Outdoor Lighting,
New Technologies
Eric Strandberg LC
Presented to:
Current state of the exterior lighting
Dominated by HPS
Why?
What are the
limitations of MH?
What about other light
sources?
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1
At a crossroads of technology
LED
Induction
Metal Halide
High Pressure
Sodium
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Light source characteristics
HPS
Metal
Halide
Plasma
Induction
Inc
CFL
LED
Lumens per
watt
Life
Optics
Lumen
maintenance
High CCT
option
CRI
Controllability
First cost
4
2
Light source efficacy (Lumens per Watt) for
common exterior light sources
HPS- 70 - 145
MH- 68- 120
Induction- 48- 75
Incandescent- 8- 13
Halogen- 10- 36(HIR)
CFL- 50- 80
Plasma- 85- 110
LED- 100+
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Stuck on Lumens
Lighting is about seeing …not just measured lumens
Luminance, measured in
candela/m sq. (footlamberts)
Lamp output in
lumens*
Illuminance, measured
in footcandles or lux
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*With LED systems the “lamp lumens” and fixture output are the same. This is called absolute photometry.
3
Light source life for common exterior
light sources
HPS- 16K – 30K
MH- 10K – 30K
Induction- 60K - 100K
Incandescent- 1K- 1.5K
Halogen- 3K- 5K (HIR)
CFL- 10K- 16K
Plazma- 50K
LED- 25K – 100K
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Rated Lamp Life
“The life value assigned to a particular type lamp. This is
commonly a statistically determined estimate of average or of
median operational life.”
IESNA
Other life definitions






Reduced light output.
Color shift.
Efficacy reduction.
Lamp starts to cycle.
Lamp becomes unstable.
Probability of failure
increases.
(Group re-lamping)
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4
Lamp Lumen Depreciation
“The fractional loss of lamp lumens at rated operating
conditions that progressively occurs during lamp
operation.” IESNA
Percent of Initial
Lumens
Mean
Lumens
T5
100
95
T8 (265 mA)
90
85
Incandescnt
T12 (430 mA)
80
75
HPS
0
20
40
60
80
100
Mercury Vapor
Percent of Average Rated Life
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Service life vs time to failure
L70
~L92
100
70
% light
output
0
50K
Time in
Hours
~85K
Failure
L70 is the point in time when the light source (LED) has
lost 30% of its light. This is the end of its “service life”
The values in this example are for illustration only. Each product will have its
own unique numbers
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Optics- built around a point source
Glare control


High degree possible
High degree needed
Distribution

High precision possible
Infrastructure investment
Luminaire efficiency

Influences system lumens
and delivered light
Point source =
Metal halide or
plasma
Plasma
A form of Metal Halide
Plasma state is created by concentrated
RF field.
No electrodes or filaments inside the
chamber.
Makes for a very clean and stable
operation.
Plasma lamp acts like a point source.
Courtesy Luxim
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Electrodeless Induction Lamps
100,000 hour lamp life
Good efficacy
80+ CRI
Cold start to -30 °F
Instant re-strike
Low-pressure mercury gas
Use in areas that see little
maintenance or are difficult
to access.
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Induction and Optics
Better suited to decorative or pedestrian lights.
“Blob O’ Lite”
Very little glare control needed, but optically more like a CFL
Luminaire efficiency is lower and less light delivered to remote
locations
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CFL- not just on porch lights
Can be optically OK for
low mounting
applications.
Still only 12K life*
*20k on 12 hr burn
Good Optics
Puts light where it is needed and not where it is not
wanted.
This can increase
efficiency
Minimize light
trespass.
Minimize light
pollution
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8
Lighting power distribution of some
common exterior sources
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Beware of “average foot candles”
Be
sure to look at uniformity ratios.
Sometimes
the less uniform area will have higher average
numbers, because the hot spots (usually under the fixture) are
very high.
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9
The quality of light will have a large impact
on our visual ability.
Electric light sources vary
widely in their spectral
content, and should be
carefully selected for their
color characteristics.
This is an extreme example –
Metal Halide & Low Pressure
Sodium - but the spectral
composition of any light source
will affect our perception of the
surfaces around us.
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LEDs and color
The
blue white color
temperature looks like
metal halide, or
“moonlight” which can
make them a good fit
for exterior
applications*.
Note
the yellow HPS
on right and the bluer
LED on the left.
Photo courtesy BetaLed
*Recent studies
suggest that blue light
can increase visual
acuity but also can
affect melatonin
production…
20
10
Color Rendering
High Pressure
Sodium CRI- 22
High CRI & bluewhite light can be
had w/ MH,
Plasma, LED, CFL,
and Induction
Mercury
Vapor CRI-15
LEDCRI- 80
Color Rendering and Security
Accurate color recognition is
critical to a quick assessment of
a situation and in
communicating important details
to others.
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11
Spectral Power Distribution
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Ceramic Metal Halide
Standard
Courtesy:
MH
Philips
12
“White” LEDs
White light LEDs are
generally made by
taking a blue LED
and “doping” it with
yellow phosphors
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Scotopic/ Photopic shift
As the ambient light
level decreases, the
color sensitivity of the
eye shifts to a bluer
range.
“Light is radiant
power weighted
according to the
spectral sensitivity of
the human visual
system.” -CIE
13
Human Vision Range
Scotopic
Mesopic
Below ~1FC
.000031 lux
.031 lux
Photopic
~Above 3FC
310 lux
310000000 lux
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Control-Ability Some light sources lend
themselves to various control modes, others are
hard to control.
On/Off –


Instant on?
Stressed by switching?
Dimming – How easy and cost
effective?
Relationship between light
output and power
consumption?
Single source? Or multiple
sources?
Electronic system?

Advantages

Disadvantages
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Adaptive Lighting.
Lighting that changes in response to dynamic conditions
Changes in occupancy.


Vehicles
Pedestrians
An external command to the
system


Time clock
Unusual event
Ambient light

Trimming offset from sunrise
to sunset
System stress


Temperature
Age of chips
Re-Zoning “on the fly”
http://cltc.ucdavis.edu/
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Light source characteristics
HPS
Metal
Halide
Plasma
Induction
Inc
CFL
LED
Lumens per
watt
High
High
High
High
Low
Medium
High
Life
Long
Medium
Long
Very long
Short
Medium
Very
long
Optics
Good
Very good
Very good
Poor
Good
Poor
Very
good
Lumen
maintenance
Good
Fair
Good
Good
Good
Fair
Very
good
High CCT
option
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
CRI
Bad
Good
Very good
Very good
Very good
Very good
Very
good
Controllability
Poor
Poor
Good
Good
Good
Good
Very
good
$$
$$
$$$
$$
$
$
$$$
First cost
30
15
Light source characteristics
HPS
Metal
Halide
Plasma
Induction
Inc
CFL
LED
Lumens per
watt
High
High
High
High
Low
Medium
High
Life
Long
Medium
Long
Very long
Short
Medium
Very
long
Optics
Good
Very good
Very good
Poor
Good
Poor
Very
good
Lumen
maintenance
Good
Fair
Good
Good
Good
Fair
Very
good
High CCT
option
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
CRI
Bad
Good
Very good
Very good
Very good
Very good
Very
good
Controllability
Poor
Poor
Good
Good
Good
Good
Very
good
$$
$$
$$$
$$
$
$
$$$
First cost
31
Light source characteristics
HPS
Metal
Halide
Plasma
Induction
Inc
CFL
LED
Lumens per
watt
High
High
High
High
Low
Medium
High
Life
Long
Medium
Long
Very long
Short
Medium
Very
long
Optics
Good
Very good
Very good
Poor
Good
Poor
Very
good
Lumen
maintenance
Good
Fair
Good
Good
Good
Fair
Very
good
High CCT
option
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
CRI
Bad
Good
Very good
Very good
Very good
Very good
Very
good
Controllability
Poor
Poor
Good
Good
Good
Good
Very
good
$$
$$
$$$
$$
$
$
$$$
First cost
32
16
Light source characteristics
HPS
Metal
Halide
Plasma
Induction
Inc
CFL
LED
Lumens per
watt
High
High
High
High
Low
Medium
High
Life
Long
Medium
Long
Very long
Short
Medium
Very
long
Optics
Good
Very good
Very good
Poor
Good
Poor
Very
good
Lumen
maintenance
Good
Fair
Good
Good
Good
Fair
Very
good
High CCT
option
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
CRI
Bad
Good
Very good
Very good
Very good
Very good
Very
good
Controllability
Poor
Poor
Good
Good
Good
Good
Very
good
$$
$$
$$$
$$
$
$
$$$
First cost
33
Light source characteristics
HPS
Metal
Halide
Plasma
Induction
Inc
CFL
LED
Lumens per
watt
High
High
High
High
Low
Medium
High
Life
Long
Medium
Long
Very long
Short
Medium
Very
long
Optics
Good
Very good
Very good
Poor
Good
Poor
Very
good
Lumen
maintenance
Good
Fair
Good
Good
Good
Fair
Very
good
High CCT
option
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
CRI
Bad
Good
Very good
Very good
Very good
Very good
Very
good
Controllability
Poor
Poor
Good
Good
Good
Good
Very
good
$$
$$
$$$
$$
$
$
$$$
First cost
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What do LEDs do?
LEDs are a light source.

Light sources have a variety of characteristics
LEDs are not a design strategy.

Any lighting measure may be appropriate for one application,
but not another.
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Comparing LED to Metal Halide
Advantages








Long life
Higher light quality (in
general)
More optical possibilities
Higher delivered lumens
per watt (particularly at
lower wattages)
Instant on (no strike time)
Better control possibilities
Solid State
Moderate lumen
depreciation
Disadvantages




High cost
Still a new technology
(there may be surprises…)
Higher complexity
(perhaps more to fail)
Uncertainty about system
life and replacement
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http://www.premierltg.com/light-fights-led-vs-hid/
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Exterior Design Issues
Like all lighting design, successful exterior lighting is found
in applying light where it is desired, and keeping it away
from where it is not.
Maria Pita Square
La Coruna, Spain
Exterior luminaires
Many communities are looking
for “human scale” exterior
luminaires in parks and
downtown areas.
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Wasted light = wasted energy and money...
and it can unnecessarily compromise “quality of life”.
Light Pollution/ Light Trespass
Light pollution is light
shining directly into
the sky.
Light trespass is
unwanted light shining
out of the intended
area, usually off the
property.
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Light Pollution and Light Trespass
These conditions can occur simultaneously…
from the same fixture!
Pole Height
Using more luminaires with lower pole height
and lower brightness lamps can
significantly reduce glare and light trespass
while improving uniformity.
Courtesy: IESNA
21
Glare and lighting angles

The higher the luminaire, the farther apart
they can be w/out glare. Lower, ‘human
scale’ pedestrian lights require greater
frequency.
Glare angles
Pedestrian optics
Note that the fixture w/ superior optics not only minimizes glare,
but delivers useful light further
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BUG Rating
Outdoor luminaire distribution rating system (IES TM-15-07)
Cutting off all uplight may have unintended
effects… or not
LD+A April 2006
23
Glare control- After market “solutions”
Its best to start with an appropriately selected
luminaire
Mark Lien, Illuminating
the Future of Light
Industry has been considered “static”. Not any longer
Interconnectedness of exterior systems
Title 24 ’13 Key Requirements



Switched to BUG system, luminaires <=150W (frm 175)
All outdoor lighting shall be both photocontrolled and
automatic schedule control
Luminaires at 24’ or lower shall (in addition) be
controlled by motion sensors that reduce power by 4080% when unoccupied
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Naomi Miller- Pedestrian Friendly
Nighttime Lighting
Clear Glass
Historic focus on light levels
and efficacy.
Field evaluations by usersconcern was toward glare
control and color
properties.


Small Prism Lens
Frosted lens can mitigate
glare
Issues with a lens…?
LEDs are getting so
efficient that comfort can
trump efficiency.
Naomi Miller- Pedestrian Friendly
Nighttime Lighting
Case Study: Stanford University
Option A uses 100 w
CMH w/ 3K lamp.
Deemed too glaring
Option B uses 70 w LED
w/ 3K
Diffused lens produced
more tolerable glare
“This is the best solution
so far for the residential
neighborhoods”.
Option A
Option A
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Nancy Clanton- NEEA
Streetlighting Research Results
Positive contrast increases as pavement
luminance drops (ambient lighting effects)
Nancy Clanton- NEEA
Streetlighting Research Results
Subjective and objective in-situ comparison of LED and
HPS roadway lights.


People did not like asymmetric
No statistical difference between 100% & 25% light
levels...?



At 25% some felt that the sidewalk was too dark.
Adaptive lighting can be applied to 50% safely on dry.
Uniformity did not improve detection- Contrast is Key

Greatest detection was on least uniform roadways…?
News Flash! – Women Preferred Warmer CCT
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Ron Gibbons- Adaptive Lighting
Increased illuminance has
limited impact on crash rate
Increased non-uniformity,
decreases crash rate.
Controlling glare reduces crash
rate.
Adaptive lighting provides an
opportunity to reduce energy
usage significantly.
Headlights adequate under 25
mph
Washington Year (Currently Showing 2008
Night Time Crashes)
Paul Lutkevich, - Background for Standards
by IES Roadway Lighting Committee
Global Traffic
Fatalities
Global Fatalities by Type
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Paul Lutkevich, - Background for Standards
by IES Roadway Lighting Committee
Impact of trees seasonally
Paul Lutkevich, - Background for Standards
by IES Roadway Lighting Committee
Uniform Lighting
Non-Uniform Lighting
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Travis Loncore, PhD- Outdoor Lighting,
Wildlife, and the Environment
Lighting effects distribution of species
Travis Loncore, PhD- Outdoor Lighting,
Wildlife, and the Environment
5 ways to mitigate light pollution
1-Need, -Is there a better way
2-Duration, -Adaptive lighting
3-Intensity, -How much is enough
4-Direction, -Put light where it is needed
5-Spectrum, -What is the most effective light
source
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