measure flow coefficient of the
reed valve with refrigerant in a closed system. A new method was presented in this paper. A
simulation model was built to get the flow coefficient of the reed valve with working medium of
air. Also a test rig to measure the flow coefficient of air in an open system was built. Flow
coefficients with varying flux and valve lifts were measured. The accuracy of numerical
simulation was verified by comparing the static blow experiment results and numerical simulation
results as the working medium was air. Then the flow coefficients of the reed valve under varying
valve lifts with working medium of refrigerant were got by simulation results directly. By
comparing the results, the influence of working medium on the flow coefficient can be obtained.
The main work of this paper is as follows: the reed valve flow coefficient was measured by the
static air blow experiment. The relation curves and calculation formula between the flow
coefficient and the valve lift were obtained by curve fitting using MATLAB software. The flow
field in the reed valve was simulated by the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software and the
reed valve flow coefficients using different working medium were calculated. The results show
that the numerical simulation results coincide well with the experiment results as the working
medium was air, and the reed valve flow coefficient can be obtained by the numerical simulation
method accurately. When the working medium is changed to R600a, the flow coefficients obtained
by numerical simulation are essentially unchanged.
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D-3-05
Numerical Model for the Behavior of Liquid Droplet on Vertical
Plain-fin Surface
Zhuang D. W. Ding G. L.Hu H. T.Xiong W.
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240,China.
In order to understand the heat transfer and pressure drop mechanisms of fin and tube heat
exchanger under dehumidifying conditions, a model of condensate water droplets moving on fin
surface should be established firstly. Based on the force analysis of the condensate water droplet
on fin surface, a critical condition of the water droplet motion is obtained. With the surface tension
is taken into account, which defined by the contact angle and VOF method, a numerical model of
condensate water droplet moving on fin surface is developed. Then an experiment is carried out to
verify the numerical model. The average deviation between simulation results and experimental
data for the contact angle is 2.11% and the maximum deviation is 2.51%, and the average
deviation for water droplet velocity is 6.5% and the maximum deviation is 10%, which show the
accuracy of the model.
D-3-06
Numerical Simulation of Indoor Air Distribution Affected by Heated
Source Distribution Models
Su Yun1. Liu Zeqin2and Wang Ning3
1
Key Laboratory of Tianjin Refrigeration Technology, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin,
300134, China
2
Key Laboratory of Tianjin Refrigeration Technology, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin,
300134, China
3
Key Laboratory of Tianjin Refrigeration Technology, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin,
300134, China
In order to satisfy the effect of indoor air cooling, heating and ventilation, the interaction of
thermal convection and the flow of air momentum realize the exchange between the momentum
and the heat of airflow in the case of indoor air supply conditions.In this paper, the numerical
simulation was adopted to explore indoor air distribution affected by three typical heated source
distribution models, included the local heatedsource at the bottom of the room, the heatedsource
distributed evenly at the bottom and spatially homogeneous heatedsource in the room. The local
heated source at the bottom is the most common model. Floor heating system is a special model of
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the heatedsource distributed evenly at the bottom. The spatially homogeneous heatedsource is an
ideal model, which is difficult to exist in actual, so it could be considered that the indoor loadsare
evenly distributed in space, and the indoor loadsare equivalent to fever intensity of many unit
volume. The characteristics of air distribution effected by three typical heatedsource models were
studied in the air conditioning room of the lateral supply air method, the scope of rational
arrangement of indoor personnel activity areas was obtained.By exploring the three typical
heatedsource models to help analyzethe indoor air distribution of various actual heatedsource
under the air supply conditions. The research results showed that,when the air supply conditions of
room in certain circumstance, the attenuation of temperature and velocity of the spatial uniformity
heatedsource was less than the other two models. When the heatedsource distributed evenly at the
bottom of room, the temperature gradient of this kind of models was less than others, the
maximum range of temperature up to 4.5 ° C. When the local heatedsource at the bottom of room,
the cold jet flow inclined downward from the air outlet of room made temperature distribution and
velocity distribution highly homogeneous, we analyzed the characteristics of indoor temperature
and velocity distribution with evaluation norm, measured the ADPI <80% of indoor personnel
activity areas. The air-conditioning design should be considered reasonably based on the
interaction of different indoor heatedsourceand the flow air in actual operations, gated the
reasonable parameters of air-conditioned environment in the room.
D-3-07
Numerical simulation of velocity field characteristics of free falling
bulk materials affected by the dust suppression guide plate
Feng Zepeng.1 and Liu Zeqin2 ,Wu Zhenjing
Tianjin University of Commerce, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin, 300134, China
The greater dust has been generated on the point of fall by free falling bulk materials
belonging to the gas-solid two-phase flow. Although the dusty air can be extracted from the
high-lift draught fan adopted in the high-energy dust removal and ventilation system, there are
amounts of dust escaped and scattering to the ambient to pollute the environment. This paper
assumed the method to install an adjustable angle of inclination of guide plate of dust
suppression on the device to receive the free falling bulk solids. By using the guide plate of dust
suppression, the scattering directions of amounts of dust produced by the collision between the
free falling bulk materials and the receiving device could be controlled artificially, and the
efficiency of dust removal and ventilation system extracting the scattering dust could be
improved, which can achieve the purpose of energy saving in industrial applications. The
numerical simulation was adopted in this paper to simulate the motion trailand velocity field of
the free falling bulk solid by the computational fluid dynamics software, and explored the
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effects of the dust extraction by physical parameters (particle size, particle density, etc.) and
environmental parameters (inclination angle of guide plate, mass flow-rate of the free falling
bulk solids, falling height of the bulk, etc.), and the optimal decision of dust extraction guide
plate could be obtained. The results of the numerical simulation showed that, when the height of
the free falling bulk was constant, the dedusting efficiency of the guide plate of dust suppression
with a certain radian was more obvious than the guide plate of dust suppression without the
radian, the dedusting efficiency was increased obviously with increasing the radian of the guide
plate, the dedusting efficiency to match the best when the radian of guide plate of dust
suppression increased to π value.The dedusting efficiency is increased with increasing the
angle of inclination of guide plate, and when the angle of inclination of guide plate of dust
suppression increased to a certain value, the dedusting efficiency receded with continued
increasing the angle of inclination of guide plate of dust suppression.
D-3-09
Numerical Simulation of Impact of Indoor Thermal Environment
Characteristics in Winter by Vertical Wall Attached Jet Flow
Xia Xuejiao, Liu Zeqin, Ma Liying
Tianjin University of Commerce, Key Laboratory of Tianjin Refrigeration Technology, Tianjin, 3
00134, China
The method of the air supply formed by the vertical wall attached jet flow is powered by the
slot air inlet installed directly on the cooling load exterior wall. The influence of the thermal
comfort from the indoor thermal environment can be alleviated. According to consider the human
body comfortable and the characteristics of the supply air in winter, the numerical simulation was
used to explored the indoor air temperature distribution and the velocity filed impacted by the
attached jet flow from the slot air inlet. The results of the numerical simulation were calculated by
the computational fluid dynamics’ softwareANSYS-CFX. It was found that, the full attached jet
flow could be formed on the wall when the speed of air supply was 3.5 meter per second. The
vertical air temperature differenceof the room was reduced with increasing the velocity of jet flow.
The requirement of the relevant national standards might be satisfied when the speed of air supply
in air jet was between 3 and 4 meter per second, and the air velocity in occupied zone was
between 0.15 and 0.25 meter per second. When the speed of air supply was 3.5 meter per second
and the air velocity in occupied zone was 0.177 meter per second, the energy saving and human
body comfort could be both given consideration. The distribution of the room air temperature was
uniformity,and the influence of the human comfort from the cold wall and the vertical temperature
difference could be completely eliminated. The requirements of the air supply in winter might be
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achieved. In order to improve the thermal comfort and saving energy, the appropriate speed of air
supply should be adjusted depending on the real situationin applications.
D-3-11
Numerical simulation of indoor thermal environment characteristics
affected by stratum ventilation
Zuo Zhenjun and Liu Zeqin
Tianjin University of Commerce, Key Laboratory of Tianjin Refrigeration Technology, Tianjin,
300134, China
A typical office building with stratum ventilation as the research object was studied in this
paper. CFX Fluid Computation software was used to numerical simulate the characteristics of
indoor thermal environment effected by 19℃ supply air temperature and 8 ventilation rates. The
indoor supply air speed was set ranging from 0.1 m/s to 1m/s, with a velocity change interval of
0.1m/s. Numerical simulate was carried out to analysis temperature field, velocity field and
thermal comfort in the human activity area of the building under different indoor supply air speed,
all of these simulations were analyzed under the condition that the constant heat source was
provided and the building’s external structures are heat insulating. The numerical simulate results
showed that, the obvious thermal stratification occured in the vertical direction. The thermal
stratification boundary was 0.9 meter height above the floor. The air temperature above the
occupied zone increasing with height increased gradually, while the air temperature in human
activity area reduced as height increased gradually. In the human activity area, the temperature in
head area was the lowest and the temperature in foot area is the highest. From the results of
numerical simulation, it can be seen that the average temperature of the human activity area is
higher than the average temperature in the area which is above 1.2 meter. Such thermal
stratification met the demand of building energy conservation and the human thermal comfort.
Obvious velocity stratification can also be seen from the velocity profile,air flow presented
laminar flow state in the area above 1.2 meter, while the air flow under 1.2 meter presented
turbulent state. When the supply air speed was controlled between 0.5m/s to 0.9m/s, the thermal
comfort, as well as air supply efficiency in the human activity area was relative satisfactory. With
the constant fresh air ventilated to the breathing zone, the air quality could be improved.
D-3-12
Numerical simulation and analysis of indoor thermal environment of
three air supply modes
Zheng Chenxiao and Liu Zeqin
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Tianjin University of Commerce, Key Laboratory of Tianjin Refrigeration Technology, Tianjin,
300134, China.
The method of CFD calculation has been used in this paper to simulate the indoor thermal
environment effected by three air supply modes based on the fixed point heated source. The
indoor air distribution and temperature field with thermal comfort were analyzed in the paper. The
study results showed that, the room occupied zone was basically in the return flow zone under the
airflow mode of the upper supply and bottom return. . The supply air and the indoor air were fully
mixed, and the airflow velocity in occupied zone was lower. The room air distribution of upper
supply and top return mode was similar to the upper supply and bottom returnmode. The occupied
zone was also in the return flow zone. The supply air and the indoor air were mixed fully, and the
air velocity in working area was lower. By comparing both of them, it was found that the vortex
intensity of upper supply and top return air supply mode was greater than that of upper supply and
bottom return air mode. The room occupied zone under the mode of bottom supply was in the
return flow zone and the vortex zone. The air velocity was slower than that of upper supply and
top return mode as well as upper supply and bottom returnmode. The mixability of supply air and
indoor air was lower than that of upper supply and top return mode as well as upper supply and
bottom returnmode. Due to the fact that the room occupied zone of upper supply mode was
basically in the return flow zone, so the supply air and indoor air were mixed more fully.
Therefore, the indoor temperature distribution of upper supply mode was relatively uniform. The
upper supply and top return mode was slightly better than upper supply and bottom return mode.
The temperature in occupied zone under the mode of bottom supply was slightly lower than that of
upper supply mode. The value of Predicted Percent Dissatisfied near the air conditioning floor
surface (height z=0.2m) reached the minimum with the mode of upper supply and top return and
the maximum with the mode of upper supply and bottom return. The value of Predicted Percent
Dissatisfied in the personnel breathing zone (0.8m-1.6m) reached the minimum with the mode of
bottom supply and top return and the maximum with the mode of upper supply and bottom return.
It can be seen that the mode of upper supply and top return is more comfortable according to the
evaluation index of human thermal comfort in occupied zone.
D-3-14
Experimental Study and Numerical Simulation on Reed Valve Thrust
Coefficient
Liu C.1, Guo B.1, Yang K.1, Chang YF.1, Fagotti F.2, Wang W.3
1
Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, P. R. China
2
EMBRACO Research & Development Group, P.O. Box 91, 89219-901 Joinville, SC, Brazil
3
Beijing Embraco Snowflake Compressor Co., Ltd, Beijing, 101312, P. R. China
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The valve movement is essential in the performance simulation of a refrigeration compressor.
Thrust coefficient is defined for the valve to establish the relationship of gas force and gas
pressure difference on the valve in our simulation model. However, it is usually hard to obtain the
thrust coefficient of the reed valve. In this study, experimental research on the measurement of the
thrust coefficients of reed valves, including a suction valve and a discharge valve, were done with
air as the working medium. A method of measuring the reed valve thrust coefficients was
presented. The gas force acting on the valve, the pressure difference across the valve and the lift of
the reed valve under a certain flow rate were measured at the same time. Due to the characteristic
of the reed valve, a strain gauge was used to measure the greed valve thrust coefficient. The
experiments, including the calibrating experiment and the measuring experiment, were shown in
this paper. In the calibrating experiment, the relationships of the stress on the valve root with the
gas force and with the valve lift were determined. In the measuring experiment, the gas force and
the valve lift were indirectly obtained by measuring the stress on the valve root. The pressure
difference across the valve was measured by a U tube. Then the thrust coefficient in a certain
valve lift can be calculated by measured gas force and pressure difference. Based on the
experimental data, the correlation function between the thrust coefficient and the reed valve lift
were obtained by curve fitting using the method of least squares. In addition, Computational Fluid
Dynamics model was built to explore the distribution of force on the reed valve under different
valve lifts. In this model, an equivalent moment method to obtain equivalent force, corresponding
to the force on the valve measured in the experiment, was presented. Then Computational Fluid
Dynamics modeling results were verified against the experimental data. Furthermore numerical
simulation results indicated that no matter working medium is R600a or air, the thrust coefficient
is almost the same. It is also found that the thrust coefficient of the reed valve is always an
approximate constant as a function of the valve lift.
D-3-18
Numerical simulation of velocity field characteristics of free falling
particle plume affected by mass flow rate
Liu Lingyu, Liu Zeqin and Li Xiaojian
Tianjin University of Commerce, Key Laboratory of Tianjin Refrigeration Technology , Tianjin,
300134, China
The study of velocity field characteristics of free falling particle plume is part of the basic
application research of gas-solid two phase flow. The Computational Fluid Dynamic Software
FLUENT was adopted in this paper. The numerical simulation was carried out to study the
influence of particle mass flow rate to the particle velocity field characteristics of free falling
particle plume.That was the influence of particle mass flow rate to the particle velocity. In the
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process of numerical simulation, four different particle mass flow rates were selected, 2.5g/s, 5 g/s,
10 g/s and 20 g/s, respectively. The air density was 1.225kg/m3 and the initial velocity of air in the
particle plume was 0.002m/s. Besides the initial velocity of particle was 0.02m/s, the particle size
was 160mm. Realizable k-εmodel was chosen in the numerical simulation. This model was used to
do coupling calculation of the particles and the air. Through DPM model, FLUENT was applied to
simulate the dynamic feature of free falling particle stream. The results of the numerical
simulation showed that, the velocity of the outer boundary layer of gas-solid two phase coupling
was the smallest. The maximum velocity appeared in the middle axis of the free falling particle
stream. In the free falling process of the particle plume, the particle velocity changed with the
increasing of the falling height. When the particle velocity reached the maximum, it tended to be
stable. The maximum velocity of particle stream increased with the increasing of the particle mass
flow rate. When the mass flow rates were 2.5g/s, 5 g/s, 10 g/s and 20 g/s, the obtained maximum
velocity of free falling particle plume were 1.10 m/s, 1.12m/s, 1.30 m/s and 1.51 m/s, respectively.
And the particle velocity of smaller mass flow rate reached the maximum value could be shorter
time.
D-3-19
Experimental study of characteristics of particle plume flow field
affected by side wind
Liu Zeqin, Liu Lingyu and Bai Yanzhong
Tianjin University of Commerce, Key Laboratory of Tianjin Refrigeration Technology , Tianjin,
300134, China
This paper studied free falling particle plume with the characteristics of gas-solid two phase
flow. The multifunctional testing rig had been constructed, and the characteristics of velocity field
of free falling particle plume affected by environmental air were explored. Namely the variable
rules of the offset distance and the velocity of free falling particle plume were affected by the side
wind. Bulk solid SiO2 was selected as the testing material in the experiment. The size of SiO2 was
567.13mm and the density was 2.582g/ml. The initial hopper diameter was 6mm and mass flow
rate of particle stream was 5.2g/s. The air volume test rig was used to supply the constant
environmental wind. The high-speed camera was used to track particle movement of free falling
particle volume. And INSIGHT-3G software analyzed these captured images to calculate the
particle velocity of free falling particle plume. The experimental results showed that, the offset
distance and velocity of free falling particle plume increased with increasing the drop distance of
the particle stream. And it was found in the case of the same falling height in testing, the bigger
crosswind velocity, the greater offset distance and velocity of free falling particle plume. When the
free falling height of particle stream was in the range of 0~90mm, the velocity of particle plume
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showed a growth of quadratic curve. And when the drop distance of the particle plume was in the
range of 0~40mm, there is a small effect on the velocity of particle plume by the side wind speed.
When the falling height of particle stream extended to 90mm, the velocity of particle plume
tended to a certain value, the greater the side wind speed, the larger the velocity value of the
particle stream. And when the drop distance of free falling particle plume was greater than 100
mm, the influence of side wind to the offset distance of particle plume was increased gradually, the
bigger the wind speed, the greater the growth rate of the offset distance of particle stream.
D-3-20Theoretical prediction and experimental validation of onset of flooding for
liquid nitrogen and the vaporin an inclined tube
ZHANG XiaoBin, YAO Lei, CHEN JianYe, ZHANG Wei, Xiong Wei, ZHANG XueJun, QIU LiMin
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
This paper predicts the onset of flooding for the countercurrent flow of liquid nitrogen and its
vapor in an inclined pipe based on the linear stability theory. Firstly, a theoretical solutions for the
critical relative velocity associated with the interfacial instability was derived using the linear
stability theory. Then, the solutions are used to predict the onset of flooding by specifying the
calculations of disturbed wave length, which is assumed to be proportional to the unperturbed
liquid film thickness. The proportionalcoefficient is the function of the tube diameter, inclination
and physical properties of the fluids. To validate the feasibility of the correlation applied to the
cryogenic situations, avisualization experimental facilityfor flooding measurement with liquid
nitrogen and its vapor as working fluids in an inclined tube was built. The setup measures both
flow rates of liquid nitrogen and its vapor and pressure drop. The flow pattern was also recorded
by a high-speed camera to observe the developing processes of flooding. The comparison shows
that the proposed correlation accords well with the experimental data for room temperature fluids
in published literatures as well as the cryogenic ones in this study.
D-4-11
Cryogenic temperature mechanical properties of 40CrNiMoA alloy
constructional steel
Gu Kaixuan1,2, Zhang Hong1, Wang Junjie1, Wang Sixian1,2
Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, TIPC, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
2
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Cryogenic temperature mechanical properties of 40CrNiMoA alloy constructional steel were
studied. The tensile properties and impact properties in 20℃，-20℃，-40℃，-60℃，-80℃，
-100℃ and -196℃ were tested. The tested materials experienced oil quenching at 850℃ and
then tempering at 620℃. Both the heat treatments were conducted in vacuum conditions.
Microstructure of raw and heat treated materials were detected by the S-4300 Scanning Electron
1
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Microscope (SEM) which made by Hitachi. The results showed that tempered martensite formed
after final heat treatment, and then ultra-fine carbide particles dispersed in the martensite matrix.
The universal tensile testing machine was used to test the tensile properties according to the
standard of GB/T228-2007. The JBN-300 impact testing machine was used to the Charpy impact
test according to the standard of GB/T229-2007. The low temperature from -20℃ to -100℃
acquired by mixing liquid nitrogen and alcohol. The liquid nitrogen was used directly for the test
in -196℃. The results showed that the tensile strength and yield strength both increased with the
drop of temperature. The percentage of elongation changed slightly in the whole temperature
range which meant the ductility keep steady in cryogenic temperature. However, the reduction of
area reduced rapidly from -100℃ to -196℃. The impact toughness of 40CrNiMoA reduced with
the drop of temperature. There was no obvious ductile to brittle transition point for this steel. The
change of impacting energy was continuous. It still kept high fracture toughness in -80℃. As a
kind of alloy constructional steel, 40CrNiMoA have excellent mechanical properties in cryogenic
temperature. Therefore, this steel is appropriate for the application of cryogenic environment such
as spacecraft.
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