DIVERSIFIED
HEALTH
OCCUPATIONS
Seventh Edition
Louise Simmers, MEd, RN
Karen Simmers-Nartker, BSN, RN
Sharon Simmers-Kobelak, BBA
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Diversified Health Occupations, Seventh
Edition
Louise Simmers
Karen Simmers-Nartker
Sharon Simmers-Kobelak
Vice President, Career and Professional
Editorial: Dave Garza
Director of Learning Solutions:
Matthew Kane
Managing Editor: Marah Bellegarde
Acquisitions Editor: Matthew Seeley
Senior Product Manager: Juliet Steiner
Editorial Assistant: Megan Tarquinio
Vice President, Marketing, Career and
Professional: Jennifer McAvey
Marketing Manager: Michele McTighe
Technology Project Manager: Ben Knapp
Production Director: Carolyn Miller
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Content Project Manager: Anne Sherman
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2007941692
ISBN-13: 978-1-4180-3021-6
ISBN-10: 1-4180-3021-X
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Printed in Canada
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CONTENTS
Preface xi
How to Use xvii
Acknowledgments xxv
PART 1
Basic Health Care Concepts and Skills
CHAPTER 1 History and Trends of Health Care
Objectives
Key Terms
1:1 History of Health Care
1:2 Trends in Health Care
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CHAPTER 2 Health Care Systems
Objectives
Key Terms
2:1 Private Health Care Facilities
2:2 Government Agencies
2:3 Voluntary or Nonprofit Agencies
2:4 Health Insurance Plans
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2:5 Organizational Structure
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CHAPTER 3 Careers in Health Care
Objectives
Key Terms
3:1 Introduction to Health Careers
3:2 Therapeutic Services Careers
3:2A Dental Careers
3:2B Emergency Medical Services
Careers
3:2C Medical Careers
3:2D Mental and Social Services Careers
3:2E Mortuary Careers
1
3:2F Nursing Careers
3:2G Nutrition and Dietary Services
Careers
3:2H Veterinary Careers
3:2I Vision Services Careers
3:2J Other Therapeutic Services Careers
3:3 Diagnostic Services Careers
3:4 Health Informatics Careers
3:5 Support Services Careers
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CONTENTS
3:6
Biotechnology Research
and Development Careers
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Summary
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Review Questions
CHAPTER 4 Personal and Professional Qualities
of a Health Care Worker
Objectives
Key Terms
4:1 Personal Appearance
4:2 Personal Characteristics
4:3 Effective Communications
4:4 Teamwork
4:5 Professional Leadership
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4:6 Stress
4:7 Time Management
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CHAPTER 5 Legal and Ethical Responsibilities
Objectives
Key Terms
5:1 Legal Responsibilities
5:2 Ethics 111
5:3 Patients’ Rights
5:4 Advance Directives for Health Care
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5:5 Professional Standards
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CHAPTER 6 Medical Terminology
Objectives
Key Terms
6:1 Using Medical Abbreviations
6:2 Interpreting Word Parts
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7:9 Lymphatic System
7:10 Respiratory System
7:11 Digestive System
7:12 Urinary System
7:13 Endocrine System
7:14 Reproductive System
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CHAPTER 8 Human Growth and Development
Objectives
Key Terms
8:1 Life Stages
8:2 Death and Dying
8:3 Human Needs
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CHAPTER 7 Anatomy and Physiology
Objectives
Key Terms
7:1 Basic Structure of the Human Body
7:2 Body Planes, Directions, and Cavities
7:3 Integumentary System
7:4 Skeletal System
7:5 Muscular System
7:6 Nervous System
7:7 Special Senses
7:8 Circulatory System
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Contents
CHAPTER 9 Cultural Diversity
Objectives
Key Terms
9:1 Culture, Ethnicity, and Race
9:2 Bias, Prejudice, and Stereotyping
9:3 Understanding Cultural Diversity
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9:4 Respecting Cultural Diversity
Summary
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CHAPTER 10 Geriatric Care
Objectives
Key Terms
10:1 Myths on Aging
10:2 Physical Changes of Aging
10:3 Psychosocial Changes of Aging
10:4 Confusion and Disorientation
in the Elderly
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10:5 Meeting the Needs of the Elderly
Summary
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11:5 Weight Management
11:6 Therapeutic Diets
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CHAPTER 12 Computer Technology in Health Care
Objectives
Key Terms
12:1 Introduction
12:2 What Is a Computer System?
12:3 Computer Applications
12:4 Using the Internet
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12:5 Computer Protection and Security
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CHAPTER 13 Promotion of Safety
Objectives
Key Terms
13:1 Using Body Mechanics
13:2 Preventing Accidents and Injuries
13:3 Observing Fire Safety
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CHAPTER 11 Nutrition and Diets
Objectives
Key Terms
11:1 Fundamentals of Nutrition
11:2 Essential Nutrients
11:3 Utilization of Nutrients
11:4 Maintenance of Good Nutrition
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vi
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 14 Infection Control
Objectives
Key Terms
14:1 Understanding the Principles
of Infection Control
14:2 Bioterrorism
14:3 Washing Hands
14:4 Observing Standard Precautions
14:5 Sterilizing with an Autoclave
A: Wrapping Items for Autoclaving
B: Loading and Operating
an Autoclave
14:6 Using Chemicals for Disinfection
14:7 Cleaning with an Ultrasonic Unit
14:8 Using Sterile Techniques
A: Opening Sterile Packages
B: Preparing a Sterile Dressing Tray
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C: Donning and Removing Sterile
Gloves
D: Changing a Sterile Dressing
14:9 Maintaining Transmission-Based
Isolation Precautions
A: Donning and Removing
Transmission-Based Isolation
Garments
B: Working in a Hospital
Transmission-Based Isolation Unit
Summary
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CHAPTER 15 Vital Signs
Objectives
Key Terms
15:1 Measuring and Recording Vital Signs
15:2 Measuring and Recording Temperature
A: Cleaning a Clinical Thermometer
B: Measuring and Recording Oral
Temperature
C: Measuring and Recording Rectal
Temperature
D: Measuring and Recording Axillary
Temperature
E: Measuring and Recording Tympanic
(Aural) Temperature
F: Measuring Temperature with an
Electronic Thermometer
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G: Measuring and Recording Temporal
Temperature
15:3 Measuring and Recording Pulse
15:4 Measuring and Recording Respirations
15:5 Graphing TPR 435
15:6 Measuring and Recording Apical Pulse
15:7 Measuring and Recording Blood
Pressure
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CHAPTER 16 First Aid
Objectives
Key Terms
16:1 Providing First Aid
16:2 Performing Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation
A: Performing CPR—One-Person
Adult Rescue
B: Performing CPR—Two-Person
Adult Rescue
C: Performing CPR on Infants
D: Performing CPR on Children
E: Performing CPR—Obstructed
Airway on Conscious Adult or Child
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16:3
16:4
16:5
16:6
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16:8
16:9
16:10
16:11
F: Performing CPR—Obstructed
Airway on Conscious Infant
Providing First Aid for Bleeding and
Wounds
Providing First Aid for Shock
Providing First Aid for Poisoning
Providing First Aid for Burns
Providing First Aid for Heat Exposure
Providing First Aid for Cold Exposure
Providing First Aid for Bone and Joint
Injuries
Providing First Aid for Specific Injuries
Providing First Aid for Sudden Illness
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Contents
16:12 Applying Dressings and Bandages
Summary
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Review Questions
CHAPTER 17 Preparing for the World of Work
Objectives
Key Terms
17:1 Developing Job-Keeping Skills
17:2 Writing a Cover Letter and Preparing
a Résumé
17:3 Completing Job Application Forms
17:4 Participating in a Job Interview
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17:5 Determining Net Income
17:6 Calculating a Budget
Summary
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PART 2
Special Health Care Skills
550
CHAPTER 18 Dental Assistant Skills
Objectives
552
Key Terms
553
Career Highlights
554
18:1 Identifying the Structures and Tissues
of a Tooth
554
18:2 Identifying the Teeth
558
18:3 Identifying Teeth Using the Universal/
National Numbering System and the
Federation Dentaire International (FDI)
System
560
A: Identifying Teeth Using the
Universal/National Numbering
System
563
B: Identifying Teeth Using the
Federation Dentaire International
(FDI) Numbering System
564
18:4 Identifying the Surfaces of the
Teeth
565
18:5 Charting Conditions of the Teeth
568
18:6 Operating and Maintaining Dental
Equipment
574
18:7 Identifying Dental Instruments and
Preparing Dental Trays
584
18:8 Positioning a Patient in the Dental
Chair
592
18:9 Demonstrating Brushing and Flossing
Techniques
594
A: Demonstrating Brushing Technique 595
B: Demonstrating Flossing Technique 597
18:10 Taking Impressions and Pouring
Models
598
552
A: Preparing Alginate
B: Preparing Rubber Base (Polysulfide)
C: Pouring a Plaster Model
D: Pouring a Stone Model
E: Trimming a Model
18:11 Making Custom Trays
18:12 Maintaining and Loading an
Anesthetic Aspirating Syringe
A: Maintaining an Anesthetic
Aspirating Syringe
B: Loading an Anesthetic Aspirating
Syringe
18:13 Mixing Dental Cements and Bases
A: Preparing Varnish
B: Preparing Calcium Hydroxide
C: Preparing Polycarboxylate
D: Preparing Zinc Oxide Eugenol (ZOE)
18:14 Preparing Restorative Materials—
Amalgam and Composite
A: Preparing Amalgam
B: Preparing Composite
18:15 Developing and Mounting Dental
Radiographs (X-Rays)
A: Developing Dental Radiographs
(X-Rays)
B: Mounting Dental Radiographs
(X-Rays)
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viii
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 19 Laboratory Assistant Skills
Objectives
Key Terms
Career Highlights
19:1 Operating the Microscope
19:2 Obtaining and Handling Cultures
A: Obtaining a Culture Specimen
B: Preparing a Direct Smear
C: Streaking an Agar Plate
D: Transferring Culture from Agar
Plate to Slide
E: Staining with Gram’s Stain
19:3 Puncturing the Skin to Obtain
Capillary Blood
19:4 Performing a Microhematocrit
19:5 Measuring Hemoglobin
A: Measuring Hemoglobin with a
Hemoglobinometer
B: Measuring Hemoglobin with a
Photometer
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19:6 Preparing and Staining a Blood Film
or Smear
A: Preparing a Blood Film or Smear
B: Staining a Blood Film or Smear
19:7 Testing for Blood Types 687
19:8 Performing an Erythrocyte
Sedimentation Rate
19:9 Measuring Blood-Sugar (Glucose)
Level
19:10 Testing Urine
19:11 Using Reagent Strips to Test Urine
19:12 Measuring Specific Gravity
19:13 Preparing Urine for Microscopic
Examination
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CHAPTER 20 Medical Assistant Skills
Objectives
Key Terms
Career Highlights
20:1 Measuring/Recording Height
and Weight
A: Measuring/Recording Height
and Weight
B: Measuring/Recording Height
and Weight of an Infant
20:2 Positioning a Patient
20:3 Screening for Vision Problems
20:4 Assisting with Physical Examinations
A: Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat
Examination
B: Assisting with a Gynecological
Examination
C: Assisting with a General Physical
Examination
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743
20:5 Assisting with Minor Surgery
and Suture Removal
A: Assisting with Minor Surgery
B: Assisting with Suture Removal
20:6 Recording and Mounting an
Electrocardiogram
20:7 Using the Physicians’ Desk Reference
(PDR)
20:8 Working with Math and Medications
A: Using Roman Numerals
B: Converting Metric Measurements
C: Converting Household (English)
Measurements
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Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Contents
CHAPTER 21 Nurse Assistant Skills
Objectives
Key Terms
Career Highlights
21:1 Admitting, Transferring,
and Discharging Patients
A: Admitting the Patient
B: Transferring the Patient
C: Discharging the Patient
21:2 Positioning, Turning, Moving,
and Transferring Patients
A: Aligning the Patient
B: Moving the Patient Up in Bed
C: Turning the Patient Away
to Change Position
D: Turning the Patient Inward
to Change Position
E: Sitting Up to Dangle
F: Transferring a Patient to a Chair
or Wheelchair
G: Transferring a Patient to a Stretcher
H: Using a Mechanical Lift to Transfer
a Patient
21:3 Bedmaking 812
A: Making a Closed Bed
B: Making an Occupied Bed
C: Opening a Closed Bed
D: Placing a Bed Cradle
21:4 Administering Personal Hygiene
A: Providing Routine Oral Hygiene
B: Cleaning Dentures
C: Giving Special Mouth Care
D: Administering Daily Hair Care
E: Providing Nail Care
F: Giving a Backrub
G: Shaving a Patient
H: Changing a Patient’s Gown or
Pajamas
I: Giving a Complete Bed Bath
J: Helping a Patient Take a Tub Bath
or Shower
21:5 Measuring and Recording Intake
and Output
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21:6 Feeding a Patient
21:7 Assisting with a Bedpan/Urinal
A: Assisting with a Bedpan
B: Assisting with a Urinal
21:8 Providing Catheter and Urinary
Drainage Unit Care
A: Providing Catheter Care
B: Emptying a Urinary-Drainage Unit
21:9 Providing Ostomy Care
21:10 Collecting Stool/Urine Specimens
A: Collecting a Routine Urine
Specimen
B: Collecting a Midstream Urine
Specimen
C: Collecting a 24-Hour Urine
Specimen
D: Collecting a Stool Specimen
E: Preparing and Testing a Hemoccult
Slide
21:11 Enemas and Rectal Treatments
A: Giving a Tap-Water, Normal Saline,
or Soap-Solution Enema
B: Giving a Disposable Enema
C: Giving an Oil-Retention Enema
D: Inserting a Rectal Tube
21:12 Applying Restraints
A: Applying Limb Restraints
B: Applying a Jacket Restraint
21:13 Administering Preoperative and
Postoperative Care
A: Shaving the Operative Area
B: Administering Preoperative Care
C: Preparing a Postoperative Unit
D: Applying Surgical Hose
21:14 Applying Binders
21:15 Administering Oxygen
21:16 Giving Postmortem Care
Today’s Research: Tomorrow’s Health Care
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Review Questions 929
849
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER 22 Physical Therapy Skills
Objectives
Key Terms
Career Highlights
22:1 Performing Range-of-Motion (ROM)
Exercises
22:2 Ambulating Patients Who Use Transfer
(Gait) Belts, Crutches, Canes,
or Walkers
A: Ambulating a Patient with
a Transfer (Gait) Belt
B: Ambulating a Patient Who Uses
Crutches
C: Ambulating a Patient Who Uses
a Cane
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931
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947
D: Ambulating a Patient Who Uses
a Walker
22:3 Administering Heat/Cold Applications
A: Applying an Ice Bag or Ice Collar
B: Applying a Warm-Water Bag
C: Applying a Aquathermia Pad
D: Applying a Moist Compress
E: Administering a Sitz Bath
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CHAPTER 23 Business and Accounting Skills
Objectives
Key Terms
23:1 A: Filing Records
23:1 B: Filing Records Using the
Alphabetical or Numerical System
23:2 Using the Telephone
23:3 Scheduling Appointments
23:4 Completing Medical Records
and Forms
23:5 Composing Business Letters
23:6 Completing Insurance Forms
23:7 Maintaining a Bookkeeping System
23:8 Writing Checks, Deposit Slips,
and Receipts
A: Writing Checks
B: Writing Deposit Slips
C: Writing Receipts
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1007
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1021
Appendix A: Career and Technical Student
Organizations (CTSOs)
1022
Appendix B: Correlation to National
Health Care Skill Standards
1026
Appendix C: Metric Conversion Charts
1027
Appendix D: 24-Hour Clock (Military Time)
Conversion Chart
1029
Glossary
1030
References
1052
Index
1060
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
PREFACE
Diversified Health Occupations, seventh edition, was written to provide the beginning student in health occupations with the basic
entry-level knowledge and skills required for a variety of health care
careers. Although each specific health care career requires specialized knowledge and skills, some knowledge and skills are applicable
to many different health careers. In short, this book was developed
to provide some of the core knowledge and skills that can be used in
many different fields.
ORGANIZATION OF TEXT
Diversified Health Occupations, seventh edition, is divided into two
main parts. Part 1 provides the student with the basic knowledge and
skills required for many different health care careers. Part 2 introduces the student to basic entry-level skills required for some specific health care careers. Each part is subdivided into chapters.
Chapter Organization
Each chapter has a list of objectives and a list of key terms (with
pronunciations for more difficult words). For each skill included in
the text, both the knowledge necessary for the skill and the procedure to perform the skill are provided. By understanding the principles and the procedure, the student will develop a deeper
understanding of why certain things are done and will be able to
perform more competently. Procedures may vary slightly depending
on the type of agency and on the kind of equipment and supplies
used. By understanding the underlying principles, however, the student can adapt the procedure as necessary and still observe correct
technique.
Information Sections (Textbook): The information sections provide
the basic knowledge the student must acquire. These sections explain
why the knowledge is important, the basic facts regarding the particular topic, and how this information is applied in various health
careers. Most information sections refer the student to the assignment sheets found in the student workbook.
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
xii
PREFACE
Assignment Sheets (Workbook): After students
have read an information section, they are
instructed to go to the corresponding assignment
sheet. The assignment sheets allow them to test
their comprehension and to return to the information section to check their answers. This
enables them to reinforce their understanding of
the information presented prior to moving on to
another information section.
Procedure Sections (Textbook): The procedure
sections provide step-by-step instructions on how
to perform specific procedures. The student follows
the steps while practicing the procedures. Each
procedure begins with a list of the necessary equipment and supplies. Note, Caution, and Checkpoint
may appear within the procedure. Note urges careful reading of the comments that follow. These comments usually stress points of knowledge or explain
why certain techniques are used. Caution indicates
that a safety factor is involved and that students
should proceed carefully while doing the step in
order to avoid injuring themselves or a patient.
Checkpoint alerts students to ask the instructor to
check their work at that point in the procedure.
Checkpoints are usually located at a critical stage.
Each procedure section refers the student to a specific evaluation sheet in the workbook.
Evaluation Sheets (Workbook): Each evaluation
sheet contains a list of criteria on which the student’s performance will be tested after they have
mastered a particular procedure. When a student
feels he or she has mastered a particular procedure, he or she signs the evaluation sheet and
gives it to the instructor. The instructor can grade
the students’ performance by using the listed criteria and checking each step against actual performance.
Because regulations vary from state to state
regarding which procedures can be performed by a student in health science technology
education, it is important to check the specific
regulations for your state. A health care worker
should never perform any procedure without
checking legal responsibilities. In addition, a student should perform no procedure unless the
student has been properly taught the procedure
and has been authorized to perform it.
♦ The text material covers the National Health
Care Skills Standards, helping instructors
implement the curriculum elements of this
important document. A new appendix provides a table showing the correlation of chapters in the book to the National Health Care
Skill Standards.
♦ Mandates of the Health Insurance Portability
and Accountability Act (HIPAA) have been
incorporated throughout the textbook to
emphasize the student’s responsibilities in
regard to this act.
♦ Internet search topics are at the end of each
chapter to encourage the student to explore
the Internet to obtain current information on
the many aspects of health care.
♦ Review questions are at the end of each chapter
to enable the student to test his or her knowledge of information provided in the chapter.
♦ Career information has been updated and is
stressed throughout the textbook to provide
current information on a wide variety of health
care careers. Careers have been organized
according to the National Career Clusters. In
addition, careers in forensic medicine and
biotechnology have been added.
♦ Additional emphasis has been placed on cultural diversity, technological advances, legal
responsibilities, new federal legislation pertaining to health care providers, infection control standards, and safety.
♦ Various icons have been included throughout
the textbook. These icons denote the integration of academics, such as math, science, and
communication; occupational safety issues,
such as standard precautions and OBRA requirements; and workplace readiness issues
such as career, legal, and technology information. An icon key similar to the one below can
be found on the opening page of every chapter.
The icons and their meaning are as follows:
Observe Standard Precautions
Safety—Proceed with Caution
Added Features
Math Skill
♦ More than 240 new photos and illustrations
Science Skill
have been added to enhance learning and
clarify technical content.
Communications Skill
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Preface
Instructor’s Check—Call Instructor at This
Point
and safeguards that must be taken to protect
computer security.
OBRA Requirement—Based on Federal Law
♦ A free StudyWARE™ CD-ROM is packaged
with the book. The software is designed to
offer additional review of concepts. See “How
to Use the Diversified Health Occupations,
Seventh Edition, StudyWARE™” for details.
Legal Responsibility
Career Information
Technology
EXTENSIVE TEACHING
AND LEARNING
PACKAGE
Enhanced Content
♦ Vital, updated information on standard precautions, OBRA requirements, and transmission-based isolation techniques have been
included.
♦ A new section on bioterrorism provides information to make students aware of this constant threat and to describe methods used to
prevent and manage its consequences.
♦ The information on viruses has been expanded
to include new viruses that can become potential sources of epidemics and pandemics.
New emphasis is placed on infection control methods to prevent epidemics and/or
pandemics.
♦ The section on cardiopulmonary resuscitation has been revised to meet the American
Heart Association’s new 2005 standards for
CPR for health care professionals.
♦ New nutritional guidelines from the U.S.
Department of Agriculture have been incorporated into the nutrition chapter. Instructions are provided for using My Pyramid to
plan a healthy diet.
♦ A new section on weight management discusses how to calculate ideal weight, how to
lose or gain weight, and how to make food
choices that will maintain a healthy weight.
♦ Mandates of the Health Insurance Portability
and Accountability Act (HIPAA) have been
incorporated throughout the textbook to
emphasize how it affects insurance portability
and confidentiality of patient information.
♦ A new section on Internet computer safety
and security explains ways to protect computer hardware and software, methods used
to maintain confidentiality of information,
Diversified Health Occupations, seventh edition,
has a complete and specially designed supplement package to enhance student learning and
workplace preparation. It is also designed to
assist instructors in planning and implementing
their instructional programs for the most efficient use of time and resources. The package
contains:
Diversified Health Occupations
Teacher’s Resource Kit
A complete guide to implementing a Diversified
Health Occupations course. The kit explains how
to apply content to applied academics and the
National Health Care Skill Standards. This kit is
provided as a three-ring binder with convenient
tabs to easily locate the resources needed for specific classroom support. It provides:
♦
♦
♦
♦
♦
♦
♦
Classroom Management Activities
Lesson Plans
Ready-to-Use Tests and Quizzes
Classroom Activities
Internet Activities
Leadership Development Activities
Transparency Masters to reinforce learning in
a visual format
Diversified Health
Occupations, Seventh Edition,
Instructor’s Manual
Provides easy-to-find answers to questions found
in the Student Workbook.
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
xiii
xiv
PREFACE
Diversified Health
Occupations, Seventh Edition,
Student Workbook
WebTutor to Accompany
Diversified Health
Occupations, Seventh Edition
This workbook, updated to reflect the Diversified
Health Occupations, seventh edition text, contains perforated, performance-based assignment
and evaluation sheets. The assignment sheets
help students review what they have learned. The
evaluation sheets provide criteria or standards
for judging student performance for each procedure in the text.
WebTutor is an Internet-based course management and delivery system designed to accompany the text. Its content is available for use in
either WebCT or Blackboard. Available to supplement on-site delivery or as the course management platform for an online course, WebTutor
contains:
Diversified Health Occupations
Electronic Classroom Manager
An electronic package for teachers, this innovative CD-ROM provides a wealth of tools to support and manage the course. Components
include:
♦ Customizable Computerized Test Bank on the
ExamView platform providing over 1,800 questions and answers directly tied to the textbook
in multiple choice, true/false, matching, and
short answer format.
♦ PowerPoint Presentation with over 900 slides
supporting the text for use in classroom lectures.
♦ Electronic Instructor’s Manual in PDF format
providing electronic access to the printed
Diversified Health Occupations Instructor’s
Manual.
♦ Image Library providing a searchable database of electronic versions of the Transparency Masters found in the Diversified Health
Occupations Teacher’s Resource Kit.
♦ Multimedia animations narrating difficult to
visualize anatomical and physical processes,
including The Anatomy of a Cell, The Process
of Hearing, Blood Flow through the Heart, and
much more.
♦ Links to the Online Companion and more.
♦ Web links that offer links to other sites that
contain additional information pertinent to
topics being discussed
♦ Learning links that offer students a short
assignment using the Internet
♦ Flashcards for review of key terms
♦ Online quizzes for each chapter
♦ Plus a host of other great features
Diversified Health
Occupations, Seventh Edition,
Online Companion
An online companion is available to accompany
the text that includes valuable information for
both the student and instructor.
For the student:
♦ PowerPoint presentation of important concepts
♦ StudyWARETM software that is designed to
offer additional review of concepts
♦ Evaluation Checklists from the Student Workbook
♦ Link to Audio Podcasts of medical terminology
♦ Fourteen Animations that make anatomy and
physiology concepts come alive
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Preface
The Online Companion tools for the instructor are on a password-protected site. Tools
include:
♦ Online Instructor’s Manual with answers to
the Student Workbook
♦ PowerPoint Presentation to help you manage
your classroom presentation
♦ Computerized Test Bank with more than 1,800
questions.
♦ Evaluation Checklist from the Student Workbook
♦ Conversion Grids to help you move from the
6th edition to the 7th edition of Diversified
Health Occupations
♦ Fourteen Animations that make anatomy and
physiology concepts come alive
To access the companion, go to
http://www.delmarlearning/companions.com.
About the Authors
Louise Simmers received a Bachelor of Science
degree in nursing from the University of Maryland
and an MEd from Kent State University. She has
worked as a public health nurse, medical-surgical
nurse, charge nurse in a coronary-intensive care
unit, instructor of practical nursing, and health
occupations teacher and school-to-work coordinator at the Madison Comprehensive High School
in Mansfield, Ohio. She is a member of the University of Maryland Nursing Alumni Association,
Sigma Theta Tau, Phi Kappa Phi, National Education Association, and Association for Career and
Technical Education (ACTE), and is a volunteer
worker for the Red Cross. Mrs. Simmers received
the Vocational Educator of the Year Award for
Health Occupations in the State of Ohio and the
Diversified Health Occupations Instructor of the
Year Award for the State of Ohio. Mrs. Simmers
is retired and lives with her husband in Venice,
Florida. The author is pleased to announce that
her twin daughters will now be assisting with the
revisions of this textbook.
Karen Simmers-Nartker graduated from Kent
State University, Ohio, with a Bachelor of Science
degree in Nursing. She has been employed as a
telemetry step-down, medical intensive care,
surgical intensive care, and neurological intensive care nurse. She is currently employed as a
shift coordinator in an open-heart intensive care
unit. She has obtained certification from the
Emergency Nurses Association for the Trauma
Nursing Core Course (TNCC) and from the American Heart Association for Advanced Cardiac Life
Support (ACLS). In her current position as charge
nurse in her ICU, she coordinates patient care
and staff assignments; manages interpersonal
conflicts among staff and/or patients and family
members; is responsible for ensuring quality care
to meet the diverse needs of patients and/or family; actively participates in inservices to evaluate
new equipment, medications, hospital services
and supplies; and teaches and mentors newly
employed nurses.
Sharon Simmers-Kobelak graduated from
Miami University, Ohio, with a Bachelor of Business Administration degree. She works in the
educational publishing industry. She has experience assisting instructors at private career schools
in finding appropriate materials for classroom
instruction. Sharon also provides inservice training for instructors on how to utilize the instructor
and student resources in the most productive
manner.
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
xv
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
HOW TO USE
Objectives
CHAPTER 16 First Aid
Review these goals before you begin reading a
chapter to help you focus your study. Then, when
you have completed the chapter, go back and
review these goals to see if you have grasped the
key points of the chapter.
Chapter Objectives
After completing this chapter,
you should be able to:
Observe Standard
Precautions
Instructor’s Check—Call
Instructor at This Point
Icons
Safety—Proceed with
Caution
Icons are used throughout the text to highlight
specific pieces of information. This icon key is
presented to reinforce the meaning of the icons.
OBRA Requirement—Based
on Federal Law
Math Skill
Legal Responsibility
◆ Demonstrate cardiopulmonary resuscitation
for one-person rescue, two-person rescue,
infants, children, and obstructed-airway
victims
◆ Describe first aid for
—bleeding and wounds
—shock
—poisoning
—burns
—heat exposure
—cold exposure
—bone and joint injuries, including fractures
—specific injuries to the eyes, head, nose, ears,
chest, abdomen, and genital organs
—sudden illness including heart attack, stroke,
fainting, convulsions, and diabetic reactions
◆ Apply dressings and bandages, observing all
Science Skill
Career Information
safety precautions and using the circular,
spiral, figure-eight, and recurrent, or finger
wrap
◆ Define, pronounce, and spell all key terms
Communications Skill
Technology
30216_16_Ch16_448-527.indd 448
Key Terms
KEY TERMS
acquired immune deficiency
syndrome (AIDS)
aerobic
airborne precautions
anaerobic
antisepsis (ant⬙-ih-sep⬘-sis)
asepsis (a-sep⬘-sis)
autoclave
bacteria
bioterrorism
causative agent
cavitation
(kav⬙-ih-tay⬘-shun)
chain of infection
chemical disinfection
clean
communicable disease
contact precautions
1/11/08 1:21:54 PM
contaminated
disinfection
droplet precautions
endogenous
epidemic
exogenous
fomites
fungi (fun⬘-guy)
helminths
hepatitis B
hepatitis C
microorganism (my-crowor⬘-gan-izm)
mode of transmission
nonpathogens
nosocomial
opportunistic
pandemic
pathogens (path⬘-oh-jenz⬙)
personal protective
equipment (PPE)
portal of entry
portal of exit
protective (reverse) isolation
protozoa (pro-toe-zo⬘-ah)
reservoir
rickettsiae (rik-et⬘-z-ah)
standard precautions
sterile
sterile field
sterilization
susceptible host
transmission-based
isolation precautions
ultrasonic
viruses
Key Terms highlight the critical vocabulary words you will need to learn.
Pronunciations are also included for the
harder-to-pronounce words. These
terms are highlighted within the text
where they are defined. You will also
find most of these terms listed in the
glossary section. Use this listing as part
of your study and review of critical
terms.
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
xviii
HOW TO USE
TODAY’S RESEARCH: TOMORROW’S HEALTH CARE
A bravery gene?
Anxiety and fear have been felt by every human being. However, some individuals are so
anxious or fearful they are not able to function within society. For example, individuals with
agoraphobia have an abnormal fear of being helpless in a situation from which they cannot
escape, so they stay in an environment in which they feel secure. Many agoraphobic people
never leave their homes; they avoid all public or open places. Scientists are not really certain
how fear works in the brain, so conditions such as these are difficult to treat.
Recently, scientists working with mice found that by removing a single gene, they could
turn normally cautious animals into brave animals that were more willing to explore an
unknown territory and were less intimidated by dangers. By analyzing brain tissue, scientists located a gene in a tiny prune-shaped region of the brain called the amygdala, an area
of the brain that is extremely active when animals or humans are afraid or anxious. This
gene produces a protein called stathmin, which is highly concentrated in the amygdala but
very hard to detect in other areas of the brain. Scientists removed this stathmin gene and
bred a line of mice that were all missing this gene. Tests showed that this breed of mice was
twice as willing to explore unknown territories as unaltered mice. In addition, if the mice
were trained to expect a small electrical shock after being presented with a stimulus such as
a sound or sight, this group of mice did not seem as fearful when the sound or sight was
given. Researchers are theorizing that stathmin helps form fearful memories in the amygdala of the brain, the area where unconscious fears seemed to be stored. If the production of
stathmin could be halted or inhibited by medication, it is possible that fears would not be
stored as unconscious memories. This would greatly decrease an individual’s anxieties
because unconscious fears are a major cause of anxiety. Think of all of the people whose
lives are affected by anxiety and fear. If their anxieties and fears could be decreased or eliminated, they could lead normal healthy lives.
Career
Highlights
Today’s Research:
Tomorrow’s
Health Care
Today’s Research: Tomorrow’s Health Care
boxes are located in each chapter. These
commentaries help you learn about the
many different types of research occurring
today. If the research is successful, it may
lead to possible cures and or better methods of treatment in the future for a wide
range of diseases and disorders. These
boxes of information also highlight the fact
that health care changes constantly
because of new ideas and technology.
CAREER HIGHLIGHTS
Career Highlights appear in Special
Health Care Skills chapters. By reading
and understanding the material presented in these boxes, you will learn the
educational requirements of each
profession, potential places of employment, and additional tasks you may
have to perform that are not specifically
discussed within the chapter.
Physical therapist assistants provide treatment to improve mobility and prevent or limit
permanent disability of patients with disabling injuries or disease. They are important members of the health care team. They work under the supervision of a physical therapist who
has a master’s degree from an accredited program and is licensed (required in all states).
Most physical therapist assistants have an associate’s degree from an accredited program
and an internship. Licensure is required in most states.
The duties of physical therapist assistants vary but usually include performing exercises;
providing ultrasound or electrical stimulation treatments; administering heat, cold, or moist
applications; ambulating patients with assistive devices; and informing the physical therapist
of patient’s response and progress. In addition to the knowledge and skills presented in this
chapter, physical therapist assistants must also learn and master skills such as:
◆ Presenting a professional
appearance and attitude
◆ Obtaining knowledge
regarding health care
delivery systems,
organizational structure,
and teamwork
◆ Meeting all legal
responsibilities
30216_17_Ch17_528-549.indd 548
◆ Communicating
effectively
◆ Being sensitive to and
respecting cultural
diversity
◆ Comprehending anatomy,
◆ Promoting good nutrition
physiology, and
pathophysiology with an
emphasis on the skeletal,
muscular, nervous, and
circulatory systems
and a healthy lifestyle to
maintain health
◆ Observing all safety
precautions
◆ Practicing all principles of
1/11/08 1:23:31 PM
infection control
◆ Administering first aid
and cardiopulmonary
resuscitation
◆ Learning medical
◆ Utilizing computer skills
◆ Cleaning and maintaining
equipment
◆ Ordering and maintaining
supplies and materials
◆ Performing administrative
duties such as answering
the telephone, scheduling
appointments,
completing insurance
forms, and maintaining
patient records
terminology
RELATED HEALTH CAREERS
30216_22_Ch22_930-968.indd 931
NOTE: A basic knowledge of human anatomy and physiology is essential for almost every
health care provider. However, some health careers are related to specific body systems. As
each body system is discussed, examples of related health careers are listed. The following
health career categories require knowledge of the structure and function of the entire human
body and will not be listed in specific body system units.
◆ Athletic Trainer
◆ Medical Assistant
◆ Physician Assistant
◆ Emergency Medical
◆ Medical Illustrator
◆ Physician
◆ Nursing Careers
◆ Surgical Technologist
Careers
◆ Medical Laboratory
Careers
30216_07_Ch07_140-234.indd 141
◆ Pharmacy Careers
Related Health
Careers
Related Health Careers appear in
Chapter 7, Anatomy and Physiology. By
reviewing the information presented in
these boxes, you will relate specific
health careers to specific body systems.
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
1/11/08 1:46:19 PM
1/11/08 1:24:32 PM
How to Use
xix
13:1 INFORMATION
Information
Sections
Using Body Mechanics
Information sections explain the basic
facts of the topic, why you would need
this information, and how the information is applied to various health care
fields.
To prevent injury to yourself and others while
working in the health field, it is important that
you observe good body mechanics.
Body mechanics refers to the way in which
the body moves and maintains balance while
making the most efficient use of all its parts. Basic
rules for body mechanics are provided as guidelines to prevent strain and help maintain muscle
strength.
There are four main reasons for using good
body mechanics:
♦ Muscles work best when used correctly.
♦ Correct use of muscles makes lifting, pulling,
and pushing easier.
♦ Correct application of body mechanics prevents unnecessary fatigue and strain, and
saves energy.
♦ Correct application of body mechanics prevents injury to self and others.
Eight basic rules of good body mechanics
include:
FIGURE 13-1 Maintain a broad base of support
by keeping the feet 8–10 inches apart.
♦ Maintain a broad base of support by keeping the feet 8–10 inches apart, placing one foot
slightly forward, balancing weight on both
feet, and pointing the toes in the direction of
movement (figure 13-1).
♦ Bend from the hips and knees to get close to
an object, and keep your back straight (figure
13-2). Do not bend at the waist.
♦ Use the strongest muscles to do the job. The
larger and stronger muscles are located in the
shoulders, upper arms, hips, and thighs. Back
muscles are weak.
♦ Use the weight of your body to help push or
pull an object. Whenever possible, push, slide,
or pull rather than lift.
♦ Carry heavy objects close to the body. Also,
stand close to any object or person being
moved.
♦ Avoid twisting your body as you work. Turn
with your feet and entire body when you
change direction of movement.
♦ Avoid bending for long periods.
30216_13_Ch13_333-349.indd 334
PROCEDURE 15:2B
Measuring and
Recording Oral
Temperature
mouth. Wait at least 15 minutes if the
patient says “yes” to your question.
5.
Equipment and Supplies
NOTE: If the thermometer was soaking
in a disinfectant, rinse first in cool
water.
Oral thermometer, plastic sheath (if used),
holder with disinfectant solution, tissues or
dry cotton balls, container for used tissues,
watch with second hand, soapy cotton balls,
disposable gloves, notepaper, pencil/pen
Procedure
1.
2.
CAUTION: Hold the thermometer securely to avoid breaking.
6.
Assemble equipment.
3.
Introduce yourself. Identify the patient.
Explain the procedure.
4.
Position the patient comfortably. Ask
the patient if he/she has eaten, has had
hot or cold fluids, or has smoked in the
past 15 minutes.
NOTE: Eating, drinking liquids, or smoking can affect the temperature in the
Read the thermometer to be sure it reads
96°F (35.6°C) or lower. Check carefully
for chips or breaks.
Procedures
Sections
Procedures sections provide step-bystep instructions on how to perform
the procedure outlined in the Information section. Practice these procedures
until you perform them correctly and
proficiently.
CAUTION: Never use a cracked thermometer because it may injure the
patient.
Wash hands and put on gloves.
CAUTION: Follow standard precautions
for contact with saliva or the mucous
membrane of the mouth.
Remove the clean thermometer by the
upper end. Use a clean tissue or dry cotton ball to wipe the thermometer from
stem to bulb.
1/11/08 1:25:44 PM
7.
If a plastic sheath is used, place it on the
thermometer.
8.
Insert the bulb under the patient’s
tongue, toward the side of the mouth
(figure 15-12). Ask the patient to hold it
in place with the lips, and caution
against biting it.
NOTE: Check to be sure patient’s mouth
is closed.
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
30216_15_Ch15_412-447.indd 421
1/11/08 1:26:29 PM
xx
HOW TO USE
Full-Color Photos and Illustrations
Illustrations are presented in full color that demonstrate important health care concepts, including the
inner workings of the body. Use these illustrations for review while studying.
Full-color photos are used throughout the text to illustrate important techniques you will be required to
know and demonstrate when working within a health care field.
Sweat pore
Hair shaft
Stratum
corneum
Stratum
lucidum
Stratum
spinosum
Stratum
basale
Stratum
germinativum
Dermal papilla
Sensory nerve
ending for touch
Epidermis
Dermis
Arrector pili muscle
Sebaceous (oil) gland
Hair follicle
Subcutaneous
fatty tissue
(hypodermis)
Papilla of hair
Nerve fiber
FIGURE 14-20A To remove the first glove,
Vein
Artery
Nerve
Sweat gland
Pacinian corpuscle
use a gloved hand to grasp the outside of the
glove on the opposite hand. Pull the glove down
and turn it inside out while removing it.
FIGURE 7-9 Cross-section of skin.
Internet
Searches
Internet Searches can enhance your
comprehension of the chapter information by offering you the chance to read
information on the chapter topics.
Review
Questions
Review Questions enhance your comprehension of chapter content. After
you have completed the chapter
reading, try to answer the review
questions at the end of the chapter. If
you find yourself unable to answer the
questions, go back and review the
chapter again.
30216_07_Ch07_140-234.indd 152
30216_14_Ch14_350-411.indd
INTERNET SEARCHES
369
Use the suggested search engines in Chapter 12:4
of this textbook to search the Internet for additional information on the following topics:
1. Organizations regulating infection control: find
the organization sites for the Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA),
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC), National Center for Infectious Diseases
(NCID), and the Hospital Infection Control
Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) to
obtain information on regulations governing
infection control
2. Microbiology: search for specific information
on bacteria (can also search for specific types
such as Escherichia coli), protozoa, fungi,
rickettsiae, and viruses
3. Diseases: obtain information on the method of
transmission, signs and symptoms, treatment,
and complications for diseases such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, acquired immune deficiency
syndrome, and specific diseases listed by the
discussion on microorganisms in this unit
4. Infections: research endogenous infections,
exogenous infections, nosocomial infections,
and opportunistic infections
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. List the classifications of bacteria by shape and
give two (2) examples of diseases caused by
each class.
2. Draw the chain of infection and identify three
(3) ways to break each section of the chain.
3. Differentiate between antisepsis, disinfection,
and sterilization.
4. Develop a plan showing at least five (5) ways
you can protect yourself and your family from
a bioterrorism attack.
5. List eight (8) times the hands must be washed.
6. Name the different types of personal protective
equipment (PPE) and state when each type
must be worn to meet the requirements of
standard precautions.
7. What level of infection control is achieved by
an ultrasonic cleaner? chemicals? an autoclave?
8. Name three (3) methods that can be used to
place sterile items on a sterile field. Identify the
types of items that can be transferred by each
method.
1/11/08 1:44:38 PM
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
HOW TO USE
DIVERSIFIED HEALTH
OCCUPATIONS,
SEVENTH EDITION,
STUDYWARE™
MINIMUM SYSTEM
REQUIREMENTS
♦ Operating systems: Microsoft Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista
♦
♦
♦
♦
♦
Processor: Minimum required by operating system
Memory: Minimum required by operating system
Screen resolution: 800 ⫻ 600 pixels
Color depth: 16-bit color (thousands of colors)
Macromedia Flash Player 9. The Macromedia Flash Player is free,
and can be downloaded from http://www.adobe.com/products/
flashplayer/
INSTALLATION
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Insert disc into CD-ROM player. Diversified Health Occupations,
Seventh Edition, StudyWARETM installation program should start
up automatically. If it does not, go to step 2.
2. From My Computer, double-click on the icon for the CD drive.
3. Double-click on the setup.exe file to start the program.
TECHNICAL SUPPORT
Telephone: 1-800-648-7450; 8:30 A.M.–5:30 P.M. Eastern Time
Fax: 1-518-881-1247
E-mail: delmar.help@cengage.com
StudyWARE™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Microsoft® and Windows® are registered trademarks of the Microsoft
Corporation.
Pentium® is a registered trademark of the Intel Corporation.
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
xxii
HOW TO USE
GETTING STARTED
The StudyWARETM software is designed to enhance your learning. As
you study each chapter in the text, be sure to explore the activities in
the corresponding chapter in the software. Use StudyWARETM as
your own private tutor to help you learn the material in the text.
Getting started is easy. Install the software by inserting the CD and
following the on-screen instructions. Enter your first and last name so
that the software can store you quiz results. Then choose a chapter
from the menu and take a quiz or explore one of the activities.
Menus
You can access any of the menus from wherever
you are within the program. The menus include
Quizzes, Scores, Activities, and Animations.
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
How to Use
Quizzes
Quizzes include multiple choice and fill-in questions. You
can take the quizzes in both Practice Mode and Quiz Mode.
Use Practice Mode to improve your mastery of the material.
You have multiple tries to get the answers correct. Instant
feedback tells you whether you are right or wrong—and
helps you learn quickly by explaining why an answer was
correct or incorrect. Use Quiz Mode when you are ready to
test yourself and keep a record of your scores. In Quiz Mode,
you have one try to get the answers right, but you can take
each Quiz as many times as you want.
Scores
You can view your last scores for each quiz
and print out your results to hand in to your
instructor.
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
xxiii
xxiv
HOW TO USE
Activities
Activities include Flashcards, Crossword, Hangman, Ordering and Sorting, and a Jeopardy!-style
Championship Game. Have fun while increasing
your knowledge.
Animations
Animations help you visualize concepts related to
pathological conditions and anatomy.
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This seventh edition of Diversified Health Occupations is dedicated
to my grandchildren, Hayden Michael Kobelak, Kaleigh Ann Nartker,
Kyla Ann Kobelak, Jesse Louise Nartker, and Brady Wayne Nartker!
Our grandchildren help keep us young and bring so much joy and
pleasure into our lives.
The author would like to thank everyone who participated in the
development of this text, including
Nancy L. Raynor, former Chief Consultant, Head Occupations
Education, State of North Carolina, who served as a consultant
and major mentor in the initial development of this textbook
Dr. Charles Nichols. Department Head, and Ray Jacobs, Teacher
Educator, Kent State University
Nancy Webber, RN, Diversified Health Occupations Instructor
Each person who consented to be a subject in the photographs
Administrative staff at Madison Comprehensive High School
Carolynn Townsend, Lisa Shearer Cooper, Donna Story, and
Dorothy Fishman, who contributed chapter information
Kathryn G. Cutlip, Health and Safety Services Director at Richland County Red Cross, who reviewed and contributed information for the First Aid Chapter
Sharon Logan, a true friend and health care professional, who
never hesitates to review new material, research information,
critique the manuscript, and offer encouragement
The author and Delmar would like to thank those individuals
who reviewed the manuscript and offered suggestions, feedback,
and assistance. The text has been improved as a result of the reviewers’ helpful, insightful, and creative suggestions. Their work is greatly
appreciated.
Becky Carter
Health Science Instructor
Charlotte, North Carolina
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
xxvi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Eleanore Cross
Health Science Instructor
Scotland High School
Laurinburg, North Carolina
Linda Stanhope
Texas State Curriculum Writer
Health Science Instructor
Amarillo, Texas
Beverly Fenley
Health Science Technology Instructor
Academy of Irving
Irving, Texas
Kathy Turner
Health Occupations Consultant
North Carolina Department of Public
Instruction
Cary, North Carolina
Christine Glass
ROP Instructor at Weber Institute
Stockton Unified School District
Lodi, California
Natalie Kelly
Health Science Instructor
Hardaway High School
Columbus, Georgia
Debra Ziegler, RN, BS
Health Sciences Instructor
Ralston High School
Ralston, Nebraska
The author also wishes to thank the following
companies, associations, and individuals for
information and/or illustrations.
Julee T. Kristeller, RN
Health Occupations Instructor
Gray’s Creek High School
Hope Mills, North Carolina
A-dec, Inc.
Diane Sharp
Kentucky Department of Education
Career and Technical Education
Frankfort, Kentucky
Becton Dickinson
Lara Skaggs
State Program Manager
Health Careers Education
Oklahoma Department of CareerTech
Education
Stillwater, Oklahoma
Boehringer Mannheim
American Cancer Society
American Optometric Association
Timothy Berger, MD
Bruce Black, MD
Brevis Corporation
Briggs Corporation
Marcia Butterfield
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
APPENDIX A
Career and
Technical Student
Organizations
(CTSOs)
Career and technical student organizations provide both secondary (high school) and postsecondary (after high school) career/technical
students with the opportunity to associate with
other students enrolled in the same programs or
career areas. Some purposes of these organizations are to:
♦ Develop leadership abilities, citizenship skills,
social competencies, and a wholesome attitude about life and work
♦ Strengthen creativity, thinking skills, decisionmaking abilities, and self-confidence
♦ Enhance the quality and relevance of education by developing the knowledge, skills, and
attitudes that lead to successful employment
and continuing education
♦ Promote quality of work and pride in occupational excellence through competitive activities
♦ Obtain scholarships for post-secondary education from corporations that recognize the
importance of these organizations
The United States Department of Education
recognizes and supports the following eight
career and technical student organizations:
♦ Business Professionals of America (BPA)
♦ Distributive Education Clubs of America
(DECA)
♦ Future Business Leaders of America (FBLA)
♦ National FFA Organization (Agriculture Science Education)
♦ Family, Career, and Community Leaders of
America (FCCLA)
♦ HOSA (Health Occupations Students of America)
♦ Technology Students Association (TSA)
♦ SkillsUSA
Two organizations that supplement healthscience technology education are discussed:
HOSA and SkillsUSA.
HOSA
HOSA (pronounced Hosa) is the national organization for secondary and post-secondary/
collegiate students enrolled in health science
technology education (HSTE) programs. HOSA is
endorsed by the U.S. Department of Education
and the Health Science Technology Education
Division of the Association for Career and Technical Education (ACTE). Membership begins at
the local level, where students who are enrolled
in an HSTE program join together under the
supervision of their classroom instructor, who
serves as the HOSA local chapter advisor. Local
chapters associate with the HOSA state association and the HOSA national organization.
Members of HOSA are involved in community-oriented, career-related, team-building, and
leadership-development activities. All HOSA
activities relate to the classroom instructional
program and the health care delivery system.
Furthermore, HOSA is an integral part of the
HSTE program, meaning that HOSA activities
motivate students and enhance what the students learn in the classroom and on the job.
The mission of HOSA is “to enhance the delivery of compassionate, quality health care by pro-
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Career and Technical Student Organizations (CTSO’s)
viding opportunities for knowledge, skills, and
leadership development of all HSTE students,
therefore helping the student meet the needs of
the health care community.” The HOSA motto is
“The hands of HOSA mold the health of tomorrow.” The HOSA slogan is “Health Science and
HOSA: A Healthy Partnership.” Goals that HOSA
believes are vital for each member are:
♦ To promote physical, mental, and social wellbeing
♦ To develop effective leadership qualities and
skills
♦ To develop the ability to communicate more
effectively with people
♦ To develop character
♦ To develop responsible citizenship traits
♦ To understand the importance of pleasing
oneself as well as being of service to others
♦ To build self-confidence and pride in one’s
work
♦ To make realistic career choices and seek successful employment in the health care field
♦ To develop an understanding of the importance of interacting and cooperating with
other students and organizations
♦ To encourage individual and group achievement
♦ To develop an understanding of current health
care issues, environmental concerns, and survival needs of the community, the nation, and
the world
♦ To encourage involvement in local, state, and
national health care and education projects
♦ To support HSTE instructional objectives
♦ To promote career opportunities in health
care
In addition to providing activities that allow
members to develop occupational skills, leadership qualities, and fellowship through social and
recreational activities, HOSA also encourages
skill development and a healthy competitive
spirit through participation in the National Competitive Events Program. Competition is held at
the local, district/regional, state, and national
levels. Some of the competitive events include
contests in prepared and extemporaneous speaking, job-seeking skills, CPR/first aid, dental assisting, dental laboratory technology, emergency
FIGURE A-1 The HOSA emblem. (Reprinted with
permission of HOSA)
medical technician, clinical and administrative
medical assisting, medical laboratory assisting,
nursing assisting, practical nursing, physical
therapy aide, veterinary assisting, dental spelling
and terminology, medical spelling and terminology, extemporaneous health poster, community
awareness project (of health-related issues), creative problem solving, biomedical debate, parliamentary procedure, and the HOSA Bowl.
HOSA has an official emblem (figure A-1).
The circle represents the continuity of health
care; the triangle represents the three aspects of
human well-being: social, physical, and mental;
and the hands signify the caring of each HOSA
member. The colors of HOSA—maroon, medical
white, and navy blue—are represented in the
emblem. Navy blue represents loyalty to the
health care profession. Medical white represents
purity of purpose. Maroon represents the compassion of HOSA members.
The HOSA handbook provides detailed information about the structure, purposes, competitive
events, and activities of HOSA. Students interested
in further details should refer to this handbook or
obtain additional information from the Internet
by contacting HOSA at www.hosa.org.
SkillsUSA
Students in HSTE programs can also participate
in SkillsUSA. SkillsUSA is a partnership of students, teachers, and industry working together to
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
1023
1024
APPENDIX A
ensure America has a skilled workforce. It is a
national organization for secondary and postsecondary/collegiate students enrolled in training programs in technical, skilled, and service
occupations, including health careers. Examples
of these programs include auto services, cosmetology, carpentry, collision repair, computeraided drafting, electronics, masonry, precision
machining, welding, and health occupations.
Membership begins with local chapters that affiliate with a state association and then the national
organization.
A national program of work sets the pace
for SkillsUSA chapters. All SkillsUSA programs
are in some way related to these seven major
goals: professional development, community
service, employment, ways and means, championships, public relations, and social activities.
The SkillsUSA motto is “Preparing for leadership in the world of work.” Some of the purposes
include:
♦ To unite in a common bond all students
enrolled in trade, industrial, technical, and
HSTE
♦ To develop leadership abilities through participation in educational, technical, civic, recreational, and social activities
♦ To foster a deep respect for the dignity of
work
♦ To assist students in establishing realistic
goals
♦ To help students attain purposeful lives
♦ To create enthusiasm for learning
♦ To promote high standards in trade ethics,
students develop the skills they need to make
a smooth transition to the workforce or higher
education.
SkillsUSA Championships offer skill competition in both leadership and occupational areas.
Competition is held at the local, district/ regional,
state, and national levels. Examples of leadership
contests include prepared and extemporaneous
speech, SkillsUSA opening and closing ceremonies, chapter business procedure, action skills,
job interview, and safety promotion. Examples of
career contests for HSTE students include medical assisting, dental assisting, nurse assisting,
practical nursing, basic health care skills, first aid
and CPR, health occupations professional portfolio, and a health knowledge bowl.
The ceremonial emblem of SkillsUSA is shown
in figure A-2. The shield represents patriotism, or
a belief in democracy, liberty, and the American
way of life. The torch represents knowledge. The
orbital circles represent technology and the training needed to master new technical frontiers
along with the need for continuous education.
The gear represents the industrial society and the
cooperation of the individual working with labor
and management for the betterment of humankind. The hands represent the individual and
portray a search for knowledge along with the
desire to acquire a skill.
The colors of the SkillsUSA organization are
red, white, blue, and gold. Red and white represent the individual states and chapters. Blue represents the common union of the states and
workmanship, scholarship, and safety
♦ To develop the ability of students to plan
together, organize, and carry out worthy activities and projects through the use of the democratic process
♦ To develop patriotism through a knowledge of
our nation’s heritage and the practice of
democracy
To achieve these purposes, SkillsUSA offers a
Professional Development Program (PDP), and
SkillsUSA Championships. The PDP is a selfpaced curriculum for students to obtain skills in
areas such as effective communication, management, teamwork, networking, workplace ethics,
and job interviewing. The PDP is designed to help
FIGURE A-2 The SkillsUSA emblem. (Reprinted
with permission of SkillsUSA)
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Career and Technical Student Organizations (CTSO’s)
chapters. Gold represents the individual, the
most important element of the organization.
The SkillsUSA Leadership Handbook and
other SkillsUSA publications provide more information on the various activities and programs.
Students interested in further details should refer
to these sources of information or obtain additional information from the Internet by contacting SkillsUSA at www.skillsusa.org.
OTHER SOURCES
OF INFORMATION
♦ National HOSA
6021 Morris Rd., Suite 111
Flower Mound, TX 75028
800-321-HOSA
Internet address: www.hosa.org
♦ SkillsUSA
P.O. Box 3000
Leesburg, Virginia 20177-0300
703-777-8810
Internet address: www.skillsusa.org
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
1025
Correlation to
National Health
Care Skill
Standards
APPENDIX B
TABLE B-1 Correlation to National Health Care Skill Standards
Diversified Health
Occupations Chapter
History and Trends
of Health Care
Health Care Systems
Careers in Health Care
Personal and
Professional Qualities
of a Health Care Worker
Legal and Ethical
Responsiblities
Medical Terminology
Anatomy and Physiology
Human Growth and
Development
Cultural Diversity
Geriatric Care
Nutrition and Diets
Computer Technology
in Health Care
Promotion of Safety
Infection Control
Vital Signs
First Aid
Preparing for the
World of Work
Dental Assistant Skills
Laboratory Assistant Skills
Medical Assistant Skills
Nurse Assistant Skills
Physical Therapy Skills
Business and
Accounting Skills
Health Care
Core
Standards
Therapeutic
Services
Diagnostic
Services
Health
Informatics
Support
Services
Biotechnology
Research and
Development
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
APPENDIX C
Metric Conversion
Charts
The metric system is gradually replacing other
systems of measurement. The following information and charts will assist you in converting measurements.
1. Temperature measurements:
♦ To convert Fahrenheit (F) temperatures to
Celsius (centigrade) (C) temperatures, subtract 32 from the Fahrenheit temperature
and then multiply the result by 5/9, or
0.5556.
♦ To convert centimeters to feet, divide the
number of centimeters by 30.48.
3. Weight measurements:
♦ To convert pounds to kilograms, divide the
number of pounds by 2.2 (1 kilogram 2.2
pounds).
♦ To convert kilograms to pounds, multiply
the number of kilograms by 2.2.
4. Liquid measurements:
♦ To convert Celsius (C) temperatures to
♦ Note that 1 cubic centimeter (cc) is equal to
Fahrenheit (F) temperatures, multiply the
Celsius temperature by 9/5, or 1.8, and then
add 32 to the total.
♦ To convert household measurements (for
♦ The chart on the following page provides
some major temperature equivalents.
2. Linear measurements:
♦ To convert inches to centimeters, multiply
the number of inches by 2.54 (1 inch 2.54
centimeters).
♦ To convert feet to centimeters, multiply the
number of feet by 30.48 centimeters (1 foot
30.48 centimeters).
♦ To convert centimeters to inches, divide
the number of centimeters by 2.54.
1 milliliter (mL).
example, cups, ounces, quarts, or pints) to
metric measurements, multiply the household measurement by the equivalent number of milliliters (mL). For example, 1
teaspoon equals 5 mL. Therefore, 3 teaspoons converted to metric would be 3 5,
or 15 mL.
♦ To convert metric measurements to household measurements, divide the metric
measurement by the number of metric
units in one of the household units. For
example, there are 30 mL in 1 ounce. Therefore, 180 mL converted to ounces would be
180 ÷ 30, or 6 ounces.
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
1028
APPENDIX C
Fahrenheit–Celsius (Centigrade) Equivalents
F°
C°
32
70
75
80
85
90
95
96
97
98
98.6
99
100
101
0
21.1
23.9
26.7
29.4
32.2
35
35.6
36.1
36.7
37
37.2
37.8
38.3
F°
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
C°
38.9
39.4
40
40.6
41.1
41.7
42.2
42.8
43.3
43.9
44.4
45
45.6
46.1
Linear English—Metric Equivalents
F°
C°
116
117
118
119
120
125
130
135
140
150
212
46.7
47.2
47.8
48.3
48.9
51.7
54.4
57.2
60
65.6
100
1 inch (in) 0.0254 meters (m) 2.54 centimeters (cm)
12 inches 1 foot (ft) 0.3048 meters (m) 30.48 centimeters (cm)
3 feet 1 yard (yd) 0.914 meters (m) 91.4 centimeters (cm)
5,280 feet 1 mile 1601.6 meters (m)
39.372 inches 3.281 feet 1 meter (m)
1.094 yards 1 meter (m)
0.621 miles 1 kilometer (km)
Liquid English—Metric Equivalents
1 drop (gtt) 0.0667 milliliters (mL)
15 drops (gtts) 1.0 milliliters (mL)
1 teaspoon (tsp) 5.0 milliliters (mL)
3 teaspoons 1 tablespoon (tbsp) 15.0 milliliters (mL)
1 ounce (oz) 30.0 milliliters (mL)
8 ounces (oz) 1 cup (cp) 240.0 milliliters (mL)
2 cups (cp) 1 pint (pt) 500.0 milliliters (mL)
2 pints (pt) 1 quart (qt) 1,000.0 milliliters (mL)
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
1029
APPENDIX D 24-Hour Clock
(Military Time)
Conversion Chart
TIME
12:01 AM
12:05 AM
12:30 AM
12:45 AM
1:00 AM
2:00 AM
3:00 AM
4:00 AM
5:00 AM
6:00 AM
7:00 AM
8:00 AM
9:00 AM
10:00 AM
11:00 AM
12:00 NOON
24-HOUR TIME
0001
0005
0030
0045
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
TIME
12:01 PM
12:05 PM
12:30 PM
12:45 PM
1:00 PM
2:00 PM
3:00 PM
4:00 PM
5:00 PM
6:00 PM
7:00 PM
8:00 PM
9:00 PM
10:00 PM
11:00 PM
12:00 MIDNIGHT
24-HOUR TIME
1201
1205
1230
1245
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Glossary
A
abbreviation—A shortened form of a word, usually just
letters.
abdominal—Pertaining to the cavity or area in the front
of the body and containing the stomach, the small
intestine, part of the large intestine, the liver, the gallbladder, the pancreas, and the spleen.
abduction—Movement away from the midline.
abrasion—Injury caused by rubbing or scraping the
skin.
absorption—Act or process of sucking up or in; taking
in of nutrients.
abuse—Any care that results in physical harm or pain, or
mental anguish.
accelerator—A chemical substance that increases the
rate of a chemical reaction; a catalyst.
acceptance—The process of receiving or taking;
approval; belief.
accreditation—Process where an educational program
is recognized and/or approved for meeting and maintaining standards that qualify its graduates for professional practice.
acculturation—Process of learning the beliefs and
behaviors of a dominant culture and assuming some
of the characteristics.
acidosis—A pathological condition resulting from a disturbance in the acid–base balance in the blood and
body tissues.
activities of daily living (ADL)—Daily activities necessary to meet basic human needs, for example, feeding,
dressing, and elimination.
acupuncture—Puncturing the skin at specific points
with thin needles to relieve pain and/or treat disease.
acute—Lasting a short period of time but relatively
severe (for example, an acute illness).
addiction—State of being controlled by a habit, as can
happen with alcohol and drugs.
adduction—Movement toward the midline.
adenitis—Inflammation of a gland or lymph node.
adipose—Fatty tissue; fat.
adolescence—Period of development from 12 to 18
years of age; teenage years.
adrenal—One of two endocrine glands located one
above each kidney.
advance directive—A legal document designed to indicate a person’s wishes regarding care in case of a terminal illness or during the dying process.
aerobic—Requiring oxygen to live and grow.
afebrile—Without a fever.
affection—A warm or tender feeling toward another;
fondness.
agar plate—Special laboratory dish containing agar, a
gelatinous colloidal extract of a red alga, which is used
to provide nourishment for growth of organisms.
agent—Someone who has the power or authority to act
as the representative of another.
agglutination—Clumping together, as in the clumping
together of red blood cells.
agnostic—Person who believes that the existence of God
cannot be proved or disproved.
air compressor—Machine that provides air under pressure; used in dental areas to provide air pressure to
operate handpieces and air syringe.
albino—Absence of all color pigments.
alginate—Irreversible, hydrocolloid, dental impression
material.
alignment—Positioning and supporting the body
so that all body parts are in correct anatomical
position.
alimentary canal—The digestive tract from the esophagus to the rectum.
alopecia—Baldness.
alternative therapy—Method of treatment used in
place of biomedical therapies.
alveolar process—Bone tissue of the maxilla and mandible that contains alveoli (sockets) for the roots of the
teeth.
alveoli—Microscopic air sacs in the lungs.
Alzheimer’s disease—Progressive, irreversible disease
involving memory loss, disorientation, deterioration
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Glossary
of intellectual function, and speech and gait disturbances.
amalgam—Alloy (mixture) of various metals and mercury; restorative or filling material used primarily on
posterior teeth.
ambulate—To walk.
amino acid—The basic component of proteins.
amputation—The cutting off or separation of a body
part from the body.
anaerobic—Not requiring oxygen to live and grow; able
to thrive in the absence of oxygen.
analgesia—The state of inability to feel pain yet still
being conscious.
anaphylactic shock—An extreme, sometimes fatal,
allergic reaction or sensitivity to a specific antigen,
such as a medication, insect sting, or specific food.
anatomy—The study of the structure of an organism.
anemia—Disease caused by lack of blood or an insufficient number of red blood cells.
anesthesia—The state of inability to feel sensation,
especially the sensation of pain.
anger—Feeling of displeasure or hostility; mad.
anorexia—Loss of appetite.
anorexia nervosa—Psychological disorder involving
loss of appetite and excessive weight loss not caused
by a physical disease.
anoxia—Without oxygen; synonymous with suffocation.
antecubital—The space located on the inner part of the
arm and near the elbow.
anterior—Before or in front of.
anterior teeth—Teeth located toward the front of the
mouth; includes incisor and cuspids.
antibody—Substance, usually a protein, formed by the
body to produce an immunity to an antigen or pathogen.
antibody screen—Test that checks for antibodies in the
blood prior to a transfusion.
anticoagulant—Substance that prevents clotting of the
blood.
antigen—Substance that causes the body to produce
antibodies; may be introduced into the body or formed
within the body.
antioxidants—Enzymes or organic molecules; help
protect the body from harmful chemicals called free
radicals.
antisepsis—Aseptic control that inhibits, retards growth
of, or kills pathogenic organisms; not effective against
spores and viruses.
anuria—Without urine; producing no urine.
anus—External opening of the anal canal, or rectum.
aorta—Largest artery in the body; carries blood away
from the heart.
aortic valve—Flap or cusp located between the left ventricle of the heart and the aorta.
apathy—Indifference; lack of emotion.
apex—The pointed extremity of a conelike structure; the
rounded, lower end of the heart, below the ventricles;
the bottom tip of a tooth.
aphasia—Language impairment; loss of ability to comprehend or speak normally.
apical foramen—The opening in the apex of a tooth;
allows nerves and blood vessels to enter tooth.
apical pulse—Pulse taken with a stethoscope and near
the apex of the heart.
apnea—Absence of respirations; temporary cessation of
respirations.
apoplexy—A stroke; see cerebrovascular accident.
appendicular skeleton—The bones that form the
limbs or extremities of the body.
application form—A form or record completed when
applying for a job.
appointment—A schedule to do something on a particular day and time.
aquathermia pad—Temperature-controlled unit that
circulates warm liquid through a pad to provide dry
heat.
aqueous humor—Watery liquid that circulates in the
anterior chamber of the eye.
aromatherapy—Use of natural scents and smells to
promote health and well-being.
arrhythmia—Irregular or abnormal rhythm, usually
referring to the heart rhythm.
arterial—Pertaining to an artery.
arteriole—Smallest branch of an artery; vessel that connects arteries to capillaries.
arteriosclerosis—Hardening and/or narrowing of the
walls of arteries.
artery—Blood vessel that carries blood away from the
heart.
arthritis—Inflammation of a joint.
asepsis—Being free from infection.
aspirate—To remove by suction.
aspirating syringe—Special dental anesthetic syringe
designed to hold carpules or cartridges of medication.
aspiration—Process of inhaling food, fluid, or a foreign
substance into the respiratory tract.
assault—Physical or verbal attack on another person;
treatment or care given to a person without obtaining
proper consent.
assistant—Level of occupational proficiency where an
individual can work in an occupation after a period of
education or on-the-job training.
associate degree—Degree awarded by a vocational–
technical school or community college after successful completion of a two-year course of study or its
equivalent.
astigmatism—Defect or blurring of vision caused by
irregularity of the cornea of the eye.
atheist—Person who does not believe in any deity.
atherosclerosis—Form of arteriosclerosis characterized by accumulation of fats or mineral deposits on
the inner walls of the arteries.
atrium—Also called an auricle; an upper chamber of the
heart.
atrophy—Wasting away of tissue; decrease in size.
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
1031
GLOSSARY
1032
audiologist—Individual specializing in diagnosis and
treatment of hearing disorders.
audiometer—Instrument used to test hearing and
determine hearing defects.
auditory acuity—Ability to perceive and comprehend
sound waves; hearing.
aural temperature—Measurement of body temperature at the tympanic membrane in the ear.
auricle—Also called the pinna; external part of the ear.
auscultation—Process of listening for sounds in the
body.
autoclave—Piece of equipment used to sterilize articles
by way of steam under pressure and/or dry heat.
automated external defibrillator (AED)—Machine
used to assess the heart rhythm and provide an electric shock to restore normal heart rhythm.
autonomic nervous system—That division of the nervous system concerned with reflex, or involuntary,
activities of the body.
autopsy—Examination of the body after death to determine the cause of death.
avulsion—A wound that occurs when tissue is separated
from the body.
axial skeleton—The bones of the skull, rib cage, and
spinal column; the bones that form the trunk of the
body.
axilla—Armpit; that area of the body under the arm.
Ayer blade—Wooden or plastic blade used to scrape
cells from the cervix of the uterus; used for Pap tests.
B
bachelor’s degree—Degree awarded by a college or
university after a person has completed a four-year
course of study or its equivalent.
backup—Copying or saving data in a secure location to
prevent loss in the event of computer failure or a disaster.
bacteria—One-celled microorganisms, some of which
are beneficial and some of which cause disease.
bandage—Material used to hold dressings in place,
secure splints, and support and protect body parts.
bandage scissors—Special scissors with a blunt lower
end used to remove dressings and bandages.
bargaining—Process of negotiating an agreement, sale,
or exchange.
Bartholin’s glands—Two small mucous glands near
the vaginal opening.
basal metabolism—The amount of energy needed to
maintain life when the subject is at complete rest.
base—Protective (dental) material placed over the pulpal
area of a tooth to reduce irritation and thermal shock.
base of support—Standing with feet 8–10 inches apart
to provide better balance.
battery—Unlawfully touching another person without
that person’s consent.
bed cradle—A device placed on a bed to keep the top
bed linens from contacting the legs and feet.
benign—Not malignant or cancerous.
bias—A preference that inhibits impartial judgment.
bicuspids—Also called premolars; the teeth that pulverize or grind food and are located between cuspids and
molars.
bifurcated—Having two roots (as in teeth).
bile—Liver secretion that is concentrated and stored in
the gallbladder; aids in the emulsification of fats during digestion.
binders—Devices applied to hold dressings in place,
provide support, apply pressure, or limit motion.
bioethics—Branch of medicine concerned with moral
issues resulting from technologic advances and medical research.
biohazardous—Contaminated with blood or body fluid
and having the potential to transmit disease.
biopsy—Excision of a small piece of tissue for microscopic examination.
bioterrorism—The use of biological agents, such as
pathogens, for terrorist purposes.
bite-wing—Also called a cavity-detecting X-ray; a dental
radiograph that shows only the crowns of the teeth.
bladder—Membranous sac or storage area for a secretion (gallbladder); also, the vesicle that acts as the reservoir for urine.
bland diet—Diet containing only mild-flavored foods
with soft textures.
block style—Letter format in which all parts of the letter
start at the left margin.
blood—Fluid that circulates through the vessels in the
body to carry substances to all body parts.
blood pressure—Measurement of the force exerted by
the heart against the arterial walls when the heart contracts (beats) and relaxes.
blood smear—A drop of blood spread thinly on a slide
for microscopic examination.
bloodborne—An infectious disease or pathogenic
organism that is transmitted through blood.
body—Main content, or message part, of a letter.
body mechanics—The way in which the body moves
and maintains balance; proper body mechanics
involves the most efficient use of all body parts.
bolus—Food that has been chewed and mixed with
saliva.
bowel—The intestines.
Bowman’s capsule—Part of the renal corpuscle in the
kidney; picks up substances filtered from the blood by
the glomerulus.
brachial—Pertaining to the brachial artery in the arm,
which is used to measure blood pressure.
bradycardia—Slow heart rate, usually below 60 beats
per minute.
bradypnea—Slow respiratory rate, usually below 10 respirations per minute.
brain—Soft mass of nerve tissue inside the cranium.
brand name—Company or product name given to a
medication or product.
breast—Mammary, or milk, gland located on the upper
part of the front surface of the body.
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Glossary
bronchi—Two main branches of the trachea; air tubes to
and from the lungs.
bronchioles—Small branches of the bronchi; carry air
in the lungs.
buccal surface—Outside surface of the posterior teeth;
surface facing the cheek; facial surface of bicuspids
and molars.
budget—An itemized list of income and expected expenditures for a period of time.
buffer period—Period of time kept open on an appointment schedule to allow for emergencies, telephone
calls, and other unplanned situations.
bulimarexia—Psychological condition in which a person eats excessively and then uses laxatives or vomits
to get rid of the food.
bulimia—Psychological condition in which a person
alternately eats excessively and then fasts or refuses to
eat.
burn—Injury to body tissue caused by heat, caustics,
radiation, and/or electricity.
burs—Small, rotating instruments of various types; used
in dental handpieces to prepare cavities for filling with
restorative materials.
C
calcaneus—Large tarsal bone that forms the heel.
calculus—Also called tartar; hard, calcium-like deposit
that forms on the teeth; a stone that forms in various
parts of the body from a variety of different substances.
calorie—Unit of measurement of the fuel value of food.
cancer—A group of diseases caused by abnormal cell
division and/or growth.
cane—A rod used as an aid in walking.
capillary—Tiny blood vessel that connects arterioles
and venules and allows for exchange of nutrients and
gases between the blood and the body cells.
carbohydrate-controlled diet—Diet in which the
number and types of carbohydrates are restricted or
limited.
carbohydrates—Group of chemical substances including sugars, cellulose, and starches; nutrients that provide the greatest amount of energy in the average diet.
carcinogen—Any cancer-causing substance.
carcinoma—Malignant (cancerous) tumor of connective tissue.
cardiac—Pertaining to the heart.
cardiac arrest—Sudden and unexpected stoppage of
heart action.
cardiopulmonary—Pertaining to the heart and lungs.
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)—Procedure
of providing oxygen and chest compressions to a victim whose heart has stopped beating.
cardiovascular—Pertaining to the heart and blood vessels.
caries—Tooth decay, an infectious disease that destroys
tooth tissue.
carious lesion—An occurrence of tooth decay.
carpal—Bone of the wrist.
carpule—A glass cartridge that contains a premeasured
amount of anesthetic solution; used for dental anesthesia.
catalyst—A chemical substance that increases the rate
of a chemical reaction; an accelerator.
cataract—Condition of the eye where the lens becomes
cloudy or opaque, leading to blindness.
catheter—A rubber, metal, or other type of tube that is
passed into a body cavity and used for injecting or
removing fluids.
caudal—Pertaining to any tail or tail-like structure.
cavitation—The cleaning process employed in an ultrasonic unit; bubbles explode to drive cleaning solution
onto article being cleaned.
cavity—A hollow space, such as a body cavity (which
contains organs) or a hole in a tooth.
cell—Mass of protoplasm; the basic unit of structure of
all animals and plants.
cell membrane—Outer, protective, semipermeable
covering of a cell.
cellulose—Fibrous form of carbohydrate.
cement—Dental material used to seal inlays, crowns,
bridges, and orthodontic appliances in place.
cementum—Hard, bonelike tissue that covers the outside of the root of a tooth.
central nervous system—The division of the nervous
system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
central processing unit (CPU)—Unit that controls all
of the work of a computer; frequently called the
“brains” of the computer.
centrifuge—A machine that uses centrifugal (driving
away from the center) force to separate heavier materials from lighter ones.
centrosome—That area of cell cytoplasm that contains
two centrioles; important in reproduction of the cell.
cerebellum—The section of the brain that is dorsal to
the pons and medulla oblongata; maintains balance
and equilibrium.
cerebrospinal fluid—Watery, clear fluid that surrounds
the brain and spinal cord.
cerebrovascular accident—Also called a stroke or
apoplexy; an interrupted supply of blood to the brain,
caused by formation of a clot, blockage of an artery, or
rupture of a blood vessel.
cerebrum—Largest section of brain; involved in sensory
interpretation and voluntary muscle activity.
certification—The issuing of a statement or certificate
by a professional organization to a person who has
met the requirements of education and/or experience
and who meets the standards set by the organization.
cervical—Pertaining to the neck portion of the spinal
column or to the lower part of the uterus.
cervix—Anatomical part of a tooth where the crown
joins with the root; entrance to or lower part of the
uterus.
chain of infection—Factors that lead to the transmission or spread of disease.
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1033
1034
GLOSSARY
character—The quality of respirations (for example,
deep, shallow, or labored).
charge slip—A record on which charges or costs for services are listed.
check—A written order for payment of money through a
bank.
chemical—The method of aseptic control in which substances or solutions are used to disinfect articles; does
not always kill spores and viruses.
chemical abuse—Use of chemical substances without
regard for accepted practice; dependence on alcohol
or drugs.
chemotherapy—Treatment of a disease by way of
chemical agents.
Cheyne–Stokes respirations—Periods of difficult
breathing (dyspnea) followed by periods of no respirations (apnea).
chiropractic—System of treatment based on manipulation of the spinal column and other body structures.
cholelithiasis—Condition of stones in the gallbladder.
cholesterol—Fatlike substance synthesized in the liver
and found in body cells and animal fats.
choroid—Middle or vascular layer of the eye, between
the sclera and retina.
chromatin network—That structure in the nucleus of a
cell that contains chromosomes with genes, which
carry inherited characteristics.
chronic—Lasting a long period of time; reoccurring.
cilia—Hairlike projections.
circumduction—Moving in a circle at a joint, or moving
one end of a body part in a circle while the other end
remains stationary.
citizenship—Status of being a citizen (including associated duties, rights, and privileges).
clavicle—Collarbone.
clean—Free from organisms causing disease.
clear-liquid diet—Diet containing only water-based
liquids; nutritionally inadequate.
client—Person receiving service or care; a patient in
health care.
clinic—Institution that provides care for outpatients; a
group of specialists working in cooperation.
closed bed—Bed that is made following the discharge of
a patient.
coccyx—The tailbone; lowest bones of the vertebral column.
cochlea—Snail-shaped section of the inner ear; contains
the organ of Corti for hearing.
collection—To receive; a letter requesting payment on
an account.
colon—The large intestine.
colostomy—An artificial opening into the colon; allows
for the evacuation of feces.
communicable disease—Disease that is transmitted
from one individual to another.
communication—Process of transmission; exchange
of thoughts or information.
compensation—Something given or received as an
equivalent for a loss, service, or debt; defense mechanism involving substitution of one goal for another
goal to achieve success.
competent—Able, capable.
complementary therapy—Method of treatment used
in conjunction with biomedical therapies.
complete bed bath—A bath in which all parts of a
patient’s body are bathed while the patient is confined
to bed.
complimentary close—Courtesy closing of a letter (for
example, Sincerely).
composite—The dental restorative or filling material
used most frequently on anterior teeth.
compress—A folded wet or dry cloth applied firmly to a
body part.
computer-assisted instruction (CAI)—Teaching
method in which a computer and computer programs
are used to control the learning process and deliver
the instructional material to the learner.
computerized tomography (CT)—A scanning and
detection system that uses a minicomputer and display screen to visualize an internal portion of the
human body; formerly known as CAT (computerized
axial tomography).
concave—Curved inward; depressed.
confidential—Not to be shared or told; to be held in
confidence, or kept to oneself.
congenital—Present at birth (as in a congenital defect).
conjunctiva—Mucous membrane that lines the eyelids
and covers the anterior part of the sclera of the eye.
connective tissue—Body tissue that connects, supports, or binds body organs.
constipation—Difficulty in emptying the bowel; infrequent bowel movements.
constrict—To contract or narrow; to make smaller.
consultation—Process of seeking information or advice
from another person.
contagious—Easily spread; communicable.
contamination—Containing infection or infectious
organisms or germs.
contra angle—Attachment used on dental handpieces
to cut and polish.
contract—To shorten, decrease in size, or draw together;
an agreement between two or more persons.
contracture—Tightening or shortening of a muscle.
contusion—An injury that results in a hemorrhage
(bleeding) beneath intact skin; a bruise.
conventional-speed handpiece—Low-speed handpiece in dental units; used to remove caries and for
fine-finishing work.
convex—Curved outward; projected.
convulsion—Also called a seizure; a violent, involuntary
contraction of muscles.
cornea—The transparent section of the sclera; allows
light rays to enter the eye.
cortex—The outer layer of an organ or structure.
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Glossary
cost containment—Procedures used to control costs or
expenses.
Cowper’s glands—The pair of small mucous glands
near the male urethra.
cranial—Pertaining to the skull or cranium.
cranium—Part of the skull; the eight bones of the head
that enclose the brain.
criticism—Judgment regarding worth; censure, disapproval; evaluation.
cross index/reference—A paper or card used in filing
systems to prevent misplacement or loss of records.
cross-match—A blood test that checks the compatibility of the donor’s blood and the recipient’s blood before
a transfusion.
crown—The anatomical portion of a tooth that is exposed
in the oral cavity, above the gingiva, or gums.
crust—A scab; outer covering or coat.
crutches—Artificial supports that assist a patient in
walking.
cryotherapy—Use of cold applications for treatment.
cultural assimilation—Absorption of a culturally distinct group into a dominant or prevailing culture.
cultural diversity—Differences among individuals
based on cultural, ethnic, and racial factors.
culture—Values, beliefs, ideas, customs, and characteristics passed from one generation to the next.
culture specimen—A sample of microorganisms or tissue cells taken from an area of the body for examination.
cuspid—Also called a canine or eyetooth; the type of
tooth located at angle of lips and used to tear food.
custom tray—Dental impression tray specially made to
fit a particular patient’s mouth.
cyanosis—Bluish color of the skin, nail beds, and/or lips
due to an insufficient amount of oxygen in the blood.
cystitis—Inflammation of the urinary bladder.
cystoscope—Instrument for examining the inside of the
urinary bladder.
cytoplasm—The fluid inside a cell; contains water, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, and salts.
D
dangling—Positioning the patient in a sitting position
with his or her feet and legs over the side of the bed
prior to ambulation.
day sheet—A daily record listing all financial transactions and/or patients seen.
daydreaming—Defense mechanism of escape; dreamlike musing while awake.
deciduous teeth—Also called primary teeth; the first set
of 20 teeth.
decubitus ulcer—See pressure (decubitus) ulcer.
deduction—Something subtracted or taken out (for
example, monies taken out of a paycheck for various
purposes).
defamation—Slander or libel; a false statement that
causes ridicule or damage to a reputation.
defecation—Evacuation of fecal material from the
bowel; a bowel movement.
defense mechanism—Physical or psychological reaction of an organism used in self-defense or to protect
self-image.
defibrillate—Use of an electric shock to restore normal
heart rhythm.
dehydration—Insufficient amounts of fluid in the tissues.
delirium—Acute, reversible mental confusion caused
by illness, medical problems, and/or medications.
delusion—A false belief.
dementia—Loss of mental ability characterized by
decrease in intellectual ability, loss of memory,
impaired judgment, and disorientation.
denial—Declaring untrue; refusing to believe.
dental chair—Special chair designed to position a
patient comfortably while providing easy access to the
patient’s oral cavity.
dental hygienist—A licensed individual who works
with a dentist to provide care and treatment for the
teeth and gums.
dental light—Light used in dental units to illuminate
the oral cavity.
dentin—Tissue that makes up the main bulk of a tooth.
dentist—A doctor who specializes in diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases of the teeth and gums.
dentition—The number, type, and arrangement of teeth
in the mouth.
denture—An entire set of teeth; usually refers to artificial teeth designed to replace natural teeth.
dependable—Capable of being relied on; trustworthy.
deposit slip—A bank record listing all cash and checks
that are to be placed in an account, either checking or
savings.
depression—Psychological condition of sadness, melancholy, gloom, or despair.
dermis—The skin.
development—Changes in the intellectual, mental,
emotional, social, and functional skills that occur over
time.
diabetes mellitus—Metabolic disease caused by an
insufficient secretion or utilization of insulin and leading to an increased amount of glucose (sugar) in the
blood and urine.
diabetic coma—An unconscious condition caused by
an increased level of glucose (sugar) and ketones in
the bloodstream of a person with diabetes mellitus.
diagnosis—Determination of the nature of a person’s
disease.
dialysis—Removal of urine substances from the blood
by way of passing solutes through a membrane.
diaphoresis—Profuse or excessive perspiration, or
sweating.
diaphysis—The shaft, or middle section, of a long bone.
diarrhea—Frequent bowel movements with watery
stool.
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1035
1036
GLOSSARY
diastole—Period of relaxation of the heart.
diastolic pressure—Measurement of blood pressure
taken when the heart is at rest; measurement of the
constant pressure in arteries.
diathermy—Treatment with heat.
diencephalon—The section of the brain between the
cerebrum and midbrain; contains the thalamus and
hypothalamus.
dietitian—An individual who specializes in the science
of diet and nutrition.
differential count—Blood test that determines the percentage of each kind of leukocyte (white blood cell).
digestion—Physical and chemical breakdown of food by
the body in preparation for absorption.
digital—Pertaining to fingers or toes; examination with
the fingers.
dilate—Enlarge or expand; to make bigger.
direct smear—A culture specimen placed on a slide for
microscopic examination.
disability—A physical or mental handicap that interferes with normal function; incapacitated, incapable.
discretion—Ability to use good judgment and selfrestraint in speech or behavior.
disease—Any condition that interferes with the normal
function of the body.
disinfection—Aseptic-control method that destroys
pathogens but does not usually kill spores and
viruses.
dislocation—Displacement of a bone at a joint.
disorientation—Confusion with regard to the identity
of time, place, or person.
displacement—Defense mechanism in which feelings
about one person are transferred to someone else.
distal—Most distant or farthest from the trunk; center or
midline.
distal surface—Side surface of teeth that is toward the
back of the mouth, or away from the midline of the
mouth.
diuretics—Drugs that increase urinary output; “water
pills.”
doctorate—Degree awarded by a college or university
after completion of a prescribed course of study
beyond a bachelor’s or master’s degree.
dorsal—Pertaining to the back; in back of.
dorsal recumbent position—The patient lies on the
back with the knees flexed and separated; used for
vaginal and pelvic examinations.
douche—See vaginal irrigation.
dressing—Covering placed over a wound or injured
part.
dry cold—Application that provides cold temperature
but is dry against the skin.
dry heat—Application that provides warm temperature
but is dry against the skin.
duodenum—First part of the small intestine; connects
the pylorus of the stomach and the jejunum.
dyspepsia—Difficulty in digesting food; indigestion.
dysphagia—Difficulty in swallowing.
dyspnea—Difficult or labored breathing.
dysrhythmia—An abnormal rhythm in the electrical
activity of the brain or heart.
dystrophy—Progressive weakening (atrophy) of a body
part, such as a muscle.
dysuria—Difficult or painful urination.
E
early adulthood—Period of development from 19 to 40
years of age.
early childhood—Period of development from 1 to 6
years of age.
echocardiography—A diagnostic test that uses ultrahigh-frequency sound waves to evaluate the structure
and function of the heart.
edema—Swelling; excess amount of fluid in the tissues.
ejaculation—Expulsion of seminal fluid from the male
urethra.
ejaculatory duct—In the male, duct or tube from the
seminal vesicle to the urethra.
electrocardiogram (ECG)—Graphic tracing of the
electrical activity of the heart.
electroencephalogram (EEG)—Graphic recording of
the brain waves or electrical activity in the brain.
electronic mail (e-mail)—Form of communication
that is sent, received, and forwarded online from one
computer to another by means of a modem.
emblem—A symbol; identifying badge, design, or
device.
embolus—A blood clot or mass of material circulating in
the blood vessels.
embryo—Unborn infant during the first 3 months of
development.
emesis—Vomiting; expulsion of the contents of the
stomach and/or intestine through the mouth and/or
nose.
emotional—Pertaining to feelings or psychological
states.
empathy—Identifying with another’s feelings but being
unable to change or solve the situation.
enamel—Hardest tissue in the body; covers the outside
of the crown of a tooth.
endocardium—Serous membrane lining of the heart.
endocrine—Ductless gland that produces an internal
secretion discharged into the blood or lymph.
endodontics—Branch of dentistry involving treatment
of the pulp chamber and root canals of the teeth; root
canal treatment.
endogenous—Infection or disease originating within
the body.
endometrium—Mucous membrane lining of the inner
surface of the uterus.
endoplasmic reticulum—Fine network of tubular
structures in the cytoplasm of a cell; allows for the
transport of materials in and out of the nucleus and
aids in the synthesis and storage of protein.
endorsement—A written signature on the back of a
check; required in order to receive payment.
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Glossary
endoscope—A lighted instrument used to examine the
inside of the body.
endosteum—Membrane lining the medullary canal of a
bone.
enema—An injection of fluid into the large intestine
through the rectum.
enthusiasm—Intense interest or excitement.
entrepreneur—Individual who organizes, manages,
and assumes the risk of a business.
enunciate—To speak clearly, using correct pronunciation.
enuresis—Bedwetting; loss of bladder control while
sleeping.
enzyme—A chemical substance that causes or increases
the rate of a chemical reaction.
epidemic—An infectious disease that affects a large
number of people within a population, community, or
region at the same time.
epidemiology—The study of the history, cause, and
spread of an infectious disease.
epidermis—The outer layer of the skin.
epididymis—Tightly coiled tube in the scrotal sac; connects the testes with the vas or ductus deferens.
epigastric—Pertaining to the area of the abdomen above
the stomach.
epiglottis—Leaf-shaped structure that closes over the
larynx during swallowing.
epilepsy—A chronic disease of the nervous system
characterized by motor and sensory dysfunction,
sometimes accompanied by convulsions and unconsciousness.
epiphysis—The end or head at the extremity of a long
bone.
epistaxis—Nosebleed.
epithelial tissue—Tissue that forms the skin and parts
of the secreting glands, and that lines the body cavities.
ergonomics—An applied science used to promote the
safety and well-being of a person by adapting the environment and using techniques to prevent injuries.
erythema—Redness of the skin.
erythrocyte—Red blood cell (RBC).
erythrocyte count—Blood test that counts the number
of red blood cells (normally 4–6 million per cubic millimeter of blood).
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)—Blood test
that determines the rate at which red blood cells settle
out of the blood.
esophagus—Tube that extends from the pharynx to the
stomach.
essential nutrients—Those elements in food required
by the body for proper function.
esteem—Place a high value on; respect.
ethics—Principles of right or good conduct.
ethnicity—Classification of people based on national
origin and/or culture.
ethnocentric—Belief in the superiority of one’s own
ethnic group.
etiology—The study of the cause of a disease.
eupnea—Normal breathing pattern.
eustachian tube—Tube that connects the middle ear
and the pharynx, or throat.
eversion—Turning a body part outward.
exacerbation—Period of time during which the signs
and symptoms of a chronic disease become more
severe.
excretion—Process of eliminating waste products from
the body.
exocrine—Gland with a duct that produces a secretion.
exogenous—Infection or disease originating outside of
or external to the body.
expectorate—To spit; to expel mucus, phlegm, or sputum from the throat or respiratory passages.
expiration—The expulsion of air from the lungs; breathing out air.
extension—Increasing the angle between two parts;
straightening a limb.
external auditory canal—Passageway or tube extending from the auricle of the ear to the tympanic membrane.
F
facial surface—The tooth surface nearest the lips or
cheek; includes the labial and buccal surfaces.
facsimile—Machine that utilizes telephone lines to send
messages and/or documents from one location to
another location; a fax.
fainting—Partial or complete loss of consciousness
caused by a temporary reduction in the supply of
blood to the brain.
Fallopian tubes—Oviducts; in the female, passageway
for the ova (egg) from the ovary to uterus.
false imprisonment—Restraining an individual or
restricting an individual’s freedom.
fanfold—Folding in accordion pleats; done with bed linens.
fascia—Fibrous membrane covering, supporting, and
separating muscles.
fasting blood sugar (FBS)—Blood test that measures
blood serum levels of glucose (sugar) after a person
has had nothing by mouth for a period of time.
fat—Also called a lipid; nutrient that provides the most
concentrated form of energy; highest-calorie energy
nutrient; overweight.
fat-restricted diet—Diet with limited amounts of fats,
or lipids.
fax—See facsimile.
febrile—Pertaining to a fever, or elevated body temperature.
feces—Also called stool; waste material discharged from
the bowel.
Federation Dentaire International (FDI) System—
Abbreviated means of identifying the teeth that uses a
two-digit code to identify the quadrant and tooth.
femur—Thigh bone of the leg; the longest and strongest
bone in the body.
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1037
GLOSSARY
1038
fertilization—Conception; impregnation of the ovum
by the sperm.
fetus—Unborn infant from the end of the third month of
pregnancy until birth.
fever—Elevated body temperature, usually above 101°F,
or 38.3°C, rectally.
fibula—Outer and smaller bone of the lower leg.
field—A specific data category within a computer database, for example, the entry of an address in a patient
information database.
filing—Arranging in order.
fire extinguisher—A device that can be used to put out
fires.
firewall—A software program or hardware device
designed to prevent unauthorized access to a computer system.
first aid—Immediate care given to a victim of an injury
or illness to minimize the effects of the injury or illness.
fixed expenses—Those items in a budget that are set
and usually do not change (for example, rent and car
payments).
flatus—Air or gas in the intestines.
flexion—Decreasing the angle between two parts; bending a limb.
fomite—Any substance or object that adheres to and
transmits infectious material.
fontanel—Area between the cranial bones where the
bones have not fused together; “soft spots” in the skull
of an infant.
foramina—A passage or opening; a hole in a bone
through which blood vessels or nerves pass.
Fowler’s position—The patient lies on the back with
the head elevated at one of several different angles.
fracture—A break (usually, a break in a bone or tooth).
frontal (coronal) plane—Imaginary line that separates
the body into a front section and a back section.
frostbite—Actual freezing of tissue fluid resulting in
damage to the skin and underlying tissue.
full liquid diet—Diet consisting of liquids and foods
that are liquid at body temperature.
fungi—Group of simple, plantlike animals that live on
dead organic matter (for example, yeast and molds).
G
gait—Method or manner of walking.
gait belt—A belt placed around a patient’s waist to assist
with transfer and/or ambulation.
gallbladder—Small sac near the liver; concentrates and
stores bile.
gastric—Pertaining to the stomach.
gastrostomy—Surgical opening through the abdominal
wall into the stomach; used for inserting a feeding
tube.
generic name—Chemical name of a drug; name not
protected by a trademark.
genes—The structures on chromosomes that carry
inherited characteristics.
genital—Pertaining to the organs of reproduction.
genome—The total mass of genetic instruction humans
inherit from their parents.
geriatrics, gerontology—The study of the aged or old
age and treatment of related diseases and conditions.
gingiva—The gums (tissues surrounding the teeth).
glaucoma—Eye disease characterized by increased
intraocular pressure.
glomerulus—Microscopic cluster of capillaries in Bowman’s capsule of the nephron in the kidney.
glucose—The most common type of sugar in the body.
glucose meter—Instrument used to measure bloodglucose (blood-sugar) level.
glycosuria—Presence of sugar in the urine.
goal—Desired result or purpose toward which one is
working.
Golgi apparatus—That structure in the cytoplasm of a
cell that produces, stores, and packages secretions for
discharge from the cell.
gonads—Sex glands, ovaries in the female and testes in
the male.
goniometer—An instrument that measures the angle of
a joint’s range of motion (ROM).
Gram’s stain—Technique of staining organisms to identify specific types of bacteria present.
graphic chart—Record used to record vital signs (for
example, temperature, pulse, and respirations) and
other information.
groin—Area between the abdomen and upper inner
thigh.
gross income—Amount of pay earned before deductions are taken out.
growth—Measurable physical changes that occur
throughout a person’s life.
gynecology—The study of diseases of women, especially those affecting the reproductive organs.
H
halitosis—Bad breath.
hantavirus—A virus spread by contact with rodents
(rats and mice) or their excretions.
hard copy—Computer term for a printed copy of information.
hard palate—Bony structure that forms the roof of the
mouth.
hardware—Machine or physical components of a computer system (usually, the parts of the computer and
the peripherals).
heading—That section of a letter containing the address
of the person sending the letter and the date of writing.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability
Act (HIPAA)—Set of federal regulations adopted to
protect the confidentiality of patient information and
the ability to retain health insurance coverage.
heart attack—See myocardial infarction.
heat cramp—Muscle pain and spasm resulting from
exposure to heat and inadequate fluid and salt intake.
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Glossary
heat exhaustion—Condition resulting from exposure
to heat and excessive loss of fluid through sweating.
heat stroke—Medical emergency caused by prolonged
exposure to heat, resulting in high body temperature
and failure of sweat glands.
helminths—A parasitic worm (for example, a tapeworm
or leech).
hematemesis—Vomiting of blood.
hematocrit—Blood test that measures the percentage
of red blood cells per a given unit of blood.
hematology—The study of blood and blood diseases.
hematoma—A localized mass of blood.
hematopoiesis—Formation of blood cells.
hematuria—Blood in the urine.
hemiplegia—Paralysis on one side of the body.
hemodialysis—Mechanical method of circulating blood
through semipermeable membranes to remove body
wastes; procedure used for kidney failure.
hemoglobin—The iron-containing protein of the red
blood cells; serves to carry oxygen from the lungs to
the tissues.
hemolysis—Disintegration of red blood cells, causing
cells to dissolve or go into solution.
hemoptysis—Spitting up blood; blood-stained sputum.
hemorrhage—Excessive loss of blood; bleeding.
hemorrhoids—Varicose veins of the anal canal or anus.
hemostat—Instrument used to compress (clamp) blood
vessels to stop bleeding.
heparin—A substance formed in the liver to prevent the
clotting of blood; an anticoagulant.
hepatitis—Inflammation of the liver.
high-fiber diet—Diet containing large amounts of fiber,
or indigestible food.
high-protein diet—Diet containing large amounts of
protein-rich foods.
high-velocity oral evacuator—Dental handpiece
used to remove particles and large amounts of liquid
from the oral cavity.
HIPAA—See Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act.
histology—Study of tissue.
holistic health care—Care that promotes physical,
emotional, social, intellectual, and spiritual wellbeing.
home health care—Any type of health care provided in
a patient’s home environment.
homeostasis—A constant state of natural balance
within the body.
honesty—Truthfulness; integrity.
horizontal recumbent position—See supine position.
hormone—Chemical substance secreted by an organ or
gland.
HOSA—Health Occupations Students of America, a
national organization for students enrolled in health
occupations programs.
hospice—Program designed to provide care for the terminally ill while allowing them to die with dignity.
hospital—Institution that provides medical or surgical
care and treatment for the sick or injured.
humerus—Long bone of the upper arm.
hydrocollator packs—Gel-filled packs that are warmed
in a water bath to provide a moist heat application.
hygiene—Principles for health preservation and disease
prevention.
hyperglycemia—Presence of sugar in the blood; high
blood sugar.
hyperopia—Farsightedness; defect in near vision.
hyperpnea—An increased respiratory rate.
hypertension—High blood pressure.
hyperthermia—Condition that occurs when body temperature exceeds 104°F, or 40°C, rectally.
hypoglycemia—Low blood sugar.
hypotension—Low blood pressure.
hypothalamus—That structure in the diencephalon of
the brain that regulates and controls many body functions.
hypothermia—Condition in which body temperature is
below normal, usually below 95°F (35°C) and often in
the range of 78–95°F (26–35°C).
hypothermia blanket—Special blanket containing
coils filled with a cooling solution; used to reduce high
body temperature.
hypoxia—Without oxygen; a deficiency of oxygen.
I
ice bag/collar—Plastic or rubber device filled with ice
to provide dry-cold application.
idiopathic—Without recognizable cause; condition that
is self-originating.
ileostomy—A surgical opening connecting the ileum
(small intestine) and the abdominal wall.
ileum—Final section of small intestine; connects the
jejunum and large intestine.
immunity—Condition of being protected against a particular disease.
impaction—A large, hard mass of fecal material lodged
in the intestine or rectum; a tooth that does not erupt
into the mouth.
impression—Negative reproduction of a tooth or dental
arch.
incisal surface—The cutting or biting surface of anterior teeth.
incision—Cut or wound of body tissue caused by a sharp
object; a surgical cut.
incisors—Teeth located in the front and center of the
mouth; used to cut food.
income—Total amount of money received in a given
period (usually a year); salary is usually the main
source.
incontinent—Unable to voluntarily control urination or
defecation.
index—To put names in proper order for filing purposes.
infancy—Period of development from birth to 1 year of
age.
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1039
1040
GLOSSARY
infarction—Area of tissue that is necrotic (dead) after
the cessation of a blood supply; death of tissue.
infection—Invasion by organisms; contamination by
disease-producing organisms, or pathogens.
inferior—Below; under.
inflammation—Tissue reaction to injury characterized
by heat, redness, swelling, and pain.
informed consent—Permission granted voluntarily by
a person who is of sound mind and aware of all factors
involved.
ingestion—Taking food, fluids, or medications into the
body through the mouth.
inguinal—Pertaining to the region of the body where
the thighs join the trunk; the groin.
inhalation—Breathing in.
initiative—Ability to begin or follow through with a plan
or task; determination.
input—Computer term for information that is entered
into a computer.
inquiry—Search for information.
insertion—End or area of a muscle that moves when the
muscle contracts.
inside address—That section of a letter that contains
the name and address of the person or firm to whom
the letter is being sent.
inspiration—Breathing in; taking air into the lungs.
insulin—A hormone secreted by the islets of Langerhans
in the pancreas; essential for the metabolism of glucose.
insulin shock—Condition that occurs in individuals
with diabetes when there is an excess amount of insulin and a low level of glucose (sugar) in the blood.
insurance form—A form used to apply for payment by
an insurance company.
intake and output (I&O)—A record that notes all fluids
taken in or eliminated by a person in a given period of
time.
integrative health care—A form of health care that
uses both mainstream medical treatments and complementary and alternative therapies to treat a
patient.
integumentary—Pertaining to the skin or a covering.
interactive video—The color, sound, and motion of
video technology integrated with computer-assisted
instruction to create a new technology.
intercostal—Pertaining to the space between the ribs
(costae).
Internet—Worldwide computer network.
interproximal space—The area between two adjoining teeth.
intestine—That portion of the alimentary canal from
the stomach to the rectum and anus.
intradermal—Inserted or put into the skin.
intramuscular—Injected or put into a muscle.
intravenous—Injected or put into a vein.
intubate—To insert a tube.
invasion of privacy—Revealing personal information
about an individual without his or her consent.
invasive—Pertains to a test or procedure that involves
penetrating or entering the body.
inversion—Turning a body part inward.
involuntary—Independent action not controlled by
choice or desire.
iris—Colored portion of the eye; composed of muscular,
or contractile, tissue that regulates the size of the
pupil.
ischemia—Inadequate blood flow to the body tissues
caused by an obstruction in circulation.
isolation—Method or technique of caring for persons
who have communicable diseases.
J
jackknife (proctologic) position—The patient lies on
the abdomen with both the head and legs inclined
downward and the rectal area elevated.
jaundice—Yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes, frequently caused by liver or gallbladder disease.
jejunum—The middle section of the small intestine;
connects the duodenum and ileum.
job interview—A face-to-face meeting or conversation
between an employer and an applicant for a job.
joint—An articulation, or area where two bones meet or
join.
K
kcal-controlled diet—Diet containing low-calorie
foods; frequently prescribed for weight loss.
ketone—Chemical compound produced during an
increased metabolism of fat.
ketonuria—Presence of ketones in the urine.
kidney—Bean-shaped organ that excretes urine; located
high and in back of the abdominal cavity.
kilocalorie—Unit used to measure the energy value of
food.
kilojoule—Metric unit used to measure the energy value
of food.
knee–chest position—The patient rests his or her body
weight on the knees and chest; used for sigmoidoscopic and rectal examinations.
L
labia majora—Two large folds of adipose tissue lying
on each side of the vulva in the female; hairy outer
lips.
labia minora—Two folds of membrane lying inside the
labia majora; hairless inner lips.
labial surface—Crown surface of the anterior teeth
that lies next to the lips; facial surface of the anterior
teeth.
laboratory—A room or building where scientific tests,
research, experiments, or learning takes place.
laceration—Wound or injury with jagged, irregular
edges.
lacrimal—Pertaining to tears; glands that secrete and
expel tears.
lactation—Process of secreting milk.
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Glossary
lacteal—Specialized lymphatic capillary that picks up
digested fats or lipids in the small intestine and transports them to the thoracic duct.
lancet—Sharp, pointed instrument used to pierce the
skin to obtain blood.
laryngeal mirror—Instrument with a mirror, used to
examine larynx.
larynx—Voice box, located between the pharynx and
trachea.
late adulthood—Period of development beginning at
65 years of age and ending at death.
late childhood—Period of development from 6 to 12
years of age.
lateral—Pertaining to the side.
lead—An angle or view of the heart that is recorded in an
electrocardiogram.
leadership—Ability to lead, guide, and direct others.
ledger card—A card or record that shows a financial
account of money charged, received, or paid out.
left lateral position—See Sims’ position.
legal—Authorized or based on law.
legal disability—A condition in which a person does
not have legal capacity and is therefore unable to enter
into a legal agreement (for example, as is the case with
a minor).
lens—Crystalline structure suspended behind the pupil
of the eye; refracts or bends light rays onto the retina;
also, the magnifying glass in a microscope.
lethargy—Abnormal drowsiness or sluggishness; state
of indifference or stupor.
letterhead—Preprinted heading at the top of paper used
for written correspondence.
leukocyte—White blood cell (WBC).
leukocyte count—Blood test that counts the total number of white blood cells (normally 5,000–9,000 cells per
cubic millimeter of blood).
liability—A legal or financial responsibility.
libel—False written statement that causes a person ridicule or contempt or causes damage to the person’s
reputation.
licensure—Process by which a government agency
authorizes individuals to work in a given occupation.
life stages—Stages of growth and development experienced by an individual from birth to death.
ligament—Fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone.
light diet—Also called a convalescent diet; diet that contains easy-to-digest foods.
line angle—Area on crown surfaces of a tooth formed by
a line drawn between two surfaces.
liner—Dental material that covers or lines exposed tooth
tissue, usually in the form of a varnish.
lingual surface—The crown surface of teeth that is next
to the tongue.
listen—To pay attention, make an effort to hear.
lithotomy position—The patient lies on the back
with the feet in stirrups and knees flexed and separated.
liver—Largest gland in the body; located in the upper
right quadrant of the abdomen; two of its main functions are excreting bile and storing glycogen.
living will—A legal document stating a person’s desires
on what measures should or should not be taken to
prolong life when his or her condition is terminal.
low-cholesterol diet—Diet that restricts foods high in
saturated fat.
low-protein diet—Diet that limits foods high in protein.
low-residue diet—Diet that limits foods containing
large amounts of residue, or indigestibles.
low-speed handpiece—Slower handpiece in dental
units; used to remove caries and for fine finishing work.
lung—Organ of respiration located in the thoracic cavity.
lymph—Fluid formed in body tissues and circulated in
the lymphatic vessels.
lymph node—A round body of lymph tissue that filters
lymph.
lymphatic duct—Short tube that drains purified lymph
from the right sides of the head and neck and the right
arm.
lymphatic vessels—Thin-walled vessels that carry
lymph from tissues.
lysosomes—Those structures in the cytoplasm of a cell
that contain digestive enzymes to digest and destroy
old cells, bacteria, and foreign matter.
M
macule—A discolored but neither raised nor depressed
spot or area on the skin.
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)—Process that
uses a computer and magnetic forces, instead of
X-rays, to visualize internal organs.
mainframe computer—Largest type of computer;
many users can access this computer at the same
time.
malignant—Harmful or dangerous; likely to spread and
cause destruction and death (for example, cancer).
malnutrition—Poor nutrition; without adequate food
and nutrients.
malpractice—Providing improper or unprofessional
treatment or care that results in injury to another
person.
mammogram—X-ray examination of the breasts.
managed care—A health care delivery system designed
to reduce the cost of health care while providing access
to care through designated providers.
mandible—Horseshoe-shaped bone that forms the
lower jaw; only movable bone of the skull.
master’s degree—Degree awarded by a college or university after completion of one or more years of prescribed study beyond a bachelor’s degree.
mastication—The process of chewing with the teeth.
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs)—Information
sheets that must be provided by the manufacturer for
all hazardous products.
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1041
1042
GLOSSARY
matriarchal—Social organization in which the mother
or oldest woman is the authority figure.
maxilla—Upper jawbone; two bones fused or joined
together.
meatus—External opening of a tube (for example, the
urinary meatus).
mechanical lift—Special device used to move or transfer a patient.
medial—Pertaining to the middle or midline.
Medicaid—Government program that provides medical
care for people whose incomes are below a certain
level.
medical history—A record that shows all diseases, illness, and surgeries that a patient has had.
medical record—Also called a patient chart; written
record of a patient’s diagnosis, care, treatment, test
results, and prognosis.
Medicare—Government program that provides medical
care for elderly and/or disabled individuals.
medication—Drug used to treat a disease or condition.
Medigap policy—An insurance plan that serves as supplemental insurance to Medicare; usually pays deductible for Medicare and co-payments of care.
medulla—Inner, or central, portion of an organ.
medulla oblongata—The lower part of the brainstem;
controls vital processes such as respiration and heartbeat.
medullary canal—Inner, or central, portion of a long
bone.
meiosis—The process of cell division that occurs in
gametes, or sex cells (ovum and spermatozoa).
melanin—Brownish black pigment found in the skin,
hair, and eyes.
memorandum—A short, written statement or message.
meninges—Membranes that cover the brain and spinal
cord.
menopause—Permanent cessation of menstruation.
mental—Pertaining to the mind.
mesial surface—The side surface of teeth that is toward
the midline of the mouth.
metabolism—The use of food nutrients by the body to
produce energy.
metacarpal—Bone of the hand between the wrist and
each finger.
metastasis—The spread of tumor or cancer cells from
the site of origin.
metatarsal—Bone of the foot between the instep and
each toe.
microbiology—Branch of biology dealing with the
study of microscopic organisms.
microcomputer—Desktop or personal computer found
in the home or office.
microorganism—Small, living plant or animal not visible to the naked eye; a microbe.
microscope—Instrument used to magnify or enlarge
objects for viewing.
micturate—Another word for urinate; to expel urine.
midbrain—That portion of the brain that connects the
pons and cerebellum; relay center for impulses.
middle adulthood—Period of development from 40–65
years of age.
midsagittal—An imaginary line drawn down the midline of the body to divide the body into a right side and
a left side.
midstream (clean-catch) specimen—Urine specimen in which urination is begun before catching the
specimen in the specimen cup.
minerals—Inorganic substances essential to life.
mitered corner—Special folding technique used to
secure linen on a bed.
mitochondria—Those structures in a cell that provide
energy and are involved in the metabolism of the cell.
mitosis—Process of asexual reproduction by which cells
divide into two identical cells.
mitral valve—Flap or cusp between the left atrium and
left ventricle in the heart.
model—Also called a cast; a positive reproduction of the
dental arches or teeth in plaster or similar materials.
modified block—Letter-writing format in which all
parts of the letter start at the left margin except the
heading, complimentary close, signature, and title,
which start at the center line.
moist cold—An application that provides cold temperature and is wet against the skin.
moist heat—An application that provides warm temperature and is wet against the skin.
molars—Teeth in the back of the mouth; largest and
strongest teeth; used to grind food.
motivated—Stimulated into action; incentive to act.
mouth—Oral cavity; opening to the digestive tract, or
alimentary canal.
mucus—Thick, sticky fluid secreted by mucous membranes.
muscle tissue—Body tissue composed of fibers that
produce movement.
muscle tone—State of partial muscle contraction providing a state of readiness to act.
myocardial infarction—Heart attack; a reduction in
the supply of blood to the heart resulting in damage to
the muscle of the heart.
myocardium—Muscle layer of the heart.
myopia—Nearsightedness; defect in distant vision.
myth—A false belief; an established belief with no basis.
N
nasal cavity—Space between the cranium and the roof
of the mouth.
nasal septum—Bony and cartilaginous partition that
separates the nasal cavity into two sections.
nasogastric tube—A tube that is inserted through the
nose and goes down the esophagus and into the stomach.
nausea—A feeling of discomfort in the region of the
stomach accompanied by the tendency to vomit.
necrosis—Death of tissue.
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Glossary
need—Lack of something required or desired; urgent
want or desire.
needle holder—Instrument used to hold or support a
needle while sutures (stitches) are being inserted.
negligence—Failure to give care that is normally
expected, resulting in injury to another person.
neonate—Newborn infant.
neoplasm—New growth or tumor.
nephritis—Inflammation of the kidney.
nephron—Structural and functional unit of the kidney.
nerve—Group of nerve tissues that conducts impulses.
nerve tissue—Body tissue that conducts or transmits
impulses throughout the body.
net income—Amount of pay received for hours worked
after all deductions have been taken out; take-home
pay.
network—Connection of two or more computers to
share data and hardware.
neurology—The study of the nervous system.
neuron—Nerve cell.
nocturia—Excessive urination at night.
noninvasive—Pertaining to a test or procedure that
does not require penetration or entrance into the
body.
nonpathogen—A microorganism that is not capable of
causing a disease.
nonverbal—Without words or speech.
nose—The projection in the center of the face; the organ
for smelling and breathing.
nosocomial—Pertaining to or originating in a health
care facility such as a hospital.
nucleolus—The spherical body in the nucleus of a cell
that is important in reproduction of the cell.
nucleus—The structure in a cell that controls cell activities such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction.
nutrition—All body processes related to food; the body’s
use of food for growth, development, and health.
nutritional status—The state of one’s nutrition.
O
obese—Overweight.
objective observation—An observation about a
patient that is visible, palpable, or measurable; commonly called a sign.
observation—To look at, watch, perceive, or notice.
obstetrics—The branch of medicine dealing with pregnancy and childbirth.
occlusal surface—The chewing or biting surface of
posterior teeth.
occult—Hidden, concealed, not visible (for example, an
internal [occult] hemorrhage).
occult blood—Blood that is hidden; also, a test done on
stool to check for the presence of blood.
occupational therapy—Treatment directed at preparing a person requiring rehabilitation for a trade or for
return to the activities of daily living.
occupied bed—A bed that is made while the patient is
in bed.
odontology—Study of the anatomy, growth, and diseases of the teeth.
olfactory—Pertaining to the sense of smell.
oliguria—Decreased or less-than-normal amounts of
urine secretion.
ombudsman—Specially trained individual who acts
as an advocate for others to improve care or conditions.
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA)—Federal law that regulates the education and testing of
nursing assistants.
oncology—The branch of medicine dealing with tumors
or abnormal growths (for example, cancer).
open bed—A bed with the top sheets fanfolded to the
bottom.
ophthalmologist—A medical doctor who specializes in
diseases of the eye.
ophthalmology—The study of the eye and diseases and
disorders affecting the eye.
ophthalmoscope—An instrument used to examine the
eye.
opportunistic infection—An infection that occurs
when the body’s immune system cannot defend itself
from pathogens normally found in the environment.
optician—An individual who makes or sells lenses, eyeglasses, and other optical supplies.
optometrist—A licensed, nonmedical practitioner who
specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of vision
defects.
oral—Pertaining to the mouth.
oral cavity—The mouth.
oral hygiene—Care of the mouth and teeth.
oral-evacuation system—Special machine that uses
water to form a suction or vacuum system to remove
liquids and particles from the oral cavity.
organ—Body part made of tissues that have joined
together to perform a special function.
organ of Corti—Structure in the cochlea of the ear;
organ of hearing.
organelles—Structures in the cytoplasm of a cell,
including the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes, and Golgi apparatus.
origin—End or area of a muscle that remains stationary
when the muscle contracts.
originator—The person who writes a check to issue
payment.
orthodontics—The branch of dentistry dealing with
prevention and correction of irregularities of the alignment of teeth.
orthopedics—The branch of medicine/surgery dealing
with the treatment of diseases and deformities of the
bones, muscles, and joints.
orthopnea—Severe dyspnea in which breathing is very
difficult in any position other than sitting erect or
standing.
orthotist—An individual skilled in straightening or correcting deformities by the use of orthopedic appliances (for example, braces or special splints).
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1043
GLOSSARY
1044
os coxae—The hipbone; formed by the union of the
ilium, ischium, and pubis.
ossicles—Small bones, especially the three bones of the
middle ear that amplify and transmit sound waves.
osteopathy—A field of medicine and treatment based
on manipulation, especially of the bones, to treat disease.
osteoporosis—Condition in which bones become
porous and brittle because of lack or loss of calcium,
phosphorus, and other minerals.
ostomy—A surgically created opening into a body part.
otoscope—An instrument used to examine the ear.
output—Computer term for processed information, or
the final product obtained from the computer; also,
total amount of liquid expelled from the body.
ovary—Endocrine gland or gonad that produces hormones and the female sex cell, or ovum.
P
palate—Structure that separates the oral and nasal cavities; roof of the mouth.
palliative—Measures taken to treat symptoms and/or
pain even though it will not cure a disease; comfort
measures.
pallor—Paleness; lack of color.
palpation—The act of using the hands to feel body parts
during an examination.
pancreas—Gland that is dorsal to the stomach; secretes
insulin and digestive juices.
pandemic—An infectious disease that affects many
people over a wide geographic area; a worldwide epidemic.
panoramic—Dental radiograph that shows the entire
dental arch, or all of the teeth and related structures,
on one film.
Papanicolaou test—Also called a Pap test; a test to classify abnormal cells obtained from the vagina or cervix.
papule—Solid, elevated spot or area on the skin.
paraffin wax treatment—Heated mixture of paraffin
and mineral oil; used to provide a moist heat application.
paralysis—Loss or impairment of the ability to feel or
move parts of the body.
paraplegia—Paralysis of the lower half of the body.
parasite—Organism that lives on or within another living organism.
parasympathetic—A division of the autonomic nervous system.
parathyroid—One of four small glands located on the
thyroid gland; regulates calcium and phosphorus
metabolism.
parenteral—Other than by mouth.
paresis—Weakness and/or paralysis of an extremity.
partial bath—Bath in which only certain body parts are
bathed or in which the health care provider bathes
those parts of the body that the patient is unable to
bathe.
patella—The kneecap.
pathogen—Disease-producing organisms.
pathology—The study of the cause or nature of a disease.
pathophysiology—Study of how disease occurs and the
responses of living organisms to disease processes.
patience—Ability to wait, persevere; capacity for calm
endurance.
patients’ rights—Factors of care that all patients can
expect to receive.
patriarchal—Social organization in which the father or
oldest male is the authority figure.
patriotism—Love and devotion to one’s country.
payee—Person receiving payment.
pediatrics—The branch of medicine dealing with care
and treatment of diseases and disorders of children.
pedodontics—The branch of dentistry dealing with
treatment of teeth and oral conditions of children.
pegboard system—Method of maintaining financial
accounts and records in an office.
pelvic—Pertaining to the pelvis area below the abdominal region and near the sacrum and hip bones.
penis—External sex organ of the male.
percussion—Process of tapping various body parts during an examination.
percussion (reflex) hammer—Instrument used to
check reflexes.
periapical—Around the apex of a root of a tooth; dental
X-ray that shows the entire tooth and surrounding
area.
pericardium—Membrane sac that covers the outside of
the heart.
perineum—Region between the vagina and anus in the
female and between the scrotum and anus in the male.
periodontal ligament—Dense fibers of connective tissue that attach to the cementum of a tooth and the
alveolus to support or suspend the tooth in its socket.
periodontics—The branch of dentistry dealing with the
treatment of the gingiva (gum) and periodontium
(supporting tissues) surrounding the teeth.
periodontium—Structures that surround and support
the teeth.
periosteum—Fibrous membrane that covers the bones
except at joint areas.
peripheral—That part of the nervous system apart from
the brain and spinal cord; also, a device connected to a
computer.
peristalsis—Rhythmic, wavelike motion of involuntary
muscles.
peritoneal—Pertaining to the body cavity containing
the liver, stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, and
internal reproductive organs.
permanent (succedaneous) teeth—The 32 teeth that
make up the second, or permanent, set of teeth.
personal hygiene—Care of the body including bathing,
hair and nail care, shaving, and oral hygiene.
personal protective equipment (PPE)—Protective
barriers such as a mask, gown, gloves, and protective
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Glossary
eyewear that help protect a person from contact with
infectious material.
perspiration—The secretion of sweat.
pH—A scale of 0–14 used to measure the degree of acidity
or alkalinity of a substance, with 7 being neutral.
phalanges—Bones of the fingers and toes.
pharmacology—The study of drugs.
pharynx—The throat.
phlebitis—Inflammation of a vein.
phlebotomist—Also called a venipuncture technician;
individual who collects blood and prepares it for tests.
physiatrist—Medical doctor specializing in rehabilitation.
physical—Of or pertaining to the body.
physical therapy—Treatment by physical means, such
as heat, cold, water, massage, or electricity.
Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR)—Reference book
that contains essential information on medications.
physiological needs—Basic physical or biological
needs required by every human being to sustain life.
physiology—The study of the processes or functions of
living organisms.
pineal—Glandlike structure in the brain.
pinna—Also called the auricle; external portion of the ear.
pituitary—Small, rounded endocrine gland at the base
of the brain; regulates function of other endocrine
glands and body processes.
placenta—Temporary endocrine gland created during
pregnancy to provide nourishment for the fetus; the
afterbirth.
plane—Flat or relatively smooth surface; an imaginary
line drawn through the body at various parts to separate the body into sections.
plaque—Thin, tenacious, filmlike deposit that adheres
(sticks) to the teeth and can lead to decay; made of
protein and microorganisms.
plasma—Liquid portion of the blood.
platelet—See thrombocyte.
pleura—A serous membrane that covers the lungs and
lines the thoracic cavity.
podiatrist—An individual who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the
feet.
point angle—Area on the crown surface of a tooth that
is formed when three surfaces meet.
poisoning—Condition that occurs when contact is
made with any chemical substance that causes injury,
illness, or death.
polycythemia—Excess number of red blood cells.
polydipsia—Excessive thirst.
polyphagia—Excessive ingestion of food.
polyuria—Increased production and discharge of urine;
excessive urination.
pons—That portion of the brainstem that connects the
medulla oblongata and cerebellum to the upper portions of the brain.
positron emission tomography (PET)—Computerized body scanning technique in which the computer
detects a radioactive substance injected into a
patient.
posterior—Toward the back; behind.
posterior teeth—Teeth toward the back of the oral cavity, including the bicuspids and molars.
postmortem care—Care given to the body immediately
after death.
postoperative—After surgery.
postpartum—Following delivery of a baby.
Power of Attorney (POA)—A legal document authorizing a person to act as another person’s legal representative or agent.
prefix—An affix attached to the beginning of a word.
prejudice—Strong feeling or belief about a person or
subject that is formed without reviewing facts or information.
prenatal—Before birth.
preoperative—Before surgery.
pressure (decubitus) ulcer—A pressure sore; a bedsore.
primary (deciduous) teeth—Also called deciduous
teeth; the first set of 20 teeth.
privileged communications—All personal information given to health personnel by a patient; must be
kept confidential.
proctoscope—Instrument used to examine the rectum.
prognosis—Prediction regarding the probable outcome
of a disease.
projection—Defense mechanism in which an individual places the blame for his or her actions on someone
else or circumstances.
pronation—Turning a body part downward; turning
“palm down.”
prone position—The patient lies on the abdomen, with
the legs together and the face turned to the side.
prophylactic—Preventive; agent that prevents
disease.
prophylaxis angle—Dental handpiece attachment that
holds polishing cups, disks, and brushes used to clean
the teeth or polish restorations.
prostate gland—In the male, gland near the urethra;
contracts during ejaculation to prevent urine from
leaving the bladder.
prosthesis—An artificial part that replaces a natural
part (for example, dentures or a limb).
prosthodontics—The branch of dentistry dealing with
the construction of artificial appliances for the
mouth.
protective isolation—See reverse isolation.
protein—One of six essential nutrients needed for
growth and repair of tissues.
protoplasm—Thick, viscous substance that is the physical basis of all living things.
protozoa—Microscopic, one-celled animals often found
in decayed materials and contaminated water.
proximal—Closest to the point of attachment or area of
reference.
pruritus—Itching.
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1045
GLOSSARY
1046
psychiatry—The branch of medicine dealing with the
diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental illness.
psychology—The study of mental processes and their
effects on behavior.
psychosomatic—Pertaining to the relationship between
the mind or emotions and the body.
puberty—Period of growth and development during
which secondary sexual characteristics begin to
develop.
pulmonary—Pertaining to the lungs.
pulmonary valve—Flap or cusp between the right ventricle of the heart and the pulmonary artery.
pulp—Soft tissue in the innermost area of a tooth and
made of nerves and blood vessels held in place by connective tissue.
pulse—Pressure of the blood felt against the wall of an
artery as the heart contracts or beats.
pulse deficit—The difference between the rate of an
apical pulse and the rate of a radial pulse.
pulse oximeter—A device that measures the oxygen
level in arterial blood.
pulse pressure—The difference between systolic and
diastolic blood pressure.
puncture wound—Injury caused by a pointed object
such as a needle or nail.
pupil—Opening or hole in the center of the iris of the
eye; allows light to enter the eye.
pustule—Small, elevated, pus- or lymph-filled area of
the skin.
pyrexia—Fever.
pyuria—Pus in the urine.
Q
quadriplegia—Paralysis below the neck; paralysis of
arms and legs.
R
race—Classification of people based on physical or biological characteristics.
radial deviation—Moving toward the thumb side of the
hand.
radiograph—X-ray; an image produced by radiation.
radiology—The branch of medicine dealing with X-rays
and radioactive substances.
radiolucent—Transparent to X-rays; permitting the
passage of X-rays or other forms of radiation.
radiopaque—Not transparent to X-rays; not permitting
the passage of X-rays or other forms of radiation.
radius—Long bone of the forearm, between the wrist
and elbow.
rale—Bubbling or noisy sound caused by fluid or mucus
in the air passages.
random access memory (RAM)—Form of computer
memory known as read/write memory because data
can be stored or retrieved from it.
range of motion (ROM)—The full range of movement
of a muscle or joint; exercises designed to move each
joint and muscle through its full range of movement.
rate—Number per minute, as with pulse and respiration
counts.
rationalization—Defense mechanism involving the
use of a reasonable or acceptable excuse as explanation for behavior.
read only memory (ROM)—Nonerasable, permanent
form of computer memory built into a computer to
control many of the computer’s internal operations.
reagent strip—Special test strip containing chemical
substances that react to the presence of certain substances in the urine or blood.
reality orientation—Activities to help promote awareness of time, place, and person.
recall—To call back; letter or notice that reminds a
patient to return for periodic treatment or examination.
receipt—Written record that money or goods has been
received.
rectal, rectum—Pertaining to or the lower part of the
large intestine, the temporary storage area for indigestibles.
rectal tube—Tube inserted into the rectum to aid in the
expulsion of flatus (gas).
red blood cell—See erythrocyte.
red marrow—Soft tissue in the epiphyses of long
bones.
reference initials—Initials placed at the bottom of a
letter to indicate the writer and/or preparer.
refractometer—An instrument used to measure the
specific gravity of urine.
registration—Process whereby a regulatory body in a
given health care area administers examinations and/
or maintains a list of qualified personnel.
rehabilitation—The restoration to useful life through
therapy and education.
religion—Spiritual beliefs and practices of an individual.
remission—Period of time during which the signs and
symptoms of a chronic disease are less severe or not
present.
repression—Defense mechanism involving the transfer
of painful or unacceptable ideas, feelings, or thoughts
into the subconscious.
resident—An individual who lives in a long-term care
facility.
resistant—Able to oppose; organisms that remain unaffected by harmful substances in the environment.
respiration—The process of taking in oxygen (inspiration) and expelling carbon dioxide (expiration) by way
of the lungs and air passages.
responsibility—Being held accountable for actions or
behaviors; willing to meet obligations.
restoration—Process of replacing a diseased portion of
a tooth or a lost tooth by artificial means, including filling materials, crowns, bridges, or dentures.
restraints—Protective devices that limit or restrict
movement.
résumé—A summary of a person’s work history and
experience, submitted when applying for a job.
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Glossary
retina—The sensory membrane that lines the eye and is
the immediate instrument of vision.
retractor—Instrument used to hold or draw back the
lips or sides of a wound or incision.
reverse isolation—Technique used to provide care to
patients requiring protection from organisms in the
environment.
rheostat—Foot control in dental units; used to operate
handpieces.
rhythm—Referring to regularity; regular or irregular.
ribs—Also called costae; 12 pairs of narrow, curved bones
that surround the thoracic cavity.
rickettsiae—Parasitic microorganisms that live on other
living organisms.
root—The anatomic portion of a tooth that is below the
gingiva (gums); helps hold the tooth in the mouth.
rotation—Movement around a central axis; a turning.
rubber base—Dental impression material that is elastic
and rubbery in nature.
S
safety standards—Set of rules designed to protect both
the patient and the health care worker.
saliva ejector—Handpiece in dental units that provides
a constant, low-volume suction to remove saliva and
fluids from the mouth.
salivary glands—Glands of the mouth that produce
saliva, a digestive secretion.
salutation—A greeting; the greeting in a letter (for
example, “Dear”).
sarcoma—Tumor of connective tissue; frequently malignant.
satisfaction—Fulfillment or gratification of a desire or
need.
scalpel—Instrument with a knife blade used to incise
(cut) skin and tissue.
scapula—Shoulder blade or bone.
sclera—White outer coat of the eye.
screen—To evaluate; to determine the purpose of telephone calls so they can be referred to the correct
person.
scrotum—Double pouch containing the testes and epididymis in the male individual.
search engine—Computer program designed to locate
specific information on the Internet.
sebaceous gland—Oil-secreting gland of the skin.
secretion—Substance produced and expelled by a gland
or other body part.
seizure—A convulsion; involuntary contraction of muscles.
self-actualization—Achieving one’s full potential.
self-esteem—Satisfaction with oneself.
self-motivation—Ability to begin or to follow through
with a task without the assistance of others.
semicircular canals—Structures of the inner ear that
are involved in maintaining balance and equilibrium.
seminal vesicle—One of two saclike structures behind
the bladder and connected to the vas deferens in the
male individual; secretes thick, viscous fluid for
semen.
senile lentigines—Dark-yellow or brown spots that
develop on the skin as aging occurs.
senility—Feebleness of body or mind caused by aging.
sensitive—Susceptible to a substance; organisms that
are affected by an antibiotic in a culture and sensitivity
study.
sensitivity—Ability to recognize and appreciate the personal characteristics of others.
sepsis—Presence of pus-forming pathogens and their
toxins in the blood.
septum—Membranous wall that divides two cavities.
serrated—Notched; toothed.
sharps container—A puncture-resistant container for
disposal of needles, syringes, and other sharp objects
contaminated by blood or body fluids.
shock—Clinical condition characterized by various
symptoms and resulting in an inadequate supply of
blood and oxygen to body organs, especially the brain
and heart.
sigmoidoscope—Instrument used to examine the sigmoid, or S-shaped, section of the large intestine.
sign—Objective evidence of disease; something that is
seen.
signature—A person’s name written by that person.
Sims’ position—The patient lies on his or her left side
with the right leg bent up near the abdomen.
sinus—Cavity or air space in a bone.
sitz bath—Special bath given to apply moist heat to the
genital or rectal area.
skeleton—The bony structure of the body.
skill—Expertness, dexterity; an art, trade, or technique.
skin puncture—A small puncture made in the skin to
obtain capillary blood.
slander—Spoken comment that causes a person
ridicule or contempt or damages the person’s reputation.
small intestine—That section of the intestine that is
between the stomach and large intestine; site of most
absorption of nutrients.
smear—Material spread thinly on a slide for microscopic
examination.
Snellen charts—Special charts that use letters or symbols in calibrated heights to check visual acuity.
social—Pertaining to relationships with others.
sodium hypochlorite—Household bleach.
sodium-restricted diet—Special diet containing low
or limited amounts of sodium (salt).
soft diet—Special diet containing only foods that are soft
in texture.
soft palate—Tissue at the back of the roof of the mouth;
separates the mouth from the nasopharynx.
software—Programs or instructions that allow computer
hardware to function intelligently.
specific gravity—Weight or mass of a substance compared with an equal amount of another substance that
is used as a standard.
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1047
1048
GLOSSARY
speculum—Instrument used to dilate, or enlarge, an
opening or passage in the body for examination purposes.
sphygmomanometer—Instrument calibrated for measuring blood pressure in millimeters of mercury (mm
Hg).
spinal—Pertaining to the vertebral column or spinal cord.
spinal cord—A column of nervous tissue extending
from the medulla oblongata of the brain to the second
lumbar vertebra in the vertebral column.
spirituality—Individualized and personal set of beliefs
and practices that evolve and change throughout an
individual’s life.
spleen—Ductless gland below the diaphragm and in the
upper-left quadrant of the abdomen; serves to form,
store, and filter blood.
splinter forceps—Instruments with sharp points used
to remove splinters and foreign objects from the skin
and/or tissues.
sprain—Injury to a joint accompanied by stretching or
tearing of the ligaments.
sputum—Substance coughed up from the bronchi; contains saliva and mucus.
standard precautions—Recommendations that must
be followed to prevent transmission of pathogenic
organisms by way of blood and body fluids.
statement–receipt—Financial form that shows charges,
amounts paid, and balance due.
statistical data—Record containing basic facts about a
patient, such as address, place of employment, insurance, and similar items.
stereotyping—Process of assuming that everyone in a
particular group is the same.
sterile—Free of all organisms, including spores and
viruses.
sterile field—An area that is set up for certain procedures and is free from all organisms.
sterilization—Process that results in total destruction
of all microorganisms; also, surgical procedure that
prevents conception of a child.
sternum—Breastbone.
stethoscope—Instrument used for listening to internal
body sounds.
stoma—The opening of an ostomy on the abdominal
wall.
stomach—Enlarged section of the alimentary canal,
between the esophagus and the small intestine; serves
as an organ of digestion.
stool—Material evacuated from the bowels; feces.
strain—Injury caused by excessive stretching, overuse,
or misuse of a muscle.
stress—Body’s reaction to any stimulus that requires a
person to adjust to a changing environment.
stroke—See cerebrovascular accident.
subcutaneous—Beneath the skin.
subcutaneous fascia (hypodermis)—Layer of tissue
that is under the skin and connects the skin to muscles
and underlying tissues.
subjective observation—An observation about a
patient that is felt by the patient but cannot be seen,
palpated, or measured; commonly called a symptom.
sublingual—Under the tongue.
succedaneous teeth—The 32 teeth that make up the
second set of teeth; also called permanent or secondary teeth.
sudoriferous gland—Sweat-secreting gland of the
skin.
suffix—An affix attached to the end of a word.
suicide—Killing oneself.
superior—Above, on top of, or higher than.
supination—Turning a body part upward; turning
“palm up.”
supine position—The patient lies flat on the back, face
upward.
suppository—Solid medication that has a base of cocoa
butter or glycerine and is designed to melt after insertion into a body cavity (for example, the rectum or
vagina).
suppression—Defense mechanism used by an individual who is aware of unacceptable feelings or thoughts
but refuses to deal with them.
surgery—The branch of medicine dealing with operative procedures to correct deformities, repair injuries,
or treat disease.
surgical hose—Elastic or support hose used to support
leg veins and increase circulation.
surgical scissors—Special scissors used to cut tissue.
surgical shave—Removal of hair and cleansing of skin
prior to an operation.
suture—Surgical stitch used to join the edges of an incision or wound; also, an area where bones join or fuse
together.
suture-removal set—Set of instruments, including
suture scissors and thumb forceps, used to remove
stitches (sutures).
sympathetic—That division of the autonomic nervous
system that allows the body to respond to emergencies
and stress; also, to understand and attempt to solve
the problems of another.
symptom—A subjective indication of disease that is felt
by the patient.
syncope—Fainting; temporary period of unconsciousness.
system—A group of organs and other parts that work
together to perform a certain function.
systemic—Pertaining to the whole body.
systole—Period of work, or contraction, of the heart.
systolic pressure—Measurement of blood pressure
taken when the heart is contracting and forcing blood
into the arteries.
T
tachycardia—Fast, or rapid, heartbeat (usually more
than 100 beats per minute in an adult).
tachypnea—Respiratory rate above 25 respirations per
minute.
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Glossary
tactful—Able to do or say the correct thing; thoughtful.
tarsal—One of seven bones that forms the instep of the
foot.
tartar—See calculus.
teamwork—Cooperative effort by the members of a
group to achieve a common goal.
technician—A level of proficiency usually requiring a
2-year associate’s degree or 3 to 4 years of on-the-job
training.
technologist—A class of expertise in a health career
field, usually requiring at least 3 to 4 years of college
plus work experience.
teeth—Structures in the mouth that physically break
down food by chewing and grinding.
temperature—The measurement of the balance
between heat lost and heat produced by the body.
temporal temperature—Measurement of body temperature at the temporal artery on the forehead.
temporary—Dental material used for restorative purposes for a short period of time until permanent restoration can be done.
tendon—Fibrous connective tissue that connects muscles to bones.
tension—Uncomfortable inner sensation, discomfort,
strain, or stress that affects the mind.
terminal illness—An illness that will result in death.
testes—Gonads or endocrine glands that are located in
the scrotum of the male and that produce sperm and
male hormones.
thalamus—That structure in the diencephalon of the
brain that acts as a relay center to direct sensory
impulses to the cerebrum.
therapeutic diet—Diet used in the treatment of disease.
therapy—Remedial treatment of a disease or disorder.
thermometer—Instrument used to measure temperature.
thermotherapy—Use of heat applications for treatment.
thoracic—Pertaining to the chest or thorax.
thoracic duct—Main lymph duct of the body; drains
lymph from the lymphatic vessels into the left subclavian vein.
thrombocyte—Also called a platelet; blood cell required
for clotting of the blood.
thrombus—A blood clot.
thymus—Organ in the upper part of the chest, lymphatic tissue and endocrine gland that atrophies at
puberty.
thyroid—Endocrine gland that is located in the neck and
regulates body metabolism.
tibia—Inner and larger bone of the lower leg, between
the knee and ankle.
time management—System of practical skills that
allows an individual to use time in the most effective
and productive way.
tissue—A group of similar cells that join together to perform a particular function.
tissue forceps—An instrument with one or more fine
points (teeth) at the tips of blades; used to grasp tissue.
tongue—Muscular organ of the mouth; aids in speech,
swallowing, and taste.
tonometer—An instrument used to measure intraocular (within the eye) pressure.
tonsil—Mass of lymphatic tissue found in the pharynx
(throat) and mouth.
tort—A wrongful or illegal act of civil law not involving a
contract.
tourniquet—Device used to compress the blood vessels.
towel clamps—Instruments with pointed ends that lock
together; used to attach surgical drapes to each other
and/or clamp dissected tissue.
trachea—Windpipe; air tube from the larynx to the
bronchi.
tracheostomy—Creation of an opening into the trachea
to facilitate breathing.
transdermal—Through the skin.
transfer (gait) belt—Band of fabric or leather that is
placed around a patient’s waist; grasped by the health
care worker during transfer or ambulation to provide
additional support for the patient.
transfusion—Transfer of blood from one person to
another person; injection of blood or plasma.
transverse plane—Imaginary line drawn through the
body to separate the body into a top half and a bottom
half.
Trendelenburg position—The patient lies on the back
with the head lower than the feet, or with both the
head and feet inclined downward.
triage—A method of prioritizing treatment.
tricuspid valve—Flap or cusp between the right atrium
and right ventricle in the heart.
tri-flow (air–water) syringe—Handpiece in dental
units that provides air, water, or a combination of air
and water for various dental procedures.
trifurcated—Having three roots (as do some teeth).
tuning fork—An instrument that has two prongs and is
used to test hearing acuity.
24-hour urine specimen—Special urine test in which
all urine produced in a 24-hour period is collected in a
special container.
tympanic membrane—The eardrum.
typing and crossmatch—A determination of blood
types and antigens prior to a blood transfusion.
U
ulcer—An open lesion on the skin or mucous membrane.
ulna—Long bone in the forearm, between the wrist and
elbow.
ulnar deviation—Moving toward the little finger side of
the hand.
ultrasonic unit—Piece of equipment that cleans with
sound waves.
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1049
GLOSSARY
1050
ultrasonography—Noninvasive, computerized scanning technique that uses high-frequency sound waves
to create pictures of body parts.
ultra-speed handpiece—High-speed handpiece used
in dental units to cut and prepare a tooth during a dental procedure.
umbilicus—Navel; in slang, “belly button.”
Universal/National Numbering System—Abbreviated means of identifying the teeth.
uremia—Excessive amounts of urea (a waste product) in
the blood.
ureter—Tube that carries urine from the kidney to the
urinary bladder.
ureterostomy—Formation of an opening on the
abdominal wall for drainage of urine from a ureter.
urethra—Tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to outside the body.
urinalysis—Examination of urine by way of physical,
chemical, or microscopic testing.
urinary-drainage unit—Special device used to collect
urine and consisting of tubing and a collection container usually connected to a urinary catheter.
urinary meatus—External opening of the urethra.
urinary sediments—Solid materials suspended in
urine.
urinate—To expel urine from the bladder.
urine—The fluid excreted by the kidney.
urinometer—Calibrated device used to measure the
specific gravity of urine.
urology—The branch of medicine dealing with urine
and diseases of the urinary tract.
urticaria—Hives.
uterus—Muscular, hollow organ that serves as the organ
of menstruation and the area for development of the
fetus in the female body.
V
vaccine—Substance given to an individual to produce
immunity to a disease.
vagina—Tube from the uterus to outside the body in a
female individual.
vaginal irrigation—Also called douche; injection of
fluid into the vagina.
variable expense—In a budget, an expense that can
change or be adjusted (for example, expenses for
clothing and entertainment).
varicose—Pertaining to distended, swollen veins.
vas deferens—Also called the ductus deferens; the tube
that carries sperm and semen from the epididymis to
the ejaculatory duct in the male body.
vascular—Pertaining to blood vessels.
vasoconstriction—Constriction (decrease in diameter)
of the blood vessels.
vasodilation—Dilation (increase in diameter) of the
blood vessels.
vector—A carrier of disease; an insect, rodent, or small
animal that transmits disease.
vein—Blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart.
venipuncture—Surgical puncture of a vein; inserting a
needle into a vein.
venous—Pertaining to the veins.
ventilation—Process of breathing.
ventral—Pertaining to the front, or anterior, part of the
body; in front of.
ventricle—One of two lower chambers of the heart; also,
a cavity in the brain.
venule—The smallest type of vein; connects capillaries
and veins.
vertebrae—Bones of the spinal column.
vertigo—Sensation of dizziness.
vesicle—Blister; a sac full of water or tissue fluid.
vestibule—Small space or cavity at the beginning of a
canal.
veterinary—Pertaining to the medical treatment of animals.
villi—Tiny projections from a surface; in the small intestine, projections that aid in the absorption of nutrients.
virus—One of a large group of very small microorganisms, many of which cause disease.
visceral—Pertaining to organs.
visual acuity—Ability to perceive and comprehend light
rays; seeing.
vital signs—Determinations that provide information
about body conditions; include temperature, pulse,
respirations, and blood pressure.
vitamins—Organic substances necessary for body processes and life.
vitreous humor—Jelly-like mass that fills the cavity of
the eyeball, behind the lens.
void—To empty the bladder; urinate.
volume—The degree of strength of a pulse (for example,
strong or weak).
voluntary—Under one’s control; done by one’s choice or
desire.
vomit—To expel material from the stomach and/or
intestine through the mouth and/or nose.
vulva—External female genitalia; includes the labia
majora, labia minora, and clitoris.
W
walker—A device that has a metal framework and aids in
walking.
warm-water bag—Rubber or plastic device designed to
hold warm water for dry-heat application.
wellness—State of being in good health; well.
wheezing—Difficult breathing with a high-pitched whistling or sighing sound during expiration.
white blood cell—see leukocyte.
withdrawal—Defense mechanism in which an individual either ceases to communicate or physically
removes self from a situation.
word root—Main word or part of word to which prefixes
and suffixes can be added.
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Glossary
Workers’ Compensation—Payment and care provided
to an individual who is injured on the job.
wound—An injury to tissues.
Y
yellow marrow—Soft tissue in the diaphyses of long
bones.
X
xiphoid process—The small, bony projection at the
lower end of the sternum (breastbone).
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
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1059
INDEX
A
Abbreviations
dental, 568–572
medical, 120–127, 734
medical records, 991
states, 997
symbols, 127, 570–572
Abdominal
cavity, 149, 150
injuries, 508, 512
quadrants, 150, 151
regions, 150, 151
thrusts, 457, 469–471
Abrasion, 473
Absorption, of nutrients, 301
Abuse
chemical/drug, 30, 82–83
child, 30, 106
domestic, 30, 106
elder, 30, 106, 292
facilities, 30
patient, 105–106, 292
Acceptance
of criticism, 85
of death, 248
Accidents
first aid, 449–452, 473–479
preventing, 336–342
Accounting system, 1007–1012
Accreditation, 41
Acculturation, 260
Acetone, urine, 700, 702–703
Acne vulgaris, 154
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome,
231, 338, 354, 355, 363
Acromegaly, 219
Activity director, 62, 65, 67
Acupressure, 21, 266
Acupuncture, 20, 21, 266
Addison’s disease, 221
Adenitis, 196
Adipose tissue, 100, 146
Administrator
health care, 75, 76
medical records, 72–73, 75
Admitting
officers/clerks, 73, 74, 92
patients, 74, 782–786
Adolescence, 242–244
Adrenal gland, 217, 218, 223
Adulthood, 236, 238, 244–247
Advance directives, 113–115, 249
AED, 453–454, 460–461
Aerobic organisms, 351
Affection, 251–252
Against medical advice, 105, 784
Agar, 656, 662–665
Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR), 31–32
Agent, 107
Aging
confusion and disorientation, 246, 277,
287–291
myths, 276–278
needs, 16, 238, 247, 291–292
physical changes, 245–246, 278–284
psychosocial changes, 246, 284–287
Aide. See Assistant
AIDS, 231, 338, 354. 355, 363
Air compressor, 576, 581
Air-water syringe, 577, 581–582
Airborne precautions, 399
Airway pressure mask, 208
Alcohol abuse, 82–83, 243, 305
Alginate, 599, 602–605
Alignment, 790–795
Alimentary canal, 204–207
Allergic reactions, 484, 485, 487
Alopecia, 152
Alphabetical filing, 970, 973–974, 975–977
Alternative therapies, 19–23, 264–266
Alveoli, 198, 199, 280
Alzheimer’s disease, 246, 288–289
AM care, 823–849
Amalgam, 584, 587, 589, 632–637
Amblyopia, 178
Ambulating patient, 940–954
Amino acids, 298
Amputation, 474
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 173
Anaerobic organisms, 351
Analgesia, 618
Analgesics, patient controlled (PCAs), 909
Anaphylactic shock, 480, 484, 487
Anatomy, 140–234, 554–557
Anemia, 191, 673, 677, 683, 692
Anesthesia
dental, 618–624
minor surgery, 750, 753
specialty, 51
surgery, 750, 753, 907–908
types, 618, 750
Anesthesiologist, 51
Aneurysm, 191
Anger, death, 247
Angioplasty, 192
Animal health technician, 58–60
Anorexia, 243, 309
Answering services, 980–981
Anthrax, 357, 358
Antibiotic resistant, 352, 398, 656–657
Antibody screen, 688
Anticoagulant, 669, 672
Antioxidants, 21
Antisepsis, 357, 359
Aphasia, 89
Apical pulse, 414, 438–440
Aplastic anemia, 191
Apnea, 202–203, 434
Appearance, personal, 82–84, 540
Appendix, 207
Appendicitis, 208
Application
job, 537–539
letter of, 530–532, 536–537
Applications, heat/cold, 954–966
Appointment
letter, 993
scheduling, 319, 978, 983–986
Aquathermia pad, 955, 961–963
Aromatherapy, 21
Arrhythmia, 186, 193, 432, 453–454
Art therapist, 63, 66, 67
Arterial blood, 187, 474, 668, 922
Arteriosclerosis, 191, 246, 288
Artery, 187, 188
Arthritis, 160–161, 279, 692
Asepsis, 356–357, 359
Aspirating syringe, 618–624
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Index
Assault and battery, 105
Assignment sheet, xxxi, 550
Assimilation, cultural, 259–260
Assistant
dental, 46–48, 552–647
dietetic, 57–58
education, 18, 41–42, 56–57, 781
geriatric, 18, 56–57, 781
home health care, 18, 56, 781
medical, 50–52, 649–650, 715–778
medical laboratory, 69, 70, 648–714
medication, 56
mortuary, 54–55
nurse, 55–57, 779–929
occupational therapy, 62, 64
ophthalmic, 60, 61
pathology, 51
physical therapist, 62, 65, 931
physician, 50–51
recreational therapy, 65
veterinary, 58–60
Assisted living facilities, 29, 285–286
Associate degree, 40
Asthma, 200
Astigmatism, 178
Atherosclerosis, 192, 288, 296
Athlete’s foot, 154, 353
Athletic trainer, 63, 66, 67
Attorney, Power of, 113, 114
Audiologist, 63, 66–67
Aural temperature, 415, 417, 426–427
Authorization, obtaining, 108–111, 115,
339–340, 999–1000
Autoclave, 356–357, 371–378
Autocratic leader, 95
Automated external defibrillator, 453–454,
460–461
Automated routing telephone system, 980
Autonomic nervous system, 170, 173
Autopsy, 268–271
Avian flu, 23, 354
Avulsion, 474
Axillary temperature, 415, 424–425
Ayer blade, 738–739
Ayurvedic practitioner, 20
B
Bachelor’s degree, 40
Back
blows, 457, 471, 472
supports, 335
Backrub, 825, 835–837
Bacteria, 352, 358, 700
Bandages, 475, 477–478, 519–525
Bargaining, 247–248
Bartholin’s glands, 228
Barton, Clara, 9, 10, 11
Basal metabolic rate, 302
Bases, dental, 624–632
Bass method, 594–596
Bath
bed, 823, 842–847
Sitz, 955, 965–966
tub, 823, 847–849
waterless, 823–824
Battery, 105
Bed bath, 823, 842–847
Bedclothes, changing, 825–826, 840–842
Bedmaking, 812–823
closed, 812–817
cradle, 812, 821–823
occupied, 812, 817–820
open, 812, 820–821
postoperative, 913–915
Bedpan, 859–862
Bedsores. See pressure ulcer
Belt, transfer or gait, 940–941, 945–947
Bias, 260–261, 542
Bibliography, 1052–1059
Bilirubin, 700, 702–703
Binders, 909, 917–919
Bioengineer, 77, 78, 79
Biofeedback, 21, 266
Biohazards, 363, 365, 368, 408
Biological
death, 452
needs, 250–251
technician, 77, 78, 79
Biomedical
engineer, 75, 76, 77
equipment technician, 75, 76, 77
Biotechnological engineer, 77, 78, 79
Biotechnology research and development,
43, 44–45, 77–79
Bioterrorism, 357–359
Bird flu, 23, 354
Bite-wing radiograph (X-ray), 639–640, 644
Bladder
training program, 283, 867
urinary, 212, 213, 283
Bland diet, 311
Bleeding, first aid, 473–479
Blindness, 89, 732–734
Block style letter, 994–999
Blood, 138, 187–191, 474, 668–699, 700,
702–703
Blood and body fluid precautions. See standard precautions
Blood cells
anatomy, 188–191
counting, 671–672, 682
erythrocytes (red), 138, 188–189, 190,
671, 676, 682–683
leukocytes (white), 189–190, 671–672,
682–683
platelets, 190–191, 682–683
thrombocytes, 190–191, 682–683
Blood film, 682–687
Blood pressure, 193, 280, 414, 440–445
Blood smear, 682–687
Blood tests, 321–322, 668–699, 713
cell counts, 671–672
computers, 321–322, 671
differential, 682
erythrocyte sedimentation, 691–695
fasting blood sugar, 695
film, 682–687
glucose, 695–699
glucose tolerance, 695–696
glycohemoglobin, 696
hematocrit, 671–676
hemoglobin, 138, 189, 676–682
microhematocrit, 671–676
quick stain, 683, 686
skin puncture, 668–671
smear, 682–687
typing, 70, 687–691
Wright’s stain, 683, 685–687
Blood typing, 70, 687–691
Blood vessels, 187, 188, 189, 190, 280, 323,
348, 955
Bloodborne Pathogen Standard, 338, 363
BMI, 305–307, 308
BMR, 302
Body
cavities, 149, 150
defenses, 356
fluids, 338, 364
mass index, 305–307, 308
mechanics, 334–336
planes, 148–149
structure, 141–147
systems, 140–234
Body positions
bed, 790–802
dental chair, 575–576, 580–581, 592–594
examination, 725–732
shock, 480–481, 482, 728
Bone injuries, 161, 162, 498–505
Bones, 156–163, 279–280
Bookkeeping system, 1007–1012
Botanical medicine, 21
Botulism, 358
Bradycardia, 432
Bradypnea, 434
Brain
anatomy, 170–171, 281
injury, 507, 510–511
syndrome, 174, 288
Breasts
anatomy, 228
self examination, 228–229, 230
Breathing, 199, 433–435, 453, 454–455
Bronchitis, 200–201, 280
Brushing teeth
method, 594–596
oral hygiene, 824, 827–828
Buccal cavity, 149, 150
Budget, 545–547
Bulimarexia, 243
Bulimia, 243
Bulk purchasing, 16
Bureau of Immigration Reform Act, 542
Burns
chemical, 490, 492
first aid, 488–493
types, 488–489
Burs, dental, 578–579, 582–583
Bursitis, 161
Business
letters, 993–999
skills, 969–1020
C
Calcium hydroxide, 601, 627–628
Calculus, renal, 215
Calorie
controlled diet, 311
definition, 302–305, 307–309
CAM therapies, 19–23, 264–266
Cancer
brain, 776
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
1061
1062
INDEX
Cancer (continued)
breast, 228–229, 230
cervical, 229
Hodgin’s disease, 196
liver, 928
lung, 201, 202
lymphatic, 196
ovarian, 229–230
prostatic, 226
skin, 154–155
testicular, 226
uterus, 229
Canes, 280, 943–944, 950–952
Cannula, oxygen, 920
Capillaries, 187, 194
Capillary blood, 187, 474, 668–671
Carbohydrate
digestion, 203–208, 301
function, 297
Carbon monoxide, 483, 487
Carboxylate, 601, 629–630
Cardiac
compressions, 455–456, 459–460,
462–463, 465, 467–468
muscle, 164, 184, 280
shock, 480
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 452–473
Cardiovascular
system, 183–193, 280
technologist, 68, 69, 72
Career passport, 535–536
Careers, health care, 38–80, 554, 649–650,
716–717, 781, 931, 1022–1025
Caries, dental, 570, 594, 632
Carpal tunnel syndrome, 173
Carpules, anesthetic, 618–624
Carson, Benjamin, 14
Cartilage, 146, 158
Cataract, 179, 281
Catheter
condom, 864–865
oxygen, 920
urinary, 851, 864–872
urine specimen, 866–867, 878
Caution, explanation of, xxxi, 551
Cavity
body, 149, 150, 197
dental, 570, 594, 632
CDC, 31, 358–359, 364, 398
Cell
reproduction, 144–145
stem, 117, 145, 646
structure, 142–145, 147
Cellular
respiration, 200
telephone, 981
Cellulose, 297
Celsius temperature, 413–414, 415,
1027–1028
Cements, dental, 624–632
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 31, 358–359, 364, 398
Centigrade temperature, 413–414, 415
Central nervous system, 169–172
Central/sterile supply technician, 75, 76,
320
Cerebral palsy, 174
Cerebrospinal fluid, 171, 174–175, 364
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), 174,
513–514, 517
Certification, 40–41, 554, 649, 716
Cervical
cancer, 229
spatula, 738–739
CEUs, 41, 325
Chain
of command, 35–37
of infection, 355–356
Chair
dental, 575–576, 580–581, 592–594
sitz, 965–966
transfer to, 790–793, 803–806
CHAMPUS, 34
Characteristics, personal, 85–86
Charge slips, 1008
Charting
admission, 74, 92, 782–786
errors, 92, 107, 989, 1009
Federation Dentaire International (FDI)
System, 561–562, 564–565
intake and output, 849–854
medical records, 72–75, 91–92, 107–108,
972–973, 987–993
teeth conditions, 568–573
teeth surfaces, 568–573
temperature, pulse, respiration,
418–419, 435–437
Universal/National Numbering System,
560–561, 563
Checkpoints, explanation of, xxxi, 551
Checks, 1013, 1015–1016
Chemical
abuse, 82–83, 243
burns, 490, 492
disinfection, 357, 379, 381
injuries, 483–484, 486–487
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs),
236–239
restraints, 900
Chest
cavity, 149, 150
circumference, 717–719, 724–725
compressions, 455–456, 459–460,
462–463, 465, 467–468
injuries, 507–508, 511–512
Cheyne-Stokes respirations, 434
Child
choking, 457, 469–471
CPR, 456, 467–468
growth and development, 238, 240–242
Chinese medicine, 3, 20, 265
Chiropractic, 20, 50, 266
Chlamydia, 231
Choking victim, 457, 469–473, 856
Cholecystitis, 208
Cholesterol
definition, 298, 348
diet, 311
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD), 201
Cilia, 197–198
Circulation, checking, 453, 455, 501,
504–505
Circulatory system, 146, 147, 183–193, 280
Cirrhosis, 208
Clean catch urine specimen, 877–878,
882–884
Cleansing enemas, 889–896
Clinical engineer, 75, 76, 77
Clinical laboratory
assistant, 69, 70, 649–714
technician, 69, 70, 72, 649–714
technologist, 68, 70, 72
Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment (CLIA), 649–650
Clinics, 29
Clock, 24 hour, 1029
Closed
bed, 812–817
wound, 473–474
Clothing
health worker, 83
patient, 286, 825–826, 840–842
Clotting, blood, 190–191, 669, 672
Coding insurance, 1000–1003
Cognitive development, 236–247
Cold
applications, 499, 954–958, 963–964
exposure, 496–498
first aid, 496–498
Colitis, 210
Colon, 205, 206–207
Color blindness, 733–734, 736
Color-coded indexing, 971–972
Colostomy, 872–876
Coma, diabetic, 222, 515–516, 518
Communicable diseases, 397–409
Communication
barriers, 89–91, 260–261, 262–263
careers, 72–75
electronic (e-mail), 326, 981
interruptions, 87–88
language differences, 90, 262–263,
989–991
non-English speaking, 87, 90, 262–263,
989–991
nonverbal, 88, 262–263
privileged, 107, 108–110
process, 86–88
services, 43, 44–45
skills, 86–92
verbal, 86–88
written, 91–92
Compensation, 254
Competence, 85
Complementary therapies, 19–23, 264–266
Complete bed bath, 823, 842–847
Composite, 584, 587, 589, 634, 637–639
Compress, moist, 954–955, 963–964
Compressions, cardiac, 455–456, 459–460,
462–463, 465, 467–468
Computer, 107–108, 314–332, 972–973,
1004, 1009–1010
applications, 319–326, 972–973, 985,
1004, 1009–1010
assisted instruction, 324
back-up system, 321, 329, 973
components, 316–318
confidentiality, 107–108, 321, 329–331,
973
firewall, 329
history, 316
Internet, 326–329
literacy, 315, 536
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Index
protection and security, 329–331,
972–973
viruses, 329
Computerized tomography (CT), 71, 174,
322–323
Concentrator, oxygen, 921
Conditions, teeth, 568–573
Condom catheter, 864–865
Confidential information, 34–35, 92,
107–108, 111–112, 116, 321, 329–331,
981–982, 989
Confusion, 246, 277, 287–291
Congestive heart failure, 192
Conjunctivitis, 179
Connective tissue, 145–146
Consent, obtaining patient, 92, 105,
108–110, 116, 340, 451, 750, 999–1000
Conservation, energy, 16–17
Constipation, 208
Contact
poisoning, 483–484, 486–487
precautions, 401–402
Continuing education units (CEUs), 41,
325
Contracts, 106–107
Contracture, 165, 791–792, 932
Convulsions, 174, 514, 518
Coronal plane, 148, 149
Coronary
occlusion, 192, 193, 513, 517
stent, 192
Correspondence. See Letters
Cost containment,15–17
Counseling centers, 30–31
Counselor, genetic, 52–54
Cover letter, 530–532, 536–537
Cowper’s gland, 225
CPAP mask, 203
CPR, 452–473
CPT codes, 1000–1003
Cradle, bed, 812, 821–823
Cranial cavity, 149, 150
Cranium, 157–158
Cremation, beliefs, 268–271
Cretinism, 220
Crick, Francis, 11, 12
Cross index/references, 971
Crossmatch blood, 687–688
Crutches, 941–943, 947–950
Cryotherapy, 954–958, 963–964
CT, 71, 174, 322–323
Cultural diversity, 90–91, 258–274, 291,
305, 989–991
communication barrier, 90, 260–261
eye contact, 90, 264
family organization, 261–262
gestures, 264
health beliefs 90, 264–267, 989–991
language, 90, 262–263, 989–991
personal space, 263–264
religion, 267–272
respecting, 90–91, 272, 989–991
touch, 91
Culture
beliefs, 258–274, 291, 305
characteristics, 258, 291
Cultures, 656–667
agar, 656, 662–665
Gram’s stain, 657, 666–667
obtaining, 656–660
slides, 656–657, 660–661, 664–665
transfers, 656–658, 660–665
Curing light, 625, 634, 639
Current Procedural Terminology (CPT)
codes, 1000–1003
Cushing’s syndrome, 221, 222
Cuspidor, 578
Custom trays, 615–617
Cuvette, 677, 680–682, 696–697, 698
Cyanosis, 154, 434, 479
Cystitis, 213, 668
D
Dance therapist, 63, 66, 67
Dangling, 792, 801–802
Data sheet, 987, 988, 991–992
Databases, 319, 970, 987, 989, 991–992
Daydreaming, 254
Daysheet, 1007–1012
Deafness, 74, 75, 89, 180–181
Death
cultural beliefs, 268–271
post-mortem care, 925–927
religious beliefs, 268–271
stages, 247–250
types, 452
Deciduous teeth, 554–557, 558–560
Decubitus ulcer, 790–791
Defamation, 106
Defense mechanisms, 253–255
Defibrillator, 48, 186, 453–454, 460–461
Deficit pulse, 438–439
Dehydration, 145, 849
Delirium, 288
Dementia, 288
Democratic leader, 95
Denial
death, 246
defense mechanism, 254–255
Dental
abbreviations, 568–569, 572
anesthesia, 618–624
assistant, 46–48, 552–647
bases, 624–632
brushing, 594–596, 824, 827–828
careers, 46–48, 554
carts, 577–579, 581–583
cements, 624–632
chair, 575–576, 580–581, 592–594
conditions, 568–573, 594
custom tray, 615–617
equipment, 574–583
Federation Dentaire International (FDI)
System, 561–562, 564–565
flossing, 594–595, 597–598, 824, 827–829
handpieces, 577–579, 581–583
hygienist, 46–48
impressions, 598–608
instruments, 584–591
laboratories, 30
laboratory technician, 46–48
light, 575, 580, 592–594
models, 598–601, 608–614
offices, 29, 574
oral hygiene, 594–598, 824, 827–832
radiographs, 568, 639–645
restoratives, 570, 572, 584, 587, 589,
632–639
skills, 552–647
specialties, 46
surfaces of tooth, 565–567, 594–595
symbols, 570–572
trays, 584–591
Universal/National Numbering System,
560–561, 563, 568–570
X-rays, 568, 639–645
Dentist, 29, 46, 47
Denture care, 824, 828–830
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 11, 12
Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS), 31
Dependability, 85
Deposit slips, 1014, 1017–1018
Depression, 248
Dermatitis, 155
Designation of Health Care Surrogate, 113,
114
Developing radiographs (X-rays), 639–643
Development, human, 236–247
Diabetes
first aid, 515–519
insipidus, 219
mellitus, 222–223, 526, 695–696
Diabetic
blood tests, 695–699
coma, 222, 515–516, 518
diet, 222, 310
Diagnosis codes, 1000–1003
Diagnostic
careers, 44–45, 67–72
cluster standards, 43, 44–45
computers, 319, 321–324
related groups (DRGs), 16
services, 67–72
vascular technologist, 68, 69
Dialysis, 66
Dialysis technician, 63, 66
Diaphoresis, 479
Diarrhea, 208–209
Diastole, 185
Diastolic pressure, 440, 441
Diet, 295–313
balanced, 82, 302–305
bland, 311
calorie-controlled, 311
diabetic, 310
fat-restricted, 311
feeding patient, 855–858
fiber, 283, 311
five major food groups, 82, 302–305
liquid, 310
low-cholesterol, 311
low-residue, 311
macrobiotic, 22
personal, 82, 302–305
protein, 283, 311
regular, 310
religious restrictions, 305, 306
requirements, 302–305
sodium-restricted, 311
soft, 310
therapeutic, 266, 309–312
weight management, 100, 305–309
Dietary services, 57–58
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
1063
1064
INDEX
Dietetic
assistant, 57–58
technician, 57–58
Dietitian, 57–58, 320
Differential count, 682
Digestion, 203–208, 301
Digestive system, 146, 147, 203–210,
282–283, 301
Direct smear, 656, 660–661
Directives, advance, 113–115
Disability
legal, 106
physical, 89, 90–91, 286–287
Discharging patients, 782–784, 788–789
Discretion, 85
Diseases
aging, 246, 279, 280, 281, 286–287,
288–289
bones, 160–163, 279, 296
circulatory, 191–193, 280, 296
communicable, 397–409
cultural beliefs, 90–91, 265–266
digestive, 208–210, 282–283, 296–297
ear, 180–181, 281–282
endocrine, 219–223, 695
eye, 178–179, 281
heart, 191–193
hemolytic, 688
integumentary, 154–156
International Classification of,
1000–1003
lymphatic, 196
muscular, 165–168, 279–280
nervous, 173–176, 281–282
pathophysiology, definition,142
reproductive, 226, 228–230
respiratory, 200–203, 280–281
sexually transmitted, 230–233
skeletal, 160–163, 279, 296
skin, 154–156
urinary, 213–216, 283
Disinfection, chemical, 357, 379–381
Disk, ruptured, 163
Dislocation, 161, 498–499, 503
Disorientation, 246, 277, 287–291
Displacement, 254
Disposable
enema, 889, 894–896
thermometer, 418
Diverticulitis, 209
DNA, 11, 12
Doctor
degree, 40
dental, 29, 46, 47, 554
eye, 60–61
medical, 50–52, 716–717
psychiatric, 51, 52–54
Dorsal
cavity, 149, 150
recumbent position, 728, 730–731
Drainage
irrigation, 851
surgical, 909
urinary, 851, 864–872
Dressings
application, 389–392, 520–521
bandages, 519–525
first aid, 519–521
sterile, 389–392
surgical, 908–909
tape application, 396, 397
tray, 385–386, 389–392
types, 519–520
DRGs, 16
Drop technique, 385–386, 387–388
Droplet precautions, 399–401
Drug
abuse, 82–83, 243
administering, 770–773
natural sources, 36
Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR),
768–770
resistant organisms, 352, 398, 656–657
Dry heat sterilization, 373
Durable Power of Attorney, 113, 114
Durelon, 601, 629–630
Dwarfism, 219, 220
Dycal, 601, 627–628
Dying, stages of, 247–250
Dysphagia, 282–283, 855–856
Dyspnea, 280–281, 434
E
Ear
anatomy, 180, 281–282
diseases, 180–181
examination, 737, 740, 741–742
injuries, 506–507, 510
Ear, eye, nose, throat (EENT) examination,
737, 741–742
Early adulthood, 238, 244–245
Early childhood, 238, 240–241
Earthquake safety, 345
Eating disorders, 242–243
Ebola, 24, 354, 358
Echocardiograph, 69, 322
Eczema, 155
Edema, 145, 849
Educational requirements, 40–42
Elastic
bandages, 519–520
hose, 909, 915–916
Elderly
care, 275–294
confusion and disorientation, 246, 277,
287–291
myths, 276–278
needs, 16, 238, 247, 291–292
physical changes, 245–246, 278–284
psychosocial changes, 246, 284–287
Electrocardiogram, 186, 322, 740, 756–768
Electrocardiograph technician, 68–69
Electroencephalographic technologist,
68, 69
Electroneurodiagnostic technologist, 68,
69
Electronic
mail, 326, 981
thermometers, 417, 428–429
Embalmer, 54–55
Embolus, 192
Emergency medical
paramedic, 48–49
services, 30, 48–49, 449–452
technician, 48–49
Emotional
development, 236–247
wellness, 18–19
Empathy, 85
Emphysema, 201, 280
Employability skills, 528–549
Employment Eligibility Verification Form,
542
Encephalitis, 174
Endocrine system, 146, 147, 216–223,
283–284
Endodontics, 46
Endogenous infection, 355
Endometriosis, 229
Enema, 889–898
disposable, 889, 894–896
normal saline, 889–894
oil retention, 889, 896–898
soap solution, 889–894
tap water, 889–894
Energy conservation 16–17
Engineer
biomedical (clinical), 75, 76, 77
biotechnological, 77, 78, 79
English measurements, 775–776, 1027–1028
Enteral feedings, 849–850
Enthusiasm, 85
Entrepreneur, 42–43
Environmental services
careers, 75–77, 320
cluster standards, 43, 44–45
Enzymes, digestive, 205–206, 301
Epidemic, 397
Epidemiologist, 73, 74, 75
Epididymitis, 226
Epiglottis, 198, 199
Epilepsy, 174
Epistaxis, 201–202, 507, 511
Epithelial tissue, 145
Equipment
biomedical, 75, 76, 77
dental, 574–583
personal protective, 338, 363, 365,
366–367, 369–370, 398, 574
physical examination, 738–739, 741,
743, 745, 746
safety, 338–339
Ergonomics, 338–342
Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development, 237, 238
Errors, 92, 107, 989, 1009
Erythema, 153
Erythrocyte
anatomy, 188–189, 190, 676
count, 671
microhematocrit, 671–676
sedimentation rate, 691–695
urine, 700, 710
Esophagus, 205–206, 301
Esteem, 252
Ethics, 111–112
Ethnic groups, 258–259
Ethnicity, 258–259
Eustachian tube, 180
Evacuator, oral, 576–577, 581
Evaluation sheet, xxxi, 551
Examination
breast self, 228–229, 230
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Index
ear, eye, nose, throat (EENT), 737,
741–742
gynecological, 737, 743–745
physical, 737–747, 987
positions, 725–732
testicular self, 226
Excretory system, 146, 147, 210–216, 283
Exercises
benefits, 82, 280, 302, 307–309
range of motion, 280, 932–940
Exogenous infection, 355
Expiration, 199, 433
Expressed contracts, 106
Extended care facility, 28–29
External respiration, 199–200
Extinguisher, fire, 343–347
Extracorporeal circulation technologist,
63, 66, 67
Eye
anatomy, 177–178, 1020
cavity, 149, 150
changes in aging, 281
contact, 90, 264, 540
diseases, 178–179, 281, 1020
examination, 737, 739, 741–742
injuries, 341, 490, 505–506, 509–510
irrigation, 490, 492
protection, 177–178, 365, 366–367, 370,
574, 634
vision screening, 732–736
F
Face shields, 365, 366–367
Facilities, health care, 26–31
Fahrenheit temperatures, 413–414, 415,
1027–1028
Fainting, 514, 518
Fallopian tubes, 227, 228
False imprisonment, 105
Family organization, 261–262
Fascia, 165
Fasting blood sugar, 695
Fats
digestion, 205–206, 301
function, 297–298
restricted-diet, 305, 311
tissue, 100
Fax machine, 981–982
FDA, 24, 31, 358, 776
Federation Dentaire International (FDI)
System, 561–562, 564–565
Feeding
patient, 855–858
tube, 849–850
Female reproductive, 227–230
Fever, 416
Fibromyalgia, 165–166
Filing records, 970–977
Film
blood, 682–687
radiograph (X-ray), 639–645
Filoviruses 24, 354, 358
Financial records, 319, 1007–1019
Finger puncture, 668–671
Fire safety, 343–347
Firewall, 329
First aid, 448–527
abdominal injury, 508, 512
bandages, 475, 519–525
bleeding, 473–479
bone injury, 161, 498–505
burn, 488–493
cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 452–473
cerebrovascular accident, 174, 513–514,
517
chest injuries, 507–508, 511–512
choking, 457, 469–473
cold exposure, 496–498
convulsion, 514, 518
diabetic reactions, 515–516, 518–519
dislocation, 161
dressings, 519–525
ear injury, 506–507, 510
emergency medical services, 30, 48–49,
449–452
epistaxis, 201–202, 507, 511
eye injury, 490, 492, 505–506, 509–510
fainting, 514, 518
fracture, 161, 162, 498–505
frostbite, 496–498
genital injury, 509, 512
head injury, 507, 510–511
heart attack, 193, 513, 517
heat exposure, 493–495
illness, 513–519
injury, 473–479, 498–512
insect bite, 484, 487
joint injury, 498–505
moving victim, 450, 451–452, 454
nosebleed, 201–202, 507, 511
obstructed airway, 457, 469–473
poisoning, 483–488
priorities of care, 449–452
shock, 479–482
snakebite, 484, 487
spine injury, 480, 502
stroke, 174, 494, 495, 513–514, 517
tick, 484, 487
triage, 451
wounds, 473–479
First responder, 48–49
Flossing teeth, 594–595, 597–598, 824,
827–828
Flu, 23–24, 202, 353–354
Flukes, 354–355
Foley catheter, 864–865
Food
digestion, 203–208
feeding patient, 855–858
groups, 302–305
isolation transfer, 407–408
My pyramid, 302–305
nutrition, 295–313
religious restrictions, 305, 306
service workers, 57–58
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 24,
31, 358, 776
Foot drop, 165, 791–792, 932
Forceps, transfer, 385–386, 388
Forensic
medicine, 77–79, 687
scientist, 77–78, 79
technicians, 77, 79
Forms
admission, 782–784
financial, 1007–1012
job application, 537–539
insurance, 999–1006, 1008–1009
intake and output, 849–854
medical, 987–993
Fowler’s position, 727, 730
Fracture bedpan, 859
Fractures, 161, 162, 498–505
Frontal plane, 148, 149
Frostbite, 496–498
Full mouth radiographs (X-rays), 640,
644–645
Funeral director, 54–55
Fungi, 353
G
Gait belt, 940–941, 945–947
Gaits
canes, 943–944, 950–952
crutches, 941–943, 947–950
Gallbladder, 207, 208, 301
Gastroenteritis, 209
Gastrointestinal system, 203–210, 282–283,
301
Gastrostomy tube, 849–850
Genes, 142, 348, 548, 928
Genetic counseling, 30–31, 53–54
Genital injury, 509, 512
Genome, 142
Geographic filing, 971
Geriatric
assistant, 18, 56–57, 781
care, 17–18, 275–294
confusion and disorientation, 246, 277,
287–291
facilities, 28–29, 276–277
late adulthood, 245–247, 275–294
myths, 276–278
needs, 16, 238, 247, 291–292
physical changes, 245–246, 278–284
psychosocial changes, 246, 284–287
Geriatrician, 51
Gerontology, 276
Gestures, 264
Giantism, 219
Gingiva, 556, 557, 586
Gland
Bartholin’s, 228
Cowper’s, 225
endocrine, 146, 147, 216–223, 283–284
lacrimal, 177
lymph, 194–195
prostate, 225, 283
salivary, 205, 301
sebaceous, 152, 154
sudoriferous, 152, 153
Glaucoma, 179, 281
Glioma, 776
Glomerulonephritis, 214
Glossary, 1030–1051
Gloves
donning and removing, 366, 369,
392–394
infection control, 365, 366, 369
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
1065
1066
INDEX
Gloves (continued)
isolation, 403–406
sterile, 392–394
Glucose
blood, 695–699
fasting blood sugar, 695
glycohemoglobin, 696
meter, 695–699
tolerance test, 695–696
urine, 695, 700, 702–703
Glycosuria, 695
Goals, 98–99
Goiter, 220
Gonorrhea, 231–232
Government
agencies, 20, 31–32
hospitals, 28
Gown
changing, 825–826, 840–842
infection control, 365, 366, 369–370, 574
isolation, 403–406
Gram’s stain, 657, 666–667
Graphing
growth, 717, 718
National Center for Health Statistics,
717, 718
TPR, 435–437
Grave’s disease, 220
Groin temperature, 415
Gross income, 543–545
Growth and development, 235–256, 717,
718
Growth graph, 717, 718
Gynecological examination, 737, 743–745
Gynecologist, 51
H
Hair
anatomy, 152
care, 824–825, 832–833
standards for health workers, 84
Handpieces, dental, 577–579, 581–583
Handwashing, 359–362, 365, 366
Hantaviruses, 23–24, 354
Head
circumference, 717–719, 724
injuries, 507, 510–511
Healing touch, 21
Health
department, 29, 31–32
informatics, 43, 44–45, 72–75, 319–320
insurance, 32–35, 999–1006
maintenance organizations, 31, 33, 34
science technology education (HSTE),
40, 46
unit coordinator, 73, 74
Health care
administrator, 75, 76
advance directives, 113–115, 249
alternative therapies, 19–23, 264–266
careers, 38–80, 554, 649–650, 716–717,
781, 931, 1022–1025
complementary therapies, 19–23,
264–266
core standards, 43, 44–45, 1026
cultural beliefs, 90–91, 264–267
designation of surrogate, 113, 114
facilities, 26–31
geriatric, 17–18, 56–57
history of, 2–14
holistic, 19, 92, 261
home, 17, 30
hospice, 30, 248–249
industrial, 31
insurance, 23, 32–35, 999–1006,
1008–1009
integrative, 19
legal directives, 113–115, 249
national plan, 23
Policy and Research Agency, 31–32
power of attorney (POA), 113, 114
records, 72–75, 91–92, 107–108, 972–973,
987–993
religious beliefs, 268–271
school, 31
skill standards, 43, 44–45, 1026
surrogate, 113, 114
systems, 26–31
trends, 14–25
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 34–35,
92, 108–110, 321, 329–331, 970–971,
999–1000
Health Occupations Students of America
(HOSA), 1022–1023
Health science technology education
(HSTE), 40, 46
Hearing
aid, 89, 181, 281–282
loss, 74, 75, 89, 180–181, 281–282
Heart
anatomy, 183–187
attack, 193, 513, 517
changes in aging, 280
congestive failure, 192
echocardiograph, 69, 322
electrical pathway, 186–187, 756–760
electrocardiogram, 186, 322, 756–768
sounds, 185, 438
stress test, 322
surgery, 66, 192
Heat
applications, 499, 954–956, 959–966
cramps, 493,494–495
exhaustion, 493, 495
sterilization, 373
stroke, 494
Height, 717–725
Helminths, 354–355
Hematocrit, 671–676
Hemiplegia, 174, 175, 287, 943
Hemoccult slide, 879–880, 887–888
Hemodialysis machine, 214, 215
Hemoglobin, 138, 189, 676–682
Hemolytic disease, 688
Hemophilia, 193, 526
Hemorrhage, 479, 480
Hemorrhagic fever, 24, 354, 358
Hemorrhoids, 209
Hemovac, 851
Hepatitis, 209, 338, 354, 363, 692
Herbal medicine, 21
Hernia, 209, 210
Herpes, 175–176, 232, 353
High-speed handpiece, 579, 583
HIPAA, 34–35, 92, 108–110, 321, 329–331,
970–971, 999–1000
Hippocrates, 4, 5
History
computer, 316
health care, 2–14
physical forms, 987–993
Hives, 487
HMOs, 31, 33, 34
Hodgkin’s disease, 196
Holistic health care, 19, 92, 261
Holter monitoring, 322
Home health care, 17, 30, 56–57
agencies, 30
assistant, 55–57, 781
Homeopaths, 20, 21
Homeostasis, 211, 414
Honesty, 85
Horizontal recumbent position, 726, 729
Hormones, 216–223
HOSA, 1022–1023
Hose, surgical, 909, 915–916
Hospice, 30, 248–249
Hospital, 27–28, 35, 315, 319–321, 406–409
Household measurements, 775–776,
1027–1028
Housekeeping worker, 75, 76, 93
HSTE, 40, 46
Human
anatomy and physiology, 140–234
growth and development, 235–256
needs, 250–255
Hurricane safety, 345
Hydrocephalus, 174–175, 717
Hydrotherapy, 21
Hygiene
health worker, 84
oral, 824, 827–832
patient, 823–849
Hygienist, dental, 46–47, 48
Hyperglycemia, 222, 515–519, 695
Hyperopia, 178, 179, 734
Hyperparathyroidism, 221
Hypertension, 193, 296, 441
Hyperthermia, 416
Hyperthyroidism, 220
Hypnotherapy, 22, 266
Hypnotist, 20
Hypoglycemia, 515–519, 695
Hypoparathyroidism, 221
Hypoperfusion, 479–482
Hypotension, 441
Hypothermia, 279, 416, 496–498, 954–955
Hypothyroidism, 220
I
I & O records, 849–854
ICD-9-CM codes, 1000–1003
Ice bag/collar, 954, 957–958
Icons, xxxi, 551
Identifying patient, 115–116, 340
Identifying teeth
conditions, 568–573
Federation Dentaire International (FDI)
System, 561–562, 564
names, 558–560
surfaces, 565–567, 594–595
Universal/National Numbering System,
560–561, 563, 568–570
Ileostomy, 872
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Index
Illness
cultural beliefs, 90–91, 265–266, 989–991
first aid, 513–519
needs, 250–252
religious beliefs, 267–272
terminal, 90–91, 247
Illustrator, medical, 73, 74, 75
Imagery, 22, 97, 266
Imaging, radiologic, 70–71, 321–324
Impaction, 889
Impetigo, 155
Implied contracts, 106
Impressions, dental, 598–608
alginate, 599, 602–605
polysulfide, 599–600, 605–608
rubber base, 599–600, 605–608
silicones, 600–601
Imprisonment, false, 105
Incision, 473
Income, 543–545
Incontinence, 213, 283, 867
Independence, elderly, 276–277, 285–286
Independent living facilities, 29, 285–286
Industrial health care centers, 31
Infant
cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 456,
464–466
chest circumference, 717–719, 724–725
choking, 457, 471–473
growth and development, 237–240
head circumference, 717–719, 724
height and weight, 723–725
Infection
chain of, 355–356
control, 350–411
respiratory, 203
wound, 473, 476, 478
Infectious-waste bags, 365, 368, 370,
406–409
Influenza, 23–24, 202, 353–354
Informatics
careers, 72–75
section, xxxi, 550
services cluster standards, 43, 44–45
systems, 43, 44–45, 72–75, 319–321
Informed consent, 105
Ingestion poisoning, 483, 486
Inhalation
medication, 771
oxygen, 199–200, 919–924
poison, 483, 487
Injection
poisoning, 484, 485
types, 771, 772
Injury
first aid, 473–479, 488–493, 498–512
preventing, 282, 336–342
reporting, 341, 364, 368
Insect bites, 484, 487
Inspiration, 199, 433
Instruments
chemical disinfection, 357, 379–381
dental, 584–591
minor surgery, 748–751
physical examination, 737–747
sterilization, 356–357, 371–379
suture removal, 750, 751, 755–756
ultrasonic cleaning, 381–384
wrapping for autoclave, 371–377
Insulin
function, 218, 221–222, 526, 695
shock, 515–516, 518–519, 695
Insurance
forms, 999–1006
health, 23, 32–35, 999–1006, 1008–1009
liability, 116
State Children’s Health Program, 33–34
Intake and output records, 849–854
Integrative health care, 19
Integumentary system, 146, 147, 151–156,
279
Internal respiration, 199–200
International Classification of Diseases
(ICD), 1000–1003
Internet, 325–331
Internet searches, 25, 37, 80, 101, 118, 138,
233, 256, 273–274, 331, 348–349, 411,
446–447, 526, 548–549, 647, 714, 777,
929, 967–968, 1020–1021
Interpreter, 73, 74, 75, 262–263, 293–294,
313
Interview, job, 539–543
Intestine, 205, 206–207, 301
Intravenous (IV), 364, 771, 850–851
Invasion of privacy, 105
Inventory
personal list, 782–789
supplies, 319
Ionization therapy, 22
IRM, 625, 630–632
Iron-deficiency anemia, 191
Irrigation
enema, 889–898
eye, 490, 492
nasogastric tube, 850–851
Ishihara method, 733–734, 736
Isolation, 397–409
J
Jacket restraint, 901, 904–906
Jackknife position, 728–729, 731–732
Jaeger system, 733, 735–736
Jaundice, 153
Jewelry
health worker, 84
postmortem, care of, 925, 927
surgery, care of, 907, 912
valuables, care of, 782, 785, 787, 789,
907, 912, 925, 927
Job, 529–549
application, 537–539
career passport, 535–536
cover letter, 531, 532, 536–537
income, 543–545
interview, 539–543
keeping skills, 529–530, 536
resume, 531–537
sources, 530–531
Joint
anatomy, 160
injuries, 498–505
movements, 164–165, 166
range of motion, 166, 932–940
types, 160
K
Ketones, urine, 700, 702–703
Key terms
anatomy and physiology 141
business and accounting skills, 970
careers in health care, 39–40
computer technology in health care, 315
cultural diversity, 258
dental assistant skills, 553
first aid, 449
geriatric care, 276
health care systems, 27
history and trends of health care, 3
human growth and development, 236
infection control, 351
laboratory assistant skills, 649
legal and ethical responsibilities, 104
medical assistant skills, 716
medical terminology, 120
nurse assistant skills, 780
nutrition and diets, 296
personal and professional qualities of a
health care worker, 82
physical therapy skills, 931
preparing for the world of work, 529
safety, 334
vital signs, 413
Kidney, 211, 212, 213, 283
Kilocalorie, 302–305, 307–309
Knee-chest position, 726–727, 730
Kubler-Ross, Elizabeth, 247–248
Kyphosis, 163
L
Laboratory
careers, 68, 69–70, 72, 320, 649–650
dental, 30, 46–48
facilities, 30
Improvement Amendment, 649–650
medical, 30, 320, 648–714
ophthalmic, 60–61
skills, 648–714
waived tests, 649–650
Laceration, 474
Lacrimal gland, 177
Laennec, Rene, 8, 9
Laissez-faire leader, 95
Language
barriers, 86–91, 262–263
differences, 90, 262–263, 989–991
therapist, 63, 66, 67
Large intestine, 205, 206–207, 301
Laryngitis, 202
Larynx, 198–199, 280, 738
Late adulthood, 238, 245–247
Late childhood, 238, 241–242
Law
civil, 104–106
criminal, 104
Laws
Bioterrorism Act, 359
Bloodborne Pathogen Standard, 338,
363
Bureau of Immigration Reform Act, 542
Clinical Laboratory Improvement
Amendment, 649–650
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
1067
1068
INDEX
Laws (continued)
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 34–35,
92, 108–110, 321, 329–331, 970–971,
999–1000
Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act,
363–364
Occupational Exposure to Hazardous
Chemicals Standard, 336–338
Older Americans Act, 292
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act, 18
Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA),
113–115
Patient’s Bill of Rights, 112–113
Standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information,
108–110, 321, 329–331
Leadership, 93, 94–95, 536
Leads, ECG, 758–760, 763–765
Ledger
appointment, 983–986
card, 1008
financial, 1007–1112
Leeches, 24
Left lateral position, 726, 729–730
Legal
directives, 113–115, 249
disability, 106
responsibilities, 46, 94, 103–111, 116,
972, 989
Letter
cover, 530–532, 536–537
business, 993–999
Leukemia, 193, 683
Leukocyte
anatomy, 189–190
count, 189–190, 671–672, 682
types, 190, 682
urine, 700, 710
Liability insurance, 116
Libel, 106
Librarian, medical, 73, 74, 75
Lice, 232
Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN), 55–57
Licensed Vocational Nurse (LVN), 55–57
Licensure, 41
Life stages, 236–247
Ligament, 146, 160, 556, 557
Lift, mechanical, 720, 792, 809–811
Light
curing, 625, 634, 639
dental, 575, 580, 592–594
Limb restraints, 901–904
Linen
bed, 812–813
infection control, 365, 368, 812–813
isolation, 408
wrapping autoclave, 371–372, 373–376
Lines of authority, 35–37
Lipids
digestion, 205–206, 301
function, 297–298
Liquid
diet, 310
measurements, 774–776, 849–854,
1027–1028
Listening, 88
Lithotomy position, 727–728, 730–731
Liver, 205, 207–208, 301, 323
Living will, 113, 114
Long-term care
facilities, 28–29, 284, 285–286
training programs, 18, 56–57
workers, 18, 56–57
Lordosis, 163
Lou Gehrig’s disease, 173
Love, 251–252
Low-calorie diet, 311
Low-cholesterol diet, 311
Low-residue diet, 311
Low-speed handpiece, 578–579, 582–583
Lung
anatomy, 185, 198, 199
cancer, 201, 202
Lymphangitis, 196
Lymphatic, system, 146, 147, 194–196
M
Macrobiotic diet, 22
Macular degeneration, 179, 1020
Maggots, 24
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 71,
323
Makeup, health worker, 84
Male reproductive, 224–226
Malnutrition, 296–297
Malpractice, 104–105
Mammogram, 71
Managed care, 34
Mandibular
block, 618
bone, 158, 160, 558
teeth, 558–560
Marburg virus, 24, 354, 358
Mask
continuous airway pressure, 203
infection control, 365, 366–367, 370, 574
isolation, 399, 400, 403–406
oxygen, 919–920
resuscitation, 365, 368, 370, 453
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, 250–252
Mass purchasing, 16
Massage
back, 825, 835–837
Swedish, 23
therapeutic, 23, 266
therapist, 62, 65, 67
Master’s degree, 40
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs),
336–339
Math
conversion chart, 853, 1027–1028
English/household measurements,
775–776, 1027–1028
metric measurements, 720, 774–775,
853, 1027–1028
Roman numerals, 773–774
temperature conversion, 413–414, 415,
1027
Matriarchal, 262
Maxillary
bone, 158, 160, 558
infiltration, 618
teeth, 558–560
Mechanical lift, 720, 792, 808–811
Median plane, 148, 149
Medicaid, 33
Medical
abbreviations, 120–127
assistant, 50–52, 715–778
careers, 50–52, 716–717
centers, 29
doctor, 50–52
emergency services, 30, 48–49
illustrator, 73, 74, 75
interpreter, 73, 74, 75
laboratories, 30, 68–70
laboratory assistant, 69, 70, 72, 648–714
laboratory technician, 69, 70, 72, 320,
648–714
laboratory technologist, 68, 70
librarian, 73, 74, 75
offices, 29, 35–36
scientist, 77–78, 79
skills, 648–714, 715–778
specialties, 51
symbols, 127
terminology, 87, 119–139
transcriptionist, 73, 74
translator, 73, 74, 75
Medical records
administrator, 72–73, 75
careers, 72–75
completing, 91–92, 319, 987–993
confidentiality, 107–108, 319, 989
errors, 92, 107, 989, 1009
filing, 970–977
storage, 972–973
technician, 73–74, 75
Medical terminology, 119–139
Medicare, 33
Medication aide, 55–57
Medications
botanical, 21, 36
dental anesthesia, 568–572
disposal of, 772–773
herbal, 21
math, 773–776
nature, 36
Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR),
768–770
transdermal, 771–772
types, 770–772, 890
Medigap policies, 33
Meditation, 22, 97, 266
Meiosis, 144–145
Melanoma, 154–155
Memorandums, telephone, 979
Meniere’s disease, 181
Meninges, 171
Meningitis, 175
Mental health
careers, 52–54
development, 236–247
facilities, 30
services, 30, 52
technician, 52–53
wellness, 19
Mercury
dental, 632–633, 636–637
disposal, 416–417, 632–633, 636–637
poisoning, 416–417, 441, 632–633
Messages
communication, 86–88
telephone, 979
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Index
Metabolism, 301–302
Metric
conversion chart, 720, 853, 1028
measurements, 720, 853, 1027–1028
Microbiology, 77, 351–355
Microchips, 526
Microencephaly, 717
Microhematocrit, 671–676
Microorganism, 7, 8, 351–355, 357–359
Microscope, 650–655
Middle adulthood, 238, 245
Midsagittal plane, 148, 149, 558
Midstream urine specimen, 877–878,
882–884
Midwife, nurse, 56
Military time, 1029
Minerals, 297, 298, 300
Mitered corner, 812, 813–815
Mitosis, 144
Mitten
restraint, 901
transfer technique, 385–386, 388
Models, dental, 598–601, 608–614
Modified-block letters, 994–999
Moist compress, 954–955, 963–964
Monkeypox, 354
Montgomery straps, 909–910
Morgue kit, 925
Mortuary
assistant, 54–55
careers, 54–55
Mounting
electrocardiogram, 762, 767–768
radiographs (X-rays), 639–641, 644–645
Mouth
anatomy, 204–205, 206, 301
care, 824, 827–832
cavity, 149, 150
Mouthpieces, 365, 368, 370, 453
Moving patient
bed, 790–802
chair, 790–793, 803–806
emergency care, 450, 451–452, 454
mechanical lift, 720, 792, 809–811
stretcher, 790–793, 806–808
wheelchair, 720, 790–793, 803–806
MRI, 71, 323
Multicompetent or multiskilled worker, 42
Multiple sclerosis, 175
Muscle
aging changes, 279–280
anatomy, 145, 146–147, 163–168
contracture, 165, 790–791, 932
kinds, 146–147, 164
movements, 164–165, 166, 933
range of motion, 166, 932–940
skeletal, 163–168
spasms, 168
strain, 168
tissue, 145, 146–147
tone, 165
using correctly, 334–336
Muscular
dystrophy, 167
system, 146, 147, 163–168, 279–280
Music therapist, 63, 66, 67
My Pyramid, 302–305
Myasthenia gravis, 167–168
Myocardial infarction, 193, 513, 517
Myopia, 178, 179, 734
Myths, aging, 276–278
Myxedema, 220
N
Nails
anatomy, 152
care, 825, 834–835
health worker, 84, 360
Name badge, 83–84
Nasal cavity, 149, 150
Nasogastric tube, 849–850
National Center for Complementary and
Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), 20
National Center for Health Statistics, 717,
718
National health care plan, 23
National Health Care Skill Standards
(NHCSS), 43, 44–45, 1026
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 20,
31, 325
Naturopaths, 20
Needles
dental anesthesia, 618–624
disposal, 365, 367, 370, 620–621
Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act,
363–364
Needs
elderly, 16, 238, 247, 291–292
human, 240, 241, 242, 247, 250–255
Negligence, 105
Nephritis, 214
Nephron, 211–212, 214, 283
Nerve tissue, 145, 146, 169
Nervous system, 95, 146, 147, 168–176,
281–282
Net income, 543–545
Networks, 325–326
Neuralgia, 175
Neurologist, 51
Neuron, 146, 169
Nightingale, Florence, 9, 10
NIH, 20, 31, 325
Nocturia, 213, 283
Nonpathogen, 351
Nonprofit agencies, 32
Nonretention enemas, 889–894
Nonverbal communication, 88, 262–263
Normal saline enema, 889–894
Nose
anatomy, 181, 182, 197–198
cavity, 149, 150, 197–198
examination, 737, 741–742
injuries, 201–202, 507, 511
Nosebleed, 201–202, 507, 511
Nosocomial infection, 355
Note, explanation of, xxxi, 551
Nuclear medicine technologist, 71
Numerical filing, 970–971, 974–977
Nurse
anesthetist, 56
assistant, 55–57, 779–929
careers, 55–57
clinical specialist, 56
educator, 56
midwife, 56
practical, 55–57, 781
practitioner, 56
registered, 55–57, 92, 781
skills, 779–929
vocational, 55–57, 781
Nursing homes, 28–29, 285–286
Nutrients, 297–301
Nutrition
careers, 57–58
diet, 82, 266, 295–313
feeding patient, 855–858
Nutritionist, 57–58
O
Obesity, 100, 307–309
OBRA, 18, 56–57, 900
Observations, 91–92, 737, 826, 909
Obstetrician, 51
Obstructed airway, 457, 469–473, 856
Obstructive pulmonary disease, 201
Obtaining direct smear, 656–660
Occult blood, stool, 879–880, 887–888
Occupational Exposure to Hazardous
Chemicals Standard, 336–338
Occupational health clinics, 31
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 32, 336–338, 363–364,
416, 441
Occupational therapist, 61–62, 64, 67
Occupied bed, 812, 817–820
Odontology, 554
Office
business and accounting skills,
969–1020
dental, 29, 574
medical, 29, 35–36
Oil retention enema, 889, 896–898
Older Americans Act, 292
Olfactory receptors, 181, 182
Ombudsman, 292
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act
(OBRA), 18, 56–57, 900
Oncologist, 51
Open
bed, 812, 820–821
wound, 473–479
Operating room technician, 63, 66, 67, 92
Operative care, 750–751, 906–916
Ophthalmic
assistant, 60–61
laboratory technician, 60–61
medical technologist, 60–61
technician, 60–61
Ophthalmologist, 60–61
Ophthalmoscope, 734, 738–739
Opportunistic infection, 231, 355
Optical centers, 29–30, 60–61
Optician, 60–61
Optometrist, 60–61
Oral
cavity, 149, 150, 204–205, 206
evacuator, 576–578, 581, 582
intake, 849–854, 855–858
hygiene, 594–598, 824, 827–832
medication, 770–771
surgery, 46, 584, 587–589
temperature, 415, 421–422
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
1069
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INDEX
Orbital cavity, 149, 150
Orchitis, 226
Organ
anatomy, 147, 151–234
donation, 268–271
Organisms
classes of, 351–355
human, 141–234
Organizational structure, 35–37
Organizations, student, 1022–1025
Orthodontics, 46
Orthopedist, 51
Orthopnea, 434
OSHA, 32, 336–338, 363–364, 416, 441
Osteomyelitis, 162
Osteopathic medicine, 50
Osteoporosis, 162, 279, 296, 719
Ostomy care, 872–876
Otitis, 181
Otosclerosis, 181
Otoscope, 738–740
Outpatient services, 16, 29
Output records, 849–854
Ovarian cancer, 229–230
Ovaries, 217, 218, 223, 227, 228
Overweight, 307–309, 717
Oximeter, pulse, 322, 922
Oxygen, 199–200, 281, 919–924
P
Pacemaker, cardiac, 187
Paging systems, 981
Pain, 181, 265–266, 413, 909
Pajamas, changing, 825–826, 840–842
Palliative care, 248–250
Pancreas, 207, 208, 217, 218, 221–223, 301
Pancreatitis, 209–210
Pandemic, 23–24, 397
Panoramic X-ray, 640
Papanicolaou (Pap) test, 737, 743–745
Paralysis, 175
Paramedic, 48–49
Paraplegia, 175, 325
Parasympathetic nervous system, 95, 173
Parathyroid gland, 217, 218, 220–221
Parenteral medications, 771, 772
Parkinson’s disease, 175, 526
Partial bed bath, 823
Passport, career, 535–536
Pasteur, Louis, 9, 10
Pathogens, 351–359
Pathologist, 51
Pathologist, speech-language, 63, 66, 67
Pathology assistant, 51
Pathophysiology, See Diseases
Patience, 85
Patient care technician, 56, 92, 781
Patient controlled analgesics (PCAs), 909
Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA),
113–115
Patient’s
rights, 112–113
safety, 339–342
Patriarchal, 262
PDR, 768–770
Pediatrician, 51
Pedodontics, 46, 640
Pegboard system, 1007–1012
Pelvic
cavity, 149, 150
girdle, 159
inflammatory disease (PID), 230
Penis, 225–226, 284
Peptic ulcer, 210
Perfusionist, 63, 66, 67
Periapical radiographs (X-rays), 640
Perineal care, 845–846, 867–870
Perineum, 228, 229
Periodontics, 46
Periodontium, 556, 557, 585
Peripheral nervous system, 169–170,
172–173
Peritonitis, 210
Permanent teeth, 554–557, 559–560
Pernicious anemia, 191
Personal
appearance, 82–84
characteristics, 85–86, 529–530
hygiene, 84, 823–849
protective equipment, 338, 363, 365,
366–367, 369–370, 398, 574
qualities, 81–102, 529–530
safety, 251, 341–342
space, 263–264
PET, 71–72, 323
Pet therapy, 22
pH of urine, 700, 702
Pharmacist, 62, 64, 67, 320
Pharmacy technician, 62, 64
Pharynx, 198, 205
Phenylalanine, 702–703
Phlebitis, 193
Phlebotomist, 69, 70
Photometer, 677, 680–682
Physiatrist, 51, 61, 64
Physical
abuse, 105, 292
changes of aging, 245–246, 278–284
development, 236–247
disabilities, 89, 286–287
examination, 737–747
needs, 250–251
records, 972–973, 987–993
restraints, 105, 900–906
therapist, 62, 64, 67
therapy, 62, 64, 67, 930–968
wellness, 18
Physician
assistant, 50–51
careers, 50–52, 320, 716–717
offices, 29
specialties, 51
Physician’s Current Procedural Terminology, 1000–1003
Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR), 768–770
Physiological needs, 250–251
Physiology, 77, 140–234
Phytochemicals, 22
Pick-up transfer technique, 385–386, 388
Pigmentation, skin, 153–154
Pineal body, 217, 223
Pituitary gland, 216–219
Placenta, 223
Plague, 5, 6, 357, 358
Planes, body, 148–149, 558
Plaque, 594
Plasma, 187–188, 190
Plaster models, 598, 601, 608–611
Platelets, 190–191, 682–683
Play therapy, 22
Pleurisy, 202
Pneumonia, 202
Podiatric medicine, 50
Poisoning, first aid, 483–488
Polycarboxylate, 601, 629–630
Polycythemia, 673, 677, 692
Polysiloxane, 600–601
Polysulfide, 599–600, 605–608
Polyvinylsiloxane, 600–601
Portfolio, career, 535–536
Positioning patient
bed, 790–802
dental chair, 575–576, 580–581, 592–594
examinations, 725–732
shock, 480–481, 482, 728
Positive thought, 22
Positron emission tomography (PET),
71–72, 323
Postmortem care, 925–927
Postoperative, 908–910, 913–915
Post-secondary education, 40–42
Posture, 82, 334–336
Power of Attorney (POA), 113, 114
PPOs, 33, 34
Practical nurse, 55–57
Precautions, standard. See standard precautions
Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs),
33, 34
Prefixes, 127–139
Prejudice, 89–90, 260–261
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS), 230
Preoperative, 906–907, 910–913
Presbyopia, 178, 179
Pressure
bandage, 475, 477–478
points, 475, 478
sense, 181
ulcer, 790–791
Preventive services, 16
Primary teeth, 554–557, 558–560
Privacy
invasion of, 105
providing, 284, 321, 340, 725, 826, 859,
989
rule, 108–110, 321, 329–331
Privileged communications, 107, 108, 110
Problem-solving method, 96
Procedure section, xxxi, 551
Process technician, 77, 78–79
Proctologic position, 728–729, 731–732
Professional
appearance, 82–84
education, 41–42
ethics, 111–112
leadership, 94–95
negligence, 105
standards, 115–116
Projection, 254
Prone position, 726, 729
Prostate gland, 225, 283
Prostatic
cancer, 226
hypertrophy, 226, 283
Prosthodontics, 46
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Index
Protective
equipment, personal, 338, 363, 365,
366–367, 369–370, 398, 574
isolation, 402
Proteins
diet, 311
digestion, 203–208, 301
function, 297, 298
urine, 213, 700, 702–703
Protoplasm, 142
Protozoa, 352–353
Psoriasis, 155, 156
Psychiatric technician, 52–54
Psychiatrist, 51, 52–54
Psychiatry careers, 52–54
Psychological
abuse, 106, 292
barriers to communication, 89–90
Psychologist, 52–54
Psychosocial
changes, 246, 284–287
development, 236–247
Puberty, 242
Pubic lice, 232
Pulmonary disease, 201
Pulse
apical, 414, 438–440
deficit, 438–439
graphing, 435–437
oximeter, 322, 922
pressure, 440–441
pressure points, 475, 478
radial, 431–433
rates, 432
sites, 431
Puncture
skin, 668–671
wound, 474
Pyelonephritis, 214
Pyramid, food, 302–305
Pyrexia, 416
Q
Quadrants
abdominal, 149–150
mouth, 558
Quadriplegia, 175, 325
Quick stain, 683, 686
R
Race, 259
Radial pulse, 431–433
Radiation therapist, 71
Radiographer, 71
Radiographs, 321–324, 568, 639–645
Radiologist, 51, 70
Radiology
careers, 69, 70–72
dental, 568, 639–645
Rales, 434
Range of motion (ROM) exercises, 280,
932–940
Rationalization, 254
Reagent strips
automated strip reader, 696–697
blood, 696–697
glucose, 695–699
urine, 701–705
Reality orientation, 290–291
Recap device, 620–621
Receipts, 1007–1008, 1013–1014,
1018–1019
Records
admission, 72–74, 782–784
dental, 568–573
computer, 107–110, 319, 972–973, 985,
1004, 1009–1010
filing, 970–977
financial, 1007–1012
insurance, 32–35, 999–1006, 1008–1009
intake and output, 849–854
medical, 72–75, 91–92, 107–108,
972–973, 987–993
TPR graphics, 435–437
Recreational therapist, 62, 65, 67
Rectal
enemas, 889–898
examination, 738, 747
medication, 771, 890
temperature, 415, 423–424
tube, 889, 898–900
Rectum, 205, 207
Red blood cells. See erythrocytes
References, 1052–1059
Reflex actions, 238–239, 738–739
Reflexology, 22
Refractometer, 706, 707–708
Regions, abdominal, 149, 150
Registered nurse, 55–57
Registration, 41
Regular diet, 302–305, 310
Rehabilitation
careers, 61–67
facilities, 28, 29, 31
Reiki, 21
Religion, 267–272, 291–292, 305, 306
Renal
calculus, 215
failure, 215
Reporting
errors, 92, 107
injuries, 341, 364, 368
observations, 91–92
Repression, 254
Reproductive system, 146, 147, 224–233,
284
Research
biotechnology, 43, 44–45
computer, 315, 325
Resident’s Bill of Rights, 112–113
Resistant, antibiotic, 656–657
Respiration
counting, 414, 433–435
process, 199, 433
stages, 199–200, 433
Respiratory
infection, 203
shock, 480
system, 146, 147, 197–203, 280–281
therapist, 62, 65, 67
therapy technician, 62, 65–66
Responder, first, 48–49
Restorative materials
amalgam, 572, 584, 587, 589, 632–637
composite, 572, 584, 587, 589, 634,
637–639
instruments, 584–591
Restraints, 105, 900–906
Resume, 530–537
Resuscitation devices, 365, 368, 370, 453
Retention enemas, 889, 896–898
Retinitis pigmentosa, 1020
Retirement, 246, 285
Reverse isolation, 402
Rh factor, 688, 690–691
Rhinitis, 202
Ribs, 158–159
Rickettsiae, 353
Right to die, 249–250
Rights, patient’s, 112–113
Ringworm, 156, 353
Robots, 79
Rocky mountain spotted fever, 484
Roman numerals, 773–774
ROMs, 280, 932–940
Rubber base impression, 599–600, 605–608
Ruptured disk, 163
S
Safety, 333–349
environment, 338–343
equipment, 116, 338–339
ergonomics, 338–342
fire, 343–347
material data sheets, 336–339
medications, 772–773
needs, 251
oxygen, 345, 922, 924
patient, 116, 339–341
personal, 251, 334–336, 341
precautions, 116, 333–349
solutions, 338–339
Salary, 543–545
Saliva
ejector, 577, 582
functions, 205, 301
Salivary gland, 205, 301
Sanitary manager, 75, 76
SARS, 23–24
Satellite clinics/centers, 29
SCANS skills, 536
Scheduling appointments, 319, 978,
983–986
SCHIP, 33–34
School health services, 31
Scientist, biological, 77–78, 79
Scoliosis, 163
Search engines, 326–329
Sebaceous gland, 152, 154
Secondary
education, 40
teeth, 554–557
Secretary
skills, 969–1020
unit, 73, 74
Sedimentation
erythrocyte, 691–695
urine, 701, 709–712
Sediments, urinary, 701, 709–710
Seizure, 174, 514, 518
Self-actualization, 253
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
1071
1072
INDEX
Self-motivation, 85
Senses, special, 91, 146, 147, 176–182, 250,
281–282
Sensitivity
personal, 260
study, 656–657
Septic shock, 480
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS),
23–24, 353–354
Sexual abuse, 106, 292
Sexuality, 251–252, 284
Sexually transmitted diseases, 230–233
Sharps, disposal of, 365, 367, 370, 620–621
Shaving
operative, 750, 753, 907, 910–911
patient, 825, 838–839
Shiatsu, 21
Shingles, 175–176
Shock
first aid, 479–482
insulin, 515–516, 518–519
types, 480
Shoes, 84
Shower, 823, 847–849
Sickle cell anemia, 191, 683, 692
Sigmoid colon, 205, 207
Sigmoidoscope, 726, 738
Sign language interpreter, 74, 75
Silicones, 600–601
Sim’s position, 726, 729–730
Sinuses, 158, 198
Sinusitis, 202
Sitz bath, 955, 965–966
Skeletal system, 146, 147, 156–163,
279–280
Skill Standards, National Health Care, 43,
44–45, 1026
Skilled care facilities, 28–29
SkillsUSA, 1023–1025
Skin
aging, 279
anatomy, 151–156
burns, 488–493
chemical injuries, 483–484, 486–487,
490, 492
layers, 151, 152, 489
preparation, surgery, 750, 753, 907,
910–911
puncture, 668–671
Slander, 106
Sleep apnea, 202–203
Slides
blood, 682–687
culture, 656–657, 660–667
hemoccult, 879–880, 887–888
urine, 709–712
Slings, 501, 504
Smallpox, 357, 358
Smear
blood, 682–687
culture, 656, 660–661
direct, 656, 660–661
Smell, 181, 182, 282
Snakebite, 484, 487, 776
Snellen chart, 732–735
Soap solution enema, 889–894
Social
changes in aging, 277, 285
development, 236–247
services, 52
wellness, 19
worker, 52–54
Sociologist, 52–54
Sodium-restricted diet, 311
Soft diet, 310
Solutions
chemical, 336–338
safety, 336–339, 365, 367, 370
ultrasonic, 381–384
Somatic nervous system, 170, 172–173
Sonographer, 69, 71
Space, personal, 263–264
Spasm, muscle, 168
Specific gravity, urine, 700, 705–709
Specimens
culture, 656–667
stool, 879–880, 886–888
urine, 699–701, 853, 877–885
Speculum, 738–739
Speech impairment, 89
Speech-language pathologist, 63, 66, 67
Sphygmomanometer, 441–443, 738–739
Spinal
anesthesia, 908
cavity, 149, 150
column, 158, 159
cord, 158, 171, 173, 325
curvatures, 163
injuries, 480, 502
Spiritual
therapies, 22, 266
wellness, 19
Spirituality, 267–272
Spleen, 196, 323
Splenomegaly, 196
Splints, 499–501, 503
Sports medicine, 51, 63, 66, 67
Sprains, 161–162, 499
Spreadsheets, 319, 320
Standard precautions, 363–371, 397–398,
399, 401, 574–575, 579, 601, 657–658,
669, 701, 740, 751, 812–813, 826, 853,
859–860, 867–868, 874, 880, 890, 956
Standards
Bloodborne Pathogen, 338, 363
National Health Care Skill, 43, 44–45,
1026
Occupational Exposure to Hazardous
Chemicals, 336–338
Privacy of Individually Identifiable
Health Information, 108–110
professional, 115–116
safety, 333–349
State abbreviations, 997
State Children’s Health Insurance Program, 33–34
Statement-receipt, 1007–1008
Statistical data sheet, 987, 988, 991–992
Stem cell, 117, 145, 646
Stent, coronary, 192
Stereotype, 260–261
Sterile supply technician, 75, 76, 93
Sterile techniques
dressing change, 395–397
dressing tray, 389–392
gloves, 392–394
minor surgery, 748–754
opening supplies, 385–389
suture removal, 750, 751, 755–756
tray set-up, 385–386, 389–392
Sterile urine specimen, 878
Sterilization
autoclave, 356–357, 371–378
dry heat, 357
wrapping for, 371–376
Sternum, 159, 160
Stethoscope, 438, 443, 738–739
Stoma, 872–876
Stomach, 205, 206, 301
Stone models, 598, 601, 612
Stool specimen, 879–880, 886–888
Strabismus, 179
Straight binder, 917–919
Strains, 168, 499
Stress
management, 95–97
test, 322
Stretcher, 790–793, 806–808
Stroke
cerebrovascular, 174, 513–514, 517
heat, 494, 495
Subject filing, 971
Sublingual medication, 771
Succedaneous teeth, 554–557, 559–560
Sudoriferous gland, 152, 153
Suffixes, 127–138
Sugar
blood, 695–699
nutrient, 297
urine, 695, 700, 702–703
Suicide, 243–244
Supine position, 726, 729
Support services, 43, 44–45, 75–77
Suppository, 890
Suppression, 254
Surfaces, teeth, 565–567, 594–595
Surgeon, 51, 92
Surgery
careers, 61, 63, 66, 67
dental, 46, 584, 587–589
heart, 66, 192
minor, 748–754
oral, 46
robotic, 79
Surgical
care, 750–751, 906–916
clinics/centers, 29
extraction tray, 584, 587–589
hose, 909, 915–916
instruments, 587–589, 748–751
technologist/technician, 63, 66, 67, 92
Surrogate, health care, 113–115
Suture removal, 750, 751, 755–756
Swedish massage, 23
Symbols
dental, 570–572
icons, xxxi, 551
medical, 127
religious, 268–271, 291–292
Sympathetic nervous system, 95, 173
Syphilis, 232–233
Syringes
air-water, 577, 581–582
aspirating, 618–624
tri-flow, 577, 581–582
Systems
body, 146, 147, 151–234
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Index
bookkeeping, 1007–1012
health care, 26–31
Systole, 185
Systolic pressure, 440, 441
T
Tachycardia, 432
Tachypnea, 434
Tact, 85
T’ai Chi, 22, 266
Tap-water enema, 889–894
Tape application, 396, 397
Taste, 181, 182, 282
Tattoos, 84
Taxes, 543–545
Teamwork, 92–94, 529–530
Technician
animal health, 58–60
biomedical equipment, 75, 76, 77
biotechnological, 77, 78, 79
central/sterile supply, 75, 76
dental laboratory, 46–48
diagnostic vascular, 68, 69
dialysis, 63, 66
dietetic, 57–58
education, 41–42
electrocardiograph, 68–69
emergency medical, 48–49
forensic science, 77, 79
health information, 73–74, 75, 319–320
medical laboratory, 69, 70, 72, 320,
648–714
medical records, 73–74, 75
mental health, 52–54
nurse, 56, 781
ophthalmic, 60–61
ophthalmic laboratory, 60–61
patient care, 56, 92, 781
pharmacy, 62, 64
process, 78–79
psychiatric, 52–54
respiratory therapy, 62, 65–66
sterile supply, 75, 76, 93
surgical, 63, 66, 67, 92
veterinary, 58–60
Technologist
animal health, 58–60
cardiovascular, 68, 69, 72
clinical laboratory, 68, 70, 72, 648–714
education, 41–42
electroencephalographic, 68, 69
electroneurodiagnostic, 68, 69, 72
extracorporeal circulation, 63, 66, 67
medical laboratory, 68, 70, 72, 648–714
nuclear medicine, 71
ophthalmic medical, 60–61
radiologic, 69, 70–72
surgical, 63, 66, 67
ultrasound, 71
veterinarian, 58–60
Teeth
abbreviations, 566–567
anatomy, 204, 554–557
brushing, 594–596, 824, 827–828
conditions, 568–573
custom tray, 615–617
deciduous, 554–557, 558–560
eruption, 554–555
Federation Dentaire International (FDI)
System, 561–562, 564
flossing, 594–595, 597–598, 824, 827–828
function, 204, 301
identification, 558–560
impressions, 598–608
models, 598–601, 608–614
oral hygiene, 594–598, 824, 827–832
permanent, 554–557, 559–560
primary, 554–557, 558–560
radiographs, 568, 639–645
restoratives, 570, 572, 584, 587, 589,
632–639
secondary, 554–557, 559–560
succedaneous, 554–557, 559–560
surfaces, 565–567, 594–595
tissues, 554–557
types, 558–560
Universal/National Numbering System,
560–561, 563, 568–570
X-rays, 568, 639–645
Telemedicine, 18, 326
Telepharmacies, 326
Telephone, 977–983
Temperature
aural, 415, 417, 426–427
axillary, 415, 424–425
charting, 418–419, 435–437
converting, 413–414, 415, 1027–1028
graphing, 435–437
groin, 415
oral, 415, 421–422
recording, 418–419, 435–437
rectal, 415, 423–424
regulation, 153, 413, 414
temporal, 415–416, 417–418, 430–431
thermometers, 415, 416–418
tympanic, 415, 417, 426–427
variations, 414–416
Tendon, 146, 164–165
Tent, oxygen, 920
Terminal illness, 90–91, 247
Terminology
medical, 87, 119–139
Physician’s Current Procedural,
1000–1003
Testes, 217, 218, 223, 224, 225, 284
Testicular
cancer, 226
self-examination, 226
Tests, waived, 649–650
Tetanus, 473, 476, 478
Therapeutic
careers, 44–45, 46–67
cluster standards, 43, 44–45, 1026
diets, 266, 309–312
massage, 23, 62, 65, 266
services, 43, 44–45, 46–47
touch, 23, 266
Therapist
art, music, dance, 63, 66, 67
education, 41–42
massage, 62, 65, 67
occupational, 61–62, 64, 67
physical, 62, 64, 67, 931
radiation, 71
recreational, 62, 65, 67
respiratory, 62, 65, 67
speech-language, 63, 66, 67
Therapy
complementary/alternative (CAM),
19–23, 264–266
massage, 23, 65
pet, 22
physical, 930–968
play, 22
spiritual, 19, 22, 267–272
Thermometer
cleaning, 419–421
clinical, 415, 416–417
disposable, 418
electronic, 417, 428–429
mercury disposal, 416–417
reading, 418–419
temporal, 415–416, 417–418, 430–431
tympanic, 415, 417, 426–427
types, 415, 416–418
Thermotherapy, 955–956, 959–966
Thoracic
cavity, 149, 150
duct, 195–196
Thought, positive, 22
Thrombocyte, 190–191, 682–683
Thrombolytic drugs, 193
Thrombophlebitis, 193
Thrombus, 193, 280
Thymus, 196, 217, 218, 223
Thyroid gland, 217, 218, 220
Tick, 484, 487
Time
management, 97–100
military, 1029
Tineas, 156
Tissues
body, 145–147
lymph, 194–196
teeth, 554–557
Tobacco abuse, 82–83
Today’s research, tomorrow’s health care,
24, 36, 79, 100, 117, 139, 232, 255, 273,
293, 312, 330, 348, 410, 446, 526, 548,
713, 776, 928, 967, 1020
Tongue, 181, 182, 204–205, 301
Tonometer, 734
Tonsillitis, 196
Tonsils, 195–196
Tooth, See teeth
Toothbrushes, 595
Toothpastes, 595
Topical anesthetic, 618, 750, 771
Tornado safety, 345
Torts, 104–106
Touch
cultural differences, 91, 263–264
healing, 21
nonverbal communication, 88, 262–263
sense, 181
therapeutic, 23, 266
TPR graphs, 435–437
Trachea, 198, 199
Training, health care, 40–42
Transcriptionist, medical, 73, 74
Transdermal medication, 771–772
Transfer
belt, 940–941, 945–947
forceps, 385–386, 388
Transfers
chair, 790–793, 803–806
culture specimens, 656–658, 660–665
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
1073
1074
INDEX
Transfers (continued)
gait belt, 940–941, 945–947
mechanical lift, 720, 792, 809–811
room/unit, 782–784, 786–788
sterile, 385–392
stretcher, 790–793, 806–808
wheelchair, 720, 790–793, 803–806
Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), 288
Translator, 73, 74, 75
Transmission-based isolation, 397–409
Transverse plane, 148, 149, 558
Trays
custom, 615–617
dental, 584–591
dressing, 389–392
minor surgery, 748–754
sterile technique, 385–397
suture removal, 750, 751, 755–756
Trendelenberg position, 728, 731
Trends
health care, 14–25
historical, 2–14
Triage, 451, 978
TRICARE, 34
Trichomonas vaginalis, 233, 353
Tri-flow syringe, 577, 581–582
Trimming models, 613–614
Tub bath, 823, 847–849
Tub, sitz, 965–966
Tube
catheter, 864–872
drainage, 851, 864–868, 870–872, 909
feedings, 849–850
gastrostomy, 849–850
nasogastric, 849–850
rectal, 889, 898–900
Tuberculosis, 203
Tularemia, 358
Tuning fork, 738–739, 741–742
Turning patient, 454, 792, 797–801
24 hour
clock, 1029
urine specimen, 878–879, 884–885
Tympanic
membrane, 180
temperature, 415, 417, 426–427
Typing blood, 70, 687–691
U
Ulcer
digestive, 210
pressure, 790–791
Ulcerative colitis, 210
Ultrasonic cleaning, 381–384
Ultrasonography, 71, 323–324
Ultrasound technologist, 71
Underweight, 307–309, 717
Uniforms, 83
Uninterrupted power supply (UPS), 329
Unit coordinator, 73, 74
Universal/National Numbering System,
560–561, 563, 568–570
Universal precautions. See Standard
precautions
Uremia, 215
Ureter, 212
Ureterostomy, 872
Urethra, 212, 213, 225
Urethritis, 215–216
Urinal, 859–860, 863–864
Urinalysis, 699–701
Urinary
calculus, 215
catheter care, 864–872
conditions, 213–216, 283, 700
diseases, 213–216, 700
drainage unit, 851, 864–872
reagent strips, 701–705
sediments, 701, 709–712
system, 146, 147, 210–216, 283
Urine
components, 213, 700
production, 211–212
specimens, 699–701, 853, 877–885
Urine tests, 699–712
reagent strips, 699–705
sediment, 701, 709–712
specific gravity, 700, 705–709
urinalysis, 699–701
Urinometer, 705–707
Urobilinogen, 700, 702–703
U.S. Department of Agriculture, 302
U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services (USDHHS), 31, 108
Uterus, 227–228, 229, 284
V
Vaccine
anthrax, 358
hepatitis, 354, 363
influenza, 202
smallpox, 358
Valuables, care of, 782, 785, 787, 789, 907,
912, 925, 927
van Leeuwenhoek, Anton, 7, 8
Varicose veins, 193
Varnish, dental, 625–627
Vascular technologist, 68–69
Vasectomy, 224
Veins
anatomy, 187, 189, 190
obtaining blood, 324, 668
varicose, 193
Venipuncture, 324, 668
Venous blood, 187, 474, 668
Ventral cavity, 149, 150
Ventricles
brain, 171, 174–175
heart, 184–185, 186
Verbal
abuse, 106, 292
communication, 86–88
Verrucae, 156
Vertebrae, 158, 159, 163
Veterinarian, 58–60
Veterinary careers, 58–60
Villi, 206, 207
Viruses, 23–24, 353–354, 358
Viruses, computer, 329
Vision
aging changes, 281
careers, 60–61
defects, 89, 178–179, 281
screening, 732–736
services, 29–30, 60–61
Vital signs, 412–447, 908
Vitamins, 297, 298, 299
Voluntary agency, 32
Vomiting, inducing, 483, 486
Vulva, 228, 229
W
Walker, 280, 944, 953–954
Ward clerk, 73, 74
Warm water bag, 955, 959–961
Warts, 156, 353
Washing hands, 359–362, 365, 366
Waste
disposal, 365, 368, 370
mercury spill, 416–417, 632–633
Water, 297, 301
Waterless
bath, 823–824
handwashing, 360–361
Watson, James, 11, 12
Weight
management, 100, 305–309
measurement, 717–725
Wellness, 18–19, 296
West Nile virus, 354
Wheelchair, 720, 790–793, 803–806
Wheezing, 434
White blood cell. See leukocyte
WHO, 23–24, 31, 1000
Will, living, 113, 114
Withdrawal, 255
Word
elements, 127–139
processing, 319
Work
applying for, 528–549
changes in aging, 277, 285
World Health Organization (WHO), 23–24,
31, 1000
Worms, 354–355
Wounds
cleansing, 396, 476, 478
dressing, 389–392, 473–479, 519–520
first aid, 473–479
types, 473–474
Wraps
autoclave, 371–376
bandage, 519–525
Wright’s stain, 683, 685–687
X
X-rays
careers, 69, 70–72
dental, 568, 639–645
Y
Yoga, 23, 266
Z
Zinc oxide eugenol, 625, 630–632
Zinc phosphate, 625
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
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1.1 Licensed Content. The Licensed Content may contain portions of modifiable content (“Modifiable Content”) and content which may not be modified or
otherwise altered by the End User (“Non-Modifiable Content”). For purposes of this Agreement, Modifiable Content and Non-Modifiable Content may be
collectively referred to herein as the “Licensed Content.” All Licensed Content shall be considered Non-Modifiable Content, unless such Licensed Content is
presented to the End User in a modifiable format and it is clearly indicated that modification of the Licensed Content is permitted.
1.2 Subject to the End User’s compliance with the terms and conditions of this Agreement, Delmar Cengage Learning hereby grants the End User, a nontransferable, nonexclusive, limited right to access and view a single copy of the Licensed Content on a single personal computer system for noncommercial, internal,
personal use only. The End User shall not (i) reproduce, copy, modify (except in the case of Modifiable Content), distribute, display, transfer, sublicense, prepare derivative work(s) based on, sell, exchange, barter or transfer, rent, lease, loan, resell, or in any other manner exploit the Licensed Content; (ii) remove,
obscure, or alter any notice of Delmar Cengage Learning’s intellectual property rights present on or in the Licensed Content, including, but not limited to,
copyright, trademark, and/or patent notices; or (iii) disassemble, decompile, translate, reverse engineer, or otherwise reduce the Licensed Content.
2.0 TERMINATION
2.1 Delmar Cengage Learning may at any time (without prejudice to its other rights or remedies) immediately terminate this Agreement and/or suspend access to
some or all of the Licensed Content, in the event that the End User does not comply with any of the terms and conditions of this Agreement. In the event of such
termination by Delmar Cengage Learning, the End User shall immediately return any and all copies of the Licensed Content to Delmar Cengage Learning.
3.0 PROPRIETARY RIGHTS
3.1 The End User acknowledges that Delmar Cengage Learning owns all rights, title and interest, including, but not limited to, all copyright rights therein, in and
to the Licensed Content, and that the End User shall not take any action inconsistent with such ownership. The Licensed Content is protected by U.S., Canadian and other applicable copyright laws and by international treaties, including the Berne Convention and the Universal Copyright Convention. Nothing
contained in this Agreement shall be construed as granting the End User any ownership rights in or to the Licensed Content.
3.2 Delmar Cengage Learning reserves the right at any time to withdraw from the Licensed Content any item or part of an item for which it no longer retains the
right to publish, or which it has reasonable grounds to believe infringes copyright or is defamatory, unlawful, or otherwise objectionable.
4.0 PROTECTION AND SECURITY
4.1 The End User shall use its best efforts and take all reasonable steps to safeguard its copy of the Licensed Content to ensure that no unauthorized reproduction, publication, disclosure, modification, or distribution of the Licensed Content, in whole or in part, is made. To the extent that the End User becomes
aware of any such unauthorized use of the Licensed Content, the End User shall immediately notify Delmar Cengage Learning. Notification of such violations may be made by sending an e-mail to delmarhelp@cengage.com.
5.0 MISUSE OF THE LICENSED PRODUCT
5.1 In the event that the End User uses the Licensed Content in violation of this Agreement, Delmar Cengage Learning shall have the option of electing liquidated
damages, which shall include all profits generated by the End User’s use of the Licensed Content plus interest computed at the maximum rate permitted by
law and all legal fees and other expenses incurred by Delmar Cengage Learning in enforcing its rights, plus penalties.
6.0 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT CLIENTS
6.1 Except as expressly authorized by Delmar Cengage Learning, Federal Government clients obtain only the rights specified in this Agreement and no other
rights. The Government acknowledges that (i) all software and related documentation incorporated in the Licensed Content is existing commercial computer software within the meaning of FAR 27.405(b)(2); and (2) all other data, delivered in whatever form, is limited rights data within the meaning of FAR
27.401. The restrictions in this section are acceptable as consistent with the Government’s need for software and other data under this Agreement.
7.0 DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES AND LIABILITIES
7.1 Although Delmar Cengage Learning believes the Licensed Content to be reliable, Delmar Cengage Learning does not guarantee or warrant (i) any information or materials contained in or produced by the Licensed Content, (ii) the accuracy, completeness or reliability of the Licensed Content, or (iii) that the
Licensed Content is free from errors or other material defects. THE LICENSED PRODUCT IS PROVIDED “AS IS,” WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY OF ANY KIND
AND DELMAR CENGAGE LEARNING DISCLAIMS ANY AND ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. IN NO EVENT SHALL DELMAR CENGAGE LEARNING BE LIABLE FOR:
INDIRECT, SPECIAL, PUNITIVE OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES INCLUDING FOR LOST PROFITS, LOST DATA, OR OTHERWISE. IN NO EVENT SHALL
DELMAR CENGAGE LEARNING’S AGGREGATE LIABILITY HEREUNDER, WHETHER ARISING IN CONTRACT, TORT, STRICT LIABILITY OR OTHERWISE,
EXCEED THE AMOUNT OF FEES PAID BY THE END USER HEREUNDER FOR THE LICENSE OF THE LICENSED CONTENT.
8.0 GENERAL
8.1 Entire Agreement. This Agreement shall constitute the entire Agreement between the Parties and supercedes all prior Agreements and understandings oral
or written relating to the subject matter hereof.
8.2 Enhancements/Modifications of Licensed Content. From time to time, and in Delmar Cengage Learning’s sole discretion, Delmar Cengage Learning may
advise the End User of updates, upgrades, enhancements and/or improvements to the Licensed Content, and may permit the End User to access and use,
subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, such modifications, upon payment of prices as may be established by Delmar Cengage Learning.
8.3 No Export. The End User shall use the Licensed Content solely in the United States and shall not transfer or export, directly or indirectly, the Licensed Content
outside the United States.
8.4 Severability. If any provision of this Agreement is invalid, illegal, or unenforceable under any applicable statute or rule of law, the provision shall be deemed
omitted to the extent that it is invalid, illegal, or unenforceable. In such a case, the remainder of the Agreement shall be construed in a manner as to give
greatest effect to the original intention of the parties hereto.
8.5 Waiver. The waiver of any right or failure of either party to exercise in any respect any right provided in this Agreement in any instance shall not be deemed
to be a waiver of such right in the future or a waiver of any other right under this Agreement.
8.6 Choice of Law/Venue. This Agreement shall be interpreted, construed, and governed by and in accordance with the laws of the State of New York, applicable
to contracts executed and to be wholly preformed therein, without regard to its principles governing conflicts of law. Each party agrees that any proceeding
arising out of or relating to this Agreement or the breach or threatened breach of this Agreement may be commenced and prosecuted in a court in the State
and County of New York. Each party consents and submits to the nonexclusive personal jurisdiction of any court in the State and County of New York in
respect of any such proceeding.
8.7 Acknowledgment. By opening this package and/or by accessing the Licensed Content on this Web site, THE END USER ACKNOWLEDGES THAT IT HAS READ
THIS AGREEMENT, UNDERSTANDS IT, AND AGREES TO BE BOUND BY ITS TERMS AND CONDITIONS. IF YOU DO NOT ACCEPT THESE TERMS AND CONDITIONS, YOU MUST NOT ACCESS THE LICENSED CONTENT AND RETURN THE LICENSED PRODUCT TO DELMAR CENGAGE LEARNING (WITHIN 30
CALENDAR DAYS OF THE END USER’S PURCHASE) WITH PROOF OF PAYMENT ACCEPTABLE TO DELMAR CENGAGE LEARNING, FOR A CREDIT OR A REFUND. Should the End User have any questions/comments regarding this Agreement, please contact Delmar Cengage Learning at delmarhelp@cengage.com.
Delmar Cengage Learning End User License Agreement, December 2007
Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.