7
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor used in the
Electric Power System
Martin GERMAN-SOBEK, Ľubomír BEŇA, Roman CIMBALA∗
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to show the possibilities of using a thyristor controlled series capacitor TCSC, an
overview of WORLD’S INSTALLED TCSC PROJECTS and the modeling of TCSC in a simple electrical network
from the perspective of the power flow control by using MATLAB SimPowerSystem. Given the current pace of
the increasing electricity transmission and growth, the requirements for transit are to increase safety, capacity,
controllability and the flexibility of systems for the transmission of electricity, needed by the implementation of
certain measures and specialized equipment. Such specialized equipment is also TCSC from group of FACTS
devices.
Keywords: TCSC, FACTS, power flow control, power system, modelling of TCSC, SimPowerSystem
Introduction
The electricity is an everyday, as it were
an essential part of our life and need to get
electricity to the consumer in reliable and
specified quality. Transmission of electricity
in the interconnected, cooperating electricity
systems is steadily increasing due to
increasing growth in consumption and
electricity generation. While occur to
excessive
burden
of
transmission
equipment, which leads ultimately to a
disruption in electricity end-user. In addition,
there are other unforeseen disturbances and
situations of power system operation.
Technical development, which is essential
for electrical power engineering, brings in
this area new trends and solutions to various
problems in power system. In recent years in
the world are getting to the fore so-called
FACTS devices. It is modern semiconductor
components control equipment, which have
many potential uses. The issue of options for
using these facilities to improve the
performance and operation of power
systems is therefore a hot topic.
Significant device from the group FACTS
is a TCSC, which finds application in solving
many problems in the power system. Its
∗
Martin GERMAN-SOBEK, Eng.; Ľubomír BEŇA, Doc. Eng;
Roman CIMBALA, Prof. PhD – Technical University of
Košice, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics,
Department of Electric Power Engineering, Košice, Slovak
Republic.
properties can increase the power lines
transmission capacity and power flow
control. It also provides a wide range of other
uses to ensure effective, trouble-free and
economical operation of power systems.
Behaviour simulation of these devices is very
important before the real deployment of
these devices to the power system. Various
computing and simulation programs, which
help in understanding the activities and
setting appropriate parameters of these
devices, have found its application to
modelling and simulating these devices.
TCSC
TCSC (Thyristor Controlled Series
Capacitor) is a compensator consisting of
the series compensating capacitor, whereto
is parallel connected thyristors controlled
reactor (TCR), and it is one of FACTS
devices which are mainly used to control
active power flow in power system and
increase the transmission power lines
capacity.
TCSC is involved in a series to line (in
terminal) and allows changing impedance of
the transmission path and thus affecting the
power flows. Control is fast, efficient and
increased between the transmitted powers.
The basic scheme of TCSC device is shown
in the following figure [1].
8
ELECTROTEHNICĂ, ELECTRONICĂ, AUTOMATICĂ, 60 (2012), nr. 1
Figure 1. Basic diagram of TCSC [4]
The basic conceptual TCSC module
consists of a series capacitor C, connected
in parallel with the thyristors controlled
reactor LS, as shown in previous figure 1.
However, the practical TCSC module also
includes protective equipment normally
installed with series capacitor [4].
An actual TCSC systems usually consist
of a cascade combination of many such
TCSC modules, together with a fixed series
capacitor, CF. This series capacitor is used
primarily to minimize costs. A conceptual
TCSC system with the basic modules of
TCSC is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Typical TCSC system [4]
Capacitors C1, C2, ..., Cn in different
modules of TCSC may be different values
and provide a wider range of reactance
control. The reactor in series with antiparallel
thyristors is usually divided into two halves to
protect the thyristors in case of short circuit
[4].
The change of impedance of TCSC is
achieved by changing the thyristor controlled
inductive reactance of inductors connected
in parallel to the capacitor (see Figure 3).
Figure 3. Operating diagram of TCSC [2]
The magnitude of inductive reactance is
determined by angle switching thyristors α,
which can also be controlled continuously
flowing amplitude of current reactor from the
maximum value to zero. Angle switching
thyristors can change inductive reactance
controlled choke from a minimum value
(α=0, XTCR=XL) theoretically to infinity
(α=π/2, XTCR=∞) [1][2].
The magnitude of
compensator is given by:
X TCSC (α ) =
X C ⋅ X TCR (α )
X TCR (α ) − X C
inductance
this
(1)
where XC=1/ωC is capacitive reactance of
capacitor and C its capacity [1], [2].
For sufficiently small inductive reactance
of reactor towards capacitive reactance of
capacitor (XL<XC), the operating diagram of
TCSC contains inductive and capacitive
mode operation of TCSC and the transition
between areas is the resonance region.
The minimum reactance of TCR is when
α=0, capacitor is bridged with TCR,
impedance of TCSC is inductive in nature
and reaches a minimum. TCR reactance is
less than the capacitor reactance and TCSC
impedance is inductive in nature when αε<0,
αLlim>. The TCSC is not operated in area
where αε<αLlim, αClim>. At approximately
α=π/4, reactance of TCR is equal to
capacitor reactance; a resonance occurs and
TCSC impedance has theoretically infinite
value. Reactance of TCR is greater than
capacitor reactance capacitor when αε<αClim,
π/2> and TCSC impedance is capacitive in
nature. When α=π/2 the TCR reactance is
theoretically infinite and TCSC impedance is
capacitive in nature and it’s equal to value of
X C.
Under normal operating conditions TCSC
can operate in four modes of operation,
namely: blocked mode, bypassed mode,
capacitive and inductive mode [1], [2], [4].
When TCSC is in capacitive controll
mode, it can connect to line almost 3-time
capacity of fixed capacitor at the
fundamental frequency. This is the normal
operating mode of TCSC.
In the inductive mode, TCSC increases
line inductance as TCSC impedance is
purely inductive. Capacitive and inductive
mode can be continuously adjustable, which
is achieved by changing the angle of a pair
of thyristors switching to an appropriate
extent. Smooth transition from capacitive to
inductive mode is not possible due to the
ELECTROTEHNICĂ, ELECTRONICĂ, AUTOMATICĂ, 60 (2012), nr. 1
resonance between these two regimes [4].
Possibilities of using TCSC
Using of the TCSC has many benefits that
result from its substance, and for which its
use is justified.
Possibilities and advantages of the TCSC
are:
− increased dynamic stability of power
transmission systems,
− improved voltage regulation and
reactive power balance,
− improved load sharing between
parallel lines,
− elimination
of
subsynchronous
resonance risks (SSR),
− damping of active power oscillations,
− improved stability,
− dynamic power flow control,
− minimizing system losses,
− reduction of loop flows,
− elimination of line overloads,
− optimizing load sharing between
parallel circuits,
− reduce the gap between commercial
and physical flows.
The aforementioned benefits are typically
seen to increase transmission lines capacity.
One possible solution to increase the
transmission
capacity
on
parallel
transmission lines is to use fixed series
compensation on the parallel line but it can
increase overall system losses. Therefore it
is advantageous to install TCSC in key
transmission lines that can adapt its mass
degree of compensation under the
immediate requirements of the system and
provide an alternative to lower losses
compared to fixed series compensation.
Change of transmitted power carried TCSC
device has minimal effects on voltage
interconnected nodes. TCSC can be placed
almost anywhere on the line, which is a big
advantage [4].
TCSC allows a quick change of the
transmitted power and thus offers the
possibility of applying for the damping of
electromechanical power oscillations. TCSC
can change the degree of series
compensation dynamically in response to
input control signals so that the resulting
changes of energy flow lead to strengthen
damping [3], [4].
TCSC also allows to temporarily raising
9
the level of series compensation by the
events in the network and thus contributing
to a dynamic network stability (change in
voltage and angle) just when it is needed
and can be advantageously used to ensure
the transmission capacity during the various
events while maintaining the lowest possible
losses transmission during normal operating
conditions [1].
TCSC eliminates the risk of interaction of
resonant frequencies that series capacitor
operates in inductive subsynchronous
frequency band, which completely prevents
the occurrence of series resonance in the
transmission system in subsynchronous
frequencies. This inductive nature of the
TCSC is due to the use of thyristors
controlled inductors connected in parallel
with series capacitor [1], [3], [4].
Series capacitive compensation can also
be used to reduce the series reactive
impedance to minimize the voltage change
at the customer and the emergence of
voltage collapses. Like the parallel capacitive
compensation at the customer also series
capacitive
compensation
effectively
increases the voltage stability. TCSC as
series capacitive reactance compensation, it
limits part of reactance of the line thereby
increasing the flow of energy and generates
reactive power with increasing current
flowing, which has a positive impact on the
adjacent node voltages. To increase the
voltage stability of the transmission system is
a series compensation more efficiently than
the
same
performance
parallel
compensation [1], [4].
Benefits of TCSC are not subject only to
newly built TCSC installation but they can
also be achieved by upgrading existing
series compensation on the thyristors
controlled series compensation or only its
part, thus considerably extended its
influence and usefulness [1], [3], [4], [7].
The TCSC cannot reverse the power flow
in a line, unlike HVDC controllers and phase
shifters [4].
Overview of TCSC applications in the
world
The first world applied TCSC device was
3-phase TCSC with compensation output of
2 x 165 MVAr installed in 1992 in Kayenta
substation in Arizona. Application of TCSC
increases the transmission capacity of lines
by 30%. It was also found that the device is
ELECTROTEHNICĂ, ELECTRONICĂ, AUTOMATICĂ, 60 (2012), nr. 1
10
a very effective means of controlling electromechanical damping of power oscillations.
The local observations showed the third
possible use, and that the TCSC can provide
series compensation without the same risk
as SSR fixed series capacitor. The world's
first TCSC for SSR mitigation was installed
in Stöde in Sweden in 1998 by ABB [8].
By the end of 2004 were installed seven
TCSC devices worldwide. In Asia, were put
into operation three TCSC devices, two in
China and one in India thus Asia comes to
the forefront in the use of FACTS
technologies. Table 1 shows the complete
list of installed TCSC installations worldwide
as of December 2004 [7].
Table 1. TCSC installations worldwide as of December 2004 [7]
Voltage
Purpose
kV
1992 USA
230
Increase power transfer capability
Controlling line power flow and
1993 USA
500
increased loading
Mitigation of subsynchronous
1998 Sweden 400
resonance
To damp inter-area low frequency
1999 Brazil
500
oscillation (0.2 Hz)
Stability improvement, low frequency
2002 China
500
oscillation mitigation
Compensation, damping interregional
2004 India
400
power oscillation
Increase Stability margin, suppress
2004 China
220
low frequency oscillation
Year Country
At present, about ten TCSC installations
is in the world with total installed capacity of
approximately 2000 MVAr. Over the past 20
years many studies have been carried out of
using TCSC in different countries such as
India, China, Bangladesh, Vietnam and other
[5], [8], [10], [11], [16].
Analysis of TCSC from the viewpoint
of power flow control in power
system
TCSC compensator is no power source,
but can changing the impedance of the
transmission path, in which it is installed;
affect the power flow in networks.
To simplify the analysis, can be adopted
the following assumptions:
− Since the active resistance of
transmission lines is small due to their
inductive reactance, in the following
description it is not consider (R = 0).
− For simplification, at loaded lines in our
transmission system we can ignore the
cross admittance (B = 0).
Active power transmitted by line between
nodes 1 and 2 is directly proportional to the
voltages U1 and U2 also difference between
load angles δ1 and δ2, and inversely
proportional to the resultant reactance
(impedance) of line Xline:
P12 =
U1 ⋅ U 2
⋅ sin (δ1 − δ 2 )
X line
(2)
Place
Kayenta substation, Arizona
C.J.Slatt substation, Northern Oregon
Stöde
Imperatriz and Sarra de Mesa
Pinguo substation, State power South
company, Guangzhou
Raipur substation
North-West China Power System
From equation (2) is seen that is possible
influence the power flow of power lines by
change the resulting reactance (impedance)
transmission path.
If is located TCSC in terminal, the
transmitted power can be determined by the
following equation:
P12'' = P12 ± ∆P =
U 1 ⋅ (U 2 ± ∆U )
⋅ sin (δ 1 − δ 2 ± ∆δ ) (3)
X line ± ∆X
Where:
∆U is voltage change in node 2 caused by
a reactance change of line,
∆X is reactance change of the
transmission path, which is decisive for
effectiveness of the power flow control in
networks by TCSC device.
∆δ is the angle of transmission change
(load angle) caused by a change reactance
of the transmission path [1], [2].
The diagram of contemplated the
transmission path between two nodes:
Figure 4. Diagram of transmission path with TCSC [2]
ELECTROTEHNICĂ, ELECTRONICĂ, AUTOMATICĂ, 60 (2012), nr. 1
Modelling of TCSC by using Matlab
Simpowersystem
As mentioned above, one of several use
of TCSC devices is active power flow
control. For demonstration of action TCSC
device, from the viewpoint of active power
flow control has been created a simple
model of electrical network, in which was
subsequently implemented a modified model
of TCSC device created by [17]. The model
of simple electrical network consists of a
voltage source, load, two parallel lines and
units for measuring and displaying measured
electric variables.
The parameters of the model are as
follows:
− Ideal Three-Phase Voltage Source:
Line to-line voltage UN=400 kV,
Phase angle L1 φ=0°,
Frequency f=50 Hz,
11
according to the following calculations:
Line series impedance no.1 is
ZV 1 = R + j ⋅ X L = R + j ⋅ ω ⋅ L =
(4)
2,8 + j ⋅ ω ⋅ 0,0904 = 2,8 + j 28,386 Ω
From where line series reactance is
XLV1=28.386 Ω.
Capacitive reactance TCSC devices is
X CTCSC =
1
ω ⋅c
=
1
ω ⋅ 203 ⋅ 10 − 6
= 15,688 Ω
(5)
Percentage of compensation can be
determined by the equation
%comp =
X CTCSC
X LV 1
⋅ 100 =
15,688
⋅ 100 = 55,27 % (6)
28,386
Figure 5 shows a block diagram of
modelled electrical network.
− Three-Phase Parallel RL Load:
Active power P=300 MW,
Reactive power Q=150 MVAr,
Configuration Y (grounded),
− Three-Phase PI Section Line n.1 and
n.2:
Line resistance R=0.028 Ω/km,
Line inductance L=0.904 mH/km,
Line capacity C=0.012707 µF/km,
Line lenght l = 100 km,
Maximum current of line Imax=1200 A.
The parameters of TCSC device are
follows:
Inductance of TCR lTCR=6.71 mH,
Capacity of TCSC c=203 µF,
Ratio Xl/Xc=0.1343.
The parameters of TCSC model were
designed so that the percentage of
compensation of TCSC was approximately
55 % when switching thyristors angle α=90°,
Figure 5. Block diagram of the model of electrical
network with TCSC
Capacitive mode is achievable in this
model at an angle of switching thyristors
about 69° - 90°. Capacitance is the lowest at
90° and with decreasing angle is increased,
resulting in greater power transfer. Inductive
switching mode corresponds to the angle of
about 0° - 49° and the lowest impedance is
at an angle of 0°.
In Figure 6, it is showed situation in the
modelled electrical network without the use
of TCSC.
Figure 6. Model of electrical network without TCSC
Since the parameter lines are the same,
the flow of active and reactive power is
12
ELECTROTEHNICĂ, ELECTRONICĂ, AUTOMATICĂ, 60 (2012), nr. 1
distributed evenly on both lines, thus the
power flows of the given lines are equal. The
voltage at the load drops due to loss of
voltage on lines.
Inclusion of TCSC device to one of the
lines changes the power flow in given lines
according to level desired. This change is
achieved by changing the impedance of line,
in which is installed TCSC device. With the
entry values of angle switching thyristors α,
TCSC can change the impedance of the line
and thereby regulates the power flow as
required. When such a change power flow,
the power flow on lines is reallocated to
another ratio, but the resulting flow
performance remains unchanged.
In Figure 7, it is showed situation in the
modelled electrical network at adjusted angle
α=80°.
Figure 7. Model of electrical network with TCSC at adjusted angle α=80°
Impedance of TCSC is capacitive and
therefore there is a change in power flow on
lines No.1 and No.2. This value of the angle
of switching leads to increase power flow on
line No. 1, whose value has risen from the
original value of PV1=148.4 MW to PV1=210.9
MW (measured at the load).
In Figure 8, it is showed situation in
modelled electrical network at adjusted angle
α=25°.
Figure 8. Model of electrical network with TCSC at adjusted angle α=25°
Impedance of TCSC is inductive and therefore there is a change in power flow on lines
No.1 and No.2. This value of the angle of switching leads to decrease power flow on line No.
ELECTROTEHNICĂ, ELECTRONICĂ, AUTOMATICĂ, 60 (2012), nr. 1
13
1 from the original value of PV1=148.4 MW to PV1=139.9 MW (measured at the load).
Table 2. Power flows on lines and losses in the system during inductive operation of TCSC
α [°]
Without
0
10
20
30
40
45
TCSC
PV1 [MW]
148,4
141,8 141,1 140,5
139
134,3
128
PV2 [MW]
148,4
154,8 155,3 155,9 157,4 161,8 167,8
PSUM [MW]
296,8
296,6 296,4 296,4 296,4 296,1 295,8
QV1 [MVAr]
74,22
71,54 71,32 71,05 70,45
68,6
65,8
QV2 [MVAr]
74,22
76,72 76,92 77,16 77,73 79,47
82,1
QSUM [MVAr] 148,44 148,26 148,24 148,21 148,18 148,07 147,9
PLOSS [MW] 0,8558
0,859 0,8526 0,8578 0,8743 0,8748 0,8828
49
117,3
177,8
295,1
61,68
85,94
147,62
0,9601
Table 3. Power flows on lines and losses in the system during capacitive operation of TCSC
α [°]
PV1 [MW]
PV2 [MW]
PSUM [MW]
QV1 [MVAr]
QV2 [MVAr]
QSUM [MVAr]
PLOSS [MW]
Without
TCSC
148,4
148,4
296,8
74,22
74,22
148,44
0,8558
69
70
75
80
85
90
229,2
71,42
300,62
100,5
49,77
150,27
1,133
226,1
77,41
303,51
99,72
50,52
150,24
1,118
215,5
84,5
300
97,29
52,75
150,04
1,093
210,9
88,93
299,83
95,68
54,26
149,94
1,041
209,7
90,12
299,82
95,29
54,62
149,91
1,019
209,5
90,32
299,82
95,23
54,68
149,91
1,011
The change thyristor switching angle α of
TCSC thus leads to different impacts of
TCSC to line impedance in which is the
TCSC installed. In the case of inductive
action of the TCSC to impedance of line
No.1 will increase, resulting in a decrease in
the flow of power on line No.1 and increase
the flow on line No.2. In the case of
capacitive operation, when capacitance
TCSC acts on impedance of line No.1, will
decline impedance of line No.1 and thereby
will increase the power flow through the line
No.1 and reduced the power flow through
the line No.2.
As it can be seen from Figure 9, Figure 10
and Figure 11, the process of power flow
changes and impedance changes in
depending on the angle α is nonlinear, which
results from the characteristics of TCSC
device and its operating diagram.
Figure 9. Variation of power flows through lines with
angle α at inductive operation of TCSC
250
P [MW]
200
150
V1
V2
100
50
0
69
70
75
80
85
90
α [°]
Figure 10. Variation of power flows through lines with
angle α at capacitive operation of TCSC
16
12
Inductive
operation
8
200
4
P [MW]
Ztcsc [Ω]
180
160
0
0
140
-8
120
-12
V1
100
10
20
30
40
50
70
80
90
-16
Capacitive
operation
V2
-20
80
60
-4
α [°]
60
Figure 11. Variation of TCSC impedance with angle α
40
20
0
0
10
20
30
α [°]
40
45
49
When is setting the appropriate
parameters of TCSC and correct regulation,
it may increase the extent of change in
power flow in the electrical network, or to
ELECTROTEHNICĂ, ELECTRONICĂ, AUTOMATICĂ, 60 (2012), nr. 1
14
introduce another application of TCSC in the
power system.
The model of electrical network with
TCSC device was prepared and simulated in
Simulink version 7.2 and SimPowerSystem
version 5.0 of program MATLAB version
7.7.0 (R2008b).
Conclusion
The article deals with the issue of using
thyristor controlled series capacitor in the
power system. The function of this device is
the ability to change impedance transmission
lines and thus increase the transmission
capacity and power flow control. TCSC with
his composition and capabilities allows
widely using in power system. It can be used
both for the mentioned increase in
transmission capacity and power flow
control, but also damping of active power
oscillations, improve dynamic and voltage
stability, eliminating SSR and other. Before
the installation of TCSC is important to
determine the parameters of TCSC, prepare
power analysis and analysis of the behavior
of TCSC at various cases. Thus the subject
of analysis was on a simple model of
electrical network with two parallel lines
simulate the behaviour of TCSC in terms of
use in power flow control through the lines.
Based on simulations we can state the ability
of TCSC to change power flows on lines.
Since the TCSC has also wide usage, it just
makes it suitable for deployment of the
electricity
system
to
ensure
better
operational parameters and safe power
transmission. The benefits and use of TCSC
also shows an listed overview of several
installations of TCSC in many ambitious
projects worldwide over the past 20 years.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by scientific
Grant Agency of the ministry of Education of
the Slovak Republic project VEGA No.
1/0487/12.
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