LEDs and Lighting Controls: The Second Tsunami
On behalf of the U.S. Department of Energy and NETL Morgantown
LEDs and Lighting Controls: The Second Tsunami
The Second Tsunami
Dr. John W. Curran,
President, LED Transformations, LLC
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f
i
Ci
hibi d
© 2014 LED Transformations, LLC
3
Course Description
Course Description
LEDs and Lighting Controls: The Second Tsunami
This presentation will examine the future of the lighting industry, as LEDs become the dominant light source and lighting controls become commonplace in d li h i
l b
l
i
almost all applications. The new age of “personal lighting ” will forever change how lighting is used, lighting,
will forever change how lighting is used
allowing occupants to set personal preferences for their environment while the use of color and visual clues will allow the environment to communicate with building occupants in new and exciting ways.
4
Learning Objectives
Learning Objectives
LEDs and Lighting Controls: The Second Tsunami
• Discuss how lighting controls will expand to include all lighting environments and what attendees must do to prepare for that expansion
• Examine the implications to business as the ability of LEDs to provide almost unlimited color choices vastly expands the use of color to affect mood and health of building g
occupants
• Explain what the new lighting paradigm of "personal lighting" controls will mean as controls and LEDs blend into lighting
controls will mean as controls and LEDs blend into
one comprehensive offering
• Determine how to support new lighting applications which will allow building elements to communicate with
will allow building elements to communicate with occupants
5
Course Outline
1. LED Technology – Where are we?
Color and the Eye
y – How the optic
p system
y
senses
2. C
color
3. LEDs & Lighting Control – A natural synergy
4. Lighting Control Systems – LED light, data and
communications
5 The
5.
Th Future
F t
– LEDs,
LED OLEDs
OLED and
d th
the d
definition
fi iti off a
"luminaire"
6. Preparing for the Future – What
businesses should be doing now
6
LED Technology
LEDs Lighting Market Share Growing in all segments
LEDs Lighting Market Share –
G
i i ll
t
2010
100
80
60
40
20
0
Incandescent
Halogen
HID
Architectural
Outdoor
Hospitality Shopping
Industrial
Office
Residential
Compact Fluorescent
LED
100
80
60
40
20
0
Incandescent
Halogen
HID
Linear Fluorescent
Architecttural
Outdoor
Hospitaliity Shoppingg
Halogen
Industriaal
Incandescent
Office
Residenttial
2020
100
80
60
40
20
0
2016
Linear Fluorescent
Compact Fluorescent
LED
HID
Archittectu…
Outdo
oor
Hospiitality Shopp
ping
Indusstrial
e
Office
Residential
Linear Fluorescent
Compact Fluorescent
LED
Data Source: McKinsey & Company ‐ Lighting the way: Perspectives on the global lighting market, McKinsey & p
g
g
g
,
y
Company, July 2011
7
Performance LED efficacy projections
Performance –
LED ffi
j ti
LED Technology
SSL R&D Multi‐Year Program Plan, May g
,
y
2014
8
LED Technology
DesignLights Consortium It is where customers are looking
DesignLights Consortium –
It i h
t
l ki
53,991 products listed as of 8‐13‐14
Source: DesignLights Consortium Data Base
9
LED Technology
Terminology Some photometric definitions
Terminology –
S
h t
t i d fi iti
One photon has energy Ep() = hc/p
where h is Planks' constant
c is the speed of light
i h
d f li h
and p is the photon's wavelength
Spectral Power P() {in watts} = n Ep()/sec which is just the number of photons (n} emitted j
p
( }
by the light source per second times the energy per photon
Intensity () {in candela} = 683 P() V() / 
where P() is the spectral power, where
P() is the spectral power
V() is the eye response (luminosity) function,
 is the solid angle {in steradians} into which the light is emitted
and 683 is a correction factor If the light source has multiple wave‐
lengths, the total luminous intensity is found by integrating over all wavelengths
y
g
g
g
 = 683  P() V() d 
10
LED Technology
Terminology Some photometric definitions
Terminology –
S
h t
t i d fi iti
Luminous Flux (lumen) is proportional to the number of photons emitted per second corrected for the eye's response
A
B
y(
)
Luminous Intensity (candela) is proportional to the density of photons emitted per second into a specific solid angle (corrected for the eye's response)
Note that anywhere within the solid angle Note
that anywhere within the solid angle
(cone), the luminous intensity is the same. However, if surface A is twice the radius of surface B, the illumination on surface A will be ¼ the illumination on surface B
Illumination (ft‐cd / lux) is proportional to the density of photons per second falling on a given surface (corrected for the eye'ss on a given surface (corrected for the eye
response) with the surface having dimensions of square feet (ft‐cd) or square meters (lux)
11
LED Technology
Energy Reduction Requirements ASHRAE 90.1
Energy Reduction Requirements –
ASHRAE 90 1
ASHRAE 90.1
2.5
Office
Manufacturing
School/University
Lumen Powe
er Density (W//ft2)
2
Retail
Warehouse
Parking Garage
Healthcare Clinic
1.5
1
0.5
0
1999
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
12
LED Technology
Semi Conductor Heritage Improved performance and lower cost
Semi‐Conductor Heritage –
I
d
f
dl
t
LEDs follow a development rule known as Haitz’s Law
Haitz’s Law
Red Output (in lumens/device)
White Output (in lumens/device)
Red Cost (in $/lumen)
100 000
100.000
Cost / Lumeen ($ / lumeen)
C
Light outp
put / packagge (in lumeens)
1,000.000
White Cost (in $/lumen)
Output Trend
Cost Trend
10.000
1.000
0.100
0.010
0.001
0
001
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Data Source: Roland Haitz & Lumileds
13
LED Device Trends Haitzs
LED Device Trends –
H it Law at work
L
t
k
LED Technology
Data Source: Vrinda Bhandarkar, Strategies Unlimited
LED Prices in $/klum
in $/klum
$350
9/3/12
$300
$250
4/19/13
$200
$150
5/9/14
5/9/14
$100
$
$50
$0
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
Year
14
LED Technology
Efficacy of Color LEDs Improving as well
Efficacy of Color LEDs –
I
i
ll
Efficacy vs. Color
(Cree XP‐E2 LEDs)
Efficcacy (in lum/W)
120
100
80
60
40
350 mA
20
700 mA
0
Red
Red‐Orange
Amber
Green
Blue
Efficacy vs. Color
(Philips Lumiled Rebel LEDs)
Efficacy (in lum/W
W)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Red
Red‐Orange PC Amber
Green
Cyan
Blue
15
Standards Help manage the risks
Standards –
H l
th i k
LED Technology
• LM‐79‐08 Approved Method: Electrical and Photometric Measurements of Solid‐State Lighting Products
–
Describes testing procedure for evaluating light
distribution from LED‐based luminaires
• LM‐80‐08 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen pp
f
g
Depreciation of LED Light Sources
–
–
Describes testing procedure for measuring lumen
depreciation of LED devices
Does not describe how to evaluate data taken • TM‐21‐11 Projecting Long Term Lumen Maintenance of LED Light Sources
–
Provides the method for determining when the P
id th
th d f d t
i i
h th
“useful lifetime” of an LED is reached
• ANSI C78.377‐2008 A Specifications for the Chromaticity of Solid‐State
of Solid
State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
–
Describes binning structure to specify LED device colors
16
Standards The generation gap
Standards –
Th
ti
LED Technology
Timeline for a new LED‐based product
LM‐80 Testing (To claim 50k hours)
LDL
LF = Lighting Facts
LF Lighting Facts
LDL = Lighting Design Lab,
Energy Star or
Design Lights Consortium
= Market Release
= Market Release
LM 80 Testing (minimum)
LM‐80 Testing (minimum)
Design
Tooling
Pilot
LF LDL
Agency
LED Mfg
Introduces
new LED
LED
LED Mfg
Introduces
new LED
LED Mfg
Introduces
new LED
17
LED Technology
Testing Time/Temperature Can have a drastically different effect
Testing Time/Temperature –
C h
d ti ll diff
t ff t
21 days at 37.5OC
3 minutes at 70OC
18
LED Technology
Light Loss Factors (LLF) Still lit after all these years
Light Loss Factors (LLF) –
Still lit ft
ll th
How to maintain the specified h
ifi d
illuminance over the lifetime of the luminaires?
Avoiding Zombie
LED luminaires
19
Light Loss Factors (LLF) Two types
Light Loss Factors (LLF) –
T t
LED Technology
• Lighting
g
g systems
y
((luminaires and lamps)
p ) will decrease in
light output over time due to reduction in lumen output of
the source and changing surface properties of the
luminaire, source and even environment
• In design of lighting systems, this loss is typically
accounted for by employing a reduction factor known as
the Light Loss Factor (LLF),
(LLF) which is typically caused by
four things:
–
–
–
–
Ballast factor
Lamp lumen depreciation (LLD)
Luminaire dirt depreciation (LDD)
Lamp burnout
20
LED Technology
Light Loss Factors (LLF) Influenced by many factors
Light Loss Factors (LLF) –
I fl
db
f t
• Light Loss factors are estimates of system performance and can
be affected by many things:
–
–
–
–
Operating cycle – depends on occupants
Environment cleanliness – depends on maintenance staff
Thermal characteristics – often ignored
Relamping schedule – spot versus group
• Effects of using an LLF closer to 1.0 during the design process:
– System
y
mayy not provide enough
g light
g near end of life ((negative)
g
)
– Fewer luminaires can be used, reducing energy usage and cost
(positive)
• Effects of using an LLF much less than 1.0:
–
–
–
–
Excessive energy use (negative)
Overlit spaces (negative)
Glare (negative)
Light trespass (negative)
21
LED Technology
Lumen Depreciation Examples Traditional light sources
Lumen Depreciation Examples –
T diti
l li ht
For conventional lamps, LLD is commonly calculated as the p
p
g
p
(
)
expected lumen output at a given point in time (mean lumens) divided by the initial lumen output (initial lumens)
• The point in time for measuring the mean lumens is given as a g
percentage of the rated life (e.g. 40% fluorescent and metal halide, 50% all others)
• Rated life is the point at which
Incandescent / Halogen
High Pressure Sodium
50% of the lamps in a test
sample fail
• Use of mean lumens is common
U
f
l
i
practice, but can result in light
levels lower than target design
SSource: M Royer, Lumen Maintenance and Light Loss MR
L
M i t
d Li ht L
Factors: Consequences of Current Design Practices for LEDs, LEUKOS, 12/13
Metal Halide
T8 Fluorescent
22
LED Technology
Lumen Depreciation Applied to LED sources
Lumen Depreciation –
A li d t LED
Five different light sources: 2 LED; 2 fluorescent; L Prize and their associated lumen depreciation rates
associated lumen depreciation rates
Source: M Royer, Lumen Maintenance and Light Loss Factors: Consequences of Current Design Practices for LEDs, LEUKOS, 12/13
23
LED Technology
Color Shifts Can change in many directions
Color Shifts –
C
h
i
di ti
Results of DOE CALiPER testing from 2008 thru 2010 shows color shifts after 6000 hours of operation (black) p
(
)
and 12,000 hours (red)
Shift to blue
Shift to yellow
Source: Michael Royer, PNNL
24
LED Technology
Color Shifts Can change in many directions
Color Shifts –
C
h
i
di ti
Even worse, the color shift can move in different directions over those time p
periods as shown
Shift to blue
Source: Michael Royer, PNNL
Shift to yellow
25
Color Shifts Why the changes?
Color Shifts –
Wh th h
?
LED Technology
A number of different mechanisms can be responsible for color shifts
In some older LEDs that use soft silicon coverings, the phosphor can settle to the bottom
Low/mid power LED housings can yellow, affecting the reflection of light from the sides of the cavity
Edges of phosphor plates can curl with a shift to blue (left image) or delaminate with a shift to yellow (right image) 26
Color Shifts Rate of change
Color Shifts –
R t f h
LED Technology
Earlier high power LED results
Some mid‐power LED results
Recent high power LED results
Source: DOE Gateway Report Source
DOE Gateway Report
Color Maintenance of LEDs in Laboratory and Field Applications
September 2013 27
LED Technology
Additional Standards Still missing a number of important ones
Additional Standards –
Still i i
b
fi
t t
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Driver lifetime and reliability
Luminaire lifetime
L i i color
Luminaire
l shift
hift
Dimming for luminaires
Flicker tolerances
Transient protection
Power quality
28
Course Outline
1. LED Technology – Where are we?
2 Color and the Eye 2.
Color and the Eye – How the optic system senses How the optic system senses
color
3. LEDs & Lighting Control LEDs & Lighting Control – A natural synergy
A natural synergy
4. Lighting Control Systems – LED light, data and communications
5. The Future – LEDs, OLEDs and the definition of a "luminaire"
6. Preparing for the Future – What businesses should be doing now
29
Color and the Eye
An Experiment What color is the ball?
An Experiment –
Wh t l i th b ll?
30
Color and the Eye
An Experiment What color is the ball?
An Experiment –
Wh t l i th b ll?
Without light objects have NO Color
Red object – Absorbs blue & green
31
Color and the Eye
An Experiment What color is the ball?
An Experiment –
Wh t l i th b ll?
32
Color and the Eye
Light Terminology – The eye receptors
Light Terminology
Th
t
Cone cell
Rod cell
Image Source: Ivo Kruusamagi, Wiki di
Wikipedia
Some differences:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Three types of cone cells (long, medium and short wavelengths); one type of rod cell
Rods are about 100 times more sensitive to light than cones
Multiple rod cells terminate on one interneuron amplifying the signal but giving them less image resolution
Cones have a faster response time to light stimuli making them more sensitive to temporal changes
33
Color and the Eye
Light Terminology The eye receptors
Light Terminology –
Th
t
Response difference between rods and cones
34
Color and the Eye
Light Terminology The eye receptors
Light Terminology –
Th
t
Rod vision and night vision are not the same thing!
high light sensitivity
poor acuity
it
no color vision
No moon
low light sensitivity
hi h
high acuity
it
color vision Full Moon
Twilight
Office
Full Sun
Mesopic Regime
Photopic Regime
Scotopic Regime
It can take 45 minutes to dark adapt
Cones Dominant
Rods Dominant
106
105
104
103
102
101
1
10‐1
10‐2
10‐3
10‐4
10‐5
10‐6
Luminance (cd/m2)
35
Color and the Eye
Light Terminology – The Color Matching Functions
Light Terminology The Color Matching Functions
Each of the three cone cells responds differently to light depending on wavelength. A single cone’s response is ambiguous. To determine color, multiple cones must be triggered and the brain compares responses to determine color Color matching functions for the eye response
brain compares responses to determine color. Color matching functions for the eye response are shown here.
Eye Response Functions
(CIE 1931)
1.80E+00
Colorr Matching Fu
unction
1.60E+00
Z (Short Wavelength)
1.40E+00
N t Th Y
Note: The Y curve is defined to i d fi d t
be identical to the Eye Sensitivity Function V(λ)
Y (Medium Wavelength)
1.20E+00
1.00E+00
X (Long Wavelength)
8.00E‐01
6.00E‐01
Red (X)
( )
4.00E‐01
Green (Y)
2.00E‐01
Blue (Z)
0.00E+00
350
450
550
650
Wavelength
750
850
36
Color and the Eye
Light Terminology The eye’s response to color
Light Terminology –
Th
’
t
l
Photopic Eye Response
1
0.9
0.8
07
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
Wavelength (nm)
37
Color and the Eye
Photometric Considerations MacAdam Ellipses
Photometric Considerations –
M Ad
Elli
How much must two colors differ in order for an observer to distinguish then
order for an observer to distinguish then as different?
David MacAdam in 1942 published what is still the major definitive work on this subject
h
d f
k
h
b
He found that any two p
points must have a minimum geometrical distance to yield a per‐
ceptible difference in color. These distances, called steps, actually represent standard deviations.
38
MacAdam Ellipses A closer look
MacAdam Ellipses –
A l
l k
Color and the Eye
50% of the general population can distinguish a color difference of one distinguish
a color difference of one
MacAdam ellipse
Source: Gerard Harbers, Xicato
39
Color and the Eye
ANSI C78 377 2011 Chromaticity Standards
ANSI C78.377‐2011 –
Ch
ti it St d d
Radius of amber circle Radius
of amber circle
shows the EnergyStar color shift tolerance at 6000 hrs of Δ u’v’ = 0.007
Specifies 8 different standard color bins for LEDs based on a 7 step
LEDs, based on a 7‐step MacAdam ellipse
But this still leaves a very wide range in each “bin” which is not acceptable in many li hti
lighting applications
li ti
Source: ANSI C78.377‐2011
40
Color and the Eye
Light Terminology – The eye receptors
Light Terminology
Th
t
Opponent Colors
Color Perception
Fovea
Absolute Quantities
Ab
l t Q
titi
Brightness
L Cone
Visible Lightt
MC
M Cone
Chan 1 (R – G)
(Chan 3)
R (+), G (‐)
(Ratio Ch1 to Ch2)
Chan 2 (Y – B)
Y (+), B (‐)
S Cone
Colorfulness (Strength of Ch1 & Ch2)
Relative Quantities
Q
Chan 3 Brightness
Rod
Retina
Hue
Neurons
Nerve Fiber
• Lightness
• Chroma
• Saturation
Visual Cortex
41
Color and the Eye
Light Terminology – The eye receptors
Light Terminology
Th
t
Equilibrium
• The eyes are most stable when the primary colors (red, green, blue) are within their field of view
• Combinations of complimentary colors also suffice
Combinations of complimentary colors also suffice
• The colors do not have to be present in equal amounts
Simultaneous Contrast
Simultaneous
Contrast
• If only a single color is present, the eye will try to generate the missing complement in any nearby achromatic (gray or colorless) area
colorless) area
42
Blue Light Issues Confusion
Blue Light Issues –
C f i
Color and the Eye
What mayy be beneficial for an occupant
p
during
g the
day may be harmful for an occupant at night, and
may vary significantly between individuals in a given
space.
p
Even more complicated
p
is the need to
balance the desire for alertness with preservation of
normal circadian rhythms among night-shift medical
staff,, for example.
p Therefore,, even if a prescription
p
p
for effective nonvisual stimulation is developed,
implementing the solution may not be
straightforward,
g
, especially
p
y if there are users with
different histories and needs occupying the space at
the same time.
DOE Publication: Lighting for Health: LEDs in the New Age of Illumination, May 2014 43
Blue Light Issues Confusion
Blue Light Issues –
C f i
DOE Publication: Optical Safety of LEDs, June 2013 Color and the Eye
The cool white (Cool LED and D65) and warm white sources (Warm LED and Halogen) have
white sources (Warm LED and Halogen) have comparable areas under the B() curve
44
Color and the Eye
Light Terminology – The eye receptors
Light Terminology
Th
t
H
How about the two orange squares and their gray backgrounds?
b t th t
d th i
b k
d?
45
Course Outline
1. LED Technology – Where are we?
2 Color and the Eye 2.
Color and the Eye – How the optic system senses How the optic system senses
color
3. LEDs & Lighting Control LEDs & Lighting Control – A natural synergy
A natural synergy
4. Lighting Control Systems – LED light, data and communications
5. The Future – LEDs, OLEDs and the definition of a "luminaire"
6. Preparing for the Future – What businesses should be doing now
46
The Eye
LEDs & Lighting Controls
An
An Experiment
TheExperiment
The LED Advantage –
LED Advantage
– What color is the ball?
Wh t Unique characteristics
U l i i thh b ll?
t i ti
• LEDs can be turned on an off with no reduction in lifetime, unlike d
lf
lk
other light sources
– This is often how LED luminaires are dimmed by rapidly turning them on and off
• There is no restrike time with LEDs so they are come on at full brightness 47
© 2014 LED Transformations, LLC
LEDs & Lighting Controls
The LED Advantage Unique characteristics
The LED Advantage –
U i
h
t i ti
Potential energy savings using sensors
savings using sensors to turn‐off or reduce light in area when then are not in use
then are not in use
Required more often by latest building codes
Area Type
Percent (%)
Reduction
Locker room
65
Large work
room/office
55
Rest room
50
File room
45
Small work
room
40
Corridors
25
Small offices
22
48
LEDs & Lighting Controls
Lighting Controls New regulations for further energy savings
Lighting Controls –
N
l ti
f f th
i
• CA Title 24 – new requirements for photosensors,
occupancy sensors and
d multi-level
lti l
l lilighting
hti controls,
t l b
both
th
indoors and outdoor (effective 1/1/14)
–
–
–
–
Aisles in warehouses and libraries
Parking lots and garages
Outdoor lighting requires photocells and automated controls
Vacancy sensors and controls in residential bathrooms
• NYC LL48 – Requires vacancy sensors in many areas
(effective 12/28/10)
–
–
–
–
Classrooms
Break rooms
Conference rooms
Offices less than 200 ft sq
49
LEDs & Lighting Controls
New Rules for Lighting Principles of Task‐Ambient Lighting
New Rules for Lighting –
Pi i l
f T k A bi t Li hti
•
•
•
•
•
Daylighting with glare control
Daylighting
with glare control
Ambient lighting that delivers ~300‐500 lux (30‐50 fc) on workplane
Task lighting that delivers ~200‐750 lux (20‐75 fc) evenly across desk area
across desk area Accent lighting or wallwashing
to provide perception of brightness/cheerfulness
Light finishes to bounce light and make faces attractive and save lighting energy
save lighting energy
Source: Naomi Miller, PNNL
50
LEDs & Lighting Controls
NREL Research Facility Efficient lighting is an important element
NREL Research Facility –
Effi i t li hti i
i
t t l
t
LED task lights
with sensor control use 15 watts
with sensor control use 15 watts
versus previous fluorescents at 35 watts
51
LEDs & Lighting Controls
NREL Research Facility Daylighting helps reduce energy usage
NREL Research Facility –
D li hti h l
d
52
LEDs & Lighting Controls
A Typical MR 16 Issue Compatibility with existing equipment
A Typical MR‐16 Issue –
C
tibilit ith i ti
i
t
A demonstration of various LED l
LED lamps was carried out at i d
the Intercontinental Hotel in San Francisco under the DOE’s Gateway program
During the testing, one manufacturer’s LED lamps began to flash and flicker at night. Subsequently it was removed from the test program
Later the problem was traced to the legacy lighting control Later
the problem was traced to the legacy lighting control
system that was programmed to reduce the voltage late at night (which no one involved at the time was aware of)
53
LEDs & Lighting Controls
A Typical MR 16 Issue Compatibility with existing equipment
A Typical MR‐16 Issue –
C
tibilit ith i ti
i
t
Two types of transformers used to step-down the voltage to
12V tto power MR
MR-16
16 llamps
•
•
Magnetic transformers
Electronic Low Voltage Transformers (ELVT)
N
Note the dead zone at the h d d
h
start of each cycle
A 35W halogen presents a large resistive load to the ELVT which allows the transformer to easily start‐up
Typical output of a low‐cost, self‐oscillating yp
p
,
g
ELVT driving a single 35W halogen MR‐16 (current – green; voltage – yellow)
The DC‐DC driver in an LED MR‐16, by contrast presents a negative load to the ELVT resulting in potential flickering or even complete failure of the ELVT to start
54
LEDs & Lighting Controls
Some Concerns Do your homework
Some Concerns –
D
h
k
Lighting Controls
a)
b)
System Compatibility
i.
ii.
Performance can be unpredictable
Proprietary systems can create future issues
iii.
More features; more problems
Legacy wiring
c)
d)
c)
Electronic transformers
i.
ii.
d)
Lower power draw means potentially more luminaires per circuit
In retrofit applications, control architecture may not match
Older systems designed for incandescent electrical characteristics
Impedance mismatch can create flicker,
dimming and failure
Software Issues
i.
ii.
Often poorly documented similar to
“as-built” drawings
Unconstrained by any laws of physics
55
LEDs & Lighting Controls
Lots of Issues Remain NEMA SSL‐7A example
Lots of Issues Remain –
NEMA SSL 7A
l
Poor User Experiences
p
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Dimming range
Dead travel
Pop‐on
Drop‐out
Popcorn
p
Ghosting
Flashing/Strobing
Induced Flicker
Induced Flicker
Audible noise
• Dimming smoothness
• Dimming monotonicity
• Dimming up/down symmetry
• Dimmer loading
Dimmer loading
• Dimmer ‐ LED light engine inoperability
• Premature failure of Premature failure of
dimmer and/or LED light engine
Source: Michael Poplawski, PNNL
56
LEDs & Lighting Controls
Lighting Control Dimming using power line
Lighting Control –
Di
i
i
li
Types of Line Voltage
• Leading Edge
– Incandescent
– Magnetic low voltage transformers
• Trailing Edge
– Electronic low voltage transformers
• When using
g this type
yp of control
– Make sure product conforms to existing standards
– Verify compatibility with manufacturers
57
LEDs & Lighting Controls
Lighting Control Different combinations yield different results
Lighting Control –
Diff
t
bi ti
i ld diff
t
lt
58
LEDs & Lighting Controls
NEMA SSL 7a 2013 Specifications for dimming controls
NEMA SSL‐7a‐2013 –
S ifi ti
f di
i
t l
• Defines design specifications for LED sources
and dimmers
• Defines compliance test procedures for LED
sources and dimmers
• Predicable,, specified
p
p
performance
– Minimum definition for dimmable
– Room for product differentiation
• Compliant dimmers will have performance
ratings that will be valid with all compliant LED sources
– Full-featured operation
– Load ratings (maximum and minimum, if necessary)
• C
Compliant
li t LED sources will
ill h
have performance
f
ratings that will be valid with all compliant dimmers
– Dimmer loading characteristics
– Dimming range (relative maximum output
output, minimum output)
Source: DOE Mkt Workshop ‐ Managing Risks: Dimming
Michael Poplawski, November 2013
59
LEDs & Lighting Controls
Time Scheduling The simplest control scheme
Time Scheduling –
Th i l t
t l h
6 am
Noon
6 pm
p
12 am
kW
12 am
Lights off
Lights on
Lights off
Time of day
Turn off lights after hours or when a space is not normally used.
Source: Steven Mesh
Lighting Education & Design 60
LEDs & Lighting Controls
Time Scheduling Some additional energy savings
Time Scheduling –
S
dditi
l
i
6 am
Noon
6 pm
p
12 am
kW
12 am
Lights off
Lights on
Lights off
Time of day
Reduce the maximum light level for an entire space or building.
Source: Steven Mesh
Lighting Education & Design 61
LEDs & Lighting Controls
Daylight Harvesting Taking advantage of natural light
Daylight Harvesting –
T ki
d t
f t l li ht
6 am
Noon
6 pm
p
12 am
kW
12 am
Lights off
Lights on
Lights off
Time of day
Dim or turn off lights based on available natural light.
Source: Steven Mesh
Lighting Education & Design 62
LEDs & Lighting Controls
Occupancy/Vacancy Sensing Taking occupants into account
Occupancy/Vacancy Sensing –
T ki
t i t
t
6 am
Noon
6 pm
p
12 am
kW
12 am
Time of day
Turn off lights when the space is unoccupied (vacant).
Source: Steven Mesh
Lighting Education & Design 63
LEDs & Lighting Controls
Personal Control Giving occupants a say in their lighting
Personal Control –
Gi i
t
i th i li hti
6 am
Noon
6 pm
p
12 am
kW
12 am
Lights off
Lights on
Lights off
Time of day
Dim or turn off lights based on personal preference or needs.
Source: Steven Mesh
Lighting Education & Design 64
LEDs & Lighting Controls
Demand Response Working with the electric utility
Demand Response –
W ki
ith th l t i tilit
Also known as Variable Load Shedding
6 am
Noon
6 pm
p
12 am
kW
12 am
Lights off
Lights on
Lights off
Time of day
Dim or turn off lights during periods of peak demand.
Source: Steven Mesh
Lighting Education & Design 65
LEDs & Lighting Controls
The Net Result Combining the approaches
The Net Result –
C bi i th
h
6 am
Noon
6 pm
p
12 am
kW
12 am
Time of day
Aggregate strategies for that space, and its resulting energy use.
Source: Steven Mesh
Lighting Education & Design 66
LEDs & Lighting Controls
Comparison No controls versus combined reduction methods
Comparison –
N
t l
bi d d ti
th d
Ab t 75% d ti i
About 75% reduction in energy usage
Source: Steven Mesh
Lighting Education & Design 67
Course Outline
1. LED Technology – Where are we?
2 Color and the Eye 2.
Color and the Eye – How the optic system senses How the optic system senses
color
3. LEDs & Lighting Control LEDs & Lighting Control – A natural synergy
A natural synergy
4. Lighting Control Systems – LED light, data and communications
5. The Future – LEDs, OLEDs and the definition of a "luminaire"
6. Preparing for the Future – What businesses should be doing now
68
Lighting Control Systems
Lighting Control Topologies Connection architecture
Lighting Control Topologies –
C
ti
hit t
Bus
Star
Fully Connected
Daisy Chain
Mesh
Ring
Tree
Source: IES TM‐23‐11
69
Lighting Control Systems
Lighting Control Physical Layer Electrical characteristics
Lighting Control Physical Layer –
El t i l h
t i ti
RS‐232 (currently TIA‐232) – electrical characteristics and timing of signals, and the physical size and pinout of connectors for serial binary single‐ended data and control signals for point to point connections
RS‐485 (currently TIA‐485) – a network designed to handle communications to a series of devices in a system – fast over a short distance or slower over a long distance
Ethernet – a network technology on which data may be sent and received from each connected unit (frequently called a node). It defines wiring and connection ( q
y
)
g
methods as well as basic communication rules for carrying data
USB – developed by a consortium of computer manufacturers to establish communication between devices and a host controller (such as personal computers). The technology was intended to replace a variety of serial and parallel ports used to connect computer peripherals. USB can also serve as the power connection.
Source: IES‐TM‐23‐2011
70
Lighting Control Systems
Lighting Control Protocols A wide range from various sources
Lighting Control Protocols –
A id
f
i
building control
controlling equipment by means of a current LonWorks – platform used for automation of source analog control voltage in the nominal
source analog control voltage in the nominal building systems including HVAC and lighting
building systems including HVAC and lighting
range from 0 to 10 volts positive
MIDI – Musical Instrument Digital Interface
ACN – a bi‐directional protocol that controls Modbus – an industrial control protocol
theatrical lighting, audio and effects
RDM – extension of DMX512 allowing bi
RDM extension of DMX512 allowing bi‐
ASCII – American National Standard Code for directional communications
Information Interchange SMPTE – time code synchronization protocol
BACnet – a communication protocol that is TCP/IP – Transmission Control Protocol / specifically designed for the needs of building
specifically designed for the needs of building Internet Protocoll
automation and control systems
XML
– Extensible Markup Language is a DALI – Digital Addressable Lighting Interface is a standard for document markup
non‐proprietary lighting control protocol
ZigBee
g ee – su
suite of specifications for high level te o spec cat o s o g e e
DMX512 – Asynchronous Serial Data A
h
S i lD
communication protocols using small, low‐
Transmission Standard for Controlling Lighting power digital radios based on the IEEE 802.15.4 Equipment and Accessories
standard for wireless personal area networks
EnOcean – standard for self‐powered sensor Z‐Wave – designed for low‐power and low‐
designed for low‐power and low‐
modules operating over unlicensed frequencies
bandwidth appliances Source: IES‐TM‐23‐2011
Konnex – European open standard for home & 0‐10 VDC – front end/user driven method of 71
Lighting Control Systems
Wired vs Wireless Control Systems Wired benefits
Wired vs. Wireless Control Systems –
Wi d b
fit
Central control – with an area having many lighting circuits, a centralized system allows a single keypad rather than banks of
centralized system allows a single keypad rather than banks of switches on the wall
Reliability of signal transmission – hard wiring of system eliminates the potential for communication issues due to interference or signal propagation limitations
Greater control ‐ A wired system can give more sophisticated Greater control A wired system can give more sophisticated
control and flexibility
Security – ability to gain unauthorized access to hard wired control systems is more difficult (although not impossible)
Fault detection – hard wiring allows easier troubleshooting using equipment such as time domain reflectometer tools which can equipment such as time domain reflectometer
tools which can
pinpoint the location of faults along wire runs
72
Lighting Control Systems
Wired vs Wireless Control Systems Wireless benefits
Wired vs. Wireless Control Systems –
Wi l
b
fit
Lower installation cost – with no need to cut open walls, run cable etc wireless systems typically have much lower
cable, etc., wireless systems typically have much lower installation costs, particularly for retrofit applications
Less planning – since there are no in‐wall requirements, advanced planning for controls is minimized
Flexibility – the lack of in‐wall wiring also allows greater flexibility in changing control configurations in the future
flexibility in changing control configurations in the future
Reliability – while typically less reliable than wired systems, some wireless systems use architectures that allow multiple y
p
pathways for communications which can accommodate for individual point failures (e.g. fully connected, ring, mesh configurations)
73
Lighting Control Systems
Stand Alone Sensing/Control Simple/inexpensive
Stand‐Alone Sensing/Control –
Si l /i
i
Pros & Cons
+ Sensors are built into the luminaires
S
b ilt i t th l i i
+ No wiring required (except for power)
+ Simplest installation
p
+ Some manufacturers offer RF capability to allow luminaires to provide a minimal grouping function via wireless + Minimum commissioning effort
Mi i
i i i
ff t
– Limited control capabilities
– Limited sensor selection (those provided and installed by the Limited sensor selection (those provided and installed by the
luminaire manufacturer)
– No building integration
74
Lighting Control Systems
System Sensing/Control Expanded features at higher cost
System Sensing/Control –
E
d df t
t hi h
t
Pros & Cons
+ Sensors are located based on building structure/control needs
Sensors are located based on building structure/control needs
+ Minimum restrictions on types of sensors used
+ Complete control of lighting system which can be tailored to building occupancy and use
building occupancy and use
+ System can be integrated into a complete building control system (e.g. HVAC, security, etc.)
+ Software control and remote monitoring capabilities
f
l d
bl
+ Communication with electric utility for load shedding which can provide rate reductions
– Higher installation costs
– Extensive commissioning recommended/required
– Often Often "closed"
closed systems which limits future expansion to one mfg
systems which limits future expansion to one mfg
75
Lighting Control Systems
Lighting Controls Combining LEDs with sensors
Lighting Controls –
C bi i LED ith
Types of Sensors
• Occupancy/Vacancy Sensors
– Passive IR – use thermal image to detect activity
– Microwave Microwave – transmits microwave transmits microwave
pulses and measures reflections to detect activity
– Ultrasonic – similar to sonar, uses reflections from bursts of high frequency sound to detect activity
– Acoustic – microphones which listen for activity
• Photocells/Daylight Sensors – measure ambient light to either turn system on/off or set particular dimming level
/ ff
i l di
i l l
• Video cameras – uses change in scenes to detect activity
• Timing – sets on/off or dimming level based on time of day
76
Lighting Control Systems
Occupancy vs Vacancy Sensors What is the difference?
Occupancy vs. Vacancy Sensors –
Wh t i th diff
?
• Occupancy sensors turn lights on when someone enters an
area and turns them off a set time after the person leaves
– preferred for areas where someone entering the area may not be
able to turn on the lighting control (e.g. playrooms for small children,
laundry
y rooms where arms may
y typically
yp
y be carrying
y g items, etc.))
• Vacancy sensors do not turn lights on. Someone entering an
area controlled by a vacancy sensor must manually turn the
lights
g
on. However,, the vacancy
y sensor will turn the lights
g
off
when it senses that person has left the area
– preferred in areas where the lights should not come on automatically
should someone enter the area. For example, children's bedrooms,
areas where pets are free to roam, etc. Some building
codes require the use of vacancy sensors whenever
sensors are used
77
New Combinations
Lighting Control Systems
New Features; New Issues Sensors become important
New Features; New Issues –
S
b
i
t t
Now besides concerns about obstructions to b
i
the lighting, specifiers and installers will also need to consider line of sight for
line of sight for the sensors
Source: Gateway Report, “Use of Occupancy Sensors in LED Parking Lot
and Garage Applications: Early Experiences” 10/12 78
New Combinations
Lighting Control Systems
New Features; New Issues Sensors become important
New Features; New Issues –
S
b
i
t t
Energy savings will be a function of:
• Time delay until turn‐off
– Longer time delays decrease energy savings
– Shorter time delays can increase the annoyance factor for facility occupants
Low Level
• Low illumination setting
– Decreasing the low level setting increases the potential energy savings
• Exogenous factors such as amount of vehicular and pedestrian traffic the p
High Level
sensor detects
– Heavy traffic can negate the overall usefulness of an occupancy or motion sensor (e.g. it is on all the time)
o o se so (e g s o a
e
e)
79
Lighting Control Systems
Lighting Controls Off saves more than on
Lighting Controls –
Off
th
Annual Energy Usage
(in kWh/yr/fixture)
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Original HPS (w/ballast)
LED Product (no controls)
LED Product 10 minute turn‐off delay
LED Product 2.5 minute turn‐off delay
Source: Gateway Report, “Use of Occupancy Sensors in LED Parking Lot
and Garage Applications: Early Experiences” 10/12 80
Lighting Control Systems
Lighting Control 0 to 10 Volt
Lighting Control –
0 t 10 V lt
• Two analog standards
– Current source (theatrical standard) covered by ESTA E1.3
Current source (theatrical standard) covered by ESTA E1 3
– Current sink (lighting standard) covered by IEC Standard 60929 Annex E
• IEC Standard 60929
– Provide full light output when control voltage is 10V (or above) – Minimum output or off at 1V (or below)
– Standard also requires that ballast/driver limit maximum control current t 20 A
to 2.0 mA
• Output many be linear based on voltage output, actual light output, power output, or perceived light output.
81
Lighting Control Systems
Lighting Control DALI digital control
Lighting Control –
DALI di it l
t l
•
•
Digital Addressable Lighting Interface (DALI) is an International Standard (IEC 62386) lighting control system providing a single interface for all
(IEC 62386) lighting control system providing a single interface for all Electronic Control Gears (light sources) and Electronic Control Devices (lighting controllers)
Enables components from different manufacturers to be used together
Enables components from different manufacturers to be used together
–
–
–
–
–
•
•
Dimmable ballasts
Transformers
Relay modules
Controllers
Emergency Fittings (e.g. Exit Signs)
Allows addressing of 64 individual components per DALI line as well as status reporting of lamps and ballasts
Originally designed for fluorescent control, standard has been expanded to include LED modules as well (Part 207)
82
Lighting Control Systems
Lighting Control DMX digital control
Lighting Control –
DMX di it l
t l
•
DMX512 is a digital control lighting standard developed by the US
Institute of Theater Technology
Technology. Now known as ANSI standard
E1.11-2008 “DMX512-A - Asynchronous Serial Digital Data
Transmission Standard for Controlling Lighting Equipment and
Accessories”
•
The DMX protocol consists of a stream of data which is sent over a
balanced cable system connected between the data transmitter
(usually consoles) and a data receiver such as
–
–
–
–
–
–
Dimmers
Intelligent lights
Color changers
Lasers
Strobes
Other theatrical devices such as smoke and confetti
machines
83
Lighting Control Systems
Hacking Listening light bulbs
Hacking –
Li t i li ht b lb
Hackers were able to connect to lamp communication network, becoming part of the system without any indication that they had connected
Master Lamp
Master Lamp
WiFi 802.11
802.15.4 6LoWPAN wireless mesh network
wireless
mesh network
84
Lighting Control Systems
Hacking Listening light bulbs
Hacking –
Li t i li ht b lb
Romantic evening or high security site for mobile banking?
85
New Combinations
Lighting Control Systems
Now you have heard everything hackers and wireless
Now you have heard everything –
h k
d i l
Trustwave Holdings, an e‐security firm, published an advisory notice last week warning Satis smart toilet owners that their toilets could potentially get hacked.
potentially get hacked.
“Attackers could cause the unit to unexpectedly open/close the lid, activate bidet or air‐dry functions, i
bid
i d f
i
causing discomfort or distress to user,” Trustwave Holdings said in its notice.
Source: inax
Source: Trustwave SpiderLabs
Source: Trustwave
Security Advisory TWSL2013‐020
86
Lighting Control Systems
Successful Lighting Control A matter of homework
Successful Lighting Control –
A tt
fh
k
• Designed properly – With rapidly accelerating technology, most specifiers and designers are no longer able to design lighting controls without
and designers are no longer able to design lighting controls without significant assistance from factory‐trained sales agents
• Installed
Installed properly properly – Training such as the California Advanced Lighting Training such as the California Advanced Lighting
Controls Training Program (CALCTP) or the National Advanced Lighting Controls Training Program (NALCTP) has proven it makes a significant difference, and a regional program should be mandatory or highly encouraged for installers. • Commissioned properly – At present, the only “commissioners” of lighting should be factory trained – consider making “factory certified” a requirement for system start‐up, programming and operator education. Source: http://e3tnw.org/Documents/pre%20confirmation%20ALCS%20FlashTAG%20Recommendations%20wo%20appendices.pdf
87
Lighting Control Systems
Successful Lighting Control A matter of homework
Successful Lighting Control –
A tt
fh
k
• Evaluated for cost‐effectiveness – The most cost‐effective applications available at the present time are outdoor indoor parking industrial high
available at the present time are outdoor, indoor parking, industrial high‐
bay and library lighting – large areas with continuous lighting and infrequent occupancy. In many indoor applications, it is difficult to justify installing a sophisticated control system on energy payback alone, partly
installing a sophisticated control system on energy payback alone, partly because the great advances in luminaire efficiency and luminaire‐level controls have reduced the potential savings from advanced centralized control systems considerably. Cost‐
A
Annual Energy Usage
lE
U
effective controls may consist of a (in kWh/yr/fixture)
30.0%
simple timer or controller for the 25.0%
20.0%
lighting circuit(s) at the electrical 15 0%
15.0%
panel. 10.0%
Source: http://e3tnw.org/Documents/pre%20confirmation%20AL
CS%20FlashTAG%20Recommendations%20wo%20appendi
ces.pdf
5.0%
0.0%
Power LED failures Supply/Driver (shorts, Components connections, connections
board)
Moisture ingress, corrosion
Power quality (surge, noise, etc )
etc.)
88
Lighting Control Systems
Building Occupants Don't discount their ability to reduce usage
Building Occupants –
D 't di
t th i bilit t
d
Strategy
Occupancy
Personal Tuningg
Definition
Adjustment of light levels according to the Adj
t
t f li ht l l
di t th
presence of occupants
Adjustment of individual light levels by occupants according to their personal preferences; applies, for example to private offices workstation‐specific
for example, to private offices, workstation
specific lighting in open‐plan offices, and classrooms
Examples
O
Occupancy sensors, timeclocks, energy management system
Dimmers, wireless on‐off switches, bi‐level switches, computerbased controls pre‐
computerbased controls, pre
set scene selection
Adjustment of light levels automatically in Daylight response to the presence of natural light
Harvesting
Photosensors, time clocks
(1) Adjustment of light levels through (1)
Adj
f li h l l h
h
commissioning and technology to meet location‐
specific needs or building policies; or (2) provision Institutional of switches or controls for areas or groups of Tuning
occupants; examples of the former include high‐
end trim dimming (also known as ballast tuning or
end trim dimming (also known as ballast tuning or reduction of ballast factor), task tuning, and lumen maintenance
Dimmable ballasts, on‐off or dimmer switches for non‐
personal lighting
Multiple Strategies
Any combination of the above
Average Savings
24%
31%
28%
36%
38%
Data source: Alison Williams, Barbara Atkinson PE, Karina Garbesi PhD, Erik Page PE & Francis Rubinstein FIES (2012) Lighting Controls in Commercial Buildings, LEUKOS: The Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 8:3, 161‐180
89
Course Outline
1. LED Technology – Where are we?
2 Color and the Eye 2.
Color and the Eye – How the optic system senses How the optic system senses
color
3. LEDs & Lighting Control LEDs & Lighting Control – A natural synergy
A natural synergy
4. Lighting Control Systems – LED light, data and communications
5. The Future – LEDs, OLEDs and the definition of a "luminaire"
6. Preparing for the Future – What businesses should be doing now
90
OLEDs What are they?
OLEDs –
Wh t
th ?
• An OLED or organic light‐emitting diode is a semiconductor device which consists of an electroluminescent Reflective cathode
organic layer(s) sandwiched between two electrodes, one of which is transparent
transparent.
• The device is fabricated by sequentially depositing organic layers on a conducting substrate followed by another conducting electrode.
• A common device structure comprises a glass substrate coated with indium tin oxide (ITO) as
with indium tin oxide (ITO) as transparent anode and a thin, opaque metal film as cathode.
• Typical separation between layers is Transparent anode
100 nm or less
The Future
Organic layer(s)
Direction of light output
g
p
91
OLEDs What are they?
OLEDs –
Wh t
th ?
The Future
Electron Transport Layer
Hole Blocking Layer
Emission Layers
{
Electron Blocking Layer
Hole Transport Layer
92
OLEDs Comparison of the two SSL technologies
OLEDs –
C
i
f th t SSL t h l i
The Future
OLED efficacy projections
OLED efficacy projections
LED efficacy projections
SSL R&D Multi
SSL
R&D Multi‐Year
Year Program Program
Plan, May 2014
93
OLEDs Comparison of the two SSL technologies
OLEDs –
C
i
f th t SSL t h l i
The Future
Comparison of present state of LED versus OLED technologies
Device efficacy (lumens/watt)
LED
OLED
120 ‐ 180
60 ‐ 80
Luminaire efficacy
60 ‐ 80
CRI
70 ‐ 90
80 ‐ 90
CCT
2200 ‐ 7000
1500 ‐ 10,000
Heat sink required
Heat sink required
Yes
No
Cost ($/klumen)
$10
$200
50 ‐ 100+
30 ‐ 50
Configuration
fi
i
i
Point source
Area source
Market Applications
Replacement
Unique
***
5 ‐ 7 years behind
Lifetime (in 1000 hrs)
Development Stage Compared to LEDs
94
The Future
OLED Unique Features Flexibility
OLED Unique Features –
Fl ibilit
Source: Michael Hack, Universal Display Corporation
95
OLED Unique Features Transparency
OLED Unique Features –
T
The Future
Source: Universal Display Corporation
Source: Universal Display Corporation
Source: Yuan‐Sheng Tyan, Kodak
96
Niche Products New form factors but high cost
Niche Products –
N f
f t b t hi h
t
The Future
Source: Universal Display Corporation
Source: Philips Lumiblade
Source: Osram
97
The Future
The Major Issues Lots of problems remain to be solved
The Major Issues –
L t f
bl
i t b
l d
Issue
Efficacy
Lifetime
Problem
Solution
Some lab devices can compete with conventional technologies,
early products have low efficacy
Work needed to develop efficient, Work
needed to develop efficient
long‐lasting blue emitter; next generation products reaching levels that compete with conventional lighting sources
Work needed on high current density, Short lifetimes for blue materials; more stable materials, better and low susceptibility to moisture intrusion
cost encapsulation
Light Output
Current OLED packages produce “dim” light
Work needed to improve light extraction, high current density C
Cost
Too high; lower cost device and Too
high; lower cost device and
luminaire materials are needed Infrastructure investment needed to Infrastructure
investment needed to
develop commercial OLED products Testing Standards
Need for reliable test methods No standards presently available standards to establish consistency and for testing OLED products
for testing OLED products
reduce uncertainty OLED defects caused by moisture1
1Source: Yuan
Source: Yuan‐Sheng
Sheng Tyan, Tyan
Kodak
98
The Future
Personal Lighting Control It is here with much more to come
Personal Lighting Control –
It i h
ith
h
t
Comcast/Sylvania
Control your home lighting from anywhere in the world
Color to suit your mood and your wardrobe
Philips Hue
99
© 2014 LED Transformations, LLC
TheThe Future
Future
Personal Lighting Control Illumination and notification combined
Personal Lighting Control –
Ill i ti
d tifi ti
bi d
Lighting Control Systems interfaced with internet, WiFi, etc.
Warnings: Fire, tornados, storms
d
Alarms: Appointments, Chores, TV shows Other activities
TV shows, Other activities
Notifications: Critical emails, Bills due
Bills due,
Security: Intruders, unset alarm systems
Convenience: Move laundry to dryer; Appliance malfunctions
100
Personal Lighting Lighting for activities
Personal Lighting –
Li hti f
ti iti
TheThe Future
Future
Lighting Scenes from the Boeing 787 Dreamliner
B di
Boarding
C i
Cruise
R l
Relaxation
i
M lS i
Meal Service
Sl
Sleep
P l di
Prelanding
Source: Boeing
101
TheThe Future
Future
Lighting For Safety Providing visual orientation clues for seniors
Lighting For Safety –
P idi
i l i t ti
l
f
i
Visual and perceptual systems intercept cues from the environment that affect postural control from
the environment that affect postural control
and stability Source: Mariana G. Figueiro, LRC
102
TheThe Future
Future
New Rules for Lighting What is a luminaire?
New Rules for Lighting –
Wh t i l i i ?
• Spectral tunability
l
b l of LEDs will f
ll
allow lighting systems to adapt to the natural light available or g
user preference
• Tunable
Tunable spectrums will enable spectrums will enable
fewer SKUs, less binning and less inventory—all of which enable lower cost
bl l
Source: Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Engineering IAO
103
New Rules for Lighting What is a luminaire?
New Rules for Lighting –
Wh t i l i i ?
The Future
• New and innovative product designs will redefine the
designs will redefine the traditional luminaire, and in some cases, the look and purpose of lighting
• Flexibility in form will allow designs based on user’s needs rather than being limited by mechanical constraints
• Color requirements will become more critical as new types of luminaires that take advantage of LED i
LED unique characteristics h
t i ti
become more common
104
New Rules for Lighting What is a luminaire?
New Rules for Lighting –
Wh t i l i i ?
The Future
The future of office lighting?
The future of office lighting?
Source: GE
105
Course Outline
1. LED Technology – Where are we?
2 Color and the Eye 2.
Color and the Eye – How the optic system senses How the optic system senses
color
3. LEDs & Lighting Control LEDs & Lighting Control – A natural synergy
A natural synergy
4. Lighting Control Systems – LED light, data and communications
5. The Future – LEDs, OLEDs and the definition of a "luminaire"
6. Preparing for the Future – What businesses should be doing now
106
Preparing for the Future
Facing Reality LEDs are here to stay
Facing Reality –
LED
h
t t
• Lamp replacement and servicing business will decrease as p p
g
LEDs become the predominant light source
• LED lamps reach commodity pricing status
• Ballast replacement business will transition to driver replacement business
• Recycling transitions from fluorescent tubes to LED heat sinks
Recycling transitions from fluorescent tubes to LED heat sinks
– Growth will taper as LED efficacy improves
• Daylight harvesting techniques combine more often with LEDs
107
Preparing for the Future
Lighting Controls Lighting run by IT departments
Lighting Controls –
Li hti
b IT d
t
t
• Lighting Control Systems become ubiquitous
g
g
y
q
• Every lamp and luminaire have controls and/or communications built in
• Digital control becomes the norm and wiring architectures take on the characteristics of computer network systems
• The Internet of Everything captures lighting as well
The Internet of Everything captures lighting as well
• Programming and commissioning of the lighting control system becomes a more important and more complex task
– California is requiring certification of those responsible for commissioning
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Preparing for the Future
Personal Lighting Having it your way
Personal Lighting –
H i it
• Individuals gain much more control on lighting environments
g
g
g
– Having control provides a less stressful atmosphere for employees
• Seamless integration between lighting control systems and HVAC b ildi
HVAC, building automation and security systems
t
ti
d
it
t
• Use of smartphone technology to allow lighting control systems to recognize who is entering an area and what their y
g
g
lighting level and color pallet preferences are
• Ability to match color with activities
• Much more emphasis on health and light characteristic for the environment
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Preparing for the Future
Lighting and Health Use of lighting to improve well being
Lighting and Health –
U
f li hti t i
ll b i
• Blue wavelength light and its affect on melatonin levels –
g
g
circadian rhythms
– Many research programs underway to understand the phenomenon
• Lighting to affect moods and performance
Li hti t ff t
d
d
f
– Calming influences
– Alertness influences
– Rest inducing
• Lighting to assist with vision impaired seniors
– Compensating for reduced visual acuity
C
ti f
d d i l
it
• More use of natural light (e.g. daylight harvesting) combined with LED technology to provide consistent illumination
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Preparing for the Future
Specialty Lighting Non‐conventional uses of light
Specialty Lighting –
N
ti
l
f li ht
• Architainment – using the color capabilities of LED and OLED g
p
technologies to provide new and unique lighting environments
• Plant growth – tailoring light spectra to plant needs at various stages of growth
t
f
th
• Productivity of farm animals – improving milk and egg p
production • Combining photovoltaic and LED lighting for off‐grid systems
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Preparing for the Future
Changing Roles Across many aspects of the lighting markeplace
Changing Roles –
A
t f th li hti
k l
• The use of color – in new and unanticipated ways
• Data communications – understanding protocol layers
• Distribution channels – which player in the lighting market has the largest market cap?
the largest market cap?
• Service and troubleshooting – diagnostic subroutines replacing continuity checkers
• Programming • Human psychology – becomes a necessary lighting specifier skill
• Changing building codes Changing building codes – continuous push for lower energy continuous push for lower energy
usage per square foot while requiring adequate illumination levels will present increasing challenges to the lighting designer
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Preparing for the Future
Tomorrow'ss Lighting System –
Tomorrow
Lighting System Could be like this
C ld b lik thi
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Acknowledgements
Support for the development and presentation of this educational seminar was provided by the
US Department of Energy f
and NETL Morgantown
114
Thank You
Contact Information:
Dr. John (Jack) W. Curran
President, LED Transformations, LLC
PO Box 224, Stanton, NJ 08885
(908) 437‐6007
jcurran@ledtransformations.com
www.ledtransformations.com US Department of Energy
www.ssl.energy.gov 115