1|Page
Thank you for your purchase from
In the Hands of a Child
Your Premiere Lapbook Provider since 2002!!
Metals
HOCPP 1445
Published: February, 2013
Authors: Katie Kubesh, Niki McNeil, Kimm Bellotto
For information about other products available from In the Hands of a Child
Call 1-866-426-3701 or visit our website at www.handsofachild.com
Entire contents of this Publication © 2013
In the Hands of a Child
3271 Kerlikowske Rd
Coloma, MI 49038
Copying License: Permission is hereby granted to the individual Licensee to reproduce student
materials contained within this publication for noncommercial individual or classroom use only. The
Publisher, In the Hands of a Child, gives permission for one copy of all written material to be copied
and or printed for each child within a single family. Classroom teachers have permission to
reproduce one copy for each student in a classroom. Members of co-ops or workshops have
permission to reproduce one copy for up to 10 children per unit. Reproducible graphics may be
reprinted as many times as needed. Permission is not granted for school wide or system wide
reproduction of materials. This material may be only be copied as stated under this Copying License
from the Publisher. Further copying, for profit, to freely share, or for any other reason not explicitly
stated, is a violation of this Copying License.
Resale Notice: This publication is Licensed, not sold. Resale of this publication is strictly prohibited.
All title and copyrights in and to this publication and all Intellectual property rights in and to the
content are owned by In the Hands of a Child. No part of this book in any format including but not
limited to Printed, eBook, and CD, may be reproduced in any way, or transmitted by any means, or
in any medium; electronic, mechanical or printed, other than that which is stated in the Copying
License from the Publisher, without the prior express written permission of the Publisher. In addition,
any resale or other disposition for direct or indirect commercial advantage of this publication is
strictly prohibited by Section 109(b) of the United States Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. § 109(b). Printed
in or transmitted from the United States of America. All Rights Reserved.
2|Page
Bringing Laughter and Learning Together
In the Hands of a Child
From the day we first began using and creating Project Packs we fell in love with them.
We knew that this type of hands-on learning experience was just the thing that was
needed to make boring unit studies not only educational but fun and exciting too!
To help you get started with your Project Pack, we have included some of the most
frequently asked questions we receive about our Project Packs.
What is a Project Pack?
A Project Pack contains both the activities and the lesson plans or research guide
needed to complete the activities. Imagine your child not only learning about the life
cycle of a butterfly, but also creating a cocoon of his or her own. Students don’t just
read the story, Blueberry Sal by Robert McCloskey- they enjoy a “blue day” complete
with a recipe for blueberry pancakes, making a “blue” collage, and don’t forget painting
a “blue” picture!
Why is this a better way to learn? How does this help me?
Student learning improves when lessons incorporate hands-on projects or crafts.
Children learn by doing. Project Packs put learning into their hands! The possibilities
are endless when your student begins a lapbook with a Project Pack from In the Hands
of a Child. There are no age or skill limits and any topic or subject can be worked into a
Project Pack.
When you purchase a Project Pack from In the Hands of a Child, all the work is done for
you-the parent/teacher, but not for the student. In addition, Project Packs are easy to
store, are an instant review tool, a scrapbook, and a ready-made portfolio of all your
student’s studies.
How do I make a Project Pack?
A Project Pack is simply a file folder refolded into a shutter-style book. Open a file
folder flat, fold each side into the middle and crease the fold neatly. There you have it!
What supplies do I need?
You need file folders, paper in different colors and weights*, your student’s favorite
coloring tools, tape, glue, scissors, and a stapler.
*For a more colorful and appealing Project Pack, it is suggested you print some of the
reproducible graphics on colorful, multi-purpose paper. We recommend 24# weight or
cardstock.
3|Page
I have a Project Pack, NOW what?
We hope you are delighted with your new purchase, we’d like to share a few tips with
you that we’ve found beneficial to other customers.
Here is a brief introduction to our product layout.
Table of Contents
Guide
Core Concepts
Graphics
Folder Instructions
Sample Pictures
Each unit starts with a Table of Contents and is followed by a Research Guide. The
Research Guide contains all of the lessons needed to complete the activities laid out in
a chapter-like format. This format helps to build students’ listening, reading, and
comprehension skills. Included in the Research Guide is a Bibliography, which also
makes a great resource for finding information for any rabbit trails you may choose to
follow during your study. Related books and websites are included in the Research
Guide.
Next, you will find a list of core concepts to be covered during the study, each of the
concepts is represented by a graphic organizer or template. Each graphic organizer or
template helps students take bite-sized pieces of information learned in the Research
Guide to complete a hands-on activity to help retain that information. If you implement
graded assignments in your curriculum, the list of concepts will be essential for you, the
parent/teacher, to know what to test the student on. Under each concept you will find
the folding instructions for each of the graphic organizers or templates. Each one has a
corresponding activity number to make following along easy.
Reproducible graphics for the graphic organizers and templates follow. You will want to
make a copy of each graphic for each student completing the unit. An instruction sheet
for folding file folders and photos of sample lapbooks are included in the back section of
each Project Pack. If you and your students are visual learners, you will find the folder
instructions and sample photos quite helpful.
Project Packs from In the Hands of a Child make great stand-alone unit studies or can
easily be added as a supplement to an existing curriculum. When using as a standalone product, we recommend completing 2 - 3 activities per session (30 - 45 minutes).
Start by reading through 2 - 3 sections of the Research Guide and then complete the
corresponding hands-on activities. The hands-on activities correlate to each section in
the Research Guide.
4|Page
Vocabulary and Timeline activities do not have to be completed in one day. Vocabulary
words can be learned throughout the entire study. We recommend that your student
learn a few new vocabulary words each day or learn them as they are written in the
Research Guide (all words in bold are vocabulary words). We also recommend
Timeline activities be completed a little each day. Choose the time periods you are
going to add to your timeline as you read them in the Research Guide.
If you are working with young children or a group of children, cut out all of the graphics a
day or two before beginning the lapbook and store them in a zip-top bag. It is also
helpful to have all materials organized before beginning. All of our early childhood
Project Packs include a full supplies list on one of the very first pages!
Your student’s completed Project Pack does not have to look like the photo featured at
the end of the Pack. The photo is simply a reference to help you understand the folds
and the process of putting the file folder together. If you run out of room or things do not
fit, add another file folder or an extension! Allow children to take an active role in
designing the layout of their project so that it becomes personal for them. The
personalizing of their projects aids in the reinforcement of the study.
Your students may choose to attach the various activities to their folders as each one is
completed or wait until all activities are completed before attaching them to the file
folder. If you choose to do the latter, simply store the activities in a zip-top bag,
expandable file, or folder until you are ready to assemble them in the file folder.
Should you have any questions as you go about your study, please do not hesitate to
contact us. We are here to help you bring laughter and learning together in the Hands
of Your Child!!
Niki, Kimm, and Katie
www.HandsofaChild.com
Niki can be reached at Niki@HandsofaChild.com or 1-866-HANDS-01
Kimm can be reached at Kimm@HandsofaChild.com
Katie can be reached at Katie@HandsofaChild.com
5|Page
Adapting a Project Pack to Fit the Needs of Your Student
Adapting a Project or Research Pack is key to ensuring that you provide the best lesson
for your student. At first glance, some might just skip over an activity because they feel
it is too easy or too difficult for their student. We want you to use all the activities we
provide…they are easily adaptable!
For example, if you have a PK-3 student the vocabulary activities might be difficult for
him or her to complete. Here are some tips to help you adapt the activities that require
your student to write:
1. Have your student dictate vocabulary words and their meanings as you write
them.
2. Have your child draw a picture instead of writing.
3. You write the word or sentence first so your student can see how it is written
(many of our Project Packs also include activities with dotted lines for easy copy
work).
4. Practice. Practice. Practice. In the car, on a walk, in the shopping cart!
Practice saying the vocabulary words and what they mean. Before you know it,
your preschooler will be telling others what those words mean!
5. Contact us. We would be happy to give you ideas for adapting specific units to a
grade level.
On the other hand, some of the activities may seem too easy for your student. Does
your 5th grade student want to learn about butterflies, but the Project Pack seems too
easy? Try it anyway; just change things up a bit to suit your student’s grade level and
skills. Here are some tips to help you adapt the activities to make them a little more
difficult:
1. In addition to writing down vocabulary words and their meanings, ask your
student to use the word in a sentence; either verbally or written.
2. Give your student one hour (or reasonable time frame) to research the topic on
his or her own either online or at the library. Give your student a set of questions
and see what he or she can find without your guidance.
3. Encourage your student to expand on the topic or choose a related subject to
learn about.
4. Take a look at some of our preschool units…there is a lot of clipart related to
each topic included. Have an older student cut these out and write a story or
play about the pictures.
5. Contact us. We would be happy to give you ideas for adapting specific units to a
grade level.
These are just few ways you can adapt a Project Pack to meet the needs of your
student. Let your student be the judge if something is too easy or too difficult…you just
might be surprised!
6|Page
The Website links we have included in our guides are references we found that contain
relevant information. However, the sites are not owned or maintained by In the Hands
of a Child. The content may have changed or become a “dead” link. If you find the site
contains inappropriate material or is no longer a relevant site, please let us know.
Thank you.
Educator Notes:_____________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
7|Page
Table of Contents
Planning Guide
Page 9
Related Reading
Page 10
Bibliography
Page 11
Activity Instructions
Page 12
Folder Instructions
Page 13
Sample Picture
Page 14
Research Guide
Page 16
Properties of Metals
Page 18
The Periodic Table
Page 18
Types of Metals
Page 19
Metal Ages
Page 19
California Gold Rush
Page 20
Magnetic
Page 21
Plumbers
Page 22
Where in the World is Metal
Page 23
Mining for Metals
Page 23
Metal Terminology
Page 23
Recycling Metal
Page 24
Vocabulary
Page 26
Reproducibles
Page 27
Answer Key
Page 56
Diet
Page 25
Owl Pellets
Page 26
Food Chains
Page 26
Owl Protection
Page 27
Owl Watching
Page 27
Vocabulary
Page 28
Reproducibles
Page 29
Answer Key
Page 64
8|Page
Vocabulary
Words
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Elements
Lustrous
Malleable
Ores
Ductile
Reactive
Electrical Conductor
Thermal Conductor
Atom
Periodic Table
Atomic Number
Pure Metals
Alloys
Hemoglobin
Anemia
Rust
Extracted
Annealing
Corrode
Tarnish
Compound
Solder
Precious Metals
Day 6
Properties of Metal
*The Periodic Table
Types of Metal
*Metal Ages
Types of Metals
*California Gold Rush
*Magnetic
Where in the World is
Metal
*How Plumbers Got
Their Name
Day 4
Day 5
Guide
Reading
Geologists
Cast
Smelting
Leaching
Extrusion
Metallurgy
Tempering
welding
Complete
Activities
Continue
Activities
Activity 1 – Vocabulary
Activity 2 – Common Metals
Activity 3 – Aluminum
Activity 4 – Types of Metals
Activity 5 – Table of Metals
Activity 6 – Pure Metals
Activity 7 – Magnet Test
Activity 8 – Precious Metals
Activity 9 – Alloys
Vocabulary
Vocabulary
Activity 10 – Map Metals
Vocabulary
Mining Metals
Metal Terminology
Activity 11 – Finding Metals
Activity 12 – Metal Ore
Activity 13 – Metal Refining
Vocabulary
Recycling Metal
Activity 14 – Recycling Craft
Activity 15 – Recycling
Vocabulary
Have student complete vocabulary words scheduled for each day from Activity 1. Read the
sections of the guide scheduled for the day and any extra books you have on the topic. Finish
up each day by completing the activities scheduled for that day.
NOTE: Items marked with a * are in text-boxed areas in the guide.
9|Page
Related Reading
1000 Tin Toys by Teruhisa Kitahara
Earth's Core and Mantle: Heavy Metal, Moving
Rock by Gregory L. Vogt
Experiments with Magnets and Metals (My Science
Investigations) by Christine Taylor-Butler
Forty-Niners: The Story of the California Gold Rush
by Cynthia Mercati
Gold Rush: The Young Prospector’s Guide to
Striking it Rich by James Klein
How We Use Metal by Chris Oxlade
Iron (The Elements) by Giles Sparrow
Iron and the Trace Elements by Jean F. Blashfield
Related Curriculum from In
the Hands of a Child
The Earth HOCPP 1024
The California Gold Rush
HOCPP 1043
Foundations for Chemistry
HOCPP 1109
Rocks & Minerals
HOCPP 1205
The Industrial Revolution
HOCPP 1271
Materials & Structures
HOCPP 1294
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle!
HOCPP 1300
Bridges HOCPP 1301
Technology HOCPP 1302
Iron and Steel by Ruth G. Kassinger
Making Wire Jewelry: 60 Easy Projects in Silver, Copper & Brass by Helen Clegg and
Mary Larom
Mercury (The Elements) by Susan Watt
Metal (I Know That!) by Claire Llewellyn
Metals (Material Matters) by Carol Baldwin
The Periodic Table: Elements With Style! by Simon Basher and Adrian Dingle
The Properties of Metals by Marylou Morano Kjelle
The Reactions of Metals by Roberta Baxter
Wonderful Wire & Bead Crafts by Mickey Baskett
10 | P a g e
Bibliography
Angliss, Sarah. Gold (The Elements). New York: Benchmark Press, 2000.
Challoner, Jack. The Visual Dictionary of Chemistry. New York: DK Publishing, 1996.
Farndon, John. Aluminum (The Elements). New York: Benchmark Press, 2001.
Gray, Leon. Tin (The Elements). New York: Benchmark Books, 2004.
Mullins, Matt. The Elements. New York: Childen's Press, 2012.
Newmark, Dr. Ann. Eyewitness Books: Chemistry. New York: Dorling Kindersley, 1993.
Science Kids. Science Facts: Metal Facts. January 9, 2013. Web January 2013
http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/metals.html
Storey, Rita. Metal. North Mankato, Minnesota: Smart Apple Media, 2008.
Syvum Technologies Inc. Chemistry : Elements and Chemical Symbols - Latin Names .
Syvum 1999-2013. Web. January 2013
http://www.syvum.com/cgi/online/serve.cgi/squizzes/chem/periodic1b.html
Tocci, Salvatore. (2005). Aluminum. New York: Children's Press, 2005.
Tocci, Salvatore. Copper. New York: Children's Press, 2005.
Tocci, Salvatore. Gold. New York: Children's Press, 2005.
Tocci, Salvatore. Lead. New York: Children's Press, 2005.
Tocci, Salvatore. Mercury. New York: Children's Press, 2005.
Tocci, Salvatore. Silver. New York: Children's Press, 2005.
Tocci, Salvatore. Tin. New York: Children's Press, 2005.
Watt, Susan. (2002). Lead (The Elements). New York: Benchmark Press, 2002.
Zronik, John Paul . Metals: Shaping Our World. New York City: Crabtree Publishing
Company, 2005.
11 | P a g e
Activities and Instructions
Vocabulary
1. As you go through this unit, learn a few new vocabulary words each day. It is
NOT necessary to learn every word included in this unit. Pick and choose the
words you feel need to be learned.
Fold Instructions: Fat Pocket -- Follow the illustrated instructions included with this
activity to complete the fold. Write one word and definition on each card.
Properties of Metal
2. List common properties of metals.
Fold Instructions: Petal Book – Keeping title to the inside, fold petals down, one on
top of another. Open petals and write one common property per petal.
3. Test aluminum foil to determine if it is an electrical conductor.
Supplies Needed:
· Aluminum foil (folded into a strip 5 inches long and 1 inch wide)
· Size C battery
· Flashlight bulb
· Tape
Activity Instructions:
· Tape one end of the foil strip to the negative end of the size C battery.
·
Hold the metal base of the flashlight bulb against the positive end of the
battery.
·
Touch the free end of the foil strip to the metal ring above the base of the
flashlight bulb.
Fold Instructions: Mini Book – Use as many pages as you need to complete the
activity. Stack pages with cover on top and fasten with staples, brads, ribbon or yarn.
Answer each prompt on its page.
Types of Metals
4. Answer each of these questions in complete sentences. What are two groups
that metals can be divided into? What is the difference between these two
groups? Approximately what percentage of elements on the periodic table is
classified as metals and where are they located?
Fold Instructions: Three Door Book 2 -- Follow the illustrated instructions included
with this activity to complete the fold. Answer one question in each section.
5. Create a table that lists at least five pure metals, the chemical symbol and atomic
number for each, and common uses for the metal.
Fold Instructions: Chart – Fill in chart. Folding is optional. You may choose to simply
mount your chart or fold it in fourths and attach the back of the last fourth to lapbook.
12 | P a g e
6. Use a magnet to test various coins to see if they are pure metal. To determine if
a coin is pure silver or copper, place a magnet near it. If the coin is attracted to
the magnet, it is not pure silver or copper. If the coin is not attracted to the
magnet, check to see if it is valuable.
Fold Instructions: Accordion Book – Keeping cover on top, fold one page back, one
page forward and so on. Attach the two sets of pages together by gluing the second set
to the tab at the end of the first set. Print out more sets if you need them. Leave a blank
page at the end and glue it to your lapbook.
7. Choose at least five different cans from the cupboard (veggie cans, coffee cans,
soda cans, tuna cans, soup cans, etc.) Use a magnet to test if the cans are
made of tin or aluminum. Tin cans will be attracted to the magnet; aluminum
cans will not.
Fold Instructions: Shaped Fan Book – Stack pages with cover on top and fasten with
a brad. Use one page for each can you test and tell what kind of food can it is and
whether it is tin or aluminum.
8. List four precious metals. Why are they more valuable than other metals?
Precious metals are used most often to make what kinds of things?
Fold Instructions: Three Flap Book -- Cut on dotted lines to create three flaps. Fold
flaps over so that titles remain on top. Answer each prompt under its flap.
9. Find five objects around your home that are made with alloys.
Fold Instructions: Shaped Card Book – Fold in half like a greeting card, decorate or
design the cover, open and write answer inside.
Where in the World is Metal?
10. On a world map, highlight where reserves of the following metals are found:
aluminum, copper, gold, iron, and silver.
Fold Instructions: Map – Use an atlas or a website, such as
http://www.ryanduff.net/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/oldimages/google%20maps/world_countries.jpg
to locate the different countries. Folding is optional. You may choose to simply mount
your map or fold it in fourths and attach the back of the last fourth to lapbook.
Mining for Metal
11. Explain the three steps geologists use to find metals.
Fold Instructions: Flap Book – Cut on dotted lines to create three flaps. Fold flaps
over center section then fold cover over flaps so that title remains on top. Lift flaps and
write one step under each flap.
12. Compare the two main ways of mining metal ore.
Fold Instructions: Concept Book – Cut on dotted line to create two flaps. Fold flaps
up and label the covers each with one way. Open flaps and write comparisons inside.
13. How is metal refined?
Fold Instructions: Matchbook – Fold large sections in half then fold small section up
to close like a matchbook. Write answer inside.
13 | P a g e
Recycling Metal
14. Create a craft or art project from recycled metal.
Fold Instructions: Frame -- No folding required. Trim your picture to fit inside the
frame and glue in place. Glue frame in lapbook. Sign your name on the line at the
bottom of the frame.
15. Create a poster that has helpful tips for recycling metal.
Fold Instructions: Mini Poster – Folding is optional. You may choose to simply mount
your poster or fold it in fourths and attach the back of the last fourth to your lapbook.
14 | P a g e
Creating a Lapbook Base
Basic Lapbook Base
§ Open a file folder and lay it flat.
§ Fold both right and left edges toward the center so they meet and close like a pair of
shutters.
§ Crease firmly.
Base with Single or Double Extensions
§ Complete the basic lapbook base.
§ Open base and lay flat.
§ Cut another folder in half or use a sheet of cardstock for the extension.
§ Lay the extension in the center of folder at either the top or bottom. (You may add two
extensions if need be; one at the top and one at the bottom).
§ Attach to base with clear packing tape.
Single Extension
Double Extension
Double Folder Base
§ Make two base folders.
§ Open them and lay them side by side with outer
flaps pointing straight up, not flat.
§ Where the two flaps meet glue them together.
§ Fold center flap to one side, fold both shutters in
and close folders like a book.
15 | P a g e
16 | P a g e
17 | P a g e
Metals
Metals are chemical elements that are characterized as durable, lustrous, and strong.
They are found in the ground or inside rocks. Metals are an important natural resource
that people use to make many different products. They have been used since ancient
times to make coins, jewelry, machines, tools, and more. Today we use metals to make
products that range from aluminum
and tin cans to steel skyscrapers
Rocks that
and space shuttles. Metals are so
contain
strong and malleable that no other
metal are
materials compare!
Properties of Metal
Metals have a unique combination
of properties that make them useful for many
things.
called
ores.
The Periodic Table
Common properties that most metals have
include:
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
Solid at room temperature (except
mercury)
Malleable
Ductile
Reactive
Electrical conductors
Thermal conductors
Shiny appearance
Heat resistant
The word, "metal" comes from
the Greek word "metallon,"
which means to excavate,
extract from the ground, or
to mine.
Types of Metals
The periodic table divides metal elements into
many different types of metals. Metals can also
be divided into two groups: pure metals and
alloys.
An element is any substance that
contains only one kind of atom
and cannot be broken down into
simpler elements. The periodic
table is a great way to organize
all of the elements.
Each element on the periodic
table has a symbol, which is
usually the first two letters of its
name (often from the Latin
name). On the top of each
symbol is the atomic number,
which tells you how many
protons are in the atom's
nucleus. Almost 75% of the
elements on the periodic table
are classified as metals. There is
a stair-step line from Boron (B) to
Polonium (Po) in the table. All
the elements to the left of the
line, except two, can be classified
as metals.
18 | P a g e
Pure Metals
A pure metal is a metal that does not contain any other
materials. There are over eighty kinds of pure metals.
Pure metals include:
·
Iron (Fe): Iron is the most common metal found on
Earth. It is extracted from hematite, siderite, and
other iron ores and is commonly used to make
cast iron and steel. The atomic number for iron is
26 and its chemical symbol is Fe, which is short for
its Latin name ferrum.
Iron also helps to keep our bodies healthy; it is
part of hemoglobin. Part of the red blood cells,
hemoglobin picks up oxygen from the lungs and
carries it in the blood to every cell in the body. If
the body does not get enough iron, it can suffer
from an illness called anemia. People get iron
from foods that they eat such as breads, cereals,
pork, rice, and spinach.
The first iron used to make tools
and weapons came from
meteorites that fell to the Earth
from space. In early cultures the
word for iron meant "metal from
the sky."
·
Aluminum (Al): Aluminum, a silvery-colored metal,
is the most common metal in the Earth's crust. It
is a light metal that is extracted from bauxite.
Aluminum and its alloys are lightweight and do not
rust, making it useful for many things, including
aircrafts, bicycles, containers, cookware, kitchen
foil, and paints. The atomic number of aluminum
is 13 and its chemical symbol is Al from the Latin
alumen.
Prior to the 1800s, pure aluminum was very
expensive. In fact, it was valued more than gold or
silver. Just one pound of aluminum could cost
over $500. In 1889 Charles Hall developed and
patented an inexpensive process to obtain pure
aluminum, so by the late 1800s the cost of one
Metal Ages
Metal was discovered by
ancient cultures and has
changed people's lives
ever since. The Metal
Ages was a historical
period of time when three
main metals, copper,
bronze, and iron, first came
into use.
Copper Age
(c. 8000-6500 B.C.)
The Copper Age was the
time period when copper
first came into common
use. The first metal to be
extracted from ore, copper
was separated from the
rock by a process called
annealing.
During the Copper Age,
copper was used to make
decorations, farming
implements, and weapons.
19 | P a g e
pound of aluminum was under $0.40.
·
Gold (Au): Gold is a yellow metal that is shiny
and does not corrode. Most commonly used to
make jewelry, it has been prized as a symbol of
wealth since ancient time. Gold is also used in
electronics, dentistry, and gold leafing. Pure
gold is softer than other metals and is the most
ductile. The chemical symbol for gold on the
periodic table is Au, from its Latin name aurum.
The atomic number for gold is 79.
California Gold Rush
Throughout history and around the world, the
discovery of gold has produced "gold fever" and
"gold rushes". When gold was discovered in
California in 1849, the population exploded!
The state’s motto became “Eureka!” which is
Greek for “I’ve found it!”
·
Silver (Ag): Silver is a soft, shiny metal found
and extracted from silver ores. It is the best
conductor of electricity and does not corrode or
rust. It can, however, tarnish easily. Used
since ancient times, silver is used for jewelry,
coins, silverware, and electronics. The chemical
symbol for silver is Ag, which comes from its
Latin name argentum. The atomic number for
silver is 47.
Prior to 1967, U.S. coins were
made of silver.
·
Copper (Cu): Copper is a reddish-brown metal
that is a good electrical conductor and ductile, so
it is commonly used for making electrical wires
Metal Ages, cont.
Bronze Age
(c. 3500 B.C.)
The Bronze Age was a
period of time when bronze
was the main metal used.
During this time period,
people discovered that
bronze could be created by
combining copper and tin.
Bronze was more durable
and stronger than copper
or tin alone and was
commonly used to make
containers, statues, tools,
and weapons.
Iron Age
(c. 2000B.C.)
During this time in history,
ancient cultures discovered
how to extract iron from its
ore and combine it with
carbon to make it better.
Iron in its various forms
was used for cooking
utensils, tools, and
weapons.
20 | P a g e
and as a building material. The atomic
number for copper is 29 and its chemical
symbol is Cu, which comes from its Latin
name cuprum.
Until 1837, U.S. pennies were
pure copper. After that, the
U.S. government began using
less copper per penny as the
cost of copper rose. In 1943
a mistake caused some pennies
to be 100% pure copper.
Today the U.S. penny contains
2.5% copper and the rest is
zinc metal.
·
Magnetic?
Unlike many other metals,
copper and silver are not
magnetic. To determine if a coin
is pure silver or copper, place a
magnet near it. If the object is
attracted to the magnet, it is not
pure silver or copper. If the coin
is not attracted to the magnet, it
is real silver or copper and may
be very valuable!
Mercury (Hg): Mercury is a liquid metal that
is extracted from cinnabar. Named after
the planet Mercury, which moves differently
from the other planets, the element mercury behaves differently from other
metals. The only metal that is liquid at room temperature, it is mainly used in
industrial processes, but has been used in thermometers, barometers, lighting,
and in the dentistry field. The atomic number of mercury is 80 and its chemical
symbol is Hg, which comes from its Latin name hydrargyrum.
Mercury can be a very dangerous metal. The liquid can
vaporize at room temperature, and when inhaled, causes
mercury poisoning. Mercury is also dangerous when it is part of
a compound. Dust and vapors from mercury compounds can
cause kidney damage, nerve damage, and many severe
symptoms throughout the body in people who are exposed to it.
·
Tin (Sn): Tin is a silvery-white metal. Unlike some metals, tin does not corrode.
It is used to plate (coat) other metals to prevent corrosion, especially steel that is
used in food-storage cans. Cans that are coated with tin do not corrode and
spoil the food. Tin is also used to make toys and as an alloy for other metals.
The chemical symbol for tin is Sn, which comes from its Latin name stannum.
Tin’s atomic number is 50.
How can you tell if a can is made of tin or aluminum?
Use a magnet! If the can is attracted to the magnet, it
is made of steel coated in tin. If the can is not
attracted to the magnet, it is made of aluminum.
21 | P a g e
·
Lead (Pb): Lead is a soft, blue-white
metal that tarnishes to a dull gray. It is
highly durable, resistant to corrosion,
malleable, ductile, and dense. Lead is
used to make solder, fishing weights,
sound absorbers, and X-ray shields.
Lead compounds are used in paints,
insecticides, and storage batteries. The
chemical symbol for lead is Pb, which
comes from its Latin name plumbum.
The atomic number for lead is 82.
How plumbers got their
name
In recent years, it has been discovered
that a buildup of lead in the body can
A plumber is someone
be dangerous. Homes built before
who installs and fixes
1978 may have been painted with paint
water pipes. Ancient
containing lead, and lead may have
Romans used lead to
been used in the plumbing. It is not
make water pipes; the
necessary to move out of your house if
Latin
name for lead is
it contains lead, but there are
plumbum: plumbers!
precautions that homeowners should
take. For example, homeowners can
purchase a test kit to see if lead is present in their home and then take the
necessary precautions to make sure everyone in the house-hold is safe from
lead poisoning.
Some metals are considered precious
metals. Precious metals are more
valuable than other metals because
there is a limited supply and a great
demand. They usually have a high
luster and are less reactive than
other metals.
Precious metals are most often used to make
jewelry, artwork, and coins. Precious metals
include gold, silver, platinum, and palladium.
Alloys
Most metallic objects are not pure metals; they are made of alloys, which are stronger
or easier to process. Also called metallic compounds, alloys are made by mixing a
metal with one or more other elements. Alloys are made to increase a metal's strength,
to change the color of a metal, or to make it more resistant to corrosion.
There are many types of alloys, including:
22 | P a g e
·
Brass: Brass is a reddish brown to silvery yellow alloy. Made of copper and zinc,
brass is easy to shape, can be polished to a shine, and is resistant to corrosion.
It is stronger and harder than copper, but not as strong as steel. It is most
commonly used to make decorative items, musical instruments, screws, and
pipes.
·
Bronze: Bronze is an alloy mainly made up of copper, tin,
and zinc. It is known for being resistant to corrosion and
wear and is commonly used in statues, bells, medals,
electrical connectors, ship propellers, and bearings.
·
Steel: One of the strongest types of alloys is steel. Steel is
an alloy made from iron and carbon. It is used to make
many different products, including automobiles, building
frames, knives, machines, motors, trains, and wires.
·
Sterling Silver: Sterling silver is an alloy made of silver and copper. It is harder
than pure silver and is commonly used to make jewelry.
Alloys that are made with iron are called ferrous metals.
Ferrous metals are the most commonly used metals.
Where in the World is Metal?
Different types of metals are found all over the world. Metal ore deposits are valuable
and can strengthen the economy of the region in which they are found.
Some common metals and where they are found in the world
are:
· Aluminum is found in bauxite reserves in Australia,
Brazil, Guinea, India, and Jamaica.
· Copper ore is one of the most common metals found in
nature. Major reserves are found in Chile, Indonesia,
and the United States.
· Gold is found in Australia, Brazil, Canada, China,
South Africa, and Russia.
· Iron is found in most parts of the world. Major reserves of iron are found in
Australia, Brazil, China, India, and Russia.
· Silver is found in Canada, China, Mexico, Peru, and the United States.
Mining for Metal
Finding Metal
Before metal ores can be mined, geologists have to find them. Geologists are able to
find metal ore reserves by observing, surveying, and sampling.
23 | P a g e
1. Observing: Geologists observe regions by air or land to identify whether metal
ore deposits may be present.
2. Surveying: If observations show that metal ore might be present, geologists then
survey the area to test the rock properties there.
3. Sampling: Once a metal ore has been identified, geologists use drills to gather
samples from the earth. The samples are tested to determine how much metal
they contain and whether it would be a good place to mine for the metal.
Mining Metal
After metal has been found in a region, the process of extracting the metal begins. The
extraction process is called mining. There are two main ways of mining for metal ore:
·
Underground Mining: Metal ore is usually found deep
under the Earth's surface. To extract the metal ore,
miners have to dig underground and use explosives
to create shafts. Next, miners extract the metal ore
and transport it up the shafts to the surface.
·
Open-Pit Mining: Open-pit mining is used to extract metal ores that are located
closer to the surface. Also called strip mining, this process is less expensive
than underground mining, but can be very damaging to the Earth. In this
process, miners make cuts into the Earth and then use machines to extract the
metal ore, leaving deep scars in the land.
Refining Metal Ore
Once a metal ore has been removed from the Earth, it is taken to a mill where it is goes
through a process called smelting. This process separates the metal from the rocks, or
ores, that contain them. The metal ore is then processed into a powder through a
process called leaching. Next, the extracted metal is placed into a furnace and melted
at a very high heat. The molten metal is then removed from the furnace and cast into
the desired shape.
Metal Terminology
Common terms associated with metals are:
· Cast: form a hard object by putting material into a mold
· Extrusion: the shaping of a metal by forcing it through a die
· Metallurgy: the study of metals
· Smelting: melting or fusing an ore to obtain a metal
· Tempering: treating a metal to strengthen it
· Welding: joining metals together by heat and the addition of molten filler material
24 | P a g e
Recycling Metal
Metal is a valuable natural resource, but it takes so long for metal ores to form that we
may run out of metals some day. In addition, mining for metal can be damaging to the
Earth. The great thing about metal is that it can be melted down and reformed into new
objects! It is very important to recycle metals so we
do not need to take more from the Earth.
Some helpful tips for recycling metals include:
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
Recycle old batteries
Recycle old appliances
Recycle used tin or aluminum cans
Organize a can drive
Purchase used home appliances in good
condition instead of new ones
Purchase items made of recycled metal
Reuse metals by making jewelry or art
Metal Crafts
You can do your part to recycle metal and make some fun crafts while you
are at it!
For fun aluminum can crafts visit:
http://tlc.howstuffworks.com/family/recycled-aluminum-can-crafts1.htm
For fun recycled copper crafts visit:
http://tlc.howstuffworks.com/family/recycled-copper-crafts.htm
25 | P a g e
Vocabulary
Alloy: a combined form of two or more metals, or a metal with a non-metal
Anemia: a type of anemia caused by insufficient iron in the body
Annealing: heating and slowly cooling to strengthen and make less brittle
Atom: the smallest possible unit of a chemical element
Atomic number: the number of protons or positive electrical charges in the nucleus of
one atom of a given element
Cast: form a hard object by putting material into a mold
Compound: something made up of two or more parts or elements
Corrode: to cause damage by a slow process
Ductile: easily molded or shaped
Electrical conductor: substance that permits the flow of electric charges
Element: a substance that cannot be chemically separated into simpler substances
Extract: to separate or remove by pressure, distillation, or chemical action
Extrusion: the shaping of a metal by forcing it through a die
Ferrous metals: alloys that are made with iron
Geologist: a person who studies the structure of the Earth
Hemoglobin: protein in red blood cells that transport oxygen to the tissues
Leaching: a process of crushing metal ore into a powder
Lustrous: shiny
Malleable: able to be bent and shaped
Metallurgy: the study of metals
Ores: rocks that contain metals
Periodic table: a way to organize all of the elements
Precious metals: metals that are more valuable than others
Pure metal: a metal that does not contain any other materials
Reactive: tending to participate readily in chemical reactions
Rust: to corrode or oxide
Smelting: melting or fusing an ore to obtain a metal
Solder: an alloy, usually of lead and tin that is used to join metal edges
Tarnish: to dull the luster of or discolor metal by exposure to air
Tempering: to harden or strengthen by heating and then cooling
Thermal conductor: substance through which heat can pass
Welding: joining metals together by heat and addition of molten filler material
26 | P a g e
27 | P a g e
28 | P a g e
29 | P a g e
30 | P a g e
31 | P a g e
32 | P a g e
33 | P a g e
34 | P a g e
35 | P a g e
36 | P a g e
37 | P a g e
38 | P a g e
39 | P a g e
40 | P a g e
41 | P a g e
42 | P a g e
43 | P a g e
44 | P a g e
45 | P a g e
46 | P a g e
47 | P a g e
48 | P a g e
49 | P a g e
50 | P a g e
51 | P a g e
52 | P a g e
53 | P a g e
54 | P a g e
55 | P a g e
Metals Answer Key
Activity 1: Vocabulary
Vocabulary
Answer:
See Vocabulary on page 26
Activity 2: Properties of Metal
List common properties of metals.
Answer:
· Solid at room temperature (except mercury)
· Malleable
· Ductile
· Reactive
· Electrical conductors
· Thermal conductors
· Shiny appearance
· Heat resistant
Activity 3:
Test aluminum foil to determine if it is an electrical conductor.
Answer:
Students should answer each prompt on its page. Student answers will vary. The result of the
experiment is as follows: the battery should produce electricity that flows through the foil and lights
up the bulb.
Activity 4: Types of Metals
Answer each of these questions in complete sentences. What are two groups that metals can be
divided into? What is the difference between these two groups? Approximately what percentage of
elements on the periodic table is classified as metals and where are they located?
Answer:
The two groups that metals can be divided into are pure metals and alloys.
Pure metal does not contain any other materials; alloys are made by mixing a metal with one or
more other elements.
Almost 75% of the elements on the periodic table are classified as metals. They are located on the
left side and middle of the periodic table.
56 | P a g e
Activity 5:
Create a table that lists at least five pure metals, the chemical symbol and atomic
number for each, and common uses for the metal.
Answer:
NAME OF METAL
CHEMICAL SYMBOL ATOMIC NUMBER
USES
Iron
Fe
26
Cast iron and steel
Aircrafts, bicycles, containers,
Aluminum
Al
13
cookware, foil, and paints
Jewelry, electronics, dentistry,
Gold
Au
79
gold leafing
Jewelry, coins, silverware, and
Silver
Ag
47
electronics
Electrical wires, building
Copper
Cu
29
material
Industrial processes,
Mercury
Hg
80
thermometers, barometers,
dentistry, lighting
Food containers, toys, plating,
Tin
Sn
50
alloy
Solder, x ray shields, fishing
Lead
Pb
82
weights
Activity 6:
Use a magnet to test various coins to see if they are pure metal.
Answer:
To determine if a coin is pure silver or copper, place a magnet near it. If the coin is attracted to the
magnet, it is not pure silver or copper. If the coin is not attracted to the magnet, it is pure metalcheck to see if it is valuable.
Activity 7:
Choose at least five different cans from the cupboard (veggie cans, coffee cans, soda cans, tuna cans,
soup cans, etc.) Use a magnet to test whether the cans are made of tin-plated steel or aluminum.
Answer:
Tin-plated steel cans will be attracted to the magnet; aluminum cans will not.
Activity 8:
List four precious metals. Why are they more valuable than other metals? Precious metals are used
most often to make what kinds of things?
Answer:
Gold, silver, platinum, palladium
Activity 9:
Find five objects around your home that are made with alloys.
Answer:
Answers will vary. Items to look for include brass decorations, musical instruments, bronze medals,
bells, statues, steel motors, sterling silver jewelry.
57 | P a g e
Activity 10: Where in the World is Metal?
On a world map, highlight and label where reserves of the following metals are found: aluminum,
copper, gold, iron, and silver.
Answer:
· Aluminum: Australia, Brazil, Guinea, India, Jamaica
· Copper: Chile, Indonesia, U.S.
· Gold: Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, South Africa, Russia
· Iron: Australia, Brazil, China, India, Russia
· Silver: Canada, China, Mexico, Peru, U.S.
Activity 11: Mining for Metal
Explain the three steps geologists use to find metals.
Answer:
4. Observing: Geologists observe regions by air or land to identify whether metal ore deposits may
be present.
5. Surveying: If observations show that metal ore might be present, geologists then survey the area
to test the rock properties there.
6. Sampling: Once a metal ore has been identified, geologists use drills to gather samples from the
earth. The samples are tested to determine how much metal they contain and whether it would
be a good place to mine for the metal.
Activity 12:
Compare the two main ways of mining metal ore.
Answer:
Underground Mining: Metal ore is usually found deep under the Earth's surface. To extract the metal
ore, miners have to dig underground and use explosives to create shafts. Next, miners extract the
metal ore and transport it up the shafts to the surface.
Open-Pit Mining: Open-pit mining is used to extract metal ores that are located closer to the surface.
Also called strip mining, this process is less expensive than underground mining, but can be very
damaging to the Earth. In this process, miners make cuts into the Earth and then use machines to
extract the metal ore, leaving deep scars in the land.
Activity 13:
How is metal refined?
Answer:
Once a metal ore has been removed from the Earth, it is taken to a mill where it is goes through a
process called smelting. This process separates the metal from the rocks, or ores, that contain them.
The metal ore is then processed into a powder through a process called leaching. Next, the extracted
metal is placed into a furnace and melted at a very high heat. The molten metal is then removed
from the furnace and cast into the desired shape.
Activity 14: Recycling Metal
Create a craft or art project from recycled metal. Take a picture of your project for your lapbook or
Note Pack.
Answer:
Answers will vary.
58 | P a g e
Activity 15:
Create a poster that has helpful tips for recycling metal.
Answer:
Some helpful tips for recycling metals include:
· Recycle old batteries
· Recycle old appliances
· Recycle used tin or aluminum cans
· Organize a can drive
· Purchase used home appliances in good condition instead of new ones
· Purchase items made of recycled metal
· Reuse metals by making jewelry or art
59 | P a g e