Construction and Demolition Waste Management
A Contractor’s Guide for Organizing Waste Diversion
Hinkley Center for Solid and Hazardous Waste Management
- Hinkley Center for Solid and Hazardous Waste Management -
- Hinkley Center for Solid and Hazardous Waste Management -
Construction and Demolition Waste Management
A Contractor’s Guide for Organizing Waste Diversion
Hinkley Center for Solid and Hazardous Waste Management
- Hinkley Center for Solid and Hazardous Waste Management -
- Hinkley Center for Solid and Hazardous Waste Management -
Introduction
Welcome
The following document aims to provide responsible contractors with a guide for
managing the waste generated on their construction projects. The document will
C&D is used as an abbreviation
discuss the current statistics relevant to C&D waste. These statistics emphasize the
for Construction and
importance of limiting the amount of waste discarded to landfills. Following these
Demolition.
statistics is a series of techniques contractors can utilize for waste reduction. Methods
are discussed for preconstruction, construction, and post-construction phases of a
project. If used properly, this document should be an effective method for developing a
waste management plan, limiting C&D waste, and improving the current environmental
conditions.
Throughout the document, supplementary information and relevant definitions are
located in the green column next to the main text. This information may be helpful for
individuals who are unfamiliar with the C&D industry and its terms.
Table of Contents
Background and Approach
1
USGBC and Connection
2
Waste Issues in Florida
3
University of Florida Success
4
University of Florida Case Study
5
Material Selection Criteria
6
Process
Preconstruction
7
Construction
8
Post Construction
10
Conclusion
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- Hinkley Center for Solid and Hazardous Waste Management -
Background and Approach
Background and Statistics
Construction and Demolition Debris (C&D) is defined in Florida Statute 403.703 as
“Discarded materials generally considered to be not water-soluble and
nonhazardous in nature, including, but not limited to, steel, glass, brick,
concrete, asphalt roofing material, pipe, gypsum wallboard, and lumber, from
the construction or destruction of a structure as part of a construction or
demolition project or from the renovation of a structure, and includes rocks,
soils, tree remains, trees, and other vegetative matter that normally results
from land clearing or land development operations for a construction project,
including such debris from construction of structures at a site remote from the
construction or demolition project site.”
Currently, the U.S. EPA estimates more than 136 million tons of debris is generated
U.S. EPA is an abbreviation for
annually by building-related construction and demolition. This value indicates that over
United States Environmental
40% of the C&D and municipal solid wastestream is a direct result of the construction
Protection Agency.
industry. Considering that the construction industry accounts for only 8% of the GDP,
the amount of waste generated is not proportional. These statistics confirm the urgent
need for modification of the techniques currently used in the C&D industry.
Approach
Waste Management Plans are
Some modifications are presently being developed and tested in the C&D industries.
The formation of Waste Management Plans has, thus far, proven to successfully reduce
also referred to as Waste
Diversion Plans.
the total quantity of waste transferred to a landfill. In general, these plans aim to limit the
amount of waste transported from C&D sites to landfills. The plans achieve this by
incorporating a series of waste reduction techniques appropriate to the project. Some of
the techniques commonly used in Waste Management Plans are appropriate material
USGBC is an abbreviation for
selection, construction site arrangement, recycling appropriate materials, and proper
United States Green Building
documentation.
Council.
Waste Management Plans are frequently used if a construction project sets a goal to
limit the negative environmental impacts resulting from the construction. Usually these
LEED is an abbreviation for
Leadership in Energy and
projects aim to achieve a sustainable certification. Currently, the most common certification Environmental Design.
system used is the USGBC’s LEED rating system.
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USGBC and Connection
USGBC and LEED Green Building Rating Systems
LEED Green Building Rating
Systems: New Construction and
Waste management practices are also seen in the USGBC’s LEED rating systems.
Major Renovations, Existing
The USGBC has been highly effective in changing the environmental ethics of
Building Operation and
construction. The USGBC aims to improve conventional construction methods by
Maintenance Improvements,
implementing a series of LEED Green Building Rating Systems. Currently the most
Commercial Interiors, Building
Core and Shell, Schools, Retail,
popularly used rating system is LEED for New Construction and Major Renovations
Healthcare, Homes, and
(LEED-NC). The LEED-NC rating system classifies the 69 possible points into six
Neighborhood Development.
categories: Sustainable Sites, Water Efficiency, Energy and Atmosphere, Materials and
Resources, Indoor Environmental Quality, and Innovation and Design Process. Each
category contains a series of possible credits relating to the category that the project team
can achieve during planning, construction, and building operation.
Connection to Waste Management
Each credit is detailed by intent,
requirements, possible options,
potential technologies and
strategies, and the number of
points available.
The Materials and Resources category previously discussed is the most relevant
category when discussing waste management. The second credit under the MR category
is titled Construction Waste Management. This credit offers up to two points for properly
managing construction waste on the project. One point is awarded to projects that
successfully divert 50% of the total waste generated from construction or demolition. The
One additional point can be
achieved as an exemplary
performance credit under the
second point is awarded for diverting 75% of the total waste. The quantity of total waste
Innovation and Design category
does not include any hazardous materials.
if 95% of the total waste is
In order to achieve these credits simply, the contractor should form a plan to achieve a
diverted.
number of goals, ultimately aiming to reduce the waste transferred to a landfill. This plan is,
in fact, a Waste Management Plan. Usually these plans include analyzing the project, site
set-up, researching materials recyclability, getting the subcontractors and workers
involved, and compiling pertinent documentation.
Proper preparation of the Waste Management Plan will ensure the construction project
generates minimal waste. Though used infrequently at this time, projects that do utilize
waste management plans see positive results. The following section documents the
success The University of Florida has experienced through use of waste management
plans for eleven LEED certified buildings on the campus.
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Waste Issues in Florida
Florida
Before the USGBC and LEED movement, there was little influencing or governing a
For additional legislative and
contractor’s requirement to recycle. Until 1997, Florida had minimal requirements for
regulatory background read
C&D recycling. In 1988, legislation established C&D recycling goals for each county, but
C&D Debris Recycling Study:
it wasn’t until 1997 that this C&D disposal legislation was reinforced. The stricter
Final Report.
disposal requirements resulted in increased desire to recycle C&D debris.
Alachua County
In Alachua County, the enforcement of legislature may have been the cause for the
lower percentage of C&D waste in 1998. The Florida Department of Environmental
Protection recognized C&D waste in Alachua County as 17% in 1998, while the
percentage of C&D waste in 1996, 1997, 1999, and 2000 were between 23% and 29%.
For additional information on
Waste in Florida Counties visit
http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/
These figures remained steady both before and after the drop in 1998. It wasn’t until 2004
that a decrease in C&D waste was observed again.
In 2004, The Florida Department of Environmental Protection credited C&D Waste for
14% of the total waste generated in Alachua County. It was also in 2004 that the first LEED
certified building was built on the University of Florida campus. This figure is down
drastically from 29% in 2000, and is also a great accomplishment compared to the national
C&D percentage; estimated to be 40%.
Map of Florida and Alachua
County obtained from Wikimedia
Commons and can be
downloaded here. The city of
Gainesville is highlighted in red.
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University of Florida Success
The University of Florida
This decrease of C&D waste recorded in 2004 in Alachua County may be a result of
the University of Florida’s efforts to build highly efficient buildings. With use of the
USGBC’s LEED Green Building Rating Systems, the University of Florida has constructed
eleven certified buildings to date. The University currently has thirty-one projects
registered with the USGBC. All future construction aims to achieve certification.
In fact, all new construction at the University of Florida is required by the college to
Visit University of Florida’s
Facilities Planning and
achieve a LEED Gold Certification. Since the university currently requires high standards
Construction at:
for building efficiency, reaching certification does not require much additional cost or
http://www.facilities.ufl.edu/.
effort. The university has a number of methods in place to ensure the success of all
construction projects.
One of the methods utilized is the University of Florida Solid Waste Reduction
Program. This program offers recycling of paper products, cardboard, plastics, batteries,
scrap metal, yard debris, glass, lumber, and a variety of other materials. This program, in
conjunction with various contractors’ Waste Management Plans, has allowed
approximately 82% of the waste produced on a project attaining MRc2.1 or 2.2 credits to
be diverted from landfills, as shown in the figure below. The success of the University of
Florida’s Recycling and Waste Management Plans may be responsible for the drastic
The figure provided here is an
decrease recorded in C&D waste in Alachua County over the past four years.
analysis of the University of
Florida LEED certified projects
attaining MRc2.1 and/or 2.2.
The projects highlighted in blue
have achieved certification while
projects in white are awaiting
certification. The column
highlighted in green provides
total material quantities (in tons)
for all University projects aiming
to achieve points under MRc2.
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University of Florida Case Study
M.E. Rinker Hall
M.E. Rinker Hall was completed in 2003 and awarded LEED Gold certification in 2004.
The building was constructed by Centex Rooney Construction Company. Housed on the
University of Florida campus, the buildings intended use is for the students and faculty of
the M.E. Rinker, Sr. School of Building Construction.
General Information
 Built in 2003.
 Gross Square Footage Totals 46,530.
 Facilities include Classrooms, Laboratories, Faculty Offices, & Campus Support Services.
 Building accommodates four research centers: Shimberg Center for Affordable Housing,
Powell Center for Construction and Environment, Fluor Program for Construction Safety,
Center for Collective Protection
LEED Facts





UF’s First LEED certified building.
Used LEED-NC Rating System.
Achieved 40 out of 69 possible points.
Achieved a Gold Rating.
Project utilizes rainwater harvesting, reclaimed water for irrigation, waterless urinals,
utilized regional materials, and 50% energy savings over the ASHRAE 90.1 standard.
Waste Diversion Achievements
 Achieved both MRc2.1 and 2.2
 Diverted 84% of total waste generated on project.
 Successfully recycled asphalt, concrete, cardboard, gypsum board, and steel.
The waste diversion achievements on the Rinker School were a direct result of the
M. E. Rinker Hall
C&D Waste and Diversion
well-developed Waste Management Plan created by Centex Rooney Construction and
representatives from the University of Florida. The Waste Management Plan began by
analyzing the project by each phase of construction. For the preconstruction phase, the
Asphalt
18%
Waste
16%
Cardboard
and Paper
0%
Sub-base
21%
team developed a plan to select appropriate materials, purchase the correct quantity, set
up the site successfully, and set waste diversion goals. During planning for the
construction phase, the team would monitor the plan, supervise workers’ ability to handle
Metals and
Plastics
0%
Land and
Site Debris
6%
Concrete,
CMU, Brick
38%
Gypsum
1%
and dispose of materials properly, and document the waste created and diverted. Post
construction the team would complete the appropriate documents for the USGBC and
determine the victories and failures of the project to ensure success on the next project.
During the actual construction, the team followed the Waste Management Plan and
achieved their goal, satisfying both MRc2.1 and 2.2 by diverting 84% of the waste
generated. The success was a direct result of the team’s ability to follow the Waste
Management Plan.
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Material Selection Criteria
Process for Selecting Appropriate Construction Materials
The following explains the appropriate process for selecting and purchasing
construction materials. Each suggestion is detailed with a clear objective and strategies
helpful to achieve the objective.
Resource Quantity
 Objective: Since the overall aim of waste management is to limit the amount of waste produced,
material purchasing would be the root of the goal. By purchasing less of a material, the resource
will be used in smaller amounts and more efficiently. Ultimately, there will be less waste.
 Strategy: In order to achieve this task, a capable material estimation technique should be
utilized. This method should be evaluated at the conclusion of each project to ensure the
method is up-to-date and capable of outputting acceptable quantities. Purchasing materials in a
series, as opposed to in bulk, may also cut down on resource quantity. During the last purchase
only what is needed will be ordered. This will also limit the amount of materials onsite, and the
materials exposure to weather and other damaging factors.
The strategies documented here
were developed by Public
Technology Inc. in association
with the USGBC. These
strategies were part of a
resource efficiency document
presented in the Sustainable
Building Technical Manual.
Reused Materials
 Objective: There are a number of products and materials that can be easily reused. Some of
these products include doors, glass, and metals. Though deconstructing to be sure products are
reusable might cause additional effort, the cost savings of using a salvaged material can be
considerable. The goal is to keep these useful materials and products away from a landfill.
 Strategy: Contact a salvage company. The salvage company can assist by coming on-site and
removing valuables or by providing the project with valuable products for reuse. Either way, the
materials will avoid becoming waste. Utilizing enough of these materials can provide up to two
LEED credits: Materials and Resources credit 3.1 and 3.2.
Recycled Content
 Objective: Utilizing materials with recycled content limits negative effects on the natural
environment in two ways: fewer resources must be extracted from the environment and the
recycled material used for replacing the resources is diverted from a landfill (waste diversion).
 Strategy: Purchase materials with a high percentage of recycled content. Recycle all waste
capable of being used in creating a recyclable product. Utilizing enough of these materials can
provide up to two LEED credits: Materials and Resources credit 4.1 and 4.2.
Life Cycle Cost
 Objective: Selecting a product or material based on the Life Cycle Cost is advantageous for the
future of the building. Some materials will not outlast the life of the building, for this reason they
will have to be replaced and may end up in a landfill.
 Strategy: Select products based on the Life Cycle Cost to ensure the products will not need to
be replaced in the near future. By expanding the life of the product, it will not need to be
replaced as often. Replacing a product less will ultimately result in less products failing and
ending up in a landfill. Therefore selecting materials with a longer life span will ultimately divert
waste.
Rapidly Renewable Resources
 Objective: The USGBC defines these resources as a material or product “made from plants that
are typically harvested within a ten year cycle or shorter.” The goal of utilizing these resources is
to limit the use of nonrenewable resources.
 Strategy: Purchase and use rapidly renewable resources to replace other resources not capable
of quick renewability. These materials may include bamboo, cotton insulation, or cork. If enough
rapidly renewable resources are used, it can provide an additional LEED credit: Materials and
Resources credit 6.
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Process
Preconstruction Tasks
Preconstruction is the phase of
the construction process that
The following process outlines the activities and tasks that should be followed during
comes before the actual
preconstruction. These activities and tasks will ensure proper preparation for a successful
construction of the structure.
Waste Management Plan. There are four main activities divided into multiple tasks. The
This process usually includes
first activity requires the development of the project’s goals for waste management. It is
initiating and aligning the project
team, discovering the project
imperative that these goals are realistic to the project and reiterated to all parties
requirements, finding project
throughout the project’s duration.
boundaries, and developing a
1. Develop main goals of the Waste Management Plan.
 GOAL 1: This project will generate the least amount of waste possible.
 GOAL 2: The majority of the waste created on this project will be recycled.
 GOAL 3: Work to guarantee full involvement in the plan.
 GOAL 4: Be knowledgeable of Waste Management Plan’s progress and efficiency.
budget and schedule.
2. Explore required materials.
 Run through project plans and specifications and determine what materials will be utilized
on the project and may produce waste.
 Determine the amount of materials that will be sufficient yet produce the least waste.
 When purchasing materials consider the material selection criteria previously discussed:
resource quantity, reused materials, recycled content, etc.
 Examine specifications for areas in which recycled materials can be used as an alternate
to the materials selected by the architect or owner.
 Refer to Construction Material Purchasing and Planning Guide to ensure materials
selected are as beneficial to environment as possible.
 Utilize the Waste Diversion Assessment Plan to estimate anticipated waste for
materials on the project. Also using this document, determine which facilities in the area
will divert the estimated waste and what diversion method will be used to ensure
maximum recyclability.
 Set the Project Diversion Goal at the bottom of the Diversion Assessment Plan. “This
project will divert XX% (by weight) of the total waste generated.”
Purchasing and Planning
3. Select a Waste Management Coordinator
 Qualify and select a Waste Management Coordinator to ensure worker involvement and
proper organization of the diversion process. Individual should posses a LEED AP
certification and be knowledgeable in waste diversion practices.
 The Coordinator should contact the chosen recycling and waste facilities to inquire which
materials are acceptable, acquire the necessary dumpsters and/or recycling receptacles,
and organize collections and/or drop offs for the duration of the project. Be sure these
facilities can provide proof of trash/recyclables weight and receipts tracking the transfers.
 The Coordinator should be aware and confident in the Project Diversion Goal.
 The Coordinator should ensure each subcontractor is familiar with the LEED process,
especially Material and Resource credits 2.1 and 2.2.
 The Coordinator should present the Waste Management Plan, goals, and Project
Diversion Goal to each subcontractor and key players on the project. These individuals
must agree to the plan and sign-off on the goal sheet. Be sure the goals and policies also
exist in the Subcontractor’s contract with the General Contractor.
 The Coordinator should assist management in organizing the project site.
The Construction Material
Guide details a variety of
construction materials. The
document specifies effective
methods for purchasing, efficient
instructions for use and
handling, and also provides a
series of reuse and/or disposal
strategies for each construction
material included.
When utilizing the Waste
Diversion Assessment Plan
consulting the Construction
Material Purchasing and
Planning Guide is a helpful way
to determine a suitable diversion
method for each material.
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Process
Preconstruction Tasks (Continued)
4. Set up project for the success of the Waste Management Plan.
a. Site:
 Determine how many bins and of what size will be required for this specific project.
Depending on the type of building and project requirements, bins could be provided for all
or some of the following: asphalt, cardboard, concrete/CMU/brick, glass, gypsum board,
paper, plastic, metal, and wood.
 When selecting bins consider larger receptacles with multiple compartments. Also
consider smaller bins to place in more locations for materials that will be recycled more
frequently. Smaller bins with wheels are advantageous for end of the day collection into
the larger bin.
 Set up a site plan that will designate the main location for waste and recycling containers,
as well as locations for smaller bins. Smaller bins should be located by workspaces
needing these bins.
 Be sure the dumpsters and recycling receptacles are easily accessible for pick-up.
 Be sure each dumpster or receptacle is marked to clearly identify which materials are
acceptable: “Metal Only,” “Concrete/Rubble,” “Clean Wood,” etc.
 Mark areas for material storage to protect from weathering or other damage.
 Set up a mutual cutting area. This ensures reuse of materials before cutting of new ones.
b. Office:
 Designate an area for the office or jobsite trailer to establish receptacles.
 Provide separate bins for recyclable materials: aluminum, plastic, paper, ink cartridges,
etc.
 Assign a specific area for filing the Waste Management Plan, Goals, and all corresponding
documents.
Construction Tasks
Setting up smaller waste
collection bins at worksites will
allow workers to recycle their
materials quickly without having
to travel from their workstation
and waste valuable time.
Designating smaller bins to a
specific trade will result in one
waste material filling most of the
bin. This will allow for easy site
separation.
Construction is the phase of the
project during which physical
The following process outlines the activities and tasks that should be followed during
materials begin to form the
actual project duration. Perhaps the most important activity during the entire procedure is
structure. This phase includes
listed second: Managing the Waste Diversion Process. The tasks scheduled during this
preparing the project site,
activity must be performed successfully to ensure the success of the plan. Managing the
providing a foundation, building
vertically, constructing a roof,
process should be performed by a competent and capable individual known as the Waste
and finishing the interior and
Management Coordinator; who was selected during the pre-construction tasks.
exterior of the structure.
1.
Materials





Follow tips provided on Construction Material Purchasing and Planning Guide to
ensure efficient use, proper handling, disposal methods and reuse strategies of specific
materials.
Carefully handle and store materials to ensure no materials are broken and materials can
be reused where possible.
Return any excess materials that are not used to the vendor. If they cannot be returned
offer to the owner, workers, or donate the materials to a charity before considering it
waste.
Coordinate material deliveries with schedule to minimize the amount of time materials are
onsite and exposed to weathering or damage.
Maintain construction equipment properly to guarantee maximum life.
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Process
Construction Tasks (Continued)
2. Managing the Waste Diversion Process
 Management should monitor Waste Management Coordinator to make certain the
following responsibilities are completed appropriately.
 The Coordinator must remind subcontractors of the goals and responsibilities for the
Waste Management Plan. This should be done throughout the entire project duration.
 The Coordinator should also post the Waste Management Goals in a prominent location
for all to view.
 The Coordinator should provide tours to all workers, ensuring their knowledge of proper
waste sorting and placement.
 The Coordinator should provide each subcontractor with a site plan clearly marking which
areas are designated for storage, cutting, and recycling.
 Trash and recycle bins should be clearly marked with acceptable materials.
 The Coordinator should be present at safety or toolbox meetings to remind workers of
their commitment to waste diversion. This is also an effort to keep workers motivated.
 Coordinator must monitor each subcontractor and worker’s actions to ensure the proper
placement of recyclable materials.
 Subcontractors should aim to reuse their own materials on the project. If not possible,
subcontractors can save their materials for a future project.
 Subcontractors should aim to keep their waste separate from other’s waste to ensure
easy separation for recycling.
 If it is found that workers are not taking initiative to separate the materials, require them
to pick through the trash they produced and hand separate the materials. This will limit
contamination by workers in the future.
 Suppliers should be urged to use sturdy pallets and pick them up for reuse.
 Coordinator should periodically check receptacles and trash to make sure materials are
not in the wrong bin.
 When a dumpster or recycling receptacle is full it is the Waste Diversion Coordinator’s
duty to arrange a pick-up.
 The Coordinator must oversee proper procedure for all documentation of waste and
diverted materials.
Remember: It is crucial for the
Waste Coordinator to remind
subcontractors of their
responsibilities and to ensure
proper execution of the waste
management program.
The Jobsite C&D Debris Log
will assist the project team and
Waste Management Coordinator
3. Documentation
 Upon dumpster or recycling bin removal, fill out a Jobsite C&D Debris Log. Be sure this
document is filled out fully with material descriptions, quantity of materials diverted and
taken to the landfill, totals of these materials, location materials were taken to, and finally
signed by the appropriate parties and filed correctly.
 Get verification from waste facilities of diverted and non-diverted waste. Any verification
from the collection facility, such as receipts or pull tickets, should be attached to the
Jobsite C&D Debris Log. File these documents correctly.
 Utilize Jobsite C&D Debris Logs to create a monthly progress report to present to the
owner, subcontractors, and workers.
 Keep track of diversion costs and savings. Submit to appropriate department.
 Document plan with photographs throughout project duration. If possible keep a Photo
Log.
to document all waste
correspondence. If accurate
records are kept, each Job C&D
Debris Logs will provide the total
waste generated, waste diverted,
and percentage of waste
diverted for each pull. With the
percentage of waste diverted
from each pull and the Project
Please visit the appropriate appendices to better understand the requirements and
Diversion Goal located on the
documentation involved with the Waste Management process. The documents provided in
log, the Coordinator can easily
Appendices B through D can be used to estimate, log, and monitor the project’s waste
compare and track the waste
diversion progress of the project.
process. The documents can also be submitted to the USGBC as correspondence in
hopes of attaining MRc2 approval.
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Process and Conclusion
Post Construction Tasks
Post construction is the phase
during completion of the
Post construction tasks consist of two vital activities: further documentation and
construction project. This phase
awards. These activities are to be performed in the last phase of project completion. The
involves completion of punch-list
first of these tasks continues to explain the importance of proper documentation of the
items, owner approval, and
waste diversion and management process. Proper documentation will assist future project
project closeout.
teams in a few ways. Keeping accurate waste records will illustrate which materials
The Jobsite C&D Debris
produced excess waste. For future projects, the estimating, handling, and diversion
Project Totals is composed of
techniques associated with materials producing excess waste should be assessed.
two sheets. The first sheet can
1. Documentation
 Examine and total all Jobsite C&D Debris Logs.
 Fill out final Jobsite C&D Debris Project Totals
 Determine the percentage of Overall Waste Diverted in pounds.
 Compile all necessary documentation for LEED MRc2.1 and 2.2 to turn into USGBC.
 Compare percentage of Overall Waste Diverted to the Project Diversion Goal.
 Determine how efficient the project has managed the waste and what can be done to
improve the efficiency.
 Determine which materials had the largest amount of excess material and if the current
material estimating strategy should be reassessed.
 For future use, document which facilities were most accommodating at diverting waste.
be used as many times as
necessary and allows the project
team member to enter the data
from all Jobsite C&D Debris logs.
In fact, this sheet can be filled
out during project duration. The
second sheet totals all waste
data placed on the first sheet,
and thus, all waste data from the
2.
Awards

duration of the project. If used
In order to ensure future participation, provide Subcontractor’s who excelled in waste
diversion with a symbol of appreciation.
correctly, this sheet will provide
the USGBC with the percentage
of waste diverted and associated
Conclusion
applicable points if approved.
In summation there are a number of tasks and activities that must be performed in
order to have a successful waste management plan. Though all the mentioned tasks are
important, keeping proper documentation throughout the duration of the construction
project may be the most necessary task. Proper documentation will result in tracking
project progress, understanding successes and failures, correcting errors in the future,
developing a more efficient waste management plan, and achieving LEED certification. If
followed correctly, the activities and tasks included in the preconstruction, construction,
and post construction phases can successfully assist construction project teams in
assuring the maximum amount of waste is diverted from landfills and incinerators.
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