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Academic Language
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language of text, 3) the language of assessments, 4) the language of academic success and 5) the
language of power.
Informal Language
Academic Language
repetition of words
variety of words, more sophisticated
vocabulary
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can vary greatly by ethnicity, region,
gender, age
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Academic Language consists of academic vocabulary and is used in academic discourse.
Academic Vocabulary
The vocabulary critical to
understanding the concepts of the
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vocabulary and high frequency
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complete sentences. Structured
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Academic Language Development Implementation Rubric
This rubric is designed with teachers in mind for self-reflection in their practice and planning. Administrators can use the rubric to provide a point of discussion and feedback
associated with classroom visitations. The indicators under each heading serve to create a common language and shared understanding about how academic language development
is used to determine student progress toward content mastery by articulating understandings of new knowledge though comprehensible input( listening and reading), scaffolded
output (writing and speaking), and structured interactions. It is recommended that users of the rubric highlight or circle indicators that best describe what is being observed in the
classroom. The indicators are set out on a continuum, recognizing that implementation will deepen over time as teachers learn more about the purposes of embedding explicit
academic language development into content teaching and its potential to enhance student learning.
E merging Implementation
INPUT: Listening and Reading Practice Overview: When designing
lessons for students, input- that is,
what the students will read and hearshould be considered in terms of the
cognitive and linguistic demands of
upcoming content instruction.
Linguistic demands of learning tasks
come from the standard: what
students will be required to D O with
the knowledge. Language functions
(purposes for speaking) are the
cognitive tasks that drive us to connect
thought and language. Text selection
is also key. Texts should be thought of
in the broadest sense as all medium of
input from which students derive and
process information. Therefore,
³tH[WV´include books, articles, videos,
charts, models/visuals, guest speakers,
interviews, etc. They are structured
clearly and coherently and include
vocabulary elaborated through
context, visuals which support main
ideas, subtitles/subheadings and
guiding questions.
A pproaching Implementation
At the approaching level, systems are in
place to further academic language
development, but implementation is
generally teacher-centered.
At the developed level, established instructional
routines are in place to further academic language
development; the teacher elicits student
engagement and ownership of their own language
development.
Teacher models academic language by speaking in the formal register with compound complex sentences and word choices. Teacher models academic language by speaking in the formal register, and provides opportunities for students to practice as well. Teacher models academic language by speaking in the formal register, and explicitly teaches students how to move from the informal to the formal for different settings.
In oral speech, teacher purposefully clarifies key vocabulary (bricks) by embedding some context clues. In oral speech, teacher purposefully amplifies key vocabulary and concepts (both bricks and mortar) by embedding context clues and/or clarification. In oral speech, teacher frequently and purposefully amplifies all key concepts (both bricks and mortar) by embedding context clues and/or clarification. ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǣDzŠ‡™‡-­‐ meaning ourselves: teachers-­‐ teach students we should amplify-­‐that is add more information, use synonyms, embed definitions, exaggerate tone, use facial expressions, and gestures-­‐ within the statements themselves. Language development is an Language development is an instructional instructional routine focused routine focused on content on content vocabulary (bricks). vocabulary(bricks) and may include functional language (mortar). Lesson design includes an
awareness of the language
function (purpose) being used in
a given learning task.
Language development is an established instructional routine focused on both content vocabulary (bricks) and functional language (mortar).
Lesson design includes explicit teaching
of the language function being used in a
given learning task so that students can
identify language patterns.
SUHSD District-­‐Wide Academic Support Teams, last saved: 1/13/10 Developed Implementation
At the emerging level, the teacher
is aware of the linguistic needs of
their students and is exploring
ways to improve language
development practices.
Students are able to identify the language function
of a given task and effectively manipulate
language patterns to successfully complete the
task or assessment.
Page 1 of 4 Academic Language Development Implementation Rubric
E merging Implementation
(Input continued)
OUTPUT: Writing and Speaking
Practice Overview: In order to
develop communicative competencethat is, writing and speaking- all
students need daily supported
opportunities to utilize academic
language for diverse purposes. Like
input, output should be considered in
terms of the cognitive and linguistic
demands of upcoming content
instruction. Language support should
be focused on equipping students to
A pproaching Implementation
At the approaching level, systems are in
place to further academic language
development, but implementation is
generally teacher-centered.
At the developed level, established instructional
routines are in place to further academic language
development; the teacher elicits student
engagement and ownership of their own language
development.
Text selection is based on the rigorous, cognitive
demands of the content and the linguistic
demands of the learning task. For exa mple, if
students are going to create a compare and
contrast diagra m, they need to interact with a text
that utilizes the language of comparing and
contrasting.
Lessons are designed to improve
listening and reading
comprehension through focused,
accountable student-to-student
discussion tasks.
Lessons are designed to improve listening
and reading comprehension through
frequent and focused accountable studentto-student discussion tasks.
Regular, frequent and focused accountable
student-to-student discussion tasks designed to
improve listening and reading comprehension are
part of the established instructional routines of
the classroom.
Teacher provides open-­‐ended questions and requires students to engage in academic discourse within a small group. Teacher provides open-­‐ended, inquiry-­‐
based questions and requires students to engage in complex academic discourse within a small group prior to sharing responses with the larger group. Students discuss both teacher and student-­‐
generated open-­‐ended and inquiry-­‐based questions, requiring students to engage in sophisticated academic discourse within a small group prior to sharing responses with the larger group. Lessons are designed to improve
speaking and writing skills
through focused, accountable
student-to-student discussion
tasks.
Lessons are designed to improve speaking
and writing skills through frequent and
focused accountable student-to-student
discussion tasks and products.
Regular, frequent and focused accountable
student-to-student discussion tasks designed to
improve speaking and writing skills are part of the
established instructional routines of the
classroom.
Text selection is based on the rigorous,
cognitive demands of the content and may
consider the linguistic demands of the
learning task.
SUHSD District-­‐Wide Academic Support Teams, last saved: 1/13/10 Developed Implementation
At the emerging level, the teacher
is aware of the linguistic needs of
their students and is exploring
ways to improve language
development practices.
Text selection is based on the
rigorous, cognitive demands of
the content.
Page 2 of 4 Academic Language Development Implementation Rubric
E merging Implementation
construct and express meaning.
³7H[W´LVVHSDUDWHGLQWRPHDQLQJIXO
³FKXQNV´DQGGLVFXVVLRQVDUH
scaffolded to allow for annotations
that question, anticipate, summarize,
analyze, and synthesize. In order for
new ideas to grow and for content
information to be fully comprehended,
students must have ample and
frequent opportunities to use
language to express thought in
structured peer-to-peer interactions.
As a general rule ideas should always
be written and spoken to
simultaneously build both oral and
written communicative competence.
A pproaching Implementation
Developed Implementation
At the emerging level, the teacher
is aware of the linguistic needs of
their students and is exploring
ways to improve language
development practices.
At the approaching level, systems are in
place to further academic language
development, but implementation is
generally teacher-centered.
At the developed level, established instructional
routines are in place to further academic language
development; the teacher elicits student
engagement and ownership of their own language
development.
Students are encouraged to respond using formal academic language to express thinking. Students are required to communicate (ask questions that deepen knowledge) using formal academic language to express their thinking. Students are required to communicate (ask questions that deepen knowledge & make relevant connections to previous knowledge) using sophisticated formal academic language to express their own thinking and the thinking of others. Teacher provides language frames and sentence starters that are focused on content according to student language proficiency level targets. Students use language frames and sentence starters that are focused on content and that incorporate high-­‐level vocabulary according to student language proficiency level targets. Students use language frames and sentence starters (mortar) in conjunction with scaffolded ‹•–”—…–‹‘ƒŽDz–‘‘Ž•dz–‘’”‘†—…‡
written and oral academic language. Students use language frames and sentence starters mortar in conjunction with s…ƒˆˆ‘Ž†‡†‹•–”—…–‹‘ƒŽDz–‘‘Ž•dz to produce written and oral academic language that connects concepts within the content. Students use differentiated language frames and sentence starters that are focused on content and that incorporate high-­‐level vocabulary according to student language proficiency level targets. ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ–Š‡–‡ƒ…Š‡”‹•’”‘˜‹†‹‰”‡•‘—”…‡•–Šƒ–’—•Š•–—†‡–•–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡DzŒ—•–-­‐r‹‰Š–ǡ‡š–Ž‡˜‡Ždz‘ˆ
proficiency, that is to say, their zone of proximal development (ZPD).* All students effectively use sophisticated language frames and sentence starters mortar in conjunction with scaffolded instructional Dz–‘‘Ž•dz to produce written and oral academic language that connects concepts within the content bricks and extends higher-­‐level thinking beyond the content (synthesis). Examples of tools include graphic organizers, semantic/concept maps, Frayer model, prefix/root/suffix, metaphors, analogies, and word lists. Teacher has an established
instructional routine for
targeted academic writing
practice to improve written
expression at the sentence level.
Teacher has an established instructional
routine for targeted academic writing
practice to improve written expression at the
sentence and paragraph levels.
SUHSD District-­‐Wide Academic Support Teams, last saved: 1/13/10 Teacher has an established instructional routine for
frequent, targeted academic writing practice in
order to improve written expression for various
purposes (summarizing, generalizations, etc.) at
the sentence, paragraph, and essay levels.
Page 3 of 4 Academic Language Development Implementation Rubric
E merging Implementation
Structured Student Interactions
Practice Overview: Students should
have several opportunities for
supported and accountable language
production during a lesson and a wide
array of mediated experiences over
the course of a unit of study. In order
for students to process information,
students must engage in structured
interactions frequently (roughly every
5-10 minutes). Partner activities (as
opposed to group activities) offer
students the greatest opportunity and
frequency of language production.
Daily language practice should be
part of a well-established
instructional routine so that students
can move quickly into settings where
they can write and speak in pairs
and/or small groups. Additionally,
teachers need to ensure that there is
adequate time for individual reflection
and preparation, thorough modeling
of task and use of response fra mes,
and carefully assigned
partners/groups.
A pproaching Implementation
Developed Implementation
At the emerging level, the teacher
is aware of the linguistic needs of
their students and is exploring
ways to improve language
development practices.
At the approaching level, systems are in
place to further academic language
development, but implementation is
generally teacher-centered.
At the developed level, established instructional
routines are in place to further academic language
development; the teacher elicits student
engagement and ownership of their own language
development.
Teacher implements three step structured tasks with language frames for some phases of
structured task.
Students are engaged in
structured interactions where
ultimately every student expresses
their thinking and/or consensus of
group through academic written
and oral responses.
Teacher frequently implements three step structured tasks with language frames for all three phases of structured task.
Teacher implements three step structured tasks on a daily basis with language frames for
all three phases of structured task.
Students are engaged in every phase of the
task in structured interactions where
ultimately every student expresses their
thinking and/or consensus of group through
academic written and oral responses.
Students are engaged in every phase of the task by
alternating roles in structured interactions where
ultimately every student expresses their thinking
and consensus of group through academic written
and oral responses. For exa mple, a student first
asks a question and on a later round will also have
to answer one as well. All students would then be
responsible for reporting to someone else.
Students are encouraged to take risks by trying out new vocabulary and syntax, and teacher constructively corrects student misconceptions. M inimal or excessive processing
time is provided for students to
develop ideas, so students do not
fully engage in the task or
become off-task. Students often take risks by trying out new vocabulary and syntax, and teacher encourages students to constructively correct one another when misconceptions occur. Students willingly take risks while appropriating new vocabulary, syntax, and concepts and constructively correct one another when misconceptions occur. Teacher plans for and provides adequate
processing time for students to develop ideas
thereby allowing students to fully engage in
the task. Teacher has systems in place to plan, anticipate,
and monitor adequate processing time for students
to develop ideas thereby allowing students to fully
engage in the task.
Norms should be pre-determined and taught so students are aware of their roles in group settings and the task should
be clearly communicated. In order for a task to be effective in developing academic language, teachers need to be
sure that it is a highly generative task: one that is open-ended, interesting, and lends itself to inquiry, discussion, and
consensus-building that requires application of high-leverage language ³PRUWDU´ All structured interactions
should occur within a general three-step framework: individual think ti me, paired sharing/discussion, and reporting
conclusions to larger group.
SUHSD District-­‐Wide Academic Support Teams, last saved: 1/13/10 Page 4 of 4