INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY
INDC(CCP)-434
Distr.: IE/EL
Revision 1
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INDC
INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR DATA COMMITTEE
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Yields of
Residual Product Nuclei Produced in Thin Targets
Irradiated by 100-2600 MeV Protons
Yury E. Titarenko
(Project manager)
Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP)
Principal executives: Yu.E. Titarenko, V.F. Batyaev, E.I. Karpikhin, R.D. Mulambetov,
A.B. Koldobsky, V.M. Zhivun, S.V. Mulambetova, K.A. Lipatov, Yu.A. Nekrasov,
A.V. Belkin, N.N. Alexeev, V.A. Schegolev, Yu.M. Goryachev, V.E. Luk’yashin,
E.N. Firsov
February 2003
_________________________________________________________________
IAEA NUCLEAR DATA SECTION, WAGRAMER STRASSE 5, A-1400 VIENNA
Documents in the EL series are available in only limited quantities in hardcopy form. They
may be downloaded in electronic form from http://www-nds.iaea.org/indc_sel.html or sent as
an e-mail attachment. Requests for hardcopy or e-mail transmittal should be directed to
services@iaeand.iaea.org or to:
Nuclear Data Section
International Atomic Energy Agency
PO Box 100
Wagramer Strasse 5
A-1400 Vienna
Austria
February 2003
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Extracted Proton Beam Shapes
Beam Intensity (arb. units)
200MeV Horizontal projection
200MeV Vertical projection
3
3
2
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0
0
0
10
20
30
40
800MeV#1 Horizontal projection
0
2
6
20
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30
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40
800MeV#1 Vertical projection
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4
1
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0.5
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10
20
30
40
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800MeV#2 Horizontal projection
10
20
800MeV#2 Vertical projection
4
4
2
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0
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10
10
10
20
30
40
2600MeV Horizontal projection
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6
7.5
10
20
2600MeV Vertical projection
4
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2
2.5
0
0
0
10
20
30
40
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172
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Lu
172
172
Ta
171
Hf
171
Lu
171
Lu
170
Yb
169
Tm
166
-3
176
10
-2
Tm
10
165
Cross section [mb]
10
*,=:=F*ADFd´[*EDF-s‹h{b2'‰J>=:DF9
_`*,"%h4XCB'D$*,.,z+N>w=:*,9:^W'D:´[Êu†>=:*,ND$.Zz9:*,NH.ADF^&4*,.,9]?=F*,P+'DF*EO4}=:L+'DF*,
>=:H+'DF9V*,
I
*,=:=F*ADFN´[*EDF-1s‹hUb2'‰Š>=:DF90V-]+HNH.ADF*EO4<&4*,.,9S=:].W.,N|+B´[-1DF-
=:9:>+'DF*EO4*,>D<&4*,.,9[=:.,9:{9:-´[
Lv6
Mass Yield [mb]
Mass yields in
10
2
182
W,
183
W,
184
W, and
EXPERIMENT
CEM95
LAHET
INUCL
HETC
YIELDX
CASCADE
10
10
W irradiated with 0.2GeV protons
2
182
183
W
W
1
140
10
EXPERIMENT
CEM95
LAHET
INUCL
HETC
YIELDX
CASCADE
10
1
Mass Yield [mb]
186
160
2
180
EXPERIMENT
CEM95
LAHET
INUCL
HETC
YIELDX
CASCADE
10
140
10
160
2
EXPERIMENT
CEM95
LAHET
INUCL
HETC
YIELDX
CASCADE
10
184
180
186
W
W
1
1
140
160
180
Product mass number
140
Ž/ / / /
160
180
Product mass number
_`*,"hxX0V-Œ9:*,NH.ADFJ9:9Ê*,9DF=:*,WHDF*,9y?1=:L+'DF*,‚>=:H+'DF9ÊDF"'DF-=z´[*EDF-‚DF-ÇNL9:H=:
+HNH.ADF*EO429:H>=F|+HNH.ADF*EO4B&4*,.,9V*,
$I
LvPx
*,=:=F*ADFd´[*EDF-s‹h{b2'‰‚>=:DF9
Statistics of sim-to-exp ratios for 0.2GeV proton-irradiated 182W
30
25
CEM95
LAHET
INUCL
CASCADE
HETC
YIELDX
20
15
10
5
0
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
σcalc,i/σexp,i
_`*,"4hp4X36D$ADF*,9DF*,+9ˆ?DF-]9:*,NH.ADF*,4rDFA|u†>=:*,ND=FADF*,9]m@+=:*EDF=:*,dhoZ?@=
b2'‰‚>=:DF9
Lv6p
-1
10
/
I
1
1
10
2
10
*,=:=F*ADF{´[*EDF-ds‹h
0/
PaHa:ub)wS cdfe`g'ƒGh.u c{Ha| =PRQSMO9TPR7GMOgQU;5i:ƒGFVPRu 6$d{g'd Wj'L FNH MO6GX h.Y [ wGHau\:cE='QS~ P25]8^’_EkmLOl'Q wGnZu w{PRƒ eoWkpHat{u e`|{ƒj'q
x{x8Œ u c xS|GŒ u d x8t{Œ u  xSƒGŒ u c xSƒGŒ u c }GxSu ƒGƒuxS~ ƒ
wEwS:~Euu |x EƒGx8uu |w ww{|Gd8uu tt wwd8d8uu |x dSdSwG}Guu ~ :wE~Et{uu d~
EtVƒGwGd8uuu |dt d{tUcGx8~Euuu x~~ :tVwGƒGt{uuu ƒt :t}Gx8t{uuu ƒƒƒ ƒSƒ{x{:ƒGd8uuu cxd dStV|GƒGwGuuu dd
{E:d8uu d~ 8cG~Euu }x dS}G|Guu |x :wGt{uu ww ƒ{ƒS:|Guu }x ƒ~Ed8t{uu }
:ƒGuu |{tƒd wGƒGuu |{xU} wGt{uu c{|Sw t{t{uu xUc d8~Euu wc wGt{uu EcSx
|GcGu |u wd ~EcGu :u dt wGd{x8u dSu w~ :t{t{u {u | ƒ{|G|Gu }{u cw {::u w{u |c
wEdUdS:ƒG~Euuu |cƒ wEcGƒG~Euuu w}d dUd{:cGx8uuu }ww w{wG|GcGuuu w|t ƒ{wEdS|G|G~Euuu ~tt w{xStVƒGwGƒGuuu |x~
wGdSd|G~Eu uu wƒƒ 8dSt{wG~Eu xSuu ww~ }GdSd{u cGd8ƒ{}{uu xd } }Gu wGwG}Euu~U| ƒ }Gƒd{u x8x8~U|uu cc d w{xUt{:}Gu ƒGuu c|t
dSd{}Gd8uu c| w{w{cG|Guu } d8|Gt{uu dt EcGx8uu |t w{wwGx8uu | :wE~Et{uu x
d8d{d8t{uu |~ :wGt{uu }d dSd{}Gd8uu cw EdSƒGx8uu xx wGw{}Gt{uu }x :w{|Gt{uu w
wE{dS}GƒGd8uuu }ƒd w{wGxSƒGcGt{uuu |ƒ~ wEw{wG|G~Euuu ddt Eww{cGx8d8uuu }ct xUtVtV:|GcGuuu d~ wwGxd8~Et{uuu }x~
x{tV|Gx8uu ƒ tVtVcGcGuu cƒ tUtd8~Euu w} wG|Guu ƒ{}w cGcGuu c}dx tVtVcGcGuu tt
wSxS:ƒGuu ƒ~ xSx{|Gx8uu wd x{tUx8~Euu |~ }GwGu }u xS} c tVtVwG}Guu c| xS|GŒ u ƒ
cGt{uu }{}ƒ tVt{wGu wSu | }Gtu d8}Eu~U} w x{d8Œ u ~ }G~Eu wu ƒ{xS} } }Gtu x8~EutVw ƒ
~}GEtu x8c{u }{wSu cx  ƒGtVtVƒGwGu tVuu w}x x8ttV}Gd8u ƒuu cx~ wxU~E:x8u ƒ{uu wƒt d8x8~Euuu ExSd8wxt ƒGt{tV}Gt{u dSuu cƒc
ŒŒ }G}Guu d{xS}{x8ct }G}Guu }{|wSx{d ŒŒ }G}Guu EtVwGd8tt t{t{uu 8ƒ~
ŒŒ }G}Guu }ExScS~Uƒ t{t{uu c~{x~
ŒŒ }G}Guu }tVw{x|~ }Gt{u uxU|d |
ŒŒ }G}Guu xStV}S}{c }Gx8u c{u |{wG| t ŒŒ }G}Guu }StN8|~ }Gt{u uxw{~{c ~
Œ }Gu tVw{w }Gu txSw Œ }Gu }{}E~ }Gu t{td
0[W.,xxXwj`†>=:*,ND$.!+L.,+H.ADF1&4*,.,9S?@=:
13254687:9<;
>m>mr<€5€T><„s F
>m>mr5€5‹‡ =Q
>m>m€@€@ŠŠ ==QQ
>m>m€5€5‹ =hQ‘
>m>m€5€<A> hh‘‘
>m>m€5€<A> he’7 ‘
>m>m€@€@™™ e’e’77
>m>m‡5‡5A We’7 \
>m>m‡5‡5€‡ W=C[\
>m>m‡5‡5‡ =C=C[[
>m>m‡<‡<>> =C=C[[
>m>m‡@5™ H3H322
>m>m55‡ H3h.24
>m>m55€‹ h.j'4B
>m>m55A j'j'BB
>m>pŠ5‹‡ =C\6
>p>pŠŠ r€ H37 6
>p>mŠ‹5 H3H377
>r5mA5r € q'PaFF
r5r@ŠVr Ws 2
r5€@Š‹Ns \\
5 g'F X
'= >@?5A
tVtVcGwdUu cS[ v
|Gt{d8uu }{utNtV{cS6 vv
t{~Uu tN}{{6 v
xSt{wGu |Eu ƒS~vB
ƒG|Gtx8uu xU~Uu }{tNv66
x8x8uu }G}GttxSxS66
wtVx8|Gu u }|ExS~ƒ{[ 6
cG~Euu x{~U}SdSv6
w{~Ew{}Gu wS~Uu }{[}SƒSv v
xSwGw{|Gu ƒSx8u dS[ tN|Sv v
w{wGdSuƒS}[ dU[
|GƒGu utN{{v v
x8d8uu w{w|SxSv6
xUdU|G:}Gu xu dSu ~U6 66
xUd8:u c{u w{tV66
tVwEw{~EƒGu ƒSu 6 }{6
tVw|{}{x8wGƒGu uu~{ƒ~U6dS6 6
t{U:|{~EƒGu 8u u~{xS~S~U6xS6 6
=CBEDGF
99L
99
99L
99
L”L”“•“•[†[†–'–'—E—E˜˜
L”“•[†99 –'—E˜
99
9L
999 
999 
99
99
99
9L
99
99
99
L”“•[†9 –'—E˜
9L
JH Y I8[ DK\:QSBE25L FN]8MO^ 6
:x{u d8dS|#u $y‚y‚}Gx8u u~Sc x
t{dSu }GtN$u c#y‚yŽ}G:u x{u w x
w{d8dS|GƒGt{uuu w#dt y‚yŽyŽ::d8uuu |dt
8ƒ{}G|G~Euuu c#xt yŽy…yŽ::wGuuu w|
wGcGuu ƒ{ƒG|#t y‚y‚}GwGuu ~U}c
:d8dSu |G}St{$uu }#t y‰yŽyŽx8::u ux{u t d
ƒ{{dS}G:ƒGu ƒ#uu c#x y y…yŽt:ƒGx8uu }xu x
wGdu ~E~Eut w#y‚yŽ}G:u u~Ux ƒ
:8~Et{uu w#x y‰yŽ:~Euu xt
dUdS:cGuu $$yŽyŽ::uu wx
w{{dU::|Guuu $ƒ#t yŽy…y…:wGwGuuu }x
x8xS}Gt{uu w#t yzyzt{t{uu |w
w{xSƒG|Guu }#~y…y‚wGx8uu w
t{x{tVu cGx8tN$uu dt y‚yzyz}Gt{t{u uuxScx w
ƒ}GGu c{tVu wG}w{xƒu c#y‚y‚yz}G}Gt{uu w{}{u } c|{ƒ
}G}Guu wS|{w{ƒƒ y‚y‚}G}Guu }E}{ƒ{~ƒ
}G}Guu |{d{c{d{}xy‚y‚}G}Guu }StEx{dx
}G}Guu dSxSƒ{|Gwt y‚y‚}G}Guu }{}{ƒ{w{ƒ}
LvPt
FI
*,=:=F*ADFd´[*EDF-s tNb2'‰J>=:DF9
Products in
EXPERIMENT
LAHET<F>=1.81
CEM95<F>=1.55
2
W irradiated with 0.8GeV protons
HETC<F>=2.69
INUCL<F>=2.15
CASCADE<F>=2.03
YIELDX<F>=1.79
10
1
-1
10
Fe
As
83
Rb
84
Rb
88
Y
88
Zr
127
Xe
139
Ce
145
Eu
146
Gd
147
Eu
148
Eu
152
Dy
153
Gd
153
Dy
155
Tb
156
Ho
157
Dy
159
Ho
159
Er
160
Er
161
Er
161
Tm
162
Yb
165
Tm
166
Tm
166
c
Tm
167
Tm
169
Yb
170
Lu
170
c
Lu
171
Lu
171
Hf
172
Lu
172
Hf
173
Hf
174
Ta
174
Tac
175
Hf
176
Ta
177
W
181
Re
183
Ta
10
-2
-3
74
10
59
Cross section [mb]
10
182
/
_`*,"%htXCB'D$*,.,z+N>w=:*,9:^W'D:´[Êu†>=:*,ND$.Zz9:*,NH.ADF^&4*,.,9]?=F*,P+'DF*EO4}=:L+'DF*,
>=:H+'DF9V*,
FI
*,=:=F*ADFN´[*EDF-1s t{b2'‰Š>=:DF90V-]+HNH.ADF*EO4<&4*,.,9S=:].W.,N|+B´[-1DF-
=:9:>+'DF*EO4*,>D<&4*,.,9[=:.,9:{9:-´[
Mass yields in
10
2
182
W irradiated with 0.8GeV protons
EXPERIMENT
CEM95
LAHET
INUCL
Mass Yield [mb]
HETC
YIELDX
10
CASCADE
1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Product mass number
Ž/
_`*,"hfX0V-Œ9:*,NH.ADFJ9:9Ê*,9DF=:*,WHDF*,9y?1=:L+'DF*,‚>=:H+'DF9ÊDF"'DF-=z´[*EDF-‚DF-ÇNL9:H=:
+HNH.ADF*EO429:H>=F|+HNH.ADF*EO4B&4*,.,9V*,
FI
*,=:=F*ADF´[*EDF-)s tNb2'‰J>=:DF9
LvPf
Statistics of sim-to-exp ratios for 0.8GeV proton-irradiated 182W
45
40
CEM95
LAHET
INUCL
CASCADE
HETC
YIELDX
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
σcalc,i/σexp,i
_`*,"6isX36D$ADF*,9DF*,+9ˆ?DF-]9:*,NH.ADF*,4rDFA|u†>=:*,ND=FADF*,9]m@+=:*EDF=:*,dhoZ?@=
b2'‰‚>=:DF9
s
-1
10
/
I
1
1
10
2
10
*,=:=F*ADF{´[*EDF-ds t
0/
Pa}GHau dSb)}cx dfe`g'wGh.u w{Haƒ =PRQSMO9TPR7GMOgQU;5i:t{FVPRu 6$cg'd Wj'L FNH MO6GX h.Y [ wGHau\:x8='QSt P25]8^’_EkmLOl'Q}GunZx{d{PRx eoWkpHat{u e`tdj'q
}GxStNu :wG}GuutUcƒ ~ xStUt{|G~Eu dSuu ƒ}t xUtN::Œ uu xt }GxtVu cG~EwGuutVwx ƒ w{tUƒG~EŒ uu t wtVt{cGx8u x8uu ~~t
}GxtVu cG~E}ux{u }x d }Gx8xSu cGt{tN8uu ƒc ~ x{xSƒGx8Œ uu ww }GxUxSu :cG}uudSxx | {wG:t{Œ uu ~t }G:w{u wG}t{uxUu w} 
|GxUxS:wGu }{uu ccc :x{xSwGd8u ~Uuu cx xSd8xS|G|Gu ~Euu }|t :xxSƒG~Eu dSuu ƒ}~ :twGx8t{uuu ƒwx |{tVƒGwGŒ uu c}
x{x8x8u ƒu d~ x8x8t{u d8u ƒt xt{~Eu dSu |d xSt{ƒGu xu ~t :w{cGu dUu c tVt{}{u |S}G u
wGxU:u cGu xt wGxSwGu ƒEu ~t x8xScGu cGu ct x{t{d8u x{u wd {ƒG:u d8u ~t wGuŒ tN
:x~Eu ~Uu |} :xSwGu tUu ƒ~ w{x8}Gu ~Su |d xSt{ƒGu ~Uu w 8ƒG~Eu c{u |w :w{wGu }Gu dt
xxtU~E~E~Euuu x~ xSxStVƒG}GƒGuuu |}~ wGwxScGd8t{uuu c}t xxSxwG~E~Euuu c}w {8w{:wG~Euuu ƒxt xUxStU:|G~Euuu ƒwx
xxt{~E~Eu |Suu }x }Gx8tVu cGct{dSuu ƒ} } }GwwGu x8t{~U}{uu d~ c }Gx{xUu :d8txUuu ~  w{t{wGwGu xSuu }}ƒ Ex8x{d8d8u }Guu dtt
wGxSx{ƒGd8t{uuu ƒx~ xSx{tV}GƒGx8uuu ƒdt wSwEw{:}G~Euuu ƒ~~ wx{x{d8x8x8uuu wxt wSwx{:d8d8uuu ƒ|x {:x:~Et{uuu }cd
xSx8|Gt{uu ww tVt|Gx8uu ƒ w{tV}G|Guu ƒ xSx8wGu w{u | xStUƒG~Euu ƒƒ wtVcGx8uu ƒ~
xSx{tV|GƒGd8uuu c}w tVtUtN:wG~Euuu ||~ xStUtV}GcG~Euuu ƒxd }Gd8x8u uux{|w{dS|d c x{tUtVcGx8~Euuu }ƒt xSxScGwGŒ uu dt
xxS|G~Euu xd ttN:d8uu } wxU:x8uu dt xStV|GƒGuu x xStVcG}Guu |} tVtV|GwGuu }w
w{d8}Gu ƒu cd :td8u xSu |ƒ }GxSu |G|{|u | d xSƒGŒ u c x8tV|Gu Eu dd x8tx8u d{u xt
wGt{t{u }{u }} }Gtu d8~UcSu ~  }Gxu ~Etux{} d x~EŒ u w }GtVu ƒGwEu~Ex t t{t{t{u }{u ƒc
wxS}Gx8uu ƒt cGtVƒGu ~Uu }c xStVƒG|Guu w} xSxSƒGƒGuu cƒ |Gtd8u c{u ƒt :tN:u }{u wx
xSxUt:cGd8uuu ƒ}t tVtUtN:}G~Euuu ƒ}t x8tVtVƒGƒGt{uuu cƒ xSxUxU::wGuuu cx cG~Etx8uu |GtVu cxt :x8~Euuu |~~U}x
xStN:}Guu cd tNtN::uu ct tUtVwG~Euu xt xSx8}Gt{uu d |GƒGuu w{~{w~ d8uŒ }S
xStV}GƒGuu ct tVtVwGƒGuu d tNt:x8uu } xSxS}G}Guu wt |G~Euu x8tVct ::uu |Gwt
t{td8t{uu }t tUtVƒG~Euu }c cGcGuu cEd{d~ x{tVƒGx8uu || :ƒGuu |Ex8~t :wGuu ƒƒd
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}Gu }{Œ cS ~Et{uu ~{t{~t }G}Guu :tdStNc }Gu wŒ d{d }G}Guu }{tVc{c{|c ƒGt{uu ƒ{cGwt
ŒŒ }Gt{u ~Uu ƒ{wE} ~ }Gt{u ƒ{u tV|E} ~ ŒŒ }G}Guu }GtVƒStU~ x8tV}Gu tu |x
Œ }Gu wE~Uƒ t{u w{|
Π}Gu }S:t t{u t{t
0[W.,xPp4Xwj`†>=:*,ND$.!+L.,+H.ADF1&4*,.,9S?@=:
13254687:9<;
>m>mr<€5€T><„s F
>m>mr5€5A‡ =Q
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>m>m€5€5‹ hh‘‘
>m>m€5€5‹A hh‘‘
>m>m€<€5A> hh‘‘
>m>m€<€@™> e’e’77
>m>m€@‡5™ e’e’77
>m>m‡5‡5A€ WW\\
>m>m‡5‡5‡‡ =C=C[[
>m>m‡5‡<> =C=C[[
>m>m‡@5™ H3H322
>m>m55‡€ H3h.24
>m>m55‹A j'j'BB
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>m>pŠ<‡> 66
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>p>pŠŠ5Š H3H377
>p>mŠ‹5‹€ 1313[[
>m>m‹5‹5‡ l'l'66
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r@ŠVWs \
'= >@?5A
tVtVcGwdUu cS[ v
t{|GtN:u }{u cSvw{6
Et{x8~Uu utN}{w{{6 c{v 6
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tƒGt{x8uu |E~Uu }{~tNvB6
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cG~Euu x{~U}SdSv6
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=CBEDGF
99L
99
99
9L
99
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wGtVu cG~Eut $y‚y‚}Gx8u ƒGu  t
x8w{u |GxU$u c#y‚y…}GwGu wSu c 
}Gu w{tVwGcG|Euu~ˆc#}#y‚y‚y…}GwGd8u }uu c x{d
ƒGw{w{u |G}GxS}#uu ƒ#d y‰y…y‚x8wGx8u uu~Scx d
x:8w{uu }Gc~Sdxu d y‚y‰y…}Gx8wGuu uxSxSw ƒw
~Ewwu x8x8x{duu xt y y‚y‚t{x8x8u cEuu ƒ~ ~
w{w{cGƒGuu w#d y‚y‚d8d8uu x~
}Gu wGwxSx8ƒSt{#uu |#t y‚y…y‚}GwGx8u wuu |x d~
wxS|G}Gx8uuu w#x~y…y…y…wGwGƒGuuu |}x
wGxUx{:x8t{uuu ƒ#w#d yŽy‚y‚:x8x8uuu ccd
w{xSxU:}G}Guuu w#}#t yzy‚y‚x8x8t{uuu d~
xSxS}GƒGuu ƒ#w#y‚y‚x8x8uu }t
~ExSx{u |Gx8x{xuu |#|#y y‚yzt{x8t{u }{uu c }
}Gu x{dSx8ƒ{cu |#y‚y‚}Gx8u }Eu w ~
wEtU~E~Euu w#ƒ#y‚yzd8t{uu |t
x8tV|Gt{uu |#x yzyzt{t{uu |
tUtVwG~Euu }#|#yzyzt{t{uu ƒƒ
tUtN:~Euu |#x y‚yzx8t{uu dt
t{tN:t{uu ƒ#~yzyzt{t{uu t
cGt{tVu }G|St{$uu c#t y‚yzy…}G}Gt{u |{uu c} }
t{t{uu ƒ{tc#x y‚y‚}G}Guu tVt{|t
}G}Gt{uu d{~Uu wdStVc#}dy‚y‚y‚}G}G}Guuu }{tVtN|Sw w
4
FI
*,=:=F*ADFd´[*EDF-z xNb2'‰J>=:DF9
13254687:9<;
r5€5‹V s \
€@5Š g'iEF X
Š@Šr bF ]
ŠA5rr i89
A@€ Š bl'Q —
RF
'= >@?5A
t{tUtV|{cG~EƒGuu u~{~{xS~U~U6 6c{6
{wG:tx8u 8u ~St{xStV66
td8wGu cEu ƒE~Uw~vdS6
tNxS:dS}GwGu cu cGu xSdStc{c{dU6}Sv v
89T4{]8;5L ]G7GFV6PRu QSMO9T7GMOQU;5FV6$WL FNMO6GXZY [ \:QS25]8^`_ELOQ
JH Y [I8DK\:QSBE25L FN]8MO^ 6 =QSPa\GHaM F b)ƒEc~ df
x8t{uu dtx~y…y…}G}Guu xSxS|w ŒŒ e`g'}G}Guu h.cS:cGHatt = PRgi:wGx8PRuu {}Eg'~ j'H h.HaŒŒ ='P kml'}G}Guu nZwGxUEtUPRd~ e
}G}Guu cdS}{x8w#t y…y…}G}Guu }tV}{d8|t ŒŒ }G}Guu }tV|{d|~ }G}Guu c{tUc{~Uwƒ ŒŒ }G}Guu }}{}EdU~
}G}Gt{uu Ex{u }{d{xS|#c#x y…y…y…}G}G}Guuu }{}Sx8Ew{t |d ŒŒŒ }G}G}Guuu wG}{xS}ƒtVcdd }G}Guu }EŒ }{~w ŒŒŒ }G}G}Guuu }{}{}Gƒw{tV}ƒd
}Gt{u w{u |S|{$|#y…y…}G}Guu }StEd x ŒŒ }Gu }EŒ ~ }G}Guu }{}}{xSƒ| ŒŒ
ŒŒ
d8u tx y…}Gu dS| Œ
Œ
Œ
Œ
Œ
=CBEDGF
99
9LL
9L
99
L
182
Products in
HETC<F>=2.76
INUCL<F>=2.89
CASCADE<F>=1.91
YIELDX<F>=2.66
10
1
-1
10
10
Eu
Eu
146
Pm
145
144
Ce
Pm
Nd
139
Nd
137
Ce
136
135
Ba
Ce
134
Ce
132
133
Cs
Ba
131
Ba
129
Xe
128
Xe
127
Xe
125
Ag
123
Nb
90
88
105
Y
Zr
Rb
88
Rb
83
84
As
Se
75
Fe
74
59
V
Mn
54
Sc
48
48
Mg
28
24
-3
143
10
Na
Be
-2
7
10
2
10
1
10
-1
/
Ta
Re
182
181
Hf
181
W
Ta
Hf
177
176
Ta
175
174
Hf
Hf
173
Hf
173
172
Hf
Lu
172
Lu
171
171
Lu
170
Lu
170
Yb
169
Tm
167
c
Tm
166
Tm
Tm
166
165
Yb
162
Er
161
Er
Er
160
159
Dy
157
Tb
Ho
155
156
Dy
153
Dy
Gd
152
153
Gd
151
Gd
-3
10
Eu
-2
10
146
Cross section [mb]
W irradiated with 1.6eV protons
EXPERIMENT
LAHET<F>=2.20
CEM95<F>=1.91
2
147
Cross section [mb]
10
WkpHatV}Ge`u j't q
~Et{uu |EtU~~
}Gx8u ~Eu |GtVt ƒ
}G}Guu cSwEE~x
}G}Guu |{xS|{c{ƒc
t{u dSw
_`*,"iXCB'D$*,.,z+N>w=:*,9:^W'D:´[Êu†>=:*,ND$.Zz9:*,NH.ADF^&4*,.,9]?=F*,P+'DF*EO4}=:L+'DF*,
>=:H+'DF9V*,
I
*,=:=F*ADFN´[*EDF-^ x{b2'‰Š>=:DF90V-]+HNH.ADF*EO4<&4*,.,9S=:].W.,N|+B´[-1DF-
=:9:>+'DF*EO4*,>D<&4*,.,9[=:.,9:{9:-´[
h
Mass Yield [mb]
Mass yields in
182
W irradiated with 1.6GeV protons
10
EXPERIMENT
CEM95
LAHET
INUCL
YIELDX
CASCADE
HETC
1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Product mass number
Ž/
_`*,"iPh4X0V-Œ9:*,NH.ADFJ9:9Ê*,9DF=:*,WHDF*,9y?1=:L+'DF*,‚>=:H+'DF9ÊDF"'DF-=z´[*EDF-‚DF-ÇNL9:H=:
+HNH.ADF*EO429:H>=F|+HNH.ADF*EO4B&4*,.,9V*,
FI
*,=:=F*ADF´[*EDF-G xNb2'‰J>=:DF9
i
Statistics of sim-to-exp ratios for 1.6GeV proton-irradiated 182W
50
CEM95
LAHET
INUCL
CASCADE
HETC
YIELDX
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
σcalc,i/σexp,i
_`*,"6iiX36D$ADF*,9DF*,+9ˆ?DF-]9:*,NH.ADF*,4rDFA|u†>=:*,ND=FADF*,9]m@+=:*EDF=:*,dhoZ?@=
b2'‰‚>=:DF9
Av
-1
10
/
I
1
1
10
2
10
*,=:=F*ADF{´[*EDF-) x
13254687:9<;
>m>mr5r5‹NANss F
>m>mr<€5><ss FF
>m>m€5€5r€ „„ F
>m>m€5€@Š‡ „„
>m>mr5€5‹‡ =Q
>m>m€5€@Š‡ ==QQ
>m>m€5€<A> ==QQ
>m>m€5€5‹ =hQ‘
>m>m€5€<A> hh‘‘
>m>m€5€<A> he’7 ‘
>m>m€@‡5™ e’e’77
>m>m‡5‡5‡ W=C[\
=C[
'= >@?5A C= BEDGF HJY I8[ DK\:QSBE25L FN]8MO^ 6
ƒS~UtV:}GcGuuu }{}ScSvv6 LLL wGd8x{uu x8cGxS}#ut $y…y…y‚}G}Gx8uu :u c ƒt
tVx8cGt{u u dUƒ{[ 6 9L ƒtVd8cGu du |#yzy…tVwG}Gu ~u d
tVx8wu dUdU[v 99 ~ƒS::u c#u c#yzy‰tV~E}Gu |u t
wGd8tNu tV[ 6 99 x8~Eu t{~Eut |#y…y…}G|Gu xSu  c
|G|Guu }{}{cScSvv 9L w{t{cGtVu |Gx u y…y…|GcGu ut
w{xSt{ƒGwGu tNuu |SwS{[[ v 99L  |Gwu |Gx8tVƒ#uu }#}#yzy‚y‚t{d8d8u x{uu dx x
xSt{~UwGu |E}{u ƒS~6 vB 999 ~UttVƒG}Ex8u ~Ext{uu y‚y…y‰d8cG~Eu uu
ƒG|Gtx8uu xU~Uu }{tNv66 L”L”“•“•[†[†9 –'–'E—E— ˜˜ d8t{ƒ{uu cGƒ{t|#xu c#y…yzy‚}Gt{d8uu x{utVx |d
wx8x8~Eu }Guu }~Ut}SxSxSvƒ{6 6 999 w{8dt{G|t{{t uuu }#ƒ#d y…y‚y…wG}Gx8uuu ƒƒ|
w{}Gu }{ƒSv 9 ƒGu S~ d y…}Gu ƒ{c
0/
e`g't{h.t{u Haw =PRQSMO9TPR7GMOgQU;5i:ƒGFVPRu 6$}{g'w Wj'L FNH MO6GX h.Y [ tVHa}G\:='uQS| P25]8^’_EkmLOl'Q tVnZ|Gu PRt eoWkpd8Hau e`|E~j'q
ww{t}Gd8x8uuu }ƒx :wGxSƒGt{t{uuu c|w xSxStN:ƒG|Guuu wxt x{xSxS|G|Gx8uuu wwc xttVcGx8~Euuu wt
cG|Gt{t{uu xt |S|G:t{uu }t ~S~Sx8x8uu ~ |{tV}SƒG:u c u |~Sd8x8uu }x
c{~{}G~Euu ƒx c|{cGx8uu wd ~~{:~Euu cƒ |{ƒGƒGt{uu }x ƒ{w{}GƒGuu w~
txS{ƒGtVŒ ƒGu ~ u tVtU}{~EŒ cGu ƒ u |StV:}GŒ uu }x wGt{t{tUŒ ~Eu d u wGcwx8x8u xuu cc~
wG|{cGt{uu d x8t{t{td8u ~ u tVt{}GtV}Gu  u x{d{x8d8uu c~ xSdSƒG}Guu wt
ƒt{d8tN:u | u ~Ut{cGtx8u t u |EtV}~Ed8u ~ u w{tVwG}x8u ~ u cGxSwGt{uu ~t
|{~tV:}ScG:uu ww u |tVtV}{}{d8ƒGcGu ƒ uu cc{c{wG|Gx8uuu ƒcx ƒEwEdSwG~E~Euuu |ƒx ƒ{ƒ{wEcGwG~Euuu x~~
wGx8dU:uu }{wu cdd }G}Gƒ{uu cGw{dScw{u x wx }G}Gcuu d8}{}S{wu  d }G}Gx{uu d8xStV|{c{u x |w x8t{tV|Guu }cEu x~
EtVwGx8uu } 8|G~Eu |Gu }t ~Et{utUtV~E| u d8tU~Eu }Su } wGt{ut{~{u |~
ƒGu x{d wGu c{c }Gu xS}x wGu xSƒ x8u cE~
FI
0[W.,xtXwj`†>=:*,ND$.!+L.,+H.ADF1&4*,.,9S?@=:
Products in
183
W irradiated with 0.2GeV protons
CEM95<F>=2.27
CASCADE<F>=2.49
HETC<F>=3.12
INUCL<F>=2.74
YIELDX<F>=1.84
10
1
-1
10
10
/
Re
183
Ta
Re
183
182
Re
Re
181
179
W
W
178
177
W
Ta
176
176
Ta
176
Hf
175
W
174
Ta
Hf
174
173
Hf
Ta
172
172
Lu
Ta
172
171
Hf
Lu
171
171
Lu
Yb
170
169
166
-3
Tm
-2
Tm
10
165
Cross section [mb]
10
EXPERIMENT
LAHET<F>=1.81
2
PaHacGub)|E~ cd
xSx8}Gt{uu }
x8~U|Gt{uu cc
|{|G}Gt{uu ƒc
ƒS:Œ u w
8t}Gx8~Eut{u xt u
ƒ{wS:ƒGuu ƒw
tVt{wtUd8~Euu
c{dS}GcGuu x
d8~Euu ƒS}{|
wEx{x8~Euu ~~
}Gx8u u~U}{w| d
*,=:=F*ADFd´[*EDF-s‹h{b2'‰J>=:DF9
_`*,"ivXCB'D$*,.,z+N>w=:*,9:^W'D:´[Êu†>=:*,ND$.Zz9:*,NH.ADF^&4*,.,9]?=F*,P+'DF*EO4}=:L+'DF*,
>=:H+'DF9V*,
FI
*,=:=F*ADFN´[*EDF-1s‹hUb2'‰Š>=:DF90V-]+HNH.ADF*EO4<&4*,.,9S=:].W.,N|+B´[-1DF-
=:9:>+'DF*EO4*,>D<&4*,.,9[=:.,9:{9:-´[
Statistics of sim-to-exp ratios for 0.2GeV proton-irradiated 183W
30
25
CEM95
LAHET
INUCL
CASCADE
HETC
YIELDX
20
15
10
5
0
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
σcalc,i/σexp,i
_`*,"6iP4X36D$ADF*,9DF*,+9ˆ?DF-]9:*,NH.ADF*,4rDFA|u†>=:*,ND=FADF*,9]m@+=:*EDF=:*,dhoZ?@=
b2'‰‚>=:DF9
x
-1
10
/
I
1
1
10
2
10
*,=:=F*ADF{´[*EDF-ds‹h
0/
PaHat{ub)ƒE~ cdfe`g'x8h.u ƒGHat =PRQSMO9TPR7GMOgQU}G;5i:FVu PRƒE6$~Ug'W} j'L FNH MO6GX h.Y [ x8Hau\:}S='QS P25]8^’_EkmLOl'Q :nZu dUPR eoWkp}GHau c{e`ƒ{j'c q
:x8ut{u }t |Gx~Eu w{u }x x8~Eut{t{u xt d8xSƒGu wGu tt wGxSƒGu |{u }} wGxScGu x8u ƒt
}Gw{u ƒG}GŒ utU ~ }G{u :}EŒ ~Uu | ƒ w{ƒGŒŒ u t wd8ŒŒ u w d{x8ŒŒ u c }GEwGu d8wSu ~U8u ƒw ~
w{tUwG~Euu wt w{tUcG~Euu w~ wEtN:~Euu c w{tVƒGwGuu ƒƒ xScGƒGuu wƒ w{tV|GcGuu ƒx
{Ex8:d8u xSuu ƒxx x8dS}GcGu 8uu c~t ~EwGƒGu }Guu w~t :x8}Gut{|{uu |}ƒ ƒƒx8d8d8u }Euu ƒ~t }GdUdu :~EtVcuu cx x
{:wGuu dt 8Ed8~Euu x dS}G|Guu |d ::t{t{uu x~ ƒEƒx8~Euu c~ ~U}GcGuu }
|Gd8|Guu |dUu |d :~E|Guu ~S~Uu |x :x8d{x8uu xu }~t Et{t{x8uu E:u ƒdt ƒG|GƒE~Euu |ExSu ||~ :wx8x8uu c{dSu cwx
dwS{tV:}Gd8uuu ƒ|d cGwS:|Gu x{uu cdt :dU:cGu tVuu }w E{t{:d8u |Suu d |GƒEwx8~Eu cSuu x d8xtd8~Eu tVuu wx
:dSdS|G|Gu dSuu }xx {dSt{:wGu ƒuu d~~ }Gƒ{dSu }G}G~Uwuu }x x }Gu }GwG}{w{uu | | dSdSt{ƒG|Gu }Guu }t x{x8x{d8d8u }{uu wc|
dd{ƒGx8~Euuu wcx wwƒGd8d8uuu || dSd8wG|Gt{uuu w}d EwGcGx8uuu }|~ xSxS|GcG|Guuu }~t wx{}Gd8d8uuu xxd
dS|GwGuu ƒt :w{cGt{uu |t dS|GwGuu dd d{wGd8uu  xx{d8~Euu ct wEw{wG~Euu ƒt
wcGx8uu |t w{xSƒG|Guu d Ewx8d8uu ƒw :wd8t{uu x x8td8t{uu |x w{xSwGwGuu wc
xSt{wG}Gt{uuu wwt wG~EtU~Eut{xuu }c~ wGwEtVƒG~Eu }uu |ƒx }Gw{wGu |G}Gu w{utV|} } |Gx8tU~Euu tNu |w xStVtUwG|G~Euuu ƒw
wxUt:d8x8uuu |dd xSxStV|G|G}Guuu w|x x{tNtU:x8~Euuu ƒ}x }G|GwGu }{uu ƒSw{w{} | cG~Etx8uu ƒ{}{u ƒc~ x{td8d8Œ uu ƒt
~Et{uu dSx{cd t{t{t{u dSu |ƒ }GtVu wGtVw{u  } xU:Œ u ~ }GƒGu xSu wGcSt  }GcGu |{u d{ƒ{d |
cGd8uu |{~Swx tNtV:}Guu c |GtVwGu ƒEu ~t w{x{}Gx8uu |ƒ :d8uu cEƒ~ cGt{t{u dSu w}
}Gu cSŒ ƒ }G:u u c{ƒ{ƒ ƒ }Gt{u }{u cGwSt  ƒGuŒ cGt }Gx8u w{u }{cw x d8t{uu wG~U}t
ŒŒ }G}Guu xStUw{~E|t }Gt{u ƒu Ex{d d ŒŒ }G}Guu }{tV}G|St x8t{uu }{d{}x
ŒŒ }G}Guu tVtV}|Gdt x8t{uu dS~U|ƒ
ŒŒ }G}Guu }t{xSt}x }Gt{u w{u E}d d
ŒŒ }G}Guu }{}Sc|d }G}Guu }{~w{cc ŒŒ }G}Guu }{}GwEtN~ }G}Guu w{tVww{ƒx
0[W.,xfXwj`†>=:*,ND$.!+L.,+H.ADF1&4*,.,9S?@=:
13254687:9<;
>m>mr5r<‹N> ss F
>m>m€5r@Š€ „ F
>m>mr5€5‹‡ ==QQ
>m>m€@€@ŠŠ ==QQ
>m>mr<€5> =hQ‘
>m>m€5€5‹A hh‘‘
>m>m€<€5A> hh‘‘
>m>m€<€@™> e’e’77
>m>m€@‡5™ e’e’77
>m>m‡5‡5A€ WW\\
>m>m‡5‡5‡‡ =C=C[[
>m>m‡5‡<> =C=C[[
>m>m‡<‡@™> H3=C2[
>m>m55 H3H322
>m>m55‡‡ h.h.44
>m>m55€‹ h.j'4B
>m>m55A j'j'BB
>m>pŠ5‹‡ =C\6
>p>pŠŠ r€ H37 6
>p>mŠ‹5 H3H377
>r5mA5r € q'PaFF
r5r@ŠVr Ws 2
r5€@Š‹ s \\
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'= >@?5A
~UtV}GcGuu }{cSv6
tV|Gwu dU~[v
|Gt{d8uu }{utNtV{cS6 vv
Et{x8~Uu utN}{w{{6 c{v 6
xSt{wGu |Eu ƒS~vB
ƒG|Gtx8uu xU~Uu }{tNv66
x8x8uu }G}GttxSxS66
wtVx8|Gu u }|ExS~ƒ{[ 6
cG~Euu x{~U}SdSv6
w{~Ew{}Gu wS~Uu }{[}SƒSv v
xSwGw{|Gu ƒSx8u dS[ tN|Sv v
w{wGdSuƒS}[ dU[
|GƒGdSu ƒSutN{[{v v
x8d8uu w{w|SxSv6
xUdU|G:}Gu xu dSu ~U6 66
xUd8:u c{u w{tV66
tVwEw{~EƒGu ƒSu 6 }{6
tVw|{}{x8wGƒGu uu~{ƒ~U6dS6 6
t{U:|{~EƒGu 8u u~{xS~S~U6xS6 6
=CBEDGF
LL
99
99
9L
99
99
L”L”“•“•[†[†9 –'–'—E—E˜˜
L”“•[†99 –'—E˜
99
99L
99 
999 
9L
99
99
99
99L
99
99
L”“•[†9 –'—E˜
9L
JH Y I8[ DK\:QSBE25L FN]8MO^ 6
ƒGt{xUuu :ƒ{xSc#c#u ƒ#y‚y‚y‚}G}Gx8uu w{c{u | wc
}Gd8u dSu dSƒSw##y‚y‚}G}Guu w{tcxSw
dUdS:wGuu |#t y‚yŽ:d8uu |~
}Gu Eƒ{ƒ}Gd8dSwuu $x y‚y‚yŽ}G:d8u }Euu |w ~
ƒd8x8t{uu |#|#yŽy…:wGuu ƒƒ
d8tu |Gd8dSƒ#uu $ƒ#y‚yŽy…}G:wGu Euu }x d
dStV|GwGuu $ƒ#yŽy‚:x8uu ~
ƒSƒ:}Gx8u $uu c#c#y y‚y‚tVd8d8wGuu }wu }
ƒGƒGu ~Ut{|#u x y yŽt{:u w{u w c
Eƒ{d8wGx8t{uuu ƒ#|#x yŽy‰yŽ::~Euuu ƒƒ
ƒ{dSdU:cG}Guuu ƒ#ƒ#t y‚yŽy‚:d8d8uuu wƒx
w{t|Gx8uu $|#y…y…wGwGuu xd
8x{x8~Euu w#c#y…y‚wGx8uu ƒ}
wExSx}G~E~Euuu ƒ#xx yzy…y‚wGx8t{uuu wwt
t{x8tUu ~Et{|#uu ƒ#d y‚yzyz}Gt{t{u wSuu |t 
d}G8u c{tVu wGƒ}Edu~ˆw#y‚y‚yz}G}Gt{uu w{}{u } ƒcGt
}G}Guu w{cE}{~U|} y‚y‚}G}Guu }Et{~tVƒ
}G}Guu ƒSc{:ƒ{|t y‚y‚}G}Guu }t{d{tVwd
}G}Guu dS|}xdy‚y‚}G}Guu }}dSdS|}
p
FI
*,=:=F*ADFd´[*EDF-s tNb2'‰J>=:DF9
Products in
EXPERIMENT
LAHET<F>=2.52
CEM95<F>=1.65
2
W irradiated with 0.8GeV protons
HETC<F>=2.42
INUCL<F>=2.61
CASCADE<F>=2.32
YIELDX<F>=2.03
10
1
-1
10
Fe
As
83
Rb
84
Rb
88
Y
88
Zr
127
Xe
139
Ce
145
Eu
146
Gd
147
Eu
148
Eu
152
Dy
153
Gd
153
Dy
155
Tb
156
Ho
156
Ho
157
Dy
159
Ho
159
Er
160
Er
161
Er
161
Tm
162
Yb
165
Tm
166
Tm
166
c
Tm
167
Tm
169
Yb
170
Lu
170
Lu
171
Lu
171
Hf
172
Lu
172
Hf
173
Hf
174
Ta
174
c
Ta
175
Hf
176
Ta
177
W
181
Hf
181
Re
183
Ta
183
Re
184
Ta
10
-2
-3
74
10
59
Cross section [mb]
10
183
/
_`*,"ixXCB'D$*,.,z+N>w=:*,9:^W'D:´[Êu†>=:*,ND$.Zz9:*,NH.ADF^&4*,.,9]?=F*,P+'DF*EO4}=:L+'DF*,
>=:H+'DF9V*,
FI
*,=:=F*ADFN´[*EDF-1s t{b2'‰Š>=:DF90V-]+HNH.ADF*EO4<&4*,.,9S=:].W.,N|+B´[-1DF-
=:9:>+'DF*EO4*,>D<&4*,.,9[=:.,9:{9:-´[
Mass yields in
10
2
183
W irradiated with 0.8GeV protons
EXPERIMENT
CEM95
LAHET
INUCL
Mass Yield [mb]
HETC
YIELDX
10
CASCADE
1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Product mass number
Ž/
_`*,"iPp4X0V-Œ9:*,NH.ADFJ9:9Ê*,9DF=:*,WHDF*,9y?1=:L+'DF*,‚>=:H+'DF9ÊDF"'DF-=z´[*EDF-‚DF-ÇNL9:H=:
+HNH.ADF*EO429:H>=F|+HNH.ADF*EO4B&4*,.,9V*,
FI
*,=:=F*ADF´[*EDF-)s tNb2'‰J>=:DF9
t
Statistics of sim-to-exp ratios for 0.8GeV proton-irradiated 183W
45
40
CEM95
LAHET
INUCL
CASCADE
HETC
YIELDX
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
σcalc,i/σexp,i
_`*,"6itX36D$ADF*,9DF*,+9ˆ?DF-]9:*,NH.ADF*,4rDFA|u†>=:*,ND=FADF*,9]m@+=:*EDF=:*,dhoZ?@=
b2'‰‚>=:DF9
f
-1
10
/
I
1
1
10
2
10
*,=:=F*ADF{´[*EDF-ds t
0/
Pa}GHau |{b)|{c} dfe`g':h.u tUHa~ =PRQSMO9TPR7GMOgQU;5i:t{FVPRu 6$ƒg'd Wj'L FNH MO6GX h.Y [ :Hau\:ƒE='QS~ P25]8^’_EkmLOl'Q}GunZ~UwGPRt eoWkpHat{u e`cj'q
}GwEtVu wG~E}{wSuu x~  EtNt{:d8u |Guu c~t }GdStVu wG}G}{}{uu ƒ| ƒ }GtVu |GcG:uutVƒ w w{t|Gd8Œ uu ƒƒ x{x8tx8x8u dSuu |t
x{tUx8~Euu ƒƒ xUtV:cGuu || xUx8:t{uu } x{x{d8x8uu ƒ~ wSxS:cGuu }x w{w|Gd8uu wƒ
cGt{uu |S|{w cGx8uu c{~{}~ |Gd8uu ~E~Sdt |Gx8uu c{c{wƒ tVt{ƒGu wGu dt }GtVu ƒGtVƒ{u ~ w
xSxSƒGwGuu xd xxSwG~Euu x~ xx~E~Euu tt xxSƒG~Euu ƒ~ E:x8t{uu ƒ~ |GŒ u ~
|Gx{x8u ƒSu t d8x{x8u }{u w ƒGxS|Gu 8u ~ :xSƒGu xSu }d EtVwGx8uu ~ cEtd8~Euu x~
w:Gx8t{uu |{~u wc :x8x8t{uu ƒE~Uu ƒ~t wGxSt{ƒGuu cEw{u c|~ x{t{t{d8uu w{u ƒƒƒ w{d8~EcGuu ƒ{~Uu ƒ}x :ƒx8x8uu xS~Uu ccƒ
ƒGxUx:~Eu }{uu ct :x{xSwGx8u ƒuu wwd w{wGw{}G}Gu tVuu ƒw| xUxSt{:ƒGu |{uu ƒwx E8|Gd8~Eu }Suu ƒt :x{d8uŒ |{u w~
tUt{~Eu }Su t }Gtu d8wEu~{| ~ }Gw{u }G|Su t  }GxSu |Gtux{} d }GwGu t{~{u~U ƒ }GtUu ~E~u x w
xSx|G~Euu wt x8xU:t{uu ~t w{w}Gd8uu c~ xSxSwGƒGuu cx {8:~Euu c~ xUx:~Euu }~
x8xSƒGu wEu ƒ~ x8t{t{u }Eu |~ }Gwu x8|Eu~Ew t }Gx{u d8tN{u ~  Et{x8u w{u c} x8xSƒGu d{u xd
xSx|G~Euu xt tUtVcG~Euu  wGwS:t{uu ct x{x{d8d8uu w w{w{wGwGuu }t w{wGcGuu cƒ
xSxU:cGuu c} x8tVƒGt{uu |c wExScG~Euu |w wSx{:x8uu }t wxU:x8uu wd wxU:d8uu d~
xSx8|Gt{uu wx tUtx8~Euu xx wGtVcGt{uu }} xSx8wGu wu }d xStVƒGƒGuu ~~ xStUcG~Euu |d
xSx{tV|GƒGd8uuu }c~ ttUtN:x8~Euuu wƒ x{xStU}Gx8~Euuu }t }Gd8x8u uuxS|Gw}dt x x8tVtVƒGcGt{uuu c}d xSx8ƒGt{Œ uu c
xSxSƒGƒGuu ct ttVwGd8uu t wxSwGx8uu w xtV|G~Euu |d tVtV|G|Guu |~ tVtVƒG}Guu cd
w{ƒG}Gu ƒu xd :td8u dSu wƒ xSt{|Gu x8u dt xSƒGŒ u ~ x8tVƒGu w{u ƒd wGt{t{u }{u w~
xSt{cGu tVu || }GtNu :c{c{u x w }Gx{u d8tuxSc } xS|GŒ u w }GtNu :wdSu ƒ c tVt{}Gu wGu ƒt
wGtU~Et{uu cd cGtU~Eu dSu }c x{tVƒGd8uu cƒ xx{d8~Euu cx ~EtVwGu ~{u ~~ wGtVwGu tVu }d
xx{tVwGx8~Euuu w|c tVtUtV}GwG~Euuu wƒƒ x8tNt:d8t{uuu cd xSx{xSwGwGd8uuu }~t ƒG|GtV}Guu xSu |ƒw :x8~Euuu }}S~x
tVtVcGwGuu wx tNtV:wGuu cc tt{d8t{uu |c x8tVcGt{uu | d8~Euu cS| :uŒ ~Uw
tVtVcGƒGuu wx tNtV:ƒGuu t tVt{wGt{uu ƒt xSxS}G}Guu xx ƒG~Euu }{}Gct ::uu }EdSƒ~
cGtN:u ƒ{u cw tVtUƒG~Euu ƒd |GcGuu c{|{ƒ| x{tVƒGx8uu x wGd8uu |w{ƒd :wGuu E}dx
|Gd8tV}Guu }{}u |wd cGtUtd8~Eu ~Suu cdt :ƒG~Euuu }G}E~Sd~t tUtUtVwG~E~Euuu |cd :wGx8uuu }{}{}{}c| x8x8t{uuu c|ScGdt
}Gu }{Œ wS }G~Eu c{u c{w{c ƒ }G}Guu wStVEƒxd }Gu w{Œ cS }G}Guu }{tVc{ƒ{|| t{t{uu ƒ{dSwc
0[W.,psXwj`†>=:*,ND$.!+L.,+H.ADF1&4*,.,9S?@=:
13254687:9<;
>m>mr<€5€T><„s F
>m>mr5r5‹A =Q
>m>m€5€@Š‡ ==QQ
>m>m€@r<Š> ==QQ
>m>m€5€5‹ hh‘‘
>m>m€5€5‹A hh‘‘
>m>m€<€5A> hh‘‘
>m>m€<€@™> e’e’77
>m>m€@‡5™ e’e’77
>m>m‡5‡5Ar WW\\
>m>m‡5‡5€‡ =C=C[[
>m>m‡5‡5‡ =C=C[[
>m>m‡<‡@™> H3=C2[
>m>m55‡ H3H322
>m>m55€‹ h.j'4B
>m>m55A j'j'BB
>m>m5<‹> =C\6
>p>pŠŠ ‡€ 66
>p>pŠŠ ‡ H3H377
>p>pŠ5Š Š‹ H3137[
>m>m‹5‹5€‡ 13l'[6
>m>m‹5‹5 l'PaF6
>m>m‹@‹5ŠA PaPaFF
>m>m‹5‹<‹> CPaFQ
>m>mA5A5r CCQQ
>m>mA5A5€ q'PRXF
>m>p™A5‹ q'q'FF
@™ l.g.\ —
'= >@?5A
tVtVcGwdUu cS[ v
t{|GtNd8:u }{u utVcS6 vw{6
t{t{uu tNtN{{vv
Ex8~Uu}{w{6 c{6
xSxSwGwGuu ƒSƒSvv
tƒGt{x8uu |E~Uu }{~tNvB6
x8x8|Guu }G}Gu xUttxSxS6 66
wtVx8|Gu u }|ExS~ƒ{[ 6
c{cGwGu x{u dStV66
~E~Euu ~U~U}S}Svv
w{wG}Gu x8u }{tNƒSv v
xSw{|GƒSu dS[ |Sv
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x8d8uu w{w|SxSv6
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xU|G:u xu tV~U6 6
:d8uu ƒGc{w{tV66
w{xSƒ{ƒw{dS66
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wGwGtU~Euu d8tVu ƒ{~tNvv6
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ww{x8x8ƒGu u }{u w{ƒS66 v
x:8tVt{ƒGu }{u xSu cS|Sc{vv 6
tN:u ƒ{}Sv
=CBEDGF
99L
99
9L
99
9L
99
L”L”“•“•[†[†–'–'—E—E˜˜
L”“•[†99 –'—E˜
9L
99
99L
999 
99
99
99
99
9LL
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
JH Y I8[ DK\:QSBE25L FN]8MO^ 6
:tUu ƒ{~E}#u ~y‚y‚}Gx8u u~Ux ƒ
:tVu cGƒ{c#u }#y‚yz}Gt{u Eu d d
w{wG}Guu tt yŽy…:wGuu wc
}Gu EtVdSƒGx8|Guut tt y‚y‚y…}GwGd8u }{uu ~ ƒS
|G:w{u wGt{~{u~u w#~y‰y…y‚x8wGx8u uu~Ucd w
:|GwGuu }Gt{}#ut }#y‚y‚y…}GwGwGuu w}u | dd
wStV:wGuu c#}#y…y‚wGx8uu }|
w{x8ƒGt{uu x~y…yŽ:wGuu }}
}Gu ƒE}G~Uƒu $y‚y‚}Gd8u utVƒ }Gt
t{w{w{u ƒGƒG}{|#uu $}#y‚y…y…}GwGwGu udSu ƒx }
w{w{wGƒGuu $ƒ#y…y…wGwGuu ƒd
w{x{ƒGx8uu }#d y‚y‚d8x8uu ƒd
wxSƒGd8uu dx y…y…wGwGuu w}
wx{xS|Gx8x8uuu |#d~yzy‚y‚x8x8t{uuu c|~
xSxSwG|Guu $w#y‚y‚x8x8uu wx
ƒGw{x{u }Gd8c{w#uu c#}#y y‚y‚t{x8x8u }uu ~t x
}Gu xSd{ƒGx8ut t y‚y‚}Gx8u utV~ w{|
xStcGd8uu c#d y…yzwGt{uu ~
xUtV:cGuu $}#y‚yzx8t{uu }d
tUtd8~Euu c#t yzyzt{t{uu w~
tUtd8~Euu |#t yzyzt{t{uu |x
ttx8d8uu $c#yzyzt{t{uu ƒx
ttV}Gx8uu }#w#yzy…}Gt{uu }|
t{t{t{uu ƒ{dUt{$|#u x y‚y‚yz}G}Gt{uu uxSt} wd
gxs
FI
*,=:=F*ADFd´[*EDF-z xNb2'‰J>=:DF9
13254687:9<;
r5r5rr 2
r@r5ŠV‹NWss \
€5€@Š iEF \
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ŠŠ rr b]
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€ Rl'F Q
T4{]8;5L ]G7GFV6 u PRQSMO9T7GMOQU;5FV6$WL FNMO6GX Y [ \:QS25]8^’_ELOQ
JH Y I8[ DK\:QSBE25L FN]8MO^ 6 =QS\GPaM FˆHa~Ub)} c89df
tx8{uu xStU}#~y‚y‚}G}Guu tVtV}| ŒŒ e`g'x8t{h.uu tUHac~ = PRg}Gi:t{u PRcGu dUtUg' ~ j'H h.HaŒŒ ='P kml'}G}GuunZtNtU{~SPRd eoWkpHat{tVwGt{e`uu }dj'q
}Gt{u ~Su |SdS$} y‚y‚}G}Guu }Ex8~t  ŒŒ }Gt{u w{u }{ƒ{ƒ c x8t{uu wS|{w
ŒŒ }G}Guu }GtU~UtN| t{tV}Gu wSu t
}G}Gt{uu cGƒu c{dStU}#c~ˆy‚y‚y‚}G}G}Guuu }{x{tƒ{xxSw} ŒŒŒ }G}G}Guuu }Ed8xU~tUƒ~ }Gx8t{u ux{u }{x{dS}d ƒ ŒŒŒ }G}G}Guuu }{}Gx{ƒdStN}x }Gx8~Eu |uu xUtx{d x
}G}Gt{uu :xu x8~UtVƒ}t y‚y‚y‚}G}G}Guuu }{}tVwwdScx ŒŒŒ }G}G}Guuu w{}StV:ƒG|Gttt }G}Guu w}{Œ |x{dd ŒŒŒ }G}G}Guuu }{}{}{w{w}{|wx }G}Gx8uu :|Su c{{tV} c
}Gx8u w{u }Sƒ$xy‚y‚}G}Guu }EtV|~U} ŒŒ }Gu }{Œ ƒ{ƒ }G}Guu }{}GwSt{t ŒŒ
ŒŒ }G}Guu wGc{ƒtV|x
:u d{x y‚}Gu d8t Œ
Œ
Œ
Œ
Πt{u d8t
'= >@?5A C= BEDGF
tVw|{}{x8wGƒGu uu~{ƒ~U6dS6 6 L”“•[†99 '– —E˜
t{tUtV|{cG~EƒGuu u~{~{xS~U~U6 c{6 6 99L
{wG:tx8u 8u ~St{xStV66 9L
td8wGu cEu ƒE~Uw~vdS6 9L
tNxS:dS}GwGu cu cGu dSxStc{c{dU}S6 v v 99L
Products in
EXPERIMENT
LAHET<F>=2.25
CEM95<F>=1.58
2
HETC<F>=3.20
INUCL<F>=2.90
CASCADE<F>=2.09
YIELDX<F>=2.62
1
-1
10
10
Eu
147
Eu
Eu
Gd
146
146
Pm
145
144
Ce
Pm
Nd
139
Nd
137
Ce
136
135
Ba
Ce
134
Ce
133
132
Cs
Ba
131
Ba
Xe
Xe
129
128
127
Ag
Xe
125
123
Nb
90
105
Y
Zr
88
Rb
88
84
Se
As
Fe
Rb
83
75
74
59
V
Mn
54
Sc
48
Mg
28
48
Be
24
-3
143
10
Na
-2
7
10
2
10
1
10
-1
/
Ta
183
Ta
182
Hf
Re
181
W
177
181
Ta
176
Hf
175
Ta
174
Ta
Hf
173
174
Hf
173
Hf
Lu
172
172
Hf
Lu
171
171
Lu
170
Lu
170
Yb
169
Tm
Tm
168
Tmc
167
166
Tm
166
Tm
Yb
162
165
Er
Er
161
160
Er
Dy
159
157
Ho
156
Tb
Dy
155
Gd
153
153
Gd
-3
10
Dy
-2
10
151
Cross section [mb]
W irradiated with 1.6eV protons
10
152
Cross section [mb]
10
183
_`*,"ifXCB'D$*,.,z+N>w=:*,9:^W'D:´[Êu†>=:*,ND$.Zz9:*,NH.ADF^&4*,.,9]?=F*,P+'DF*EO4}=:L+'DF*,
>=:H+'DF9V*,
FI
*,=:=F*ADFN´[*EDF-^ x{b2'‰Š>=:DF90V-]+HNH.ADF*EO4<&4*,.,9S=:].W.,N|+B´[-1DF-
=:9:>+'DF*EO4*,>D<&4*,.,9[=:.,9:{9:-´[
gx
Mass Yield [mb]
Mass yields in
183
W irradiated with 1.6GeV protons
10
EXPERIMENT
CEM95
LAHET
INUCL
YIELDX
CASCADE
HETC
1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Product mass number
Ž/
_`*,"2vPsX0V-Œ9:*,NH.ADFJ9:9Ê*,9DF=:*,WHDF*,9y?1=:L+'DF*,‚>=:H+'DF9ÊDF"'DF-=z´[*EDF-‚DF-ÇNL9:H=:
+HNH.ADF*EO429:H>=F|+HNH.ADF*EO4B&4*,.,9V*,
FI
*,=:=F*ADF´[*EDF-G xNb2'‰J>=:DF9
gxPh
Statistics of sim-to-exp ratios for 1.6GeV proton-irradiated 183W
50
CEM95
LAHET
INUCL
CASCADE
HETC
YIELDX
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
σcalc,i/σexp,i
_`*,"PvX36D$ADF*,9DF*,+9ˆ?DF-]9:*,NH.ADF*,4rDFA|u†>=:*,ND=FADF*,9]m@+=:*EDF=:*,dhoZ?@=
b2'‰‚>=:DF9
gxi
-1
10
/
I
1
1
10
2
10
*,=:=F*ADF{´[*EDF-) x
13254687:9<;
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'= >@?5A
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w{}Gu }{ƒSv
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LL
LL
99
99
99
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99
99
L”L”“•“•[†[†–'–'—E—E˜˜
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~dSUtV|G|GƒGuuu }#w#x y‚y…y…cGƒGx8uuu }wc
ƒcG{~Uu wG}G~Euut }#t y…y…y…}GƒGƒGu uu~Uc w
wSxtV:~E}{uu cGc#t u yŽyŽy…::|Guu }u
d8t{u }GdSt{c#u dt{uy…yŽy…}G:cGu |{u u }
c{ƒwGd8uu w#c#y…yŽ:ƒGuu |d
t{{tNu ::~{u~u dt y…y…y‚}GwGx8u uutNƒt 
w{xS|G|Guu c#}#y‚yzx8t{uu c~
ƒGwGuu c{|{|#c#y…y…}G}Guu wGdSct
0/
e`g'xSh.cGu Had =PRQSMO9TPR7GMOgQU;5i:wFVPRx86$u g'd Wj'L FNH MO6GX h.Y [ x{Hax8\:='uQSt P25]8^’_EkmLOl'Q xUnZ:u PRƒ eoWkpHatV}Ge`u ƒj'q
w{xStVƒG}GcGuuu wc~ w{wxcGx8~Euuu ~t xxStV|G|G~Euuu |wt xUxSxS:cG|Guuu tt w{x{tV|G}Gd8uuu ƒx
cG|x8t{uu ww |{|{cGwGuu } ~E~Sd8t{uu ƒ~ c~UcGd8uu c} |E~Sd8~Euu |w
|{ƒ{ƒGcGuu d~ c{|EwG~Euu ~t ~U~UcGcGuu ww d8~{~Et{uu t ƒ{wwGd8uu x
xt{~EtN:u w u w{t{ƒGtx8u t u |{x{|Gx8uu cd |{tV}G}S:u ƒ u ctx8x8uu ~
w{x~:}G~Euuu ƒ~ xStVtV|G}G}Guut{|x u cGtVt{}Gut{w{ut{ƒc u ExtV|Gx8~Euuu ƒƒc w{w{x{}G}Gx8uuu wcd
dSt{}GtN:u | u ƒt{d8tV}Gu } u |EtV}E~E~Eu } u |{xU:cGuu ~ c{tV}GƒGuu xx
cG~Sd8t{uu |c c{c|Gd8uu ct cc{wGx8uu wd :dU:t{uu }c {~U:}Guu ww
dSt{cGu |u }x }G~Uu }Gw{wSu ƒ  }GtVu }G}{wt{du }Gxu ~EtVcEu ƒ ~ xSt{wGu c{u }}
wGw{}G}Gu ƒGuu xt }GwGd{u x8t{~:uu w~ t }GtVtu }{x{}ƒGx8xSƒuu }GtVtu |Gx8wGuutVw} | |Gt{tx8uu |w{u |cx
:|Guu }tdd d8x8uu }Sx{d }Gu w{Œ |{ƒ wGx8uu w~Ucd x8x8uu cGdSƒt
$I
0[W.,p4Xwj`†>=:*,ND$.!+L.,+H.ADF1&4*,.,9S?@=:
Products in
184
W irradiated with 0.2GeV protons
CEM95<F>=2.65
CASCADE<F>=2.82
HETC<F>=3.14
INUCL<F>=3.16
YIELDX<F>=1.97
10
1
-1
10
/
Re
183
Ta
Re
183
182
Re
Re
181
179
W
W
178
177
W
176
Tac
Ta
176
Hf
175
W
174
Ta
Hf
174
173
Hf
Ta
172
172
Lu
Ta
172
171
Hf
Lu
171
171
Lu
Yb
170
169
Tm
166
-3
176
10
-2
Tm
10
165
Cross section [mb]
10
EXPERIMENT
LAHET<F>=1.95
2
PaHaxS}Gb)u c cd
x8x{x8t{uu }x
||Gx8x8t{t{uuu ƒd~
dE8~U|Gx8t{uuu ƒc~
EtwGx8x{x8uu ƒw u
tVwG|Guu }d
cƒtVwd8d8x8uu }x u
w{d8ƒGu dSu ƒc
d8x8ut{ƒ{u |t
}G}Gt{uu xSt{~Uƒ{}{u ~ ƒƒ
*,=:=F*ADFd´[*EDF-s‹h{b2'‰J>=:DF9
_`*,"³v6h4XCB'D$*,.,z+N>w=:*,9:^W'D:´[Êu†>=:*,ND$.Zz9:*,NH.ADF^&4*,.,9]?=F*,P+'DF*EO4}=:L+'DF*,
>=:H+'DF9V*,
$I
*,=:=F*ADFN´[*EDF-1s‹hUb2'‰Š>=:DF90V-]+HNH.ADF*EO4<&4*,.,9S=:].W.,N|+B´[-1DF-
=:9:>+'DF*EO4*,>D<&4*,.,9[=:.,9:{9:-´[
gxv
Statistics of sim-to-exp ratios for 0.2GeV proton-irradiated 184W
30
25
CEM95
LAHET
INUCL
CASCADE
HETC
YIELDX
20
15
10
5
0
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
σcalc,i/σexp,i
_`*,"PvPiX36D$ADF*,9DF*,+9ˆ?DF-]9:*,NH.ADF*,4rDFA|u†>=:*,ND=FADF*,9]m@+=:*EDF=:*,dhoZ?@=
b2'‰‚>=:DF9
gxP
-1
10
/
I
1
1
10
2
10
*,=:=F*ADF{´[*EDF-ds‹h
0/
PaHa:ub)}d cdfe`g'ƒGh.u cHad =PRQSMO9TPR7GMOgQU;5i:d8FVPRu 6$ƒ{g'} Wj'L FNH MO6GX h.Y [ :Hau\:wG='QSt P25]8^’_EkmLOl'Q wGnZu wEPR~ eoWkpHat{u e`~Sdj'q
:xS}Gu xu ~t |GxU:u ~u | ƒGx8ut{|u xt d8xU:u tNu x :xU:u xSu ƒ :wx8u x{u d
}G{u :}GutUƒ ~ }GdSu ƒG}{w{u ƒ | dScGŒ u w d{d8Œ u } dScGŒ u w }Gtu d8ƒS8u c ~
wwGd8t{uu dt Ew{|Gx8uu d~ wEw{ƒG~Euu x~ wwS:d8uu c| EdS}Gd8uu ƒ :ƒGt{uu c}
wEGtUd8~Eu }{uu c}t x8d8tV|Gut{~{uu d~ {ƒGtN::u }{uu w}d x8t}Gx8u |Suu cc ƒSxUd8::u }{uu |wƒ }GƒGtVu |Gt{}Guu }} t
{tV:ƒGuu ƒc cG|Gu c{u | 8tV}G~Euu cx d8}Gu tVu wt ƒSxS:}Guu wd ~EtVƒGt{uu ƒ~
:wGt{uu ƒd 8wG~Euu }} d8|Gt{uu ƒ| :Ex8t{uu ƒx ƒdScGd8uu w~ wdSƒGx8uu w|
~EtV}Gu tu xx d8tV}Gu 8u x~ x8d8uu |Sw{c t{t{uu :dUt cG~Euu ƒxSƒx wGd8uu wS~U}
dSt|GƒGx8uuu }d~ tV}GƒGcGuuu wcw :dSdU:wGu ƒ{uu cwd :{t{:t{u cSuu w| cGƒƒS:d8u |{uu ƒw d8xSxSƒGwGu ~uu }c
w{dS}G|Guu x {w{:}Guu |} 8d8~Et{uu }~ :ƒGt{uu wd xSdS|GwGuu ct x{tN:d8uu w
dSd8cGu ƒ{u }| d{x8x8u }Eu ~~ }Gƒ{u }G|Eu~U~ ƒ }GEu d8}{|{u c ƒ dUt{:u tNu c x{x8d8u u }c
:dSdS|G}Gt{uuu |cd EwSwS::d8uuu |x~ dSwGcGƒGuuu d~t {:cGwGuuu ct ExSxƒGd8~Euuu cƒ} wGw{x{|Gd8t{uuu cƒx
ƒGƒGuu wx w{ƒG}Guu d 8d8~Et{uu xt EdSƒGx8uu t x{xSwGd8uu d~ wSw{:}Guu ƒd
ExScGd8uu ƒd w{x{ƒGd8uu ~t w{}GwGuu cd :wd8t{uu c} xStN:}Guu tt wGx8t{t{uu |~
w{t{tVcG|Gt{uuu dt xS~EtVcGƒGu ƒSuu dt wGwtd8d8u ƒGuu c|t w{wG|GuŒ w{u w} |Gx8tVƒGuu w~Uu wƒx xStVtwGƒGd8uuu |ƒ~
w{x{tVwG}Gx8uuu |dt xxStVƒG}G~Euuu }dd x8tVtVwGƒGt{uuu d~ }G|GwGu }{uu w{tVw{}} | cG~Etx8uu EdSu wwx xStwGx8Œ uu wx
d8t{uu ƒSxS| tVt{}Gu d{u dx }Gt{u t{tdSu | | x{x8Œ u } }Gd8u w{u ~Uw{| w }G~Eu c{u ~UcG} t
}G:~Eu uu E8w{x~ w :tVtVwG}Gu xSuu wwd ~Et{t{ut{u ƒ{~Su ƒwx :xxS}G~Eu dUuu |t :d8t{uuu ƒ{|tVc|d |Gd8tV}Guu |GtVu ƒ~t
ŒŒ }G}Guu :tU~StV}x }G}Guu }{dS}{wSc ŒŒ }G}Guu w{}{|{ƒ{ƒ| t{t{uu d{tV|x
ŒŒ }G}Guu w{tVw{}{ww }Gt{u |Su }Gt | ŒŒ }G}Guu }}{|xS}x }Gt{u ud{EdSd ƒ
ŒŒ }G}Guu wGtV|Gtdt x8t{uu E~U}d
ŒŒ }G}Guu }{}E}E~U|~ }Gt{u wu dUc 
ŒŒ }G}Guu }{tNcwd }G}Guu }{~SwSd~ ŒŒ }G}Guu }}GxUtV} }G}Guu w{t|GdUt
0[W.,ph4Xwj`†>=:*,ND$.!+L.,+H.ADF1&4*,.,9S?@=:
13254687:9<;
>m>mr5r<‹N> ss F
>m>m€5r@Š€ „ F
>m>mr5€5‹‡ ==QQ
>m>m€@€@ŠŠ ==QQ
>m>mr<€5> =hQ‘
>m>m€5€5‹‹ hh‘‘
>m>m€5€<A> hh‘‘
>m>m€5€<A> he’7 ‘
>m>m€@€@™™ e’e’77
>m>m‡5‡5A We’7 \
>m>m‡5‡5€‡ W=C[\
>m>m‡5‡5‡ =C=C[[
>m>m‡<‡<>> =C=C[[
>m>m‡@5™ H3H322
>m>m55‡ H3h.24
>m>m55‡€ h.h.44
>m>m55‹A j'j'BB
>m>m55‹ j'=C\B
>p>pŠŠ ‡r 66
>p>pŠŠ € H3H377
>m>m‹5A5€ H3Pa7F
r5r5rr q'2 F
r5r@ŠV€ WWs
r5€@Š‹Ns \\
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'= >@?5A
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tV|Gwu dU~[v
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Et{x8~Uu utN}{w{{6 c{v 6
xSxSwGwGuu ƒSƒSvv
tƒGt{x8uu |E~Uu }{~tNvB6
x8x8|Guu }G}Gu xUttxSxS6 66
wtVx8|Gu u }|ExS~ƒ{[ 6
cG~Euu x{~U}SdSv6
w{~Ew{}Gu wS~Uu }{[}SƒSv v
xSwGw{|Gu ƒSx8u dS[ tN|Sv v
w{wGdSuƒS}[ dU[
|GƒGdSu ƒSutN{[{v v
x8d8uu w{w|SxSv6
xUdU|G:}Gu xu dSu ~U6 66
xUd8:u c{u w{tV66
tVwEw{~EƒGu ƒSu 6 }{6
tV|{}{~UwGcGƒGuuu ƒ|Sv6dS6
w|{x8ƒGu u~{xS~U6 6
{tU:~Eu 8u ~{~S~UxS6 6
=CBEDGF
LL
99
99
9L
99
9L
99
L”L”“•“•[†[†–'–'—E—E˜˜
L”“•[†9 –'—E˜
99
99
99L 
99
99 
9L
99
99
99
99L
99
9L
L”“•[†99 –' —E˜
9L
JH Y I8[ DK\:QSBE25L FN]8MO^ 6
wG~Euu EƒGxt y‚y }Gt{uu w{tVwƒ
}Gu xSx8cwGdSt{}uu $x y‚y‚yz}Gx8t{u }{uu d~ |d
EdS}Gd8uu ƒ#}#yŽy‚:d8uu xd
t{dSu }GƒGxU$uu x~y‚y‚yŽ}G:d8u uut{ƒx t
dSt{|Gt{uu ƒ#d yŽy‚:x8uu ~
8{:~Euu $d y…y‚wGd8uu w}
d8tVu ƒG|{c#u ~y‚yŽ}G:u ƒ{u x }
d8dUu :~{~u }#y‚yŽwG:u u~U }
ƒGEƒGt{x8t{u $uu $~y yŽyŽt::x8uu ƒdu 
d8dSdSu cGcGtV|#uu }#w#y‚yŽyŽ}G::u uu~Ux ƒ
E|Gx8uu }#~y‰yŽ:~Euu w
dUdS:ƒGuu ƒ#}#yŽy…:wGuu ƒc
wEdUtU:~E~Euuu c#dt y‚yŽy…:wGx8uuu ccƒ
x8wGt{uu ƒ#ƒ#y…yzwGt{uu |
wx{tV|Gd8d8uuu w#dd yzy…y‚wGx8t{uuu xxx
t{ttVu |Gd8w{c#uu }#d y‚yzyz}Gt{t{u uuxS}d c
}G:u tV~Eu }Gƒ{tVc#}u c#y‚y‚y…}G}G}Guu wGut{| ttU~
}G}Guu {wS::tt y‚y‚}G}Guu }{tVcw{wd
}G}Guu ƒ{ƒSc{#ƒ y‚y‚}G}Guu }{}ƒ{dSw}
}G}Guu E~SdSdSƒw y‚y‚}G}Guu }E}dU~U|
}Gu xS|E~ˆy‚}Gu }{wS
gxx
$I
*,=:=F*ADFd´[*EDF-s tNb2'‰J>=:DF9
Products in
EXPERIMENT
LAHET<F>=1.71
CEM95<F>=1.76
2
W irradiated with 0.8GeV protons
HETC<F>=2.81
INUCL<F>=2.53
CASCADE<F>=2.05
YIELDX<F>=1.83
10
1
-1
10
-3
74
Fe
As
Rb
84
Rb
87
Y
88
Y
88
Zr
127
Xe
139
Ce
145
Eu
146
Gd
147
Eu
148
Eu
152
Dy
153
Gd
153
Dy
155
Tb
156
Ho
156
c
Ho
157
Dy
159
Ho
159
Er
160
Er
161
Er
161
Tm
162
Yb
165
Tm
166
Tm
166
c
Tm
167
Tm
169
Yb
170
Lu
170
c
Lu
171
Lu
171
Hf
172
Lu
172
Hf
173
Hf
173 c
Hf
174
Ta
174
Tac
175
Hf
176
Ta
177
W
181
Hf
181
Re
183
Ta
183
Re
184
Ta
10
-2
83
10
59
Cross section [mb]
10
184
/
_`*,"³vvXCB'D$*,.,z+N>w=:*,9:^W'D:´[Êu†>=:*,ND$.Zz9:*,NH.ADF^&4*,.,9]?=F*,P+'DF*EO4}=:L+'DF*,
>=:H+'DF9V*,
$I
*,=:=F*ADFN´[*EDF-1s t{b2'‰Š>=:DF90V-]+HNH.ADF*EO4<&4*,.,9S=:].W.,N|+B´[-1DF-
=:9:>+'DF*EO4*,>D<&4*,.,9[=:.,9:{9:-´[
Mass yields in
10
2
184
W irradiated with 0.8GeV protons
EXPERIMENT
CEM95
LAHET
INUCL
Mass Yield [mb]
HETC
YIELDX
10
CASCADE
1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Product mass number
Ž/
_`*,"2v64X0V-Œ9:*,NH.ADFJ9:9Ê*,9DF=:*,WHDF*,9y?1=:L+'DF*,‚>=:H+'DF9ÊDF"'DF-=z´[*EDF-‚DF-ÇNL9:H=:
+HNH.ADF*EO429:H>=F|+HNH.ADF*EO4B&4*,.,9V*,
$I
*,=:=F*ADF´[*EDF-)s tNb2'‰J>=:DF9
gxPp
Statistics of sim-to-exp ratios for 0.8GeV proton-irradiated 184W
45
40
CEM95
LAHET
INUCL
CASCADE
HETC
YIELDX
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
σcalc,i/σexp,i
_`*,"PvPxX36D$ADF*,9DF*,+9ˆ?DF-]9:*,NH.ADF*,4rDFA|u†>=:*,ND=FADF*,9]m@+=:*EDF=:*,dhoZ?@=
b2'‰‚>=:DF9
gxt
-1
10
/
I
1
1
10
2
10
*,=:=F*ADF{´[*EDF-ds t
0/
Pa}GHau dSb)wcx dfe`g'wGh.u dSHa} =PRQSMO9TPR7GMOgQU;5i:t{FVPRu 6$ƒg'd Wj'L FNH MO6GX h.Y [ wGHau\:xS='QSw P25]8^’_EkmLOl'Q}GunZx8tVPRw eoWkpHat{u e`tVwj'q
t{t{ut{tVu ƒƒ wGtVwGu |{u }c t{tx8u ~{u |~ :tVƒGu tu x t{tN:u tVu }t xSt{ƒGu ~Su }d
}Gw{u cG}d8u t t t{ƒGu w{u |~ cGŒ u c }GdSu }Gx8utx x :t{Œ u t }GtVu }G8u~{c ~
xStUtV}GƒG~Euuu wtt x{tUtV|Gx8~Euuu wxt xxSxSwG}G~Euuu ~t xSxUx{:}Gx8uuu }ƒx wwGxd8~Et{uuu ƒcx wEtVwG}G~Euuu }w~
cGx8uu xSd{}d cGx8uu dSdƒ~ cGd8uu }{ƒ{|} cGwGuu w{xScƒ wGtVƒGu xSu ƒt }GtVu ƒGw{wu | d
xUxS:wGuu cx x{x{d8x8uu  xxSƒG~Euu ƒ xx{d8~Euu cx :}Gt{uu ~ d{d8Œ u ~
cGx8ut{ƒGu ct d8x8ut{u ƒƒ xS~E|Gu }u d~ :x{d8u ~u  :tVwGt{uu |w ~UtN:wGuu }~
:d8tVcGuu wxUu |x wGd8tVcGuu 8t{u ~t wGxx8~Euu cGxSu wtt x{t{t{d8uu :u cxt wEƒG|G~Euu tVu ƒc} wEwGd8~Euu d{tNu cx
ƒGx{xx8~Eu ~Uuu ƒdx x8d8xSwGt{u }Guu ƒt w{wGwG}Gut{|uu }dx xUx{t{:d8u cuu |d |GwGƒGu ƒ{uu c}} d8x{x8uŒ dUu |
tt{d8u w{u ƒx }GtNu :dUu  w }GxSu cGdu~S~ x }Gxu ~E}Eu~{d ~ }GxSu |GcGutt x }GtVu ƒG|{cGu x t
xx~E~Euu c x8xU:t{uu xd w{w}Gd8uu ~ xSxSwGƒGuu dt EEx8d8uu ~~ xUx:~Euu }~
x8x~Eu |{u w x8t{t{u w{u ƒ~ wt{x8u x8u }t }GxSu ƒGtVƒSu }  t{}Gu ~Uu |d x8x~Eu cu ƒd
xx{d8~Euu ct tUtV|G~Euu c ww{wGx8uu }d x{x{d8d8uu |d wGwx8t{uu ƒt :w{ƒGt{uu }~
xSx{cGx8uu cd xStV}GƒGuu ƒ wExScG~Euu x~ wSx{:x8uu d w{xS}GwGuu ct wx{x8x8uu t
w{x8}Gt{uu }t tUt{~Et{uu ƒd w{tV}G|Guu cw xUx8:u u }w x{tVƒGd8uu |w xtVƒG~Euu x~
xxStV|GƒG~Euuu c|x ttUtN:x8~Euuu || x{tVtV|GcGx8uuu w~~ }GƒGx8u uuxStVwGww t x8ttVcGd8t{uuu |ct xUxS:}GŒ uu cx
xSx{ƒGd8uu c~ ttd8x8uu w w{xU:}Guu ƒ~ xStV|GƒGuu }d tVtU|G~Euu dd |GtVƒGu du w~
ƒGxSxScG|Gu ƒuu }|x :ttN:d8u cGuu w|t xSxSt{|GƒGu uu }wt xSxSƒGƒGŒ uu c~ x8tVtƒGd8u ƒuu }xt wGcGt{t{uu :c{u wct
w{t{tU}G~Eu xuu w~ cGt{tVƒGuu xUxSu ƒ} }GxUtu :d8tVwEuu xd ~ xSx{ƒGd8Œ uu x }G~EtVu wGEu xSdSu cc ƒ x8t{tVwGuu d{u |}x
xSxStƒG}Gx8uuu t tVtUtV}GwG~Euuu }|d tNtVt:cGd8uuu dt x{xUxS:wGx8uuu c}~ d8~EtV}Guu cEcu x~ :ƒGt{uuu dSdS~S|cd
tVt{|Gt{uu x~ ttVwGd8uu ƒt tt{d8t{uu }x x8tVcGt{uu d d8~Euu wdUx :uŒ d8t
tUtN:~Euu |ƒ tVtVwGƒGuu |~ ttV}Gx8uu |d xStV}GcGuu w ƒGƒGuu c{}{ƒ} :wGuu E|{ƒx
|Gtx8u dSu }| tVtVƒGƒGuu wc cG~Euu }d{dd x8tVƒGt{uu }x wGd8uu |{xSƒ| wGwGuu wS~U}
|GƒGuu c{cE|~ tUtd8~Euu wx ƒGd8uu 8|{c~ tUtVƒG~Euu |} wGwGuu c}Ed~ x8t{uu ~{~U|~
:u ƒd cGu xSƒ wGu |x tx8u w t{u |x x8u c{c
0[W.,piXwj`†>=:*,ND$.!+L.,+H.ADF1&4*,.,9S?@=:
13254687:9<;
>m>mr5r<‹N> ss F
>m>m€5r@Š€ „ F
>m>mr5r5‹A ==QQ
>m>m€5€@Š‡ ==QQ
>m>m€@r<Š> ==QQ
>m>m€5€5‹ hh‘‘
>m>m€5€5‹A hh‘‘
>m>m€<€5A> hh‘‘
>m>m€<€@™> e’e’77
>m>m€@‡5™ e’e’77
>m>m‡5‡5Ar WW\\
>m>m‡5‡5€‡ =C=C[[
>m>m‡5‡5‡ =C=C[[
>m>m‡<‡@™> H3=C2[
>m>m55‡ H3H322
>m>m55€‹ h.j'4B
>m>m55A j'j'BB
>m>m5<‹> =C\6
>p>pŠŠ ‡€ 66
>p>pŠŠ ‡ H3H377
>p>pŠ5Š Š‹ H3137[
>m>m‹5‹5€‡ 13l'[6
>m>m‹5‹5 l'PaF6
>m>m‹@‹5ŠA PaPaFF
>m>m‹5‹<‹> CPaFQ
>m>mA5A5r CCQQ
>m>mA5A5€ q'PRXF
>mA5‹ q'q'FF
'= >@?5A
~UtV}GcGuu }{cSv6
tV|Gwu dU~[v
t{|GtNd8:u }{u utVcS6 vw{6
t{t{uu tNtN{{vv
Ex8~Uu}{w{6 c{6
xSxSwGwGuu ƒSƒSvv
tƒGt{x8uu |E~Uu }{~tNvB6
x8x8|Guu }G}Gu xUttxSxS6 66
wtVx8|Gu u }|ExS~ƒ{[ 6
c{cGwGu x{u dStV66
~E~Euu ~U~U}S}Svv
w{wG}Gu x8u }{tNƒSv v
xSw{|GƒSu dS[ |Sv
|GƒGdSu ƒSutN{[{v v
x8d8uu w{w|SxSv6
xUtxU}Gu 6 6
xU|G:u xu tV~U6 6
:d8uu ƒGc{w{tV66
w{xSƒ{ƒw{dS66
dtVSwEw{}G~E|Gu uƒu ƒSdUdU[ [ }{6
wGwGtU~Euu d8tVu ƒ{~tNvv6
w{t{|St{u |GdS}{u c{6 6
ww{x8x8ƒGu u }{u w{ƒS66 v
x8tVƒGu }{u cS|Svv
=CBEDGF
LL
99
99
99
99L
9L
99
L”L”“•“•[†[†–'–'—E—E˜˜
L”“•[†99 –'—E˜
9L
99
99L
999 
99
99
99
99
9LL
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
JH Y I8[ DK\:QSBE25L FN]8MO^ 6
:wGtuu d8|StN$$u }#y‚y‚yz}G}Gt{uu u~E~Uc ct
}Gu tV~UcGƒ{wu $y‚yz}Gt{u }{u ƒ cE~
w{xStVwGcGƒGuuu c#w#~yzy…y…wGwGt{uuu ƒ~
t{w{x{u |Gx8tV|#uu }#}#y‚yŽy…}G:wGu uutVwt }
|Gw{xSu ƒG|Gƒ{|#uu $ƒ#y‰y…y‚x8wGx8u wSuu |x 
:|Gxuu ƒ{~Eƒ#c#u d y‚y y‚}Gt{x8uu w{u~S| |d
cGwwSu :x8ƒ{}#uu c#}#y‰y‚y‚x8x8x8u }{uu |~ ƒ
}Gu wEx{c{d8~E}{}uu tt y‚y…y‚}GƒGd8u uut{}t tx
t{wSw{u :wGdSw#uu c#x y‚y…y…}GwGwGu w{uu } |
wSwxS:|Gd8uuu $x~y…y…y‚wGwGd8uuu }
w{xSx{wGwGd8uuu }#}#x y‚y…y‚wGx8x8uuu |}w
wGxSx}G~Et{uuu |#|#ƒ#yzy‚y‚x8x8t{uuu ~~~
x8x{d8t{uu ƒ#t y‚y‚x8x8uu }
xStV|G}Guu ƒ#t y‚yzx8t{uu |d
}Gu x{xSƒGwGx8tuuxd~y‚yzy‚}Gx8t{u uutUc ~{~
xSt|Gd8uu $x y…yzwGt{uu d
x{tV|Gx8uu tt yzyzt{t{uu |
ttN:d8uu }#d yzyzt{t{uu x
tVtN:ƒGuu ƒ#w#yzyzt{t{uu |t
t{tN:t{uu $ƒ#yzyzt{t{uu t
cGcGtVuu }G~Utw#du |#y‚y‚y…}G}G}Guu |Su~Uc ƒ
gxf
$I
*,=:=F*ADFd´[*EDF-z xNb2'‰J>=:DF9
13254687:9<;
@r5>p™™r l.g.\ —
r5r@ŠVr Ws 2
r5€@Š‹Ns \\
5@Š g'F X
ŠŠ rr b]
A5A@Šr bi89 —
€ Rl'F Q
T4{]8;5L ]G7GFV6 u PRQSMO9T7GMOQU;5FV6$WL FNMO6GX Y [ \:QS25]8^’_ELOQ
JH Y I8[ DK\:QSBE25L FN]8MO^ 6 =QS\GPaM FˆHa~Ub)w c89df
t}G{u |Su :ƒ#t y‚y‚}G}Guu ttNd ƒ }Gu }{Œ }{c e`g'}G~Eu h.c{u w{w{Ha} | = PRg}G}Gi:uu PRw{tU}{~{g'c~ j'H h.}GHau x{Œ ='dS}P kml'}G}GuunZ}tVcd8PRxt eoWkpHat{t{uu e`ƒ{wGwtj'q
}G}Gt{uu |{~Su }{}SdSw##| y‚y‚y‚}G}G}Guuu }{xStV|{|E} ƒ~ ŒŒŒ }G}Gt{uu w{~Uu 8}{ƒ~ }x }G}Gt{uu |ƒu ExSdx w~ ŒŒŒ }G}G}Guuu }{}tV|wGx8dtt x8tVt{}Guu cGdSu w~t
}G}Gt{uu dS~Uu d8c{}ƒxt y‚y‚y‚}G}G}Guuu }{}{tVc{ƒ| }x ŒŒŒ }G}G}Guuu cS}{xS8w{ƒ{}ƒ~ }Gx8t{u uxSu E}{}{cd ƒ ŒŒŒ }G}G}Guuu }{}{x{wS}{xSww }Gx8tVu }Gc{u }Gu }t t
}G}Guu |xS}{dScc y‚y‚}G}Guu }StVE}{}x ŒŒ }G}Guu wtVƒx8dt }G}Guu }GxSƒ{tUw~ ŒŒ }G}Guu }S}GEtV}d }Gx8u u~{c~d 
}G}Guu {d8{t{#t y‚y‚}G}Guu }S}SE|x ŒŒ }Gu }EŒ ~ }G}Guu }txSxS}c ŒŒ }Gu }{Œ }{w }G}Guu EwSEdSwx
ŒŒ t{t{uu }GdS}t
:t{uu c{x}#~y‚y‚}G}Guu tVƒƒ ŒŒ }Gu tVŒ }E~ }Gu }Œ xSc ŒŒ
'= >@?5A C= BEDGF
:tN:t{uu ƒ{xSc{}Sv6 99
tVw|{}{x8wGƒGu uu~{ƒ~U6dS6 6 L”“•[†9L'– —E˜
t{U:|{~EƒGu 8u u~{xS~S~U6xS6 6 99L
twGd8twGu x8cEu ƒE~Uu t{w~tVvdS6 6 9LL
tNxS:dS}GwGu cu cGu dSxStc{c{dU}S6 v v 99L
Products in
HETC<F>=3.01
INUCL<F>=2.50
CASCADE<F>=1.93
YIELDX<F>=2.61
10
1
-1
10
10
Eu
Gd
147
151
Eu
Eu
Gd
146
146
Pm
145
144
Ce
Pm
143
Nd
139
Nd
136
137
c
Ce
Ba
Ce
133
134
Ba
132
Ce
Cs
131
Ba
129
Xe
128
Xe
127
Xe
125
Ag
123
Nb
90
105
Y
Zr
88
Rb
88
84
Rb
As
83
Fe
74
59
V
Mn
54
Sc
48
Mg
28
48
Be
24
-3
135
10
Na
-2
7
10
2
10
1
10
-1
/
Ta
Re
184
183
Ta
Ta
183
Re
182
181
W
Hf
181
Ta
177
176
Hf
175
c
Ta
174
Ta
Hf
174
c
173
Hf
Hf
173
Lu
172
172
Hf
171
Lu
171
Lu
170
Lu
170
Yb
169
Tm
168
Tm
c
Tm
167
166
Tm
166
Tm
165
Yb
162
Er
161
Er
Er
160
159
Dy
157
Ho
156
Tb
155
153
Dy
152
-3
10
Dy
-2
10
153
Cross section [mb]
W irradiated with 1.6eV protons
EXPERIMENT
LAHET<F>=2.08
CEM95<F>=1.81
2
Gd
Cross section [mb]
10
184
_`*,"³v6p4XCB'D$*,.,z+N>w=:*,9:^W'D:´[Êu†>=:*,ND$.Zz9:*,NH.ADF^&4*,.,9]?=F*,P+'DF*EO4}=:L+'DF*,
>=:H+'DF9V*,
$I
*,=:=F*ADFN´[*EDF-^ x{b2'‰Š>=:DF90V-]+HNH.ADF*EO4<&4*,.,9S=:].W.,N|+B´[-1DF-
=:9:>+'DF*EO4*,>D<&4*,.,9[=:.,9:{9:-´[
ps
Mass Yield [mb]
Mass yields in
184
W irradiated with 1.6GeV protons
10
EXPERIMENT
CEM95
LAHET
INUCL
YIELDX
CASCADE
HETC
1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Product mass number
Ž/
_`*,"2vPtX0V-Œ9:*,NH.ADFJ9:9Ê*,9DF=:*,WHDF*,9y?1=:L+'DF*,‚>=:H+'DF9ÊDF"'DF-=z´[*EDF-‚DF-ÇNL9:H=:
+HNH.ADF*EO429:H>=F|+HNH.ADF*EO4B&4*,.,9V*,
$I
*,=:=F*ADF´[*EDF-G xNb2'‰J>=:DF9
p4
Statistics of sim-to-exp ratios for 1.6GeV proton-irradiated 184W
50
CEM95
LAHET
INUCL
CASCADE
HETC
YIELDX
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
σcalc,i/σexp,i
_`*,"PvPfX36D$ADF*,9DF*,+9ˆ?DF-]9:*,NH.ADF*,4rDFA|u†>=:*,ND=FADF*,9]m@+=:*EDF=:*,dhoZ?@=
b2'‰‚>=:DF9
ph
-1
10
/
I
1
1
10
2
10
*,=:=F*ADF{´[*EDF-) x
13254687:9<;
>m>mr5r5‹NANss F
>m>mr<€5><ss FF
>m>m€5€5r€ „„ F
>m>m€5€@Š‡ „„
>m>mr5€5‹‡ =Q
>m>m€5€@Š‡ ==QQ
>m>m€5€<A> ==QQ
>m>m€5€5‹ =hQ‘
>m>m€5€<A> hh‘‘
>m>m€5€<A> he’7 ‘
>m>m€@‡5™ e’e’77
>m>m‡5‡5‡ W=C[\
=C[
'= >@?5A C= BEDGF HJY I8[ DK\:QSBE25L FN]8MO^ 6
ƒS~UtV:}GcGuuu }{}ScSvv6 LLL xSxStƒG|Gx8uuu }#|#d y‚yzy…wGx8t{uuu }|t
tVx8cGt{u u dUƒ{[ 6 9L xS~U}GƒGuu $d yŽy…:cGuu }x
tVx8wu dUdU[v 99 ƒ{ƒƒGx8uu |#|#y‰y…cG~Euu |~
wGd8tNu tV[ 6 99 dStV}GƒGuu xt y…yzƒGt{uu }w
|G|Guu }{}{cScSvv 9L w{tVcG}{u ƒG}#u y…y…ƒGcGu u
w{xSt{ƒGwGu tNuu |SwS{[[ v 99L  wGxUxSu :|Gƒ{w#uu $x y…yŽy…}G:wGu ƒGuu t t
xSt{~UwGu |E}{u ƒS~6 vB 999 {~EtV:t{}{uu wGc#w#u y‚y…y…wGd8|Guu wwu
ƒG|Gtx8uu xU~Uu }{tNv66 L”L”“•“•[†[†9 –'–'E—E— ˜˜ cGx8xSuu ƒG~UtVw#w#u w#y…y‚y‚}Gx8x8uu xSutVc ƒw
wx8x8~Eu }Guu }~Ut}SxSxSvƒ{6 6 999 x8{xt u x8d8tVc#uu w#d y…yzyz}Gt{t{u wEuu |t ~
w{}Gu }{ƒSv 9 t{u Sd |#y…}Gu tVƒ
0/
e`g'xSh.|Gu Ha| =PRQSMO9TPR7GMOgQU;5i:wSFVPR:6$u g'd Wj'L FNH MO6GX h.Y [ x{Had8\:='uQS P25]8^’_EkmLOl'Q xSnZcGu PR} eoWkpxHa~Ee`u xj'q
xw{StcG}Gd8uuu |xd w{wxU:ƒGx8uuu }~t w{xtV|G}G~Euuu w|x xUxSxU::|Guuu |ƒ| w{w{w{wGƒGƒGuuu }x
c{~{}G~Euu ƒw c|{wGx8uu xt ~E~{~Et{uu cw ƒ~U|Gx8uu x~ |E~E~Et{uu wd
~StV|G|Gd8uuu ƒ}~ cG~UtVƒG}Gt{uuu cx~ |{|G|G}Gt{u ƒSuu }ƒ :wdS|Gx8t{uuu }~t {dUtV::wGuuu x~
xSxStV}{|G|GwGuu ƒt u t{tVtUcG~EtV}Guu |t u |{cG|G|Guu ƒ{~u w| ~UtVt{ƒGcGt{uuu cwƒ x{~UtVƒG|Gx8uuu cc~
ExSwGx8uu |x ƒ{w{|GwGuu |x ttVw{xU:wGuu x{t{x8t{uu ƒ :t{uu w{tV|}
cƒ{ƒGd8uu ~~ ~UtV}{|GwGu x u |{c{cGwGuu ƒƒ ƒ{wG}Gt{uu ƒ~ x~:~Euu |c
8w{}G~Euu }c ƒw{|Gd8uu dx tVt}SxU::uu x{tN:x8uu c} ~EtN:u w{u }ƒ
wGx8xS}Guu ƒEƒEu ~~t }G}Gx8uu xSt{~U|}Eu c x~ c{ƒGŒŒ u x }G}G|Guu xSxu c{}~U} wd d8t{t{uuu Ew{dSƒƒd
x8tt{d8uu dSxUu w| }GtVt{u }Gu tV|{u c~ } w{ƒGŒŒ u | d8t{t{uuu |{ƒG}G}tt :t{t{uuu |E~UtNc~
FI
0[W.,pAvXwj`†>=:*,ND$.!+L.,+H.ADF1&4*,.,9S?@=:
Products in
186
W irradiated with 0.2GeV protons
CEM95<F>=2.75
CASCADE<F>=2.54
HETC<F>=3.08
INUCL<F>=2.85
YIELDX<F>=2.69
10
1
-1
10
/
Re
183
Ta
Re
183
182
Re
Re
181
179
W
W
178
177
W
176
Tac
Ta
176
Hf
175
W
174
Ta
Hf
174
173
Hf
Ta
172
172
Lu
Ta
172
171
Hf
Lu
171
171
Lu
Yb
170
169
Tm
166
-3
176
10
-2
Tm
10
165
Cross section [mb]
10
EXPERIMENT
LAHET<F>=1.60
2
PaHax{x8b)u w cd
xSx8}Gt{uu }c
|x8~Sx8x8t{uuu }ƒd
ƒGxU:t{uu w
xStV}G}d8u w u
xwG~Euu ||
x8ttV}x8u c{d8u cx u
xU:ƒGuu d~
:cGwGuuu cSwG}{ct
d8x8uu }{dSw|
}G}Guu }}{w{dScƒ
*,=:=F*ADFd´[*EDF-s‹h{b2'‰J>=:DF9
_`*,"%sXCB'D$*,.,z+N>w=:*,9:^W'D:´[Êu†>=:*,ND$.Zz9:*,NH.ADF^&4*,.,9]?=F*,P+'DF*EO4}=:L+'DF*,
>=:H+'DF9V*,
FI
*,=:=F*ADFN´[*EDF-1s‹hUb2'‰Š>=:DF90V-]+HNH.ADF*EO4<&4*,.,9S=:].W.,N|+B´[-1DF-
=:9:>+'DF*EO4*,>D<&4*,.,9[=:.,9:{9:-´[
pi
Statistics of sim-to-exp ratios for 0.2GeV proton-irradiated 186W
30
25
CEM95
LAHET
INUCL
CASCADE
HETC
YIELDX
20
15
10
5
0
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
σcalc,i/σexp,i
_`*,"44X36D$ADF*,9DF*,+9ˆ?DF-]9:*,NH.ADF*,4rDFA|u†>=:*,ND=FADF*,9]m@+=:*EDF=:*,dhoZ?@=
b2'‰‚>=:DF9
pAv
-1
10
/
I
1
1
10
2
10
*,=:=F*ADF{´[*EDF-ds‹h
13254687:9<;
>m>mr5r<‹N><ss F
>m>m€5r@Š€ „ F
>m>mr5€5‹‡ ==QQ
>m>m€@€@ŠŠ ==QQ
>m>mr<€5> =hQ‘
>m>m€5€5‹‹ hh‘‘
>m>m€5€<A> hh‘‘
>m>m€5€<A> he’7 ‘
>m>m€@€@™™ e’e’77
>m>m‡5‡5A We’7 \
>m>m‡5‡5€‡ W=C[\
>m>m‡5‡5‡ =C=C[[
>m>m‡<‡<>> =C=C[[
>m>m‡@5™ H3H322
>m>m55‡ H3h.24
>m>m55€‹ h.j'4B
>m>m55A j'j'BB
>m>pŠ5‹‡ =C\6
>p>pŠŠ € H37 6
>m‹5 H3Pa7F
'= >@?5A
~UtV}GcGuu }{cSv6
tV|Gwu dU~[v
|Gt{d8uu }{utNtV{cS6 vv
Et{x8~Uu utN}{w{{6 c{v 6
xSxSwGwGuu ƒSƒSvv
tƒGt{x8uu |E~Uu }{~tNvB6
x8x8|Guu }G}Gu xUttxSxS6 66
wtVx8|Gu u }|ExS~ƒ{[ 6
cG~Euu x{~U}SdSv6
w{~Ew{}Gu wS~Uu }{[}SƒSv v
xSwGw{|Gu ƒSx8u dS[ tN|Sv v
w{wGdSuƒS}[ dU[
|GƒGu utN{{v v
x8d8uu w{w|SxSv6
xUxU|G:}Gu xu utV~U6 66
tVwEd8~Eu c{u ƒSw{6 }{6
=CBEDGF
LL
99
99
9L
99
9L
99
L”L”“•“•[†[†–'–'—E—E˜˜
L”“•[†99 –'—E˜
99
99L
99 
999 
99
99
99
99
99
JH Y I8[ DK\:QSBE25L FN]8MO^ 6
~EtVtu }Gd8|#uu c$d#yzyzyzt{t{t{u uutV|~ |
xSt}G}Gd8uuu }$d#tˆyzyzyŽ:t{t{uuu }ƒw
:wGt{uu x#tˆyŽy‚:d8uu |t
wGdSu wGtUu~}$y…yŽ}G:u :u } t
d8t{t{t{uu d#~ y…y‚wGx8uu |
xScG|Guu c$ƒ$y…y…|GwGuu x
~ExSu cG|{}#u x#y…y…}GwGu ƒ{u t }
dStU}G~Euu c$}$yŽy‚:d8uu }
wdSGdS|G|Gt{u uux d#~ yzyŽyŽt{::t{uu }|u |
ƒGd{u d8ƒEu~ƒ$y…y…}GwGu ƒ{u | }
w{{dS:wG|Guuu |$d#~ yŽy…yŽ::ƒGuuu }|t
{E:d8uu w$|$y…y…wGwGuu x~
ExScGd8uu c$x#y…y‚wGx8uu dd
w{tN:ƒGuu w$c$y‚yzx8t{uu c
xSx8tVwGcGt{uuu ƒ$|$|$y…y‚y‚}Gx8x8uuu cƒ~
tVtV}GwGuu ~tˆyzy…}Gt{uu |w
|GwGuu ƒSd{$d y…y…}G}Guu |{wc
0/
PaHa:ub)~U| cdfe`g'|Gh.u }{Ha} =PRQSMO9TPR7GMOgQU;5i:d8FVPRu 6$c{g'w Wj'L FNH MO6GX h.Y [ d8Hau\:tV='QSƒ P25]8^’_EkmLOl'Q :nZu tVPR| eoWkp:Hau e`d8tj'q
:tV|Gu :u wt x8~Et{u dSu || ƒGxS}Gu }{u ƒ~ d8xSwGu :u dt :x8ut{ƒ{u }d ƒGwS:u }{u wd
tVtU|G~Euu w x8xS}Gt{uu }| xStVcGcGuu d tVtU|G~Euu ~t wwGd8t{uu c~ tUtV|G~Euu wƒ
w{xwG~Euu  w{wcGd8uu }~ wEw{ƒG~Euu c} wSwS::uu || :ƒGt{uu x~ 8w{cG~Euu |ƒ
:tƒGd8u wEuu |ƒ~ :tVcGcGu xUuu wƒ wGtƒGd8u {uu ƒt wGw{tcGx8u tVuu c|d |GƒSxU::u ƒ{uu wwt x{~Ut{}Gd8u tNuu ƒw
ExS}Gx8uu c} t{ƒGt{uu x tVwG|Guu }t :ƒGt{u }{u ƒx ƒGx{x8t{uu d~ w{t|Gd8uu xd
:wE~Et{uu }| E}Gx8uu ww 8d8~Et{uu c~ :}Gt{uu ƒ~ ƒdU:x8uu ƒx xStVwGwGuu d
tVt}Gx8uu }c |Gtx8u du x~ :ƒGuu }wEd~ t{t{uu cS~U} |Gt{ut{ƒ{u wt :ƒGuu ƒ{xU|
8tN:~Euu ct EtVwGd8uu ƒx ƒGdU:u xSu ƒ~ :t{t{u c{u ƒ~ dStVcG}Guu wƒ ƒGtU~Eu x{u xx
d{xSwGd8uu |w xSwGcGuu }c Ed{x8d8uu cx {:ƒGuu x~ dSxS|G}Guu ƒx cGxS}Gu wEu ƒ~
|GdSdScGƒGu w{uu }ƒ~ :wG|Gt{u }Euu ƒd~ d8dSt{|Gt{u x{uu |d~ }GEw{u cGd8}{c{uu cd ƒ t{|GƒGu d8uu xdt wGx8xU:t{u ~Uuu c}~
w{{d{:wGd8uuu }d~ Ew{x}Gx8~Euuu cx~ E{dS:wGd8uuu }}} {E:|Gx8uuu ƒƒ w{xSx{|G}Gx8uuu }}t w{xtVcG}G~Euuu cxt
w{w{|GƒGuu }| wwx8x8uu || {:ƒGuu xx d{wGd8uu }~ xStU}G~Euu c~ w{x{}Gx8uu ƒd
w{x8cGt{uu wd wGx8t{t{uu x~ wExS|G~Euu |} :w{wGt{uu d~ tVt{ƒGt{uu t xtN:~Euu d~
w{twGx8uu cx xtVwG~Euu xt w{tVwG}Guu cd wEwG~Eu tu x ƒGtVwGu w{u ƒ cGxU:u cSu }
cGxU:u tVu cw xUtV:wGuu }w xSt{}Gt{uu ww }G~Eu }Su dS} | d8tV}Gu |{u ct ƒGtVcGu cu d
w:GtU~Euu d{tNu ƒd ~EtUtV}G~Eu }{uu ƒc |G|GtN:uu wƒ{u ƒxd wGx{tUx8~Eu tuu ƒxd :wG~Euuu cSw~U}x :|GuuŒ xƒ~
}Gx8u utNtVE| d wG~Euu wGdSct }G:u |Su |{c c x8tVƒGu ~Uu ƒw wGt{uu }{w|d :~Euu }x{dd
0[W.,p4Xwj`†>=:*,ND$.!+L.,+H.ADF1&4*,.,9S?@=:
p
FI
*,=:=F*ADFd´[*EDF-s tNb2'‰J>=:DF9
Products in
EXPERIMENT
LAHET<F>=1.38
CEM95<F>=2.00
2
W irradiated with 0.8GeV protons
HETC<F>=2.91
INUCL<F>=2.10
CASCADE<F>=1.74
YIELDX<F>=1.98
10
1
-1
10
Ta
184
Ta
Re
183
Re
183
181
W
Hf
177
181
Hf
Ta
176
c
Ta
175
174
c
Ta
174
Hf
Hf
173
Hf
173
172
Hf
Lu
172
Lu
171
Lu
171
Lu
170
Yb
170
169
c
Tm
167
Tm
Tm
166
Yb
Tm
162
165
Er
Tm
161
Er
161
Er
160
159
Dy
Ho
157
159
Tb
Ho
156
Dy
155
153
Dy
Gd
153
Eu
152
147
Gd
Eu
/
146
Ce
-3
166
10
-2
145
10
139
Cross section [mb]
10
186
_`*,"%h4XCB'D$*,.,z+N>w=:*,9:^W'D:´[Êu†>=:*,ND$.Zz9:*,NH.ADF^&4*,.,9]?=F*,P+'DF*EO4}=:L+'DF*,
>=:H+'DF9V*,
FI
*,=:=F*ADFN´[*EDF-1s t{b2'‰Š>=:DF90V-]+HNH.ADF*EO4<&4*,.,9S=:].W.,N|+B´[-1DF-
=:9:>+'DF*EO4*,>D<&4*,.,9[=:.,9:{9:-´[
Mass yields in
10
2
186
W irradiated with 0.8GeV protons
EXPERIMENT
CEM95
LAHET
INUCL
Mass Yield [mb]
HETC
YIELDX
10
CASCADE
1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Product mass number
Ž/
_`*,"iX0V-Œ9:*,NH.ADFJ9:9Ê*,9DF=:*,WHDF*,9y?1=:L+'DF*,‚>=:H+'DF9ÊDF"'DF-=z´[*EDF-‚DF-ÇNL9:H=:
+HNH.ADF*EO429:H>=F|+HNH.ADF*EO4B&4*,.,9V*,
FI
*,=:=F*ADF´[*EDF-)s tNb2'‰J>=:DF9
px
Statistics of sim-to-exp ratios for 0.8GeV proton-irradiated 186W
45
40
CEM95
LAHET
INUCL
CASCADE
HETC
YIELDX
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
σcalc,i/σexp,i
_`*,"4AvX36D$ADF*,9DF*,+9ˆ?DF-]9:*,NH.ADF*,4rDFA|u†>=:*,ND=FADF*,9]m@+=:*EDF=:*,dhoZ?@=
b2'‰‚>=:DF9
pp
-1
10
/
I
1
1
10
2
10
*,=:=F*ADF{´[*EDF-ds t
0/
Pa}GHau cSb)Ecx dfe`g'wGh.u w{Haƒ =PRQSMO9TPR7GMOgQU;5i:t{FVPRu 6$8g'~ Wj'L FNH MO6GX h.Y [ wGHau\:~U='QS| P25]8^’_EkmLOl'Q t{nZu }SPR eoWkpHat{u e`|Sj'q
|Gt{tVƒGuu |EtVu ƒd~ wGcGtU~Euu }{|Gu wdt x{t{t{d8ut{|{uu cc~ wGtNtV:cGu xSuu ƒƒc wt{t{d8ut{dSuu ƒƒ x8xSt|Gx8u Euu |dt
ttVwGd8uu wƒ ttVwGd8uu dt tUtx8~Euu dx tVtN:ƒGuu } xSx{cGd8uu cd tVtN:wGuu |ƒ
tVtƒGx8uu w tVt|Gd8uu dx xStV}GcGuu ƒt x{xS}Gx8uu x xSxU:|Guu d :dScGt{uu t
wGxS~EwGuu ~S~u dd |GwGxSwGuu Eƒ{u |dd cGwGx~Euu }{x{u w}x |GwGx{d8uu wSwu |d ƒGt}Gd8u cuu }wd }Gw{c{u |GcGc{ƒEuu || ~
cGxStV}G|Gu |{uu }wc xSd8tV}GcGu ~Uuu ||d |GxSxSƒGcGu w{uu ƒc} :xUxU::u ƒSuu ww wEw{t|Gd8~Euuu cƒ~ xUtV:wGŒ uu ƒw
dƒG8tU~Euu |{dSu |}w :ƒGtVƒGuu ƒ{dUu cƒ :wGx{d8uu }{cGu ƒwt x{t{t{d8uu ccSu ƒx wS~EtV:}Gu ƒSuu tt :ƒGtVwGuu w{~Eu w|t
ƒGxSxS}GƒGu ƒ{uu ƒx ƒGxSx{}Gx8u uu cwt :wGxScGut{w{uu ƒct xSx8x{wGd8u tVuu |} :cGwGt{u dSuu ƒ|c ƒGx8ut{Œ w{u |}
x8xtVwG~Eu {uu }ƒ }GxSt{u }G|t{xSuu ƒd | }GwGxu ~E|Gt{uutVƒ | }GxSxSu ƒGwGtVcSuu ~  :xSt{wGt{u :uu w|t xUtVt{:}Gu w{uu ctt
:xSxSƒGƒGu }{uu ƒ|x xSxSt{wG}Gu c{uu }d wwt{d8x8u d8uu ~t }Gx{x{u d8d8xSƒGuu ƒ~ t w{x8wG|Gu ~Uuu }}d :w{x}G~Eu wuu }xx
x{x{d8d8uu c} tVtUƒG~Euu ƒ~ wGw{wGt{uu xd xUxU::uu c xSxS|GcGuu ƒ} wGwx8t{uu c}
xSx{ƒGx8uu }d tVtcGd8uu tt w{xSƒGcGuu w~ wSx{:x8uu }x xtVcG~Euu ƒx xStwGd8uu ƒ
w{xS}G}Guu ct tUt{~Et{uu ~ w{xS}G}Guu xt xSx8wGu d{u d xUt:d8uu wx xUtV:}Guu cd
xSxtUcG~E~Euuu wx~ t{tUtd8~Et{uuu ƒxd xSx{tV|GwGx8uuu c}d }GƒGx8u w{uu d{t}{dd } x8tNtV:|Gt{uuu wc~ xStU}G~EŒ uu }x
xx8~Et{uu w| tNt{:t{uu }~ xUxS:cGuu ƒ xStV|GƒGuu wx tUtN:~Euu ƒt :tN:u c{u ww
|GxSx|G~Eu }Guu wtt d8ttVwGd8u xUuu x xSxUt{:ƒGu ~Suu |cd xSxƒG~EŒ uu ww x8tNt:x8u |uu |}x :cG|Guuu wGxSdS|ƒt
xSt{tVcGwGu ~Uuu ||c cGt{tVƒGuu dxSu ƒ|~ }GxStVu wGwGtVƒEuu c~ ~ xx{d8~EŒ uu wƒ }Gd8tu x8dSu ~Uw{u }x w x8t{t{t{uu }u ƒwd
cGxU:u |Su | cGtU~Eu ~Su cx ttUx8~Euu }c x{xU:x8uu cx :cGuu wS~ }Gd8u u~UƒG|{t ƒ
tUtN:~Euu ƒc tVtwGd8uu ƒt tVtwGx8uu w| x8tVcGt{uu ct ƒGƒGuu ƒ{}{w| ::uu wtxd
cGtd8u tu d ttVwGx8uu cd cGtV}Gu ƒ{u c~ xStV}GcGuu cd wGd8uu c{dw~ :uŒ tU~
ƒGttV}Gx8u |{uu w}ƒ tVtVtUƒGƒG~Euuu xt cGƒG~Euuu {}{}{w| tVtNtV:|GcGuuu |d~ ::wGuuu ƒ{}GtV}ƒt wGwGwGuuu }{dUtVw|
|GƒGuu }}Sd tUtN:~Euu |t :ƒGuu dStV}} tVtN:ƒGuu ƒc wGx8uu wtdd x8t{uu |{t{wt
wGu wx |Gu ƒGt x8u ƒ{c tV}Gu c t{u } x8u ƒd
0[W.,pxXwj`†>=:*,ND$.!+L.,+H.ADF1&4*,.,9S?@=:
13254687:9<;
>m>mr5r<‹N> ss F
>m>m€5r@Š€ „ F
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>m>m€5€@Š‡ ==QQ
>m>m€@r<Š> ==QQ
>m>m€5€5‹ hh‘‘
>m>m€5€5‹A hh‘‘
>m>m€<€5A> hh‘‘
>m>m€<€@™> e’e’77
>m>m€@‡5™ e’e’77
>m>m‡5‡5Ar WW\\
>m>m‡5‡5€‡ =C=C[[
>m>m‡5‡5‡ =C=C[[
>m>m‡<‡@™> H3=C2[
>m>m55‡ H3H322
>m>m55€‹ h.j'4B
>m>m55A j'j'BB
>m>m5<‹> =C\6
>p>pŠŠ ‡€ 66
>p>pŠŠ ‡ H3H377
>p>pŠ5Š Š‹ H3137[
>m>m‹5‹5€‡ 13l'[6
>m>m‹5‹5 l'PaF6
>m>m‹@‹5ŠA PaPaFF
>m>m‹5‹<‹> CPaFQ
>m>mA5A5r CCQQ
>m>mA5A5€ q'PRXF
>mA5‹ q'q'FF
'= >@?5A
~UtV}GcGuu }{cSv6
tV|Gwu dU~[v
t{|GtNd8:u }{u utVcS6 vw{6
t{t{uu tNtN{{vv
Ex8~Uu}{w{6 c{6
xSxSwGwGuu ƒSƒSvv
tƒGt{x8uu |E~Uu }{~tNvB6
x8x8|Guu }G}Gu xUttxSxS6 66
wtVx8|Gu u }|ExS~ƒ{[ 6
c{cGwGu x{u dStV66
~E~Euu ~U~U}S}Svv
w{wG}Gu x8u }{tNƒSv v
xSw{|GƒSu dS[ |Sv
|GƒGdSu ƒSutN{[{v v
x8d8uu w{w|SxSv6
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xU|G:u xu tV~U6 6
:d8uu ƒGc{w{tV66
w{xSƒ{ƒw{dS66
dtVSwEw{}G~E|Gu uƒu ƒSdUdU[ [ }{6
wGwGtU~Euu d8tVu ƒ{~tNvv6
w{t{|St{u |GdS}{u c{6 6
ww{x8x8ƒGu u }{u w{ƒS66 v
x8tVƒGu }{u cS|Svv
=CBEDGF
LL
99
99
99
99L
9L
99
L”L”“•“•[†[†–'–'—E—E˜˜
L”“•[†99 –'—E˜
9L
99
99L
999 
99
99
99
99
9LL
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
JH Y I8[ DK\:QSBE25L FN]8MO^ 6
:wGt{uu ~Ut{}#}#u |#y‚y‚yz}G}Gt{uu ƒSu~S x
xSttU}Gd8~Euuu dxt yzyzyzt{t{t{uuu w~
wGxS|Gt{uu ƒ#x y‚y…wGx8uu cƒ
wGw{xSu |GƒG}Guut }#}#y‚yŽy…}G:wGu uxUu |t 
wStN::uu w#ƒ#y‚y‚x8x8uu c~
xSx{|Gd8uu w#t y‚y‚x8x8uu ƒ
d8tVu }GcE~u d y‚yz}Gt{u u c c
wtN:x8uu xt y‚yzx8t{uu c~
wSx{:x8uu }#w#y‚y‚x8x8uu |~
t{wEu E~Exu t y‚y‚}Gd8u utVt |
x8wSwSu ::cS$uu |#ƒ#y‚y…y…}GwGwGu uu }d ƒ
wGwS:t{uu ~t y…y…wGwGuu x
wSw:d8uu $}#y‚y…wGd8uu t
wSxU::uu |#d y…y‚wGx8uu ƒt
wGxSxS}G|Gt{uuu }#~t yzy‚y‚x8x8t{uuu ƒƒƒ
xUxS:wGuu w#d y‚yzx8t{uu wc
xStVcG}Guu }#~y‚yzx8t{uu ƒt
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x{td8x8uu |#~y‚yzx8t{uu ƒw
x8tVƒGt{uu $|#yzyzt{t{uu ~
tNt:x8uu w#d yzyzt{t{uu }
tVtVwGwGuu $d yzyzt{t{uu dt
cGtu x8c{c#u c#y‚yz}Gt{u cu w d
cG|Guu |{x{w#d y‚y‚}G}Guu |GƒE~t
|Gu 8~y‚}Gu ~Et
pt
FI
*,=:=F*ADFd´[*EDF-z xNb2'‰J>=:DF9
13254687:9<;
@r5>p™™r l.g.\ —
r5r@ŠVr Ws 2
r5€5‹N s \\
€@5Š g'iEF X
Š@Šr bF ]
ŠA5rr i89
A@A5ŠA bl'Q —
€ Rl'F Q
T4{]8;5L ]G7GFV6 u PRQSMO9T7GMOQU;5FV6$WL FNMO6GX Y [ \:QS25]8^’_ELOQ
JH Y I8[ DK\:QSBE25L FN]8MO^ 6 =QS\GPaM FˆHa~Ub)ƒ c89df
t}G{u ƒ{u |{txc y‚y‚}G}Guu t{txUt  ŒŒ e`g'}GƒGu h.ƒu x8Hac t = PRg}G}Gi:uu PRx8tV}{tVg'wc j'H h.}GHau t{Œ ='tU~P kml'}G}GuunZ}EtU~U~UPRƒc eoWkp}GHat{u cGu e`{tUj'~ q
}G}Guu |{ƒ|Ed8~ˆt y‚y‚}G}Guu }E}E~U~Scd ŒŒ }Gt{u dSu xSƒ{| w }G}Guu dSd|~U}x ŒŒ }G}Guu }Gt{tVtU|~ :|Guu |{}{cc
}Gt{u ƒEu ƒ{~U}#c y‚y‚}G}Guu }{xSƒ{| | ŒŒ }G}Guu |Ex{xU~U} x8t{uu }}Sd
ŒŒ }G}Guu }GtVw{tV}| x8tV}Gu tu }x
}G}Gt{uu ƒ~Uu w{wd|#x~ˆy‚y‚y‚}G}G}Guuu }{}{x{|{ƒSd } ŒŒŒ }G}G}Guuu dStVt||{xU|x }G}Gt{uu |{xSu c}Ec{d |~ ŒŒŒ }G}G}Guuu }{}GtNEwGtV}dt wG~Et{uuu t{tN|t
}G}Guu ~UtVc|{wxy‚y‚}G}Guu }t{xStVw} ŒŒ }G}Guu wG}{c{tcd }G}Guu }GxSƒtdx ŒŒ }G}Guu }}xSx{|d }Gx8u ƒu c{x{| x
}G}Guu ƒ{}{cƒ y‚y‚}G}Guu }{}ƒGdSct ŒŒ }Gu }EŒ ~Sd }G}Guu }GtV}{tcx ŒŒ }Gu }{Œ }{w }G}Guu :dUtcx
t{t{uu w{~Uƒ#c#y‚y‚}G}Guu ttV|d ŒŒ }G}Guu }E}dS~S}d }Gu }GŒ tx ŒŒ
ŒŒ }Gt{u ƒGu tNtU ~
:u tVƒ#y‚}Gu dSc Œ
Œ
Œ
Œ
Œ t{u ƒ
'= >@?5A C= BEDGF
:tN:t{uu ƒ{xSc{}Sv6 99
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t{tUtV|{cG~EƒGuu u~{~{xS~U~U6 c{6 6 99L
{wG:tx8u 8u ~St{xStV66 9L
td8wGu cEu ƒE~Uw~vdS6 9L
tNxSx8:}Gu ƒ{u cu cG}GdSttVc{dUcS}SvB v 999
dSwGu xSc{6 L
186
Products in
EXPERIMENT
LAHET<F>=2.17
CEM95<F>=1.61
2
1
-1
10
10
Eu
147
Eu
Eu
Gd
146
146
Pm
145
144
Ce
Pm
Nd
139
Nd
137
Ce
136
135
Ba
Ce
134
Ce
132
133
Cs
Ba
131
Ba
129
Xe
128
Xe
127
Xe
125
Ag
123
Nb
90
88
105
Y
Zr
Rb
88
Rb
83
84
As
Se
75
Fe
74
V
Mn
59
54
Sc
48
48
Na
Mg
24
28
Be
22
-3
143
10
Na
-2
7
10
2
10
1
10
-1
/
Ta
184
Re
183
Ta
183
Ta
Re
182
181
Hf
181
W
Ta
Hf
177
176
175
Ta
Ta
174
Hf
174
c
173
Hf
Hf
173
Lu
Hf
172
172
Lu
171
Lu
171
c
Lu
170
170
Yb
169
Tm
Tm
168
167
c
Tm
166
Tm
166
Yb
Tm
162
165
Er
161
Er
160
Er
159
Dy
157
Ho
Tb
155
156
Dy
Gd
153
153
Gd
-3
10
Dy
-2
10
151
Cross section [mb]
HETC<F>=2.96
INUCL<F>=2.52
CASCADE<F>=1.93
YIELDX<F>=2.86
10
152
Cross section [mb]
10
W irradiated with 1.6eV protons
_`*,"%4XCB'D$*,.,z+N>w=:*,9:^W'D:´[Êu†>=:*,ND$.Zz9:*,NH.ADF^&4*,.,9]?=F*,P+'DF*EO4}=:L+'DF*,
>=:H+'DF9V*,
FI
*,=:=F*ADFN´[*EDF-^ x{b2'‰Š>=:DF90V-]+HNH.ADF*EO4<&4*,.,9S=:].W.,N|+B´[-1DF-
=:9:>+'DF*EO4*,>D<&4*,.,9[=:.,9:{9:-´[
pf
Mass Yield [mb]
Mass yields in
186
W irradiated with 1.6GeV protons
10
EXPERIMENT
CEM95
LAHET
INUCL
YIELDX
CASCADE
HETC
1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Product mass number
Ž/
_`*,"xX0V-Œ9:*,NH.ADFJ9:9Ê*,9DF=:*,WHDF*,9y?1=:L+'DF*,‚>=:H+'DF9ÊDF"'DF-=z´[*EDF-‚DF-ÇNL9:H=:
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FI
*,=:=F*ADF´[*EDF-G xNb2'‰J>=:DF9
gts
Statistics of sim-to-exp ratios for 1.6GeV proton-irradiated 186W
50
CEM95
LAHET
INUCL
CASCADE
HETC
YIELDX
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
σcalc,i/σexp,i
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gt
-1
10
/
I
1
1
10
2
10
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YIELDX<F>=2.04
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10
1
Ce
135
Ba
Ce
134
Ce
133
132
Cs
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131
Ba
129
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128
Ba
127
Xe
126
Xe
125
123
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117
122
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115
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111
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109
105
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100
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100
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97
100
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88
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88
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83
84
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77
83
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75
74
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59
54
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48
51
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Sc
48
Mg
43
7
28
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10
10
10
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181
Hf
181
Re
182
Ta
183
Ta
184
Ta
177
176
Lu
Hf
173
Lu
173
Hf
173
Ta
174
Ta
175
Hf
175
Ta
176
Ta
172
172
Yb
Tm
166
Tm
166
c
Tm
167
Tm
167
Yb
169
Yb
170
Lu
171
Lu
171
Hf
165
162
151
139
143
Gd
153
Gd
153
Dy
155
Tb
156
Ho
157
Dy
159
Er
160
Er
161
Er
1
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Pm
145
Eu
146
Eu
146
Gd
147
Eu
Cross section [mb]
nat
EXPERIMENT
LAHET<F>=2.51
CEM95<F>=2.40
CEM2k<F>=2.10
2
24
Cross section [mb]
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Mass Yield [mb]
Mass yields in
nat
W irradiated with 2.6GeV protons
10
EXPERIMENT
CEM2k
LAHET
INUCL
YIELDX
CASCADE
1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Product mass number
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gtv
Statistics of sim-to-exp ratios for 2.6GeV proton-irradiated
nat
W
50
45
CEM95
LAHET
INUCL
CASCADE
HETC
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40
35
30
25
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10
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10
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10
1
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10
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10
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10
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10
1
1
10
2
10
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Products in
CASCADO-IPPE<F>=2.98
INUCL<F>=4.91
CASCADE<F>=8.11
ALICE-IPPE<F>=2.40
10
1
-1
10
10
Ag
112
c
Ag
Ag
111
Rh
107
Ru
105
Tc
104
Ru
103
Tc
101
Zr
Mo
99
96
97
Nb
Zr
95
Y
94
Y
Y
92
92
Sr
91
Rb
89
Kr
88
Kr
87
As
78
Ge
78
-3
112
10
-2
Ga
10
2
10
1
10
-1
Ac
228
Th
227
Ac
226
Ac
224
Ce
143
La
142
Ce
141
Ba
141
La
140
Ba
140
Ba
139
Cs
136
Xe
135
135
I
Te
134
I
133
Te
132
I
131
Sb
129
Sn
128
Sb
122
-3
Sb
-2
10
127
Cross section [mb]
Th irradiated with 0.1GeV protons
EXPERIMENT
LAHET<F>=1.81
2
73
Cross section [mb]
10
232
10
_`*,"xXCB'D$*,.,z+N>w=:*,9:^W'D:´[Êu†>=:*,ND$.Zz9:*,NH.ADF^&4*,.,9]?=F*,P+'DF*EO4}=:L+'DF*,
>=:H+'DF9*,
$0V-*,=:=F*ADF{´[*EDF-dsE]b2'‰…>=:DF960V-B+HNH.ADF*EO4V&4*,.,9=:<.W.,U|+[´[-dDF-
=:9:>+'DF*EO4*,>D<&4*,.,9[=:.,9:{9:-´[
Mass yields in
Mass Yield [mb]
10
232
Th irradiated with 0.1GeV protons
EXPERIMENT
2
LAHET
INUCL
ALICE-IPPE
CASCADE
CASCADE-IPPE
10
1
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
Product mass number
_`*,"xPh4X0V-Œ9:*,NH.ADFJ9:9Ê*,9DF=:*,WHDF*,9y?1=:L+'DF*,‚>=:H+'DF9ÊDF"'DF-=z´[*EDF-‚DF-ÇNL9:H=:
+HNH.ADF*EO429:H>=F|+HNH.ADF*EO4B&4*,.,9V*,
$0V-*,=:=F*ADFd´[*EDF-sE8b2'‰‚>=:DF9
gtPp
Statistics of sim-to-exp ratios for 0.1GeV proton-irradiated 232Th
50
45
LAHET-ISABEL
LAHET-BERTINI
INUCL
CASCADE
CASCADE-IPPE
ALICE-IPPE
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
σcalc,i/σexp,i
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Products in
Th irradiated with 0.2GeV protons
CASCADE<F>=8.25
INUCL<F>=5.55
ALICE-IPPE<F>=3.57
10
1
-1
10
10
I
Sb
126
127
I
Xe
125
Sb
Ag
c
124
122
112
Ag
Ag
Rh
111
Ag
Ru
107
106
105
Tc
Ru
104
105
Tc
Ru
103
c
Tc
101
101
Zr
Mo
97
99
Zr
Y
Y
Y
Nb
96
95
94
92
Sr
92
Rb
91
Rb
88
89
c
Kr
Kr
Rb
88
88
As
87
Ge
Ga
78
78
73
Zn
Ga
72
-3
112
10
-2
72
10
2
10
1
10
-1
Pa
Ac
229
233
Ac
Th
228
227
Ac
Ac
226
225
Ac
224
Ra
223
At
Rn
211
210
At
209
At
Bi
206
208
Bi
Nd
204
Pr
146
147
Ce
La
142
143
Ba
Ce
141
141
La
140
Ba
140
Ba
139
Cs
136
Xe
I
135
135
Te
134
I
133
Cs
132
I
Te
132
Sb
131
129
Xe
-3
Sn
-2
10
128
Cross section [mb]
EXPERIMENT
LAHET<F>=2.16
2
127
Cross section [mb]
10
232
10
_`*,"xvXCB'D$*,.,z+N>w=:*,9:^W'D:´[Êu†>=:*,ND$.Zz9:*,NH.ADF^&4*,.,9]?=F*,P+'DF*EO4}=:L+'DF*,
>=:H+'DF9*,
$0V-*,=:=F*ADF{´[*EDF-ds‹hb2'‰…>=:DF960V-B+HNH.ADF*EO4V&4*,.,9=:<.W.,U|+[´[-dDF-
=:9:>+'DF*EO4*,>D<&4*,.,9[=:.,9:{9:-´[
gfs
Mass yields in
Mass Yield [mb]
10
232
Th irradiated with 0.2GeV protons
EXPERIMENT
2
LAHET
INUCL
ALICE-IPPE
CASCADE
10
1
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
Product mass number
_`*,"xP4X0V-Œ9:*,NH.ADFJ9:9Ê*,9DF=:*,WHDF*,9y?1=:L+'DF*,‚>=:H+'DF9ÊDF"'DF-=z´[*EDF-‚DF-ÇNL9:H=:
+HNH.ADF*EO429:H>=F|+HNH.ADF*EO4B&4*,.,9V*,
0V-*,=:=F*ADFd´[*EDF-s‹h{b2'‰‚>=:DF9
Statistics of sim-to-exp ratios for 0.2GeV proton-irradiated
232
Th
50
45
LAHET-ISABEL
ALICE-IPPE
INUCL
CASCADE
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-2
10
-1
10
1
10
σcalc,i/σexp,i
1
2
10 10
-2
10
-1
1
10
1
2
10 10
σcalc,i/σexp,i
-2
10
-1
1
10
1
2
10 10
σcalc,i/σexp,i
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b2'‰‚>=:DF9
gf
-2
10
-1
1
10
1
10
2
σcalc,i/σexp,i
$0V-*,=:=F*ADF}´[*EDF-Ns‹h
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99
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9LL
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9
Products in
Th irradiated with 0.8GeV protons
CASCADE-IPPE<F>=2.73
INUCL<F>=4.40
CASCADE<F>=4.98
10
1
-1
10
10
I
Xe
Sb
131
127
127
I
Xe
124
125
I
Sb
122
Ag
c
121
112
In
Ag
111
Tc
Ru
105
c
Ru
104
103
Tc
Tc
101
101
Zr
Mo
97
99
Zr
Nb
96
Y
95
Y
92
94
Sr
Y
92 c
Nb
91
90
Kr
Rb
88
89
Y
Kr
87
As
86
78
As
Ge
78
76
Zn
Sc
Ga
73
72
Na
48
-3
112
10
-2
24
10
2
10
1
10
-1
Ac
229
Ac
Ac
228
226
Ac
Ac
225
224
Rn
211
At
At
210
209
At
208
At
207
At
206
Bi
Bi
206
205
Bi
Pb
204
203
Bi
Pb
202
201
Pbc
Pb
10
201
200
Tl
Hg
200
192
Au
190
Pt
Ir
184
186
Os
Re
182
181
Ce
143
La
Ba
140
140
Ce
135
Xe
135
I
135
I
133
Te
-3
Ce
-2
10
132
Cross section [mb]
EXPERIMENT
LAHET<F>=2.00
2
132
Cross section [mb]
10
232
kml'ƒGnZu tVPRƒ e
xSt{}Gt{uu |x
}GtVu ƒGwdSu x |
wG|Gt{uut{}{cu wwx
t{t{uu dS~Scd
}G}Guu w{c{c{w{|ƒ
}Gu :ΠtV|
Œ
_`*,"xPp4XCB'D$*,.,z+N>w=:*,9:^W'D:´[Êu†>=:*,ND$.Zz9:*,NH.ADF^&4*,.,9]?=F*,P+'DF*EO4}=:L+'DF*,
>=:H+'DF9*,
$0V-*,=:=F*ADF{´[*EDF-ds t8b2'‰…>=:DF960V-B+HNH.ADF*EO4V&4*,.,9=:<.W.,U|+[´[-dDF-
=:9:>+'DF*EO4*,>D<&4*,.,9[=:.,9:{9:-´[
gfi
Mass yields in
Mass Yield [mb]
10
232
Th irradiated with 0.8GeV protons
EXPERIMENT
2
LAHET
INUCL
CASCADE-IPPE
CASCADE
10
1
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
Product mass number
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+HNH.ADF*EO429:H>=F|+HNH.ADF*EO4B&4*,.,9V*,
0V-*,=:=F*ADFd´[*EDF-s tNb2'‰‚>=:DF9
Statistics of sim-to-exp ratios for 0.8GeV proton-irradiated
232
Th
60
LAHET-ISABEL
50
INUCL
CASCADE
CASCADE-IPPE
40
30
20
10
0
-2
10
-1
10
1
10
σcalc,i/σexp,i
1
2
10 10
-2
10
-1
1
10
1
2
10 10
σcalc,i/σexp,i
-2
10
-1
1
10
1
2
10 10
σcalc,i/σexp,i
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b2'‰‚>=:DF9
gfv
-2
10
-1
1
10
1
10
2
σcalc,i/σexp,i
$0V-*,=:=F*ADF}´[*EDF-Ns t
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99 :ƒGuu :dU$t y‚y‚}G}Guu d{cd d8d8uu x{xScx }G}Guu wGtNEtVwd }G}Guu wS}{||
99 wGt{uu xSt{|#t y‚y‚}G}Guu xxS}~ t{t{uu |S}d }G}Guu EwExS~Eƒt }G}Guu }StV8}{}~
99L :d8t{uuu cExUd$~~y‚y‚y‚}G}G}Guuu EEtV}xx wGwGt{uuu xS~tVƒw }G}GwGuu utVtccGd8d tt }G}G}Guuu }SwxS8|Gd{d~t
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99 ƒGwGuu }Sƒ$d y‚y‚}G}Guu 8Ed~ x8x8uu ƒE|{|~ cGt{uu ƒ{w{w} }G}Guu |SdSE|xx
99 :ƒGuu wGd{xt y‚y‚}G}Guu 8wE~~ :d8uu ƒG|t xtx8~Euu |t ƒGtV}Gu d{u xx
LL d8d8uu |{wE}#~y‚y‚}G}Guu ƒEdS}~ wGx8uu ƒGw{}t tVtVwG}Guu w~ wGt{uu }{xScƒ
99 :x8uu ƒG~Uƒ#t y‚y‚}G}Guu w{x8ƒt wGx8uu E|{wd :~Euu xUƒ }G:u x8u ttNd 
L”“•[†99 –'—E˜-:wG|Guuu |}{|Ew#x~y‚y‚y‚}G}G}Guuu wƒ{w{}|x ::wGuuu |}w{|xd ~Ett{d8ut{}Guu |tt ƒG~Et{uuu ~Ecƒt
9L EtVcGx8uu tt y‰y…wG~Euu || wGtx8u |Su ƒ x8t{uu |E~Uw~ ~Etd8u }{u }c
99 x8Eu d8ƒ{ƒ#u }#y‚yŽ}G:u uxSw ƒ wGtVwGu {u  :t{uu {|d tVt{cGu tVu w
L”“•[†9 –'—E˜ w{xU:|Guu $|#yŽy…:wGuu xt ƒGtV}Gu tNu ~ }Gx8u w{u c{}{| c cGtx8u tUu ~
99 w{d{|Gx8uu $x yŽy…:wGuu }} ttVƒGx8uu wx }Gx8u ~Su dSx{| d x{td8d8uu cd
99 xSdU:ƒGuu xt y‚y‚x8d8uu wc cGtd8u |{u c }G:u w{u }Sw{ c |Gx{x8u tu cd
9LL xStUƒGwG~Euuu }#ƒ#d y…yzyŽ:wGt{uuu cw d8d8t{uut{}Gu ƒƒt ƒGt{t{uuu :ƒ{ƒ{wƒt ttUt{x8~Et{uuu }c
99 t{tVu |G|{w#u x y‚yz}Gt{u utNw  x8~Euu :xS}t }GcGu uttUxS~ } }G~Eu Eu ~ExSt |
99 x8w{u }GxSc#u |#y‚y‚}Gx8u utVx | :tx8u ƒSu t x8tVƒGu }{u }x x8tVcGu ƒ{u ct
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99 cGtu x8ƒdu ƒ#y‚yz}Gt{u u~U ƒ ƒG~Euu wS~Uƒ t{tVwGt{uu xt wG~Euu cEx{d~
99 x8x8uu 8c{|#~y‚y‚}G}Guu x8xS|t :wGuu ~EtVct :t{uu dStVwc x8t{uu x8x8tt
LL |G~Euu dU$w#yy‚}Gt{uu Eƒxd wGx8uu ~EtVwt |GcGuu w{tV|c wGx8uu cGt{tt
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gfPp
10
-3
>=:H+'DF9*,
W
Re
181
Re
182
Os
183
Re
10
-1
-2
Xe
126
125
=:9:>+'DF*EO4*,>D<&4*,.,9[=:.,9:{9:-´[
gft
Bi
Pbc
Ba
Te
132
Cs
132
Ce
133
I
I
Xe
141
Rn
Ra
169
Ac
Ac
233
Pa
229
170
Yb
Lu
171
Lu
157
228
225
Dy
Dy
160
Er
166
Yb
167
Tm
155
152
Ac
Ra
225
Ac
226
Ac
227
Th
224
223
Eu
Dy
147
211
143
Ce
Ce
146
Eu
146
Gd
208
At
At
209
At
210
At
136
207
204
Ce
Cs
139
Ce
140
Ba
140
La
135
135
135
132
Pb
Bi
205
Bi
206
Bi
206
At
203
203
10
202
200
Na
Mg
43
K
46
Sc
24
Sc
V
56
Mn
58
Co
59
Fe
Zn
86
Kr
Y
88
Zr
89
Rb
90
Nb
Sr
Y
92 c
Y
94
Y
Zr
Nb
Zr
Mo
101
Tc
101
Tcc
103
Ru
Tc
Ru
105
Rh
105
104
99
97
96
95
92
91
88
88
87
Y
Kr
Br
Ge
78
As
83
Rb
86
Rb
78
77
Ga
73
Ga
74
As
75
Se
76
As
72
72
48
48
28
Cross section [mb]
EXPERIMENT
LAHET<F>=2.12
Hg
Tl
200
Pb
201
Pb
201
Pb
131
1
192
10
I
127
Sb
127
Xe
128
Ba
131
I
2
Os
186
Pt
188
Pt
190
Au
191
Pt
Ir
184
185
c
Ag
Ag
121
I
122
Sb
124
I
112
112
10
177
10
2
180
-3
Ag
Ru
111
Ag
111
In
10
105
10
106
-3
Hf
Ta
175
Hf
176
Ta
10
173
Cross section [mb]
10
174
Cross section [mb]
Products in 232Th irradiated with 1.2GeV protons
CASCADE<F>=4.52
INUCL<F>=6.22
10
1
10
-1
-2
10
2
10
1
10
-1
-2
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$0V-*,=:=F*ADF{´[*EDF-)‹hb2'‰…>=:DF960V-B+HNH.ADF*EO4V&4*,.,9=:<.W.,U|+[´[-dDF-
Mass yields in
Mass Yield [mb]
Th irradiated with 1.2GeV protons
EXPERIMENT
2
10
232
LAHET
INUCL
CASCADE
10
1
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
Product mass number
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$0V-*,=:=F*ADFd´[*EDF-z‹h{b2'‰‚>=:DF9
+HNH.ADF*EO429:H>=F|+HNH.ADF*EO4B&4*,.,9V*,
Statistics of sim-to-exp ratios for 1.2GeV proton-irradiated 232Th
60
LAHET
50
INUCL
CASCADE
40
30
20
10
0
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
σcalc,i/σexp,i
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b2'‰‚>=:DF9
gff
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10
-3
>=:H+'DF9*,
Ta
Hf
Ta
Pt
c
Pb
=:9:>+'DF*EO4*,>D<&4*,.,9[=:.,9:{9:-´[
hsi
Pb
Pb
Bi
10
-1
-2
Ba
I
Sb
Xe
Ce
Cs
Xe
140
141
La
Ce
Ba
140
139
136
135
135
I
135
I
Ce
133
132
Te
132
Cs
Ba
132
131
131
128
127
127
I
Xe
126
125
Eu
Eu
Eu
233
Pa
229
Lu
170
169
Tm
Yb
167
228
Ac
Ac
Er
166
Yb
160
Ac
227
Th
226
Dy
157
225
Ac
Dy
155
Dy
152
147
Gd
146
146
Ac
225
Ra
224
Ra
223
Rn
211
At
210
At
145
1
209
10
Ce
143
Ce
2
At
208
At
207
At
206
206
Bi
Bi
205
204
203
Bi
202
201
Pb
201
10
200
Hg
200
Tl
192
191
Pt
Au
188
190
Sb
I
124
122
Ag
121
I
Agc
112
112
Ga
As
Kr
Y
Y
Tc
Ru
Rh
105
105
104
c
Tc
103
Ru
101
Tc
Zr
Mo
99
101
Y
Zr
Nb
97
96
95
94
92 c
92
Sr
Y
Nb
Zr
Rb
91
90
89
88
88
88
Kr
87
Y
Rb
Rb
86
86
83
Ge
78
As
77
78
Br
Se
As
76
75
74
73
Ga
72
72
Zn
Co
Fe
59
58
56
V
Mn
Sc
48
48
K
Sc
43
46
EXPERIMENT
LAHET<F>=2.08
186
Os
Pt
185
Ir
184
Re
183
182
Re
Os
181
W
180
Re
177
10
176
Ag
In
111
111
Na
Mg
24
28
Cross section [mb]
2
175
-3
174
10
Ag
Ru
10
105
-3
106
10
Lu
Hf
10
173
Cross section [mb]
10
171
Cross section [mb]
Products in
232
Th irradiated with 1.6GeV protons
CASCADE<F>=3.19
INUCL<F>=7.65
10
1
10
-1
-2
10
2
10
1
10
-1
-2
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$0V-*,=:=F*ADF{´[*EDF-) x8b2'‰…>=:DF960V-B+HNH.ADF*EO4V&4*,.,9=:<.W.,U|+[´[-dDF-
Mass yields in
Mass Yield [mb]
Th irradiated with 1.6GeV protons
EXPERIMENT
2
10
232
LAHET
INUCL
CASCADE
10
1
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
Product mass number
_`*,"pAvX0V-Œ9:*,NH.ADFJ9:9Ê*,9DF=:*,WHDF*,9y?1=:L+'DF*,‚>=:H+'DF9ÊDF"'DF-=z´[*EDF-‚DF-ÇNL9:H=:
$0V-*,=:=F*ADFd´[*EDF-z xNb2'‰‚>=:DF9
+HNH.ADF*EO429:H>=F|+HNH.ADF*EO4B&4*,.,9V*,
Statistics of sim-to-exp ratios for 1.6GeV proton-irradiated 232Th
60
LAHET
50
INUCL
CASCADE
40
30
20
10
0
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
σcalc,i/σexp,i
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b2'‰‚>=:DF9
hsv
$0V-*,=:=F*ADF}´[*EDF- x
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~d{{d8~Euu wx
ŒŒ
xS~EwGu }Gu t t{|Gu ~Uu }t
t}GVu |Gt{utUc ~
xwG~Eu |Eu ~~
ŒŒ
wGw{cGt{uu c} ƒG~UcGt{uu }|
}G}Guu ||
{w{:}Guu c}
ŒŒ
t{}Gt{uu xt xxSƒG~Euu cd
twGV|Gt{uu d
tx{x8x8uu }d
ŒŒ
~w{E}Gu wGu }t d8td8u w{u cc
x8xS|Gu wu x
ƒGtV}Gu dSu }d
ŒŒ
wGx{x8t{uu }d :x8uu }{x8}t
wxSƒGx8uu }
wGwGuu ~U}ƒ
ŒŒ
:tU~Eu |u dx }Gt{u u~UE|{x c
~EtV|Gu tNu ƒ
x8t{uu w}d
ŒŒ
twGVwGu ~Su cd }G}Guu }{~Uƒ{||x
t|GVcGu tu xt
x}G8u }{u tVc{} |
ŒŒ
x8u tN
Œ
d8u :t
}Gu }dSc
hsP
13254687:9<;
€5€5AA Q
A@Š l'] Q
'= >@?5A
tN:ƒGu utVdU}Sv v
tN:u cdSc{}Sv
=CBEDGF
99L
Products in
U irradiated with 0.1GeV protons
CASCADE<F>=10.3
INUCL<F>=5.67
CASCADO-INPE<F>=2.79
ALICE-INPE<F>=2.01
10
1
-1
10
Sb
c
Sb
125
122
Ag
Ag
112
Ag
112
Rh
111
Ru
107
Tc
Ru
106
105
104
Tc
Ru
103
Zr
Mo
101
99
Zr
Y
Nb
97
96
95
94
Y
Y
92 c
Sr
92
Rb
91
c
Rb
89
Kr
Kr
Rb
88
88
88
Ge
Ga
87
78
73
Zn
Ga
72
Na
Cs
10
-3
133
10
-2
72
10
2
10
1
10
-1
U
Np
238
237
Pa
Pa
233
Pa
232
228
Pr
Th
227
Ce
146
143
La
142
Ba
La
Ce
141
141
140
Ba
Ce
Ba
140
139
139
Cs
136
I
Xe
135
Cs
Te
135
134
I
Te
134
132
132
I
Sb
131
131
Sb
129
Sn
128
I
126
-3
Sb
-2
10
127
Cross section [mb]
nat
EXPERIMENT
LAHET<F>=2.23
2
24
Cross section [mb]
10
=QS\GM F |{w 89T4{]8;5L ]G7GFV6 u PRQSMO9T7GMOQU;5FV6$WL FNMO6GXZY [ \:QS25]8^`_ELOQ
e`}Gg'u h.wE~UHaƒ = PRgi:PRŒ g'j'H PRgi:PRg'}Gu j}{c{} ”kp1313H kml'}GunZ}{w{PRc e 'g e’k5PaHŒ ”kp1313H
t{uΠ}
ŒŒ
:uΠEx
}Gu }{Πw{c
ŒŒ
JH Y I8[ DK\:QSBE25L FN]8MO^ 6
}Gt{u u wSx#~y‚y‚}G}Guu tUtV|~
}Gu w{|{ƒ y‚}Gu }Sƒ
10
_`*,"%pxXCB'D$*,.,z+N>w=:*,9:^W'D:´[Êu†>=:*,ND$.Zz9:*,NH.ADF^&4*,.,9]?=F*,P+'DF*EO4}=:L+'DF*,
>=:H+'DF9<*,
;Š*,=:=F*ADFd´[*EDF-sE8b2'‰‚>=:DF9w0V-+HNH.ADF*EO4B&4*,.,9[=:.W.,|+2´[-DF-
=:9:>+'DF*EO4*,>D<&4*,.,9[=:.,9:{9:-´[
hsx
Mass yields in
Mass Yield [mb]
10
2
nat
U irradiated with 0.1GeV protons
EXPERIMENT
LAHET
INUCL
ALICE-IPPE
CASCADE
CASCADE-IPPE
10
1
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
Product mass number
_`*,"pp4X0V-Œ9:*,NH.ADFJ9:9Ê*,9DF=:*,WHDF*,9y?1=:L+'DF*,‚>=:H+'DF9ÊDF"'DF-=z´[*EDF-‚DF-ÇNL9:H=:
+HNH.ADF*EO429:H>=F|+HNH.ADF*EO4B&4*,.,9V*,
;Š*,=:=F*ADF´[*EDF-sE}b2'‰J>=:DF9
hsPp
Statistics of sim-to-exp ratios for 0.1GeV proton-irradiated natU
50
45
LAHET-ISABEL
LAHET-BERTINI
INUCL
CASCADE
CASCADE-IPPE
ALICE-IPPE
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
10
2
σcalc,i/σexp,i
_`*,"wptXw36D$ADF*,9DF*,+9S?aDF-29:*,NH.ADF*,4rDFA|u†>=:*,NDˆ=FADF*,92m@+=:*EDF=:*,hoc?@=
b2'‰‚>=:DF9
hst
;…*,=:=F*ADF´[*EDF-sE
13254687:9<;
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>m>mA5‹5€ q'q'FF
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>p>p™5™TŠ> =79
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55‡€ bl.\ 4
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w{wwGx8uu }{dS}Gw{cStVv6
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cGu ƒ{wSv
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99L cGt{~Uuu ƒG}{|Ec#~u c#y‚y‚y…}G}GƒGuu ƒ{ut} |x
LL |GwGuu |{d{|#x y‚y‚}G}Guu ƒS|
99 x8t{uu ƒ{d{w#d y‚y‚}G}Guu x8ct
99 cGtu x8tVƒ#u $y‚yz}Gt{u c{u  |
99L ~Ex{tUu d8ƒ{~E}#uu w#}#y‰yzyzx8t{t{u }{uu |x ƒ
99 wGtUu ~EdS|#u t y‚yz}Gt{u wu ƒ x
99L d8tVtUu ƒG~EtVw#uu }#ƒ#y‚yzyz}Gt{t{u Euu |t x
x8u t{~Uc#u x y‚y…}GwGu ƒ{u | ƒ
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c
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L
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99 |Gd8uu wtUx~y‚y‚}G}Guu |{d}~
99 wStV:cGuu x~yzyŽ:t{uu dx
L”“•[†9 –'—E˜-:cGuu E}{w#d y‚y‚}G}Guu ƒ{w}
9L ƒ{tN:}Guu |#x y‰yz~Et{uu |x
999  w{dSdƒGcG~Euuu |#dt y‚yŽy…:ƒGd8uuu dtt
99 dSdƒG~Euu }#t y…y…wGwGuu ||
99 Ed{d8d8uu $w#y‚y…wGd8uu x
9LL :~EdUuu :EtVc#du ~y‰y‚y…}Gx8wGuu |{wu c cx
99 w{cGƒGuu dx y‚y…wGx8uu ƒ}
9LL {wSt::d8uuu ƒ#ƒ#~y…y…y‚wGƒGx8uuu }|t
9L x8t{uu {tN$$y‚y‚}G}Guu EwSd
9 wS:u d y‚x8u d
0[W.,tvXwj`†>=:*,ND$.%+L.,+H.ADFd&4*,.,9V?@=:
hsf
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ƒGwGuu wGd8tt ƒGtVƒGu w{u c} xUtN::uu xt
}Gt{u c{u w{w{} | }Gx8u cu tUxU~  wGt{t{u u }x
cGx8t{uut{|{ƒ{u ƒw }G}G}Guuu dUdxS}{~U|cw }G}G}Guuu ƒGdStV|Gw{t}dt
xƒG8tN:t{u Euu |}d }G}Gt{uu |{u~Ud8ƒS|{t c }G}Gt{uu c{xSu c{ƒ{}Sw ƒ
:tVt{wGut{dUuu |ƒ }G}G}Guuu wEdU~UE|E~Uwd~ }G}Gt{uu |E|u t{xS~St ƒd
xS~EtN:}Gu tVuu ƒ|x }GƒGt{u cSuu |{~UEwc x x8d8t{uuu c{cS~Sƒx
:ƒG~Euuu wEdSx8c~t cGt{tV}Gut{wSuu ƒd ƒGx8tV}Guu }Edu |~~
:tVwGu xUu ƒ x8d8uu |{~Uƒw }GwGu xUu c{w w
x8x~Et{uu |t w{c{cG}Guu w wGdSƒGt{uu cd
:cGuu cEƒ{w~ |Gx8uu c{}E|~ x8t{uu w{tV}|
tUt{~Et{uu }w w{tVwG}Guu |~ d{t{x8t{uu cx
xSxUtV:wG}Guuu c}ƒ ~U~E}GcGt{uuu ƒxx w{w{x|G|G~Euuu w|d
ƒGt{ut{u ct tt{x8t{uu xx wGtU~Eu tVu }ƒ
w{~EwGu d{u }d ƒGx8uu }{xUc wGxS}Gu d8u tt
wGwE~Et{uu }| x~E~Eu xUu ƒ xStVcGcGuu |}
wGwxScGd8t{uuu xd w{xS~{|G|G~Euuu cd~ wGwEƒG~Et{uuu }~
w{|GxSƒGƒGu }Guu wdt |Gd{t{x8utc{x8u |} u 8d8|G~Eu xSuu |w
~xUEtV:|Gu }Euu |~t Eƒ{tN:ƒGx8uuu |x~ w{x{d8ƒGx8u |{uu }dx
w{cG}Gu }Eu ~ w{~UcGwGuu x wGtx8t{uu }x
w{~EwGu tu x ƒGxS|Gt{uu x xS~EƒGu |{u }ƒ
x8t{uu cG~Uct }G}Guu }{}{||xx }G}Guu w{ww{xSwƒ
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Products in
nat
U irradiated with 0.2GeV protons
CASCADE<F>=5.81
INUCL<F>=5.09
10
1
-1
10
10
Sb
Sb
125
122
c
Ag
Ag
Ag
112
Rh
111
Ru
107
106
Tc
Ru
105
Ru
104
103
c
Tc
Tc
101
Mo
101
Zr
99
Nb
96
95
97
Y
Zr
Y
94
92
Y
Sr
92
Rb
89
Y
91
Y
88 c
c
88
Rb
88
Kr
Rb
88
Kr
88
Ge
Ga
87
78
73
Zn
Ga
72
Na
-3
112
10
-2
72
10
2
10
1
10
-1
Np
U
237
238
Pa
233
Pa
Pa
232
Pa
230
228
Th
Nd
227
Pr
147
c
146
Pr
146
La
Ce
143
Ce
142
141
Ba
141
La
Ba
140
140
Ce
139
Ba
139
Cs
136
Xe
135
I
Cs
135
134
Te
134
I
Cs
133
132
Te
132
I
131
Sb
131
Sb
Sn
129
128
Xe
127
I
126
-3
Sb
-2
10
127
Cross section [mb]
EXPERIMENT
LAHET<F>=1.70
2
24
Cross section [mb]
10
=QS\GHJM I8F DK|S BE89L FNTMO4{6 ]8;5L ]G7GFV6PRu QSMO9T7GMOQU;5FV6$WL FNMO6GXZY [ \:QS25]8^`_ELOQ
xwGS|Gt{Y [ uu c#~\:y‚y‚QS25]8x8x8^ uu wƒ e`g'x{x{h.d8x8uu Hacx = PRgi:ttVPRwGd8uu g'tt j'H kml'd8~EnZuu c{xSPRwƒ e
cGxSu }G~Uc#u t y yzt{t{u :u  t d8tVƒGu du ~ cGwGuu dSdS|} d8t{uu ~{|~
wGx8x{uu Ex8ƒ#xu $y‚y‚y‚}G}Gx8uu uxStVw ƒ| wGd8tVwGuu c{dSu ww }G}G:uu ƒG}{u cStƒ d }G}GwGuu }{}Su xU|G ct
}Gt{u ~u 8~{~~ˆy‚y‚}G}Guu }{tVc{ƒ ƒ }Gx8u cEu :~Ut | }G}Guu }}{|SxSƒ }G}Guu }{}{w{wcd
}Gu tVc{ƒ y‚}Gu }xSw Œ
Œ
Œ
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99 
99L
99
99L
10
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>=:H+'DF9<*,
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=:9:>+'DF*EO4*,>D<&4*,.,9[=:.,9:{9:-´[
h4gs
Mass yields in
Mass Yield [mb]
10
nat
U irradiated with 0.2GeV protons
EXPERIMENT
2
LAHET
INUCL
CASCADE
10
1
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
Product mass number
_`*,"tsX0V-Œ9:*,NH.ADFJ9:9Ê*,9DF=:*,WHDF*,9y?1=:L+'DF*,‚>=:H+'DF9ÊDF"'DF-=z´[*EDF-‚DF-ÇNL9:H=:
+HNH.ADF*EO429:H>=F|+HNH.ADF*EO4B&4*,.,9V*,
;Š*,=:=F*ADF´[*EDF-s‹hNb2'‰J>=:DF9
Statistics of sim-to-exp ratios for 0.2GeV proton-irradiated
nat
U
50
45
LAHET-ISABEL
INUCL
CASCADE
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
σcalc,i/σexp,i
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13254687:9<;
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L”“•[†9L–'—E˜ ƒG|Gt{uu ct{tVc#du ƒ#y…y…y…}G}G}Guu ƒ{u | |ƒ ::~Euuu }{d8c}t wGd8t{ut{t{tVuu ƒƒd wGƒG~Euuu cE|{c}~ wG|Gx8uuu |}~Sdxx
99 ƒGtu x8}{c#u }#y…y…}G}Gu w{u | c wG~Euu dSdSwc wGtU~Eu }Eu w~ }Gt{u wEu ƒ{~Uƒ | }Gx8u u~~Uc c
99 xStV}GƒGuu $~yzyzt{t{uu wx t{tVƒGt{uu cƒ EtUx8~Euu xt :tV}Gu }Gu }t wtVcGd8uu x~
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99 wGtVu }GtVƒ#u w#y…y…}G}Gu xSu ~ w wGcGuu ƒ|Gdt d8tVwGu ƒ{u cw }Gt{u u ~S}{d w }GxSu wG}{|Gu | t
99 xUt:x8uu }#w#y…y‚}Gx8uu |t ttUx8~Euu |t wGwd8t{uu d ~EtVƒGu wu xd x{xS|Gx8uu |~
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99 t{ƒ{u ƒGdSw#u ~y…y‚}Gd8u utV| | wGxS|Gu tu ƒd }G:u u ƒ{}G} t }Gu wGdSw{u x w }GxUu :}u ƒ d
99  {ƒ{:wGuu $}#y‰y…ƒG~Euu tt wGx{x8t{uu d ƒGƒGuu tV|ƒ ExS|Gx8uu w~ x{x{d8x8uu |~
99 ƒ{~S}Gd8uu }#c#y…yŽ:wGuu ~~ wGx~Et{uu }| cGx{x8u t{u tt w{wGwGuu xd w{xS|GƒGuu t
99 :ƒ{wGt{uu $d y…y‰wG~Euu ww wx8x8t{uu }t wtVwGd8uu x~ :x8t{t{uu cw w{xU:cGuu cƒ
9L ƒtUd8~Euu ƒ#~yzyŽ:t{uu ƒt |GtV|Gu w{u w~ |GtVcGu u }t x8tN:t{uu x x{tx8x8uu }ƒ
99  }Gu w|{d8}E~u w#y…y‚}Gx8u }{u w ƒS t{tU~Eu ~Su x~ }GwGu }{t{ƒ{u x | }Gtu d8}SEu t d }Gx{u x8x{d{u ƒ x
99 t{dSu }G}S$u c#y…y…}GwGu }{u x | wGxU:u :u dt t{wGu wGu ~t }Gxu ~Et{utVt | }GwGu ƒ{t{}Eu ƒ ~
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99 xStV}GƒGuu $ƒ#yzyzt{t{uu |t tNt:x8uu }ƒ ƒGcGuu {~Et ƒGcGuu w~U|d :|Guu ttVcx
99 t{t{uu w{tVw#|#y…y…}G}Guu tVtU}~ x8x8uu w{xSc| }Gt{u |{u |{ƒ{c | }G}Guu xtdS~{c~ }G}Guu wS{ƒd
LL d8~Euu ƒ{tV}#|#y…y…}G}Guu EcSd wGwGuu |{}G}t d8d8uu |dSƒx |Gd8uu wƒGdt t{t{uu xStVww
99L wGƒGx8uuu |w~U}#dx y…y…y…}G}G}Guuu 8w{x|~~ ƒGx8~Euuu {w{ƒSƒ t{t{t{uuu c{|{xSwƒƒ :t{tV}Guu wƒ{u cxt }G}G}Guuu wSxSx{{|{xSww
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L”“•[†–'—E˜-}Gu w{wS$y…}Gu }Sw }Gu d{x{d
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13254687:9<;
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99
99L
L
Products in natU irradiated with 0.8GeV protons
Cross section [mb]
10
EXPERIMENT
LAHET<F>=1.87
2
CASCADE<F>=4.26
INUCL<F>=5.60
CASCADE-IPPE<F>=2.72
10
1
-1
10
Tc
Ru
104
105
Tc
Ru
101
103
Zr
Mo
99
Nb
97
96
Y
Zr
94
95
Y
Y
92 c
Sr
92
Nb
91
Rb
89
90
Y
Zr
88
Kr
88
88
Y
Kr
87
Rb
86
86
As
Rb
78
83
Br
Ge
78
As
77
76
As
Se
75
Ga
74
Ga
73
72
Ni
Zn
72
Fe
66
59
V
Co
48
58
K
Sc
43
48
Be
7
28
-3
Mg
-2
10
10
Cross section [mb]
10
2
10
1
-1
10
10
Cross section [mb]
10
Tb
Nd
153
147
Gd
Eu
146
146
Pm
144
Ce
144
La
Ce
143
Ce
142
141
La
Ba
140
Cs
Ce
140
139
136
Xe
I
Ce
135
135
135
I
Cs
134
Ce
133
132
Te
Cs
132
132
I
Ba
131
Ba
131
128
Xe
Sb
127
127
I
126
Xe
125
I
Sb
124
125
Sb
122
I
121
Agc
112
In
Ag
111
112
Ag
Rh
111
107
Ag
105
106
-3
Ru
-2
10
2
10
1
-1
10
U
Np
237
239
Pa
Pa
233
232
Pa
230
Pa
228
Th
Ac
227
Ac
226
225
Ra
At
At
Rn
223
211
210
209
At
At
At
208
207
206
Po
Po
206
Po
205
204
Pb
Pbc
203
203
Bi
Pb
202
Pb
c
201
201
Tl
Pb
200
200
Hg
192
Pt
191
Pt
Os
188
185
Os
182
W
Hf
177
175
Ta
172
171Lu
Dy
Tb
156
10
157
Tb
155
155
-3
Dy
-2
10
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>=:H+'DF9<*,
;Š*,=:=F*ADFd´[*EDF-s tNb2'‰‚>=:DF9w0V-+HNH.ADF*EO4B&4*,.,9[=:.W.,|+2´[-DF-
=:9:>+'DF*EO4*,>D<&4*,.,9[=:.,9:{9:-´[
h4Lv
Mass yields in
Mass Yield [mb]
10
nat
U irradiated with 0.8GeV protons
EXPERIMENT
2
LAHET
INUCL
CASCADE-IPPE
CASCADE
10
1
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
Product mass number
_`*,"tiX0V-Œ9:*,NH.ADFJ9:9Ê*,9DF=:*,WHDF*,9y?1=:L+'DF*,‚>=:H+'DF9ÊDF"'DF-=z´[*EDF-‚DF-ÇNL9:H=:
+HNH.ADF*EO429:H>=F|+HNH.ADF*EO4B&4*,.,9V*,
;Š*,=:=F*ADF´[*EDF-s tb2'‰J>=:DF9
nat
Statistics of sim-to-exp ratios for 0.8GeV proton-irradiated
U
60
LAHET-ISABEL
50
INUCL
CASCADE
CASCADE-IPPE
40
30
20
10
0
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
σcalc,i/σexp,i
2
10 10
-2
-1
10
1
1
10
2
-2
10 10
σcalc,i/σexp,i
10
-1
1
10
1
2
-2
10 10
σcalc,i/σexp,i
_`*,"tvXw36D$ADF*,9DF*,+9S?aDF-29:*,NH.ADF*,4rDFA|u†>=:*,NDˆ=FADF*,92m@+=:*EDF=:*,hoc?@=
b2'‰‚>=:DF9
h4
10
-1
1
10
1
10
2
σcalc,i/σexp,i
;…*,=:=F*ADF´[*EDF-s t
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h4gt
10
-3
10
10
10
-3
Rh
Ag
106
Ru
107
Rh
111
Ag
111
In
112
Ag
112
Agc
121
I
122
Sb
124
I
125
Sb
125
Xe
126
I
127
Sb
127
Xe
128
Ba
131
I
131
Ba
132
Te
132
Cs
132
Ce
133
I
134
Cs
135
I
135
Xe
135
Ce
136
Cs
139
Ce
140
Ba
140
La
141
Ce
142
La
143
Ce
144
Ce
144
Pm
146
Eu
146
Gd
147
Nd
147
Eu
153
Tb
155
Tb
155
Dy
157
Dy
10
105
10
105
7
24
Be
Na
28
Mg
43
K
46
Sc
48
Sc
48
V
56
Mn
58
Co
59
Fe
65
Zn
66
Ni
72
Zn
72
Ga
73
Ga
74
As
75
Se
76
As
77
Br
78
Ge
78
As
83
Rb
83
Sr
86
Rb
86
Y
87
Kr
88
Kr
88
Y
88
Zr
89
Rb
90
Nb
91
Sr
92
Y
92 c
Y
94
Y
95
Zr
96
Nb
97
Zr
99
Mo
101
Tc
103
Ru
104
Tc
105
Ru
-3
Er
Yb
171
Lu
172
Ta
173
Lu
174
Ta
175
Hf
176
Ta
177
W
181
Re
182
Os
183
Re
184
Ir
185
Os
186
Pt
188
Pt
191
Pt
192
Au
192
Hg
200
Tl
200
Pb
201
Pb
201
c
Pb
202
Bi
203
Pb
203
Pb
204
Po
205
Po
206
Po
206
At
207
At
208
At
209
At
210
At
211
Rn
223
Ra
225
Ac
226
Ac
227
Th
230
Pa
232
Pa
233
Pa
237
U
239
Np
10
160
Cross section [mb]
Cross section [mb]
10
166
Cross section [mb]
Products in natU irradiated with 1.2GeV protons
2
EXPERIMENT
LAHET<F>=2.09
>=:H+'DF9<*,
CASCADE<F>=4.19
INUCL<F>=5.10
10
1
10
-1
-2
10
2
10
1
10
-1
-2
2
10
1
10
-1
-2
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=:9:>+'DF*EO4*,>D<&4*,.,9[=:.,9:{9:-´[
h4gf
Mass yields in
Mass Yield [mb]
10
nat
U irradiated with 1.2GeV protons
EXPERIMENT
2
LAHET
INUCL
CASCADE
10
1
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
Product mass number
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+HNH.ADF*EO429:H>=F|+HNH.ADF*EO4B&4*,.,9V*,
;Š*,=:=F*ADF´[*EDF-z‹hNb2'‰J>=:DF9
Statistics of sim-to-exp ratios for 1.2GeV proton-irradiated
nat
U
60
LAHET
50
INUCL
CASCADE
40
30
20
10
0
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
σcalc,i/σexp,i
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Œ
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hhi
10
-3
10
10
10
-3
Rh
Ag
106
Ru
107
Rh
111
Ag
111
In
112
Ag
112
Agc
121
I
122
Sb
124
I
125
Sb
125
Xe
126
I
127
Sb
127
Xe
128
Ba
131
I
131
Ba
132
Te
132
Cs
132
Ce
133
I
134
Cs
135
I
135
Xe
135
Ce
136
Cs
139
Ce
140
Ba
140
La
141
Ce
142
La
143
Ce
144
Ce
144
Pm
145
Eu
146
Eu
146
Gd
147
Nd
147
Eu
153
Tb
155
Tb
155
Dy
157
Dy
10
105
10
105
7
24
Be
Na
28
Mg
43
K
46
Sc
48
Sc
48
V
54
Mn
56
Mn
58
Co
59
Fe
65
Zn
66
Ni
72
Zn
72
Ga
73
Ga
74
As
75
Se
76
As
77
Br
78
Ge
78
As
83
Rb
83
Sr
86
Rb
86
Y
87
Kr
88
Kr
88
Y
88
Zr
89
Rb
90
Nb
91
Sr
92
Y
92 c
Y
94
Y
95
Zr
96
Nb
97
Zr
99
Mo
101
Tc
103
Ru
104
Tc
105
Ru
-3
Er
Yb
169
Yb
170
Lu
171
Lu
172
Hf
173
Lu
174
Ta
175
Hf
176
Ta
177
W
181
Re
182
Os
183
Re
184
Ir
185
Os
186
Pt
188
Pt
191
Pt
192
Au
192
Hg
200
Tl
200
Pb
201
Pb
201
Pbc
202
Bi
203
Pb
204
Po
205
Po
206
Po
206
At
207
At
208
At
209
At
210
At
211
Rn
223
Ra
226
Ac
227
Th
228
Pa
230
Pa
232
Pa
233
Pa
237
U
239
Np
10
160
Cross section [mb]
Cross section [mb]
10
166
Cross section [mb]
Products in natU irradiated with 1.6GeV protons
2
EXPERIMENT
LAHET<F>=2.07
>=:H+'DF9<*,
CASCADE<F>=4.18
INUCL<F>=5.74
10
1
10
-1
-2
10
2
10
1
10
-1
-2
2
10
1
10
-1
-2
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=:9:>+'DF*EO4*,>D<&4*,.,9[=:.,9:{9:-´[
hhAv
Mass yields in
Mass Yield [mb]
10
nat
U irradiated with 1.6GeV protons
EXPERIMENT
2
LAHET
INUCL
CASCADE
10
1
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
Product mass number
_`*,"tfX0V-Œ9:*,NH.ADFJ9:9Ê*,9DF=:*,WHDF*,9y?1=:L+'DF*,‚>=:H+'DF9ÊDF"'DF-=z´[*EDF-‚DF-ÇNL9:H=:
+HNH.ADF*EO429:H>=F|+HNH.ADF*EO4B&4*,.,9V*,
;Š*,=:=F*ADF´[*EDF-z xb2'‰J>=:DF9
Statistics of sim-to-exp ratios for 1.6GeV proton-irradiated
nat
U
60
LAHET
50
INUCL
CASCADE
40
30
20
10
0
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
σcalc,i/σexp,i
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Cross section [mb]
10
EXPERIMENT
LAHET<F>=2.14
CEM95<F>=9.23
2
HETC<F>=4.08
INUCL<F>=4.32
10
1
YIELDX<F>=1.95
CASCADE<F>=4.59
-1
10
-2
10
90
Nb
90
Mo
94
Ru
95
Ru
97
Ru
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>=:H+'DF9[*,
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=:9:>+'DF*EO4*,>D<&4*,.,9[=:.,9:{9:-´[
hhx
Mass yields in
99
Tc irradiated with 0.1 and 0.2GeV protons
0.1GeV
Mass Yield [mb]
10
0.2GeV
2
10
10
2
10
EXPERIMENT
CEM95
LAHET
INUCL
YIELDX
CASCADE
HETC
1
70
80
EXPERIMENT
CEM95
LAHET
INUCL
YIELDX
CASCADE
HETC
1
90
100
Product mass number
70
80
90
100
Product mass number
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+HNH.ADF*EO429:H>=F|+HNH.ADF*EO4B&4*,.,9V*,
0V+*,=:=F*ADFd´[*EDF-sE)s‹h{b2'‰J>=:DF9
hhp
Statistics of sim-to-exp ratios for 0.1GeV proton-irradiated 99Tc
10
9
CEM95
LAHET
INUCL
CASCADE
HETC
YIELDX
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
10
2
σcalc,i/σexp,i
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Products in
Cross section [mb]
10
99
0214345
BNCOG
BIC B
S
C DFQ
S
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BIC D
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BC BM
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F0V+*,=:=F*ADF´[*EDF-)sE{b2'‰J>=:DF9
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GGC I
Tc irradiated with 0.15GeV protons
EXPERIMENT
LAHET<F>=1.64
2
10
1
YIELDX<F>=2.10
CASCADE<F>=3.61
LAQGSM<F>=2.11
-1
10
10
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86
Y
86
Zr
87
Zr
88
Zr
90
Nb
90
Mo
94
Ru
95
Ru
97
Ru
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=:9:>+'DF*EO4*,>D<&4*,.,9[=:.,9:{9:-´[
hhf
Mass yields in
Mass Yield [mb]
10
99
Tc irradiated with 0.15GeV protons
2
10
EXPERIMENT
LAHET
LAQGSM
YIELDX
CASCADE
1
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
Product mass number
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his
Statistics of sim-to-exp ratios for 0.15GeV proton-irradiated
99
Tc
10
9
LAHET
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CASCADE
YIELDX
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
10
9
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7
6
5
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3
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1
0
10-2
10-1
1
101
102
σcalc,i/σexp,i
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σcalc,i/σexp,i
101
102
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2
CASCADE<F>=3.29
YIELDX<F>=2.15
HETC<F>=3.21
INUCL<F>=4.29
10
Cross section [mb]
10
EXPERIMENT
ALICE(K)<F>=2.77
ALICE(F)<F>=2.31
LAHET<F>=1.59
CEM95<F>=4.20
3
10
1
-1
10
10
GNASH<F>=2.74
1
10
10
Ru
Nb
Ru
Ru
2
10
97
97
95
Nb
Mo
94
90
Y
Zr
88
Zr
Y
Zr
88
87
90
-3
86
Sr
-2
83
10
86
Cross section [mb]
10
10
-1
-2
-3
)i
!j @$6 !#, - & @ 7& + *,- !#&$&6 !#"$%6 $6 - 6 @*k8- @&
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Statistics of sim-to-exp ratios for 0.2GeV proton-irradiated
99
Tc
10
CEM95
LAHET
INUCL
CASCADE
GNASH
ALICE(F)
ALICE(K)
HETC
YIELDX
8
6
4
2
0
10
8
6
4
2
0
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
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10
1
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1
10
2
10
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10
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10
1
1
10
2
10
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Products in 99Tc irradiated with 0.8GeV protons
EXPERIMENT
LAHET<F>=2.62
YIELDX<F>=1.95
CEM95<F>=2.23
2
HETC<F>=4.57
INUCL<F>=3.64
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10
1
10
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97
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96
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95
94
Nb
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90
90
Y
Zr
88
Zr
88
87
Y
Zr
86
86
Sr
Rb
83
84
Sr
Sr
Rb
83
82
Sr
81
80
Kr
Kr
Rb
79
79
Kr
Br
Br
77
77
76
76
As
Se
74
75
As
As
Se
72
72
Ge
Ge
71
69
Ga
67
67
Zn
Ga
65
V
Co
48
66
-3
58
Be
-2
7
10
-1
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10
24
Cross section [mb]
10
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Mass Yield [mb]
10
99
Tc irradiated with 0.8GeV protons
2
10
EXPERIMENT
CEM95
LAHET
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YIELDX
CASCADE
HETC
1
-1
10
0
20
40
60
Product mass number
80
100
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30
25
CEM95
LAHET
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20
15
10
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20
15
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10
2
10
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10
3
10
2
EXPERIMENT
LAHET<F>=1.64
LAQGSM<F>=1.64
YIELDX<F>=1.88
CASCADE<F>=3.31
10
1
-1
10
10
Ru
Nb
97
Ru
96
Mo
95
90
Zr
Y
Nb
90
88
Zr
88
Y
Zr
87
86
Rb
Sr
86
84
Rb
Sr
83
83
81
Kr
Rb
79
Kr
79
Br
77
Kr
77
Br
76
Se
As
76
75
As
74
As
72
As
71
Ge
70
Ge
69
Ga
Mn
67
-3
66
Na
-2
56
10
24
Cross section [mb]
Products in 99Tc irradiated with 1.0GeV protons
; 9 1
j @$6 !#, - &@ 7& + *,- !#&$ &6 !#"$%6 $65-6 @*k - @&
,- 6"@& 3)345 - -6%6:70 ; 9 > @? , - & 45 "!#"$%*k $ 6- $%$6:') 7& - ,@* k &6,&6&i$6- $ 7& 1B
Mass yields in
Mass Yield [mb]
10
99
Tc irradiated with 1.0GeV protons
2
10
EXPERIMENT
LAHET
LAQGSM
YIELDX
CASCADE
1
-1
10
0
20
40
60
Product mass number
80
100
; 9B
45 !#"$%6 !: 6- "& - @& , - 6"@ @- 70 !# "- 6
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1B
Statistics of sim-to-exp ratios for 1.0GeV proton-irradiated 99Tc
20
18
LAHET
LAQGSM
CASCADE
YIELDX
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
10-2
10-1
1
101
102
σcalc,i/σexp,i
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10-1
1
σcalc,i/σexp,i
101
102
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99
Tc irradiated with 1.2GeV protons
HETC<F>=3.53
INUCL<F>=3.54
CASCADE<F>=3.35
10
1
10
Nb
Ru
Ru
97
96
Mo
95
90
Zr
Y
Nb
90
88
Zr
88
87
Y
Zr
86
Sr
86
Sr
Sr
Rb
83
83
81
80
Kr
Kr
Br
Kr
Br
Rb
79
79
77
77
76
76
As
Se
74
75
As
As
As
Se
72
72
71
Ge
Ga
Ga
70
67
67
-3
66
Na
-2
Mn
10
-1
24
10
56
Cross section [mb]
10
EXPERIMENT
LAHET<F>=2.35
YIELDX<F>=2.45
CEM95<F>=2.68
2
&::;=<>@?9ABC:
SXQ ZXU
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j @$6 !#, - &@ 7& + *,- !#&$ &6 !#"$%6 $65-6 @*k - @&
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Mass yields in
Mass Yield [mb]
10
99
Tc irradiated with 1.2GeV protons
2
10
EXPERIMENT
CEM95
LAHET
INUCL
YIELDX
CASCADE
HETC
1
-1
10
0
20
40
60
Product mass number
80
100
; 9
45 !#"$%6 !: 6- "& - @& , - 6"@ @- 70 !# "- 6
"!#"$%*k &6 ",-=')"!#"$%*k $65& 3)345 - -6%6 7 0 ; 1 > @ ?A,- &
1 1
Statistics of sim-to-exp ratios for 1.2GeV proton-irradiated 99Tc
30
25
CEM95
LAHET
INUCL
CASCADE
HETC
YIELDX
20
15
10
5
0
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
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10
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10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
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1
10
2
10
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10
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10
1
1
10
2
10
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10
3
10
2
EXPERIMENT
LAHET<F>=2.12
LAQGSM<F>=1.93
YIELDX<F>=2.56
CASCADE<F>=3.05
10
1
-1
10
Be
Na
41
Ar
46
Sc
47
Sc
48
Sc
48
V
54
Mn
56
Mn
56
Co
58
Co
60
Cu
65
Zn
66
Ga
67
Ga
67
Ge
69
Ge
70
As
71
As
72
As
72
Se
74
As
75
Se
76
Br
76
Kr
77
Br
77
Kr
79
Kr
79
Rb
80
Sr
81
Sr
82
Sr
83
Rb
83
Sr
84
Rb
86
Y
86
Zr
87
Zr
88
Y
88
Zr
90
Nb
90
Mo
95
Ru
96
Nb
97
Ru
-2
7
10
10
-3
24
Cross section [mb]
Products in 99Tc irradiated with 1.4GeV protons
; 9
j @$6 !#, - &@ 7& + *,- !#&$ &6 !#"$%6 $65-6 @*k - @&
,- 6"@& 3)345 - -6%6:70 ; > @? , - & 45 "!#"$%*k $ 6- $%$6:') 7& - ,@* k &6,&6&i$6- $ 7& Mass yields in
Mass Yield [mb]
10
99
Tc irradiated with 1.4GeV protons
2
10
EXPERIMENT
LAHET
LAQGSM
YIELDX
CASCADE
1
-1
10
0
20
40
60
Product mass number
80
100
; 9
45 !#"$%6 !: 6- "& - @& , - 6"@ @- 70 !# "- 6
"!#"$%*k &6 ",-=')"!#"$%*k $65& 3)345 - -6%6 7 0 ; > @ ?A,- &
1 <
Statistics of sim-to-exp ratios for 1.4GeV proton-irradiated 99Tc
30
25
LAHET
LAQGSM
CASCADE
YIELDX
20
15
10
5
0
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
10-2
10-1
1
101
102
σcalc,i/σexp,i
10-2
10-1
1
σcalc,i/σexp,i
101
102
;; 9
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Products in 99Tc irradiated with 1.6GeV protons
EXPERIMENT
LAHET<F>=1.80
YIELDX<F>=2.34
CEM95<F>=2.20
2
HETC<F>=4.30
INUCL<F>=4.12
CASCADE<F>=3.15
10
1
10
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90
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90
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95
Ru
96
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97
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88
88
Sr
Sr
82
Sr
83
Rb
83
Sr
84
Rb
86
Y
86
Zr
87
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81
80
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As
74
As
75
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76
Br
76
Kr
77
Br
77
Kr
79
Kr
79
Rb
72
71
56
56
-3
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Co
58
Co
65
Zn
66
Ga
67
Ga
67
Ge
69
Ge
70
As
-2
7
10
-1
Be
Na
41
Ar
46
Sc
48
V
54
Mn
10
24
Cross section [mb]
10
;;;
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Mass Yield [mb]
10
99
Tc irradiated with 1.6GeV protons
2
10
EXPERIMENT
CEM95
LAHET
INUCL
YIELDX
CASCADE
HETC
1
-1
10
0
20
40
60
Product mass number
80
100
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30
25
CEM95
LAHET
INUCL
CASCADE
HETC
YIELDX
20
15
10
5
0
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
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10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
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1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
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Products in
10
3
EXPERIMENT
LAHET<F>=1.78
LAQGSM<F>=2.58
2
1
-1
10
10
3
10
2
As
As
72
As
71
70
Ge
69
Ge
Ga
67
Ga
67
Zn
66
Cu
65
Cu
61
60
Co
58
Co
Mn
56
Mn
54
51
56
Cr
V
Sc
48
Sc
48
47
Sc
K
46
Ar
41
42
Cl
Al
38
Mg
29
28
-3
24
Be
7
10
Na
-2
10
10
1
10
Ru
97
Nb
96
Ru
Mo
Nb
95
90
90
Zr
88
Y
88
Zr
87
Zr
86
Y
86
Rb
84
Sr
83
Rb
83
Sr
82
Sr
81
Sr
80
Rb
79
Kr
79
Kr
77
Br
77
Kr
76
Br
76
75
-3
Se
-2
As
10
-1
Se
10
72
Cross section [mb]
YIELDX<F>=1.99
CASCADE<F>=3.00
10
74
Cross section [mb]
10
Tc irradiated with 2.6GeV protons
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Mass yields in
Mass Yield [mb]
10
99
Tc irradiated with 2.6GeV protons
2
10
EXPERIMENT
LAHET
LAQGSM
YIELDX
CASCADE
1
-1
10
0
20
40
60
Product mass number
80
100
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99
Tc
35
30
LAHET
LAQGSM
CASCADE
YIELDX
25
20
15
10
5
0
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
10-2
10-1
1
101
102
σcalc,i/σexp,i
10-2
10-1
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σcalc,i/σexp,i
101
102
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Cross section [mb]
Products in 59Co irradiated with 0.2GeV protons
10
3
10
2
EXPERIMENT<F>=2.00
CEM95<F>=2.22
LAHET<F>=2.02
CASCADE<F>=2.94
HETC<F>=3.00
INUCL<F>=2.28
YIELDX<F>=1.81
10
1
-1
10
Co
58
Ni
57
Co
57
Co
56
Mn
56
Co
55
Mn
54
Cr
Cr
51
48
49
Cr
V
48
Sc
48
Sc
47
Ca
47
Sc
46
Sc
43
K
43
K
42
-3
10
Ar
-2
41
10
;;Ii
j @$6 !#, - &@ 7& + *,- !#&$ &6 !#"$%6 $65-6 @*k - @&
,- 6"@& f)3 - -6%6:70 9 1 > @? , - &45 "!#"$%*ki$6- $%$6:') 7& - ,@* k &6,&6&i$6- $ 7& 1<
Mass yields in
Yield [mbarn]
10
59
Co irradiated with 0.2GeV protons
EXPERIMENT
CEM95
LAHET
YIELDX
CASCADE
INUCL
2
10
1
-1
10
0
10
20
30
40
Product mass number
50
60
!"#$%&'()*(#+,&-#./()10&(./$(/ &*23!4-#& . 3567#)*0&98:. 356<;6 )>=:?/@A(B&&# C23*DFEBG7/HI0&(#() EJJ
Statistics of simulation-to-experiment ratios for 0.2GeV proton-irradiated 59Co
14
CEM95
LAHET-ISABEL
INUCL
CASCADE
HETC
YIELDX
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
σcalc,i/σexp,i
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
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Cross section [mb]
Products in 59Co irradiated with 1.2GeV protons
10
3
10
2
EXPERIMENT<F>=2.00
CEM95<F>=2.30
LAHET<F>=1.85
CASCADE<F>=3.09
HETC<F>=4.62
INUCL<F>=1.93
YIELDX<F>=1.56
10
QMD<F>=2.41
NUCLEUS<F>=2.21
1
-1
10
Fe
59
Ni
Co
58
Co
Co
57
57
56
Co
Mn
56
Cr
Cr
Cr
V
Mn
55
54
51
49
48
Sc
48
Sc
48
Ca
Sc
47
47
K
Sc
46
43
K
43
Ar
Cl
42
41
S
Cl
39
38
Al
38
Mg
29
28
Na
Na
Mg
27
24
22
-3
10
Be
-2
7
10
;=19
j @$6 !#, - &@ 7& + *,- !#&$ &6 !#"$%6 $65-6 @*k - @&
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Mass yields in
Yield [mbarn]
10
59
Co irradiated with 1.2GeV protons
EXPERIMENT
CEM95
LAHET
YIELDX
CASCADE
INUCL
2
10
1
-1
10
0
10
20
30
40
Product mass number
50
60
9E6 !"#$%&'()*(#+,&-#./()10&(./$(/ &*23!4-#& . 3567#)*0&98:. 356<;6 )>=:?/@A(B&&# C23 FEBG7/HI0&(#() EJ#
Statistics of simulation-to-experiment ratios for 1.2GeV proton-irradiated 59Co
25
22.5
CEM95
LAHET-BERTINI
INUCL
CASCADE
HETC
YIELDX
QMD
NUCLEUS
20
17.5
15
12.5
10
7.5
5
2.5
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25
22.5
20
17.5
15
12.5
10
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5
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10
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10
1
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10
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10
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1
10
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10
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1
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10
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1
10
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2
10
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Cross section [mb]
Products in 59Co irradiated with 1.6GeV protons
10
3
10
2
EXPERIMENT<F>=2.00
CEM95<F>=2.54
LAHET<F>=1.95
CASCADE<F>=2.20
HETC<F>=5.14
INUCL<F>=1.95
YIELDX<F>=1.55
10
1
-1
10
Fe
59
Ni
Co
58
Co
Co
57
57
56
Co
Mn
56
Cr
Cr
Cr
V
Mn
55
54
51
49
48
Sc
48
Sc
48
Ca
Sc
47
47
K
Sc
46
43
K
43
Ar
Cl
42
41
S
Cl
39
38
Al
38
Mg
29
28
Na
Na
Mg
27
24
22
-3
10
Be
-2
7
10
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Mass yields in
Yield [mbarn]
10
59
Co irradiated with 1.6GeV protons
EXPERIMENT
CEM95
LAHET
CASCADE
INUCL
2
10
1
YIELDX
-1
10
0
10
20
30
40
Product mass number
50
60
9E !"#$%&'()*(#+,&-#./()10&(./$(/ &*23!4-#& . 3567#)*0&98:. 356<;6 )>=:?/@A(B&&# C23 G7/HI0&(#() E
Statistics of simulation-to-experiment ratios for 1.6GeV proton-irradiated 59Co
20
18
CEM95
LAHET-BERTINI
INUCL
CASCADE
HETC
YIELDX
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
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16
14
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67 8 "%'
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Cross section [mb]
Products in 59Co irradiated with 2.6GeV protons
10
3
10
2
EXPERIMENT<F>=2.00
CEM95<F>=2.73
LAHET<F>=2.11
CASCADE<F>=2.04
HETC<F>=5.33
INUCL<F>=2.03
YIELDX<F>=1.53
10
1
-1
10
Fe
59
Ni
Co
58
Co
Co
57
57
56
Co
Mn
56
Cr
Cr
Cr
V
Mn
55
54
51
49
48
Sc
48
Sc
48
Ca
Sc
47
47
K
Sc
46
43
K
43
Ar
Cl
42
41
S
Cl
39
38
Al
38
Mg
29
28
Na
Na
Mg
27
24
22
-3
10
Be
-2
7
10
;=1
j @$6 !#, - &@ 7& + *,- !#&$ &6 !#"$%6 $65-6 @*k - @&
,- 6"@& f)3 - -6%6:70 1 > @? , - &45 "!#"$%*ki$6- $%$6:') 7& - ,@* k &6,&6&i$6- $ 7& 1B
Mass yields in
Yield [mbarn]
10
59
Co irradiated with 2.6GeV protons
EXPERIMENT
CEM95
LAHET
YIELDX
CASCADE
INUCL
2
10
1
-1
10
0
10
20
30
40
Product mass number
50
60
9E6 !"#$%&'()*(#+,&-#./()10&(./$(/ &*23!4-#& . 3567#)*0&98:. 356<;6 )>=:?/@A(B&&# C23$E6 G7/HI0&(#() E
Statistics of simulation-to-experiment ratios for 2.6GeV proton-irradiated 59Co
20
18
CEM95
LAHET-BERTINI
INUCL
CASCADE
HETC
YIELDX
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
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10
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10
1
1
10
2
10
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10
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10
1
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1
10
2
10
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10
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10
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10
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10
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10
3
10
2
EXPERIMENT
CEM95<F>=2.61
LAHET<F>=1.89
CASCADE<F>=3.75
HETC<F>=5.47
INUCL<F>=2.22
YIELDX<F>=2.27
10
1
-1
10
Zn
63
Zn
62
Cu
61
Cu
60
Co
60
Fe
59
Co
58
Ni
57
Co
57
Ni
56
Co
56
Mn
56
Co
55
Mn
54
Cr
51
Cr
49
Cr
48
V
48
47
-3
10
Sc
-2
Sc
10
46
Cross section [mb]
Products in 63Cu irradiated with 0.2GeV protons
;=1
j @$6 !#, - &@ 7& + *,- !#&$ &6 !#"$%6 $65-6 @*k - @&
,- 6"@& _ " - -6%6:70 9 1 > @? ,- &45 "!#"$%*ki$65- $%$6#') 7& - ,@* k &6,&6&i$6- $ 7& 1
Mass yields in
Yield [mbarn]
10
63
Cu irradiated with 0.2GeV protons
EXPERIMENT
CEM95
LAHET
YIELDX
CASCADE
INUCL
2
10
1
-1
10
0
10
20
30
40
Product mass number
50
60
70
D !"#$%&'()*(#+,&-#./()10&(./$(/ &*23!4-#& . 3567#)*0&98:. 356<;6 )/@A*&&# C23*DFEBG7/H 0&(#() E
Statistics of simulation-to-experiment ratios for 0.2GeV proton-irradiated 63Cu
14
CEM95
LAHET-ISABEL
INUCL
CASCADE
HETC
YIELDX
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
σcalc,i/σexp,i
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
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a
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a
10
3
10
2
EXPERIMENT
CEM95<F>=2.47
LAHET<F>=1.79
CASCADE<F>=3.98
HETC<F>=4.23
INUCL<F>=2.11
YIELDX<F>=1.69
QMD+SDM<F>=3.11
10
1
-1
10
-3
10
Be
Na
24
Na
27
Mg
28
Mg
29
Al
38
Cl
39
Cl
41
Ar
42
K
43
K
43
Sc
46
Sc
47
Ca
47
Sc
48
Sc
48
V
48
Cr
49
Cr
51
Cr
53
Fe
54
Mn
55
Co
56
Mn
56
Co
56
Ni
57
Co
57
Ni
58
Co
59
Fe
60
Co
60
Cu
61
Co
61
Cu
62
Zn
63
Zn
-2
7
10
22
Cross section [mb]
Products in 63Cu irradiated with 1.2GeV protons
; B 1
j @$6 !#, - &@ 7& + *,- !#&$ &6 !#"$%6 $65-6 @*k - @&
,- 6"@& _ " - -6%6:70 ; 1 > @? ,- &45 "!#"$%*ki$65- $%$6#') 7& - ,@*k &6,&6&i$6- $ 7& 1
Mass yields in
Yield [mbarn]
10
63
Cu irradiated with 1.2GeV protons
EXPERIMENT
CEM95
LAHET
YIELDX
CASCADE
INUCL
2
10
1
-1
10
0
10
20
30
40
Product mass number
50
60
70
!"#$%&'()*(#+,&-#./()10&(./$(/ &*23!4-#& . 3567#)*0&98:. 356<;6 )/@A*&&# C23 FEBG7/H 0&(#() E#D
Statistics of simulation-to-experiment ratios for 1.2GeV proton-irradiated
63
Cu
30
CEM95
LAHET-ISABEL
LAHET-BERTINI
INUCL
CASCADE
HETC
YIELDX
QMD
25
20
15
10
5
0
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
10
-2
10
-1
1
10
σcalc,i/σexp,i
1
2
10 10
-2
10
-1
1
10
1
2
10 10
σcalc,i/σexp,i
-2
10
-1
1
10
σcalc,i/σexp,i
1
2
10 10
-2
10
-1
1
10
σcalc,i/σexp,i
1
10
2
; B
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10
3
10
2
EXPERIMENT
CEM95<F>=2.44
LAHET<F>=1.82
CASCADE<F>=2.48
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63
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HF GI2&(?J-/FK:?9EL
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Cu irradiated with 1.6GeV protons
INUCL<F>=2.01
YIELDX<F>=1.50
10
1
-1
10
-3
10
Be
Na
24
Na
27
Mg
28
Mg
29
Al
38
Cl
39
Cl
41
Ar
42
K
43
K
46
Sc
47
Ca
47
Sc
48
Sc
48
V
48
Cr
49
Cr
51
Cr
54
Mn
55
Co
56
Mn
56
Co
57
Co
57
Ni
58
Co
59
Fe
60
Co
60
Cu
61
Cu
62
Zn
-2
7
10
22
Cross section [mb]
Products in
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Mass yields in
Yield [mbarn]
10
63
Cu irradiated with 1.6GeV protons
EXPERIMENT
CEM95
LAHET
CASCADE
INUCL
2
10
1
YIELDX
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10
0
10
20
30
40
Product mass number
50
60
70
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1iB
Statistics of simulation-to-experiment ratios for 1.6GeV proton-irradiated 63C
30
25
CEM95
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INUCL
CASCADE
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20
15
10
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0
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25
20
15
10
5
0
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10
10
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1
10
1
10
2
10
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10
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10
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10
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10
3
10
2
EXPERIMENT
CEM95<F>=2.36
LAHET<F>=1.97
CASCADE<F>=2.16
HETC<F>=3.20
INUCL<F>=2.13
YIELDX<F>=1.31
10
1
-1
10
-3
10
Be
Na
24
Na
27
Mg
28
Mg
29
Al
38
Cl
39
Cl
41
Ar
42
K
43
K
46
Sc
47
Ca
47
Sc
48
Sc
48
V
48
Cr
49
Cr
51
Cr
54
Mn
55
Co
56
Mn
56
Co
57
Co
57
Ni
58
Co
59
Fe
60
Co
60
Cu
61
Cu
62
Zn
-2
7
10
22
Cross section [mb]
Products in 63Cu irradiated with 2.6GeV protons
; B
j @$6 !#, - &@ 7& + *,- !#&$ &6 !#"$%6 $65-6 @*k - @&
,- 6"@& _ " - -6%6:70 1 > @? ,- &45 "!#"$%*ki$65- $%$6#') 7& - ,@* k &6,&6&i$6- $ 7& 1i<
Mass yields in
Yield [mbarn]
10
63
Cu irradiated with 2.6GeV protons
EXPERIMENT
CEM95
LAHET
YIELDX
CASCADE
INUCL
2
10
1
-1
10
0
10
20
30
40
Product mass number
50
60
70
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30
25
CEM95
LAHET-BERTINI
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CASCADE
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YIELDX
20
15
10
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25
20
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10
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10
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10
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EXPERIMENT
CEM95<F>=2.04
LAHET<F>=2.04
CASCADE<F>=3.28
HETC<F>=5.22
INUCL<F>=2.34
YIELDX<F>=1.89
10
1
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10
Zn
65
Cu
64
Zn
63
Zn
62
Cu
61
Co
61
Cu
60
Co
60
Fe
59
Co
58
Ni
57
Co
57
Co
56
Mn
56
Co
55
Mn
54
Cr
51
V
48
48
-3
10
Sc
-2
Sc
10
47
Cross section [mb]
Products in 65Cu irradiated with 0.2GeV protons
; ;
j @$6 !#, - &@ 7& + *,- !#&$ &6 !#"$%6 $65-6 @*k - @&
,- 6"@& _7f " - -6%6:70 9 1 > @? ,- &45 "!#"$%*ki$65- $%$6#') 7& - ,@* k &6,&6&i$6- $ 7& 1i
Mass yields in
Yield [mbarn]
10
65
Cu irradiated with 0.2GeV protons
EXPERIMENT
CEM95
LAHET
YIELDX
CASCADE
INUCL
2
10
1
-1
10
0
10
20
30
40
Product mass number
50
60
70
E6 !"#$%&'()*(#+,&-#./()10&(./$(/ &*23!4-#& . 3567#)*0&98:. 356<;6 ):=/@A*&&# C23*DFEBG7/H 0&(#() E
Statistics of simulation-to-experiment ratios for 0.2GeV proton-irradiated 65Cu
14
CEM95
LAHET-ISABEL
INUCL
CASCADE
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12
10
8
6
4
2
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14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
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10
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10
1
1
10
2
10
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10
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10
1
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10
2
10
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10
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10
1
1
10
2
10
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a
10
3
10
2
EXPERIMENT
CEM95<F>=2.83
LAHET<F>=2.02
CASCADE<F>=3.44
HETC<F>=3.15
INUCL<F>=2.03
YIELDX<F>=1.71
QMD+SDM<F>=3.18
10
1
-1
10
-3
10
Be
Na
24
Na
27
Mg
28
Mg
29
Al
38
S
38
Cl
39
Cl
41
Ar
42
K
43
K
43
Sc
46
Sc
47
Ca
47
Sc
48
Sc
48
V
48
Cr
49
Cr
51
Cr
53
Fe
54
Mn
55
Co
56
Mn
56
Co
56
Ni
57
Co
57
Ni
58
Co
59
Fe
60
Co
60
Cu
61
Co
61
Cu
62
Zn
63
Zn
64
Cu
65
Ni
65
Zn
-2
7
10
22
Cross section [mb]
Products in 65Cu irradiated with 1.2GeV protons
; j @$6 !#, - &@ 7& + *,- !#&$ &6 !#"$%6 $65-6 @*k - @&
,- 6"@& _7f " - -6%6:70 ; 1 > @? ,- &45 "!#"$%*ki$65- $%$6#') 7& - ,@* k &6,&6&i$6- $ 7& 1;
Mass yields in
Yield [mbarn]
10
65
Cu irradiated with 1.2GeV protons
EXPERIMENT
CEM95
LAHET
YIELDX
CASCADE
INUCL
2
10
1
-1
10
0
10
20
30
40
Product mass number
50
60
70
J6 !"#$%&'()*(#+,&-#./()10&(./$(/ &*23!4-#& . 3567#)*0&98:. 356<;6 ):=/@A*&&# C23 FEBG7/H 0&(#() E#
E
Statistics of simulation-to-experiment ratios for 1.2GeV proton-irradiated
65
Cu
30
CEM95
LAHET-ISABEL
LAHET-BERTINI
INUCL
CASCADE
HETC
YIELDX
QMD
25
20
15
10
5
0
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
10
-2
10
-1
1
10
σcalc,i/σexp,i
1
2
10 10
-2
10
-1
1
10
1
2
10 10
σcalc,i/σexp,i
-2
10
-1
1
10
σcalc,i/σexp,i
1
2
10 10
-2
10
-1
1
10
σcalc,i/σexp,i
1
10
2
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Cross section [mb]
Products in
10
3
10
2
EXPERIMENT
CEM95<F>=2.62
LAHET<F>=2.03
CASCADE<F>=2.31
HETC<F>=3.16
65
Cu irradiated with 1.6GeV protons
INUCL<F>=1.97
YIELDX<F>=1.58
10
1
-1
10
-2
7
Be
Na
27
Mg
28
Mg
29
Al
38
S
38
Cl
39
Cl
41
Ar
42
K
43
K
46
Sc
47
Ca
47
Sc
48
Sc
48
V
48
Cr
49
Cr
51
Cr
54
Mn
55
Co
56
Mn
56
Co
57
Co
57
Ni
58
Co
59
Fe
60
Co
60
Cu
61
Co
61
Cu
62
Zn
64
Cu
65
Zn
-3
10
24
10
; i
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Yield [mbarn]
10
65
Cu irradiated with 1.6GeV protons
EXPERIMENT
CEM95
LAHET
CASCADE
INUCL
2
10
1
YIELDX
-1
10
0
10
20
30
40
Product mass number
50
60
70
!"#$%&'()*(#+,&-#./()10&(./$(/ &*23!4-#& . 3567#)*0&98:. 356<;6 ):=/@A*&&# C23 G7/H 0&(#() E#
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Statistics of simulation-to-experiment ratios for 1.6GeV proton-irradiated 65Cu
30
25
CEM95
LAHET-BERTINI
INUCL
CASCADE
HETC
YIELDX
20
15
10
5
0
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
σcalc,i/σexp,i
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
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67 8 "%'
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SXQ UP
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S,ZQ S
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S,YQ S
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s
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s
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s
SXQ S$T
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s
SXQ ZXY
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s
YQ R+Y
SXQ \X\
s
UQ PX>)<
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s
TQ R+U
PQ UR
s
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UQ >XP)U
s
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SXQ TP
s
YQ RXR
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s
s
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Cross section [mb]
Products in
10
3
10
2
EXPERIMENT
CEM95<F>=2.92
LAHET<F>=2.21
CASCADE<F>=2.07
HETC<F>=3.34
65
Cu irradiated with 2.6GeV protons
INUCL<F>=2.00
YIELDX<F>=1.45
10
1
-1
10
-2
7
Be
Na
27
Mg
28
Mg
29
Al
38
S
38
Cl
39
Cl
41
Ar
42
K
43
K
46
Sc
47
Ca
47
Sc
48
Sc
48
V
48
Cr
49
Cr
51
Cr
54
Mn
55
Co
56
Mn
56
Co
57
Co
57
Ni
58
Co
59
Fe
60
Co
60
Cu
61
Co
61
Cu
62
Zn
64
Cu
65
Ni
65
Zn
-3
10
24
10
;=<9
j @$6 !#, - &@ 7& + *,- !#&$ &6 !#"$%6 $65-6 @*k - @&
,- 6"@& _7f " - -6%6:70 1 > @? ,- &45 "!#"$%*ki$65- $%$6#') 7& - ,@* k &6,&6&i$6- $ 7& Mass yields in
Yield [mbarn]
10
65
Cu irradiated with 2.6GeV protons
EXPERIMENT
CEM95
LAHET
YIELDX
CASCADE
INUCL
2
10
1
-1
10
0
10
20
30
40
Product mass number
50
60
70
9J6 !"#$%&'()*(#+,&-#./()10&(./$(/ &*23!4-#& . 3567#)*0&98:. 356<;6 ):=/@A*&&# C23$E6 G7/H 0&(#() E#
Statistics of simulation-to-experiment ratios for 2.6GeV proton-irradiated 65Cu
30
25
CEM95
LAHET-BERTINI
INUCL
CASCADE
HETC
YIELDX
20
15
10
5
0
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
σcalc,i/σexp,i
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
;=<1
: !#"$%&'(')+*,- !#& -:./- 0- & 12 /- _7f " - -6%6 70
1 > @?A,- &
1
4$ ;; 9
*,- !#&$ &6 $"$%6 $65/- !
Z Z ZZ hh h] h\ hk
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h gh gg ? gg ? ZI hH A^)
h]J h\ J RVN VL!
P!VN 2RV!X
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RN RW!X
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OKWN WRV!
W!ON ROX
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LN RL2!
VN W24R"P"
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RMWN S2M!
LMN SV!X
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LN RM!X
VN MSV!
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L2N VW!
VLN L4!X
RWN P"OOX
W!ON SV!
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RLN PnTYRN R
VLN PnTUVN L
LMN M*TU4N O
RRVN/TULKPQN
RSSN/TYRSN
RV4N/TYRWN
2N WL*TUSN P!4
R2!ON/TYRMN
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PQN MS*TUSN WR
2N 4M*TUSN P!4
VM!ON/TULLN
RSN W*TUSN 2
RLVN/TYRLN
RLN L*TU4N V
4MN L*TU2N W
OKMN PnT ON O
2N VV*TUSN 2W
LN 44*TUSN LKP
SN VR"PnTUSN S2S
RN S4*TUSN S2
SN LKP!M*TUSN SW!O
SN ORRlTUSN SL4
RN R4*TUSN VL
cb (d:eQf
cb (d:eQf
"[
cb (d:eQf
cb (jR"d:(`VKd:eQf
cb (jR"d:(`VKd:eQf
cb (d:eQf
10324
RSN O
R2N L
LSN W
ORN S
W!ON S
P!LN 2
WMN W
RSN 4
RMLN
P!2N 4
RSN 2
VVN M
VWN P
V2N W
RSLN
VKPQN V
2LN S
RLN 4
4WN 4
OON W
LN RM
RN S2
SN S!OR
a
a
a
a
- -6%6 70 90; > @?A,- &
103V
RRN L
R2N R
LSN 2
OKVN 4
WWN S
MKPQN 2
MMN O
4N V2
R4SN
2SN O
RON L
2N SS
RVN P
RMN M
RS4N
R4N M
22N O
MN 2!O
W4N S
4SN R
LN P"O
RN L!O
SN SR4
a
a
a
a
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$#% &' (*)+!,- .
587%9:
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4N V2
a
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LVN V
VMN L
V4N S
V!ON 2
WVN 4
4SN S
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M!ON M
M!ON W
4VN S
42N P
RSRN
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WKPQN W
LWN V
RR4N
4!ON P
42N V
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RSN P
a
RSN R
RMLN
RW!ON
RSVN
RM!ON
MVN W
ROKSN
LMLN
MWN 4
VSN 4
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VWN V
VRN M
R"PQN V
MN 4S
2N S4
VWN M
R"PQN L
PQN MS
4N 4!O
V!ON V
R4N W
4N P!L
ON L!O
R"PQN 4
RRMN
RVWN
M!ON 4
M!ON S
2N P!W
ON SW
VN 2S
2N S2
MMN O
RORN
LMLN
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4N P!M
RN L!O
a
LN VS
MRN 4
RORN
LLVN
WWN 4
WLN S
RS!ON
V!OK4N
OK2N P
MN 44
RMN M
SN R"P!S
4N OQP
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LN LW
a
RN SW
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a
a
a
SN SML
SN WS2
a
SN SKP!S
SN S!OR
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a
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SN SWV
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a
SN SR"P
SN SR2
SN RL2
a
SN R"P"O
Products in natHg irradiated with 0.1GeV protons
2
10
1
Tl
Tl
Tl
Tl
Hg
203
202
201
200
Au
199
Tl
Au
199
198
Hg
Tl
Au
197
197
196
Tl
Au
195
195
Au
194
Hg
Au
194
192
Au
192
Pt
Au
192
191
Pt
Hg
191
190
Ir
189
Ir
188 c
Ru
Zr
188
103
Nb
97
96
-2
Zr
10
10
HETC<F>=3.74
CEM2k<F>=2.30
INUCL<F>=2.77
CASCADE<F>=2.39
EXPERIMENT
LAHET<F>=2.43
CEM95<F>=2.48
-1
95
Cross section [mb]
10
;=<B
j @$6 !#, - &@ 7& + *,- !#&$ &6 !#"$%6 $65-6 @*k - @&
,- 6"@ & - -6%6 70 90; > @? ,- &45 "!#"$%*k^$6 - $%$6 ')7& - ,@* k &6,&6&i$6- $ 7& 19
Mass yields in
Mass Yield [mb]
10
nat
Hg irradiated with 0.1GeV protons
EXPERIMENT
CEM2k
LAHET
CASCADE
INUCL
2
10
1
-1
10
0
25
50
75
100
125
Product mass number
150
175
200
;=< 45 !#"$%6 !: 6- "& - @& ,- 6"@ @- 7 0 !# "- 6
"!#"$%*k &6 ",-=')"!#"$%*k $65& - - 6%6 70 90; > @?A,- &
1;
Statistics of sim-to-exp ratios for 0.1GeV proton-irradiated natHg
14
CEM95
LAHET
INUCL
CASCADE
HETC
CEM2k
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
σcalc,i/σexp,i
;=<<
!#"$%&'(')+*,- !#& - ./- 0- & 12/90; > @?A,- &
1 1
1
10
10
2
- -6%6 70
4$ ;;;
*,- !#&$ &6 $"$%6 $65/- !
Z Z ZZ hh h] h\ hk
ZI 9^e
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hg 7:
hH 7:
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hk 7:
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hZ 7:
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LMN SV!X
ON 2!OX
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LN RM!X
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cb (d:eQf
cb (d:eQf
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cb (d:eQf
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cb (jR"d:(`VKd:eQf
cb (d:eQf
cb (d:eQf
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` ' (*)+!,VN SS*TUSN RO
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VVN 2*T VN L
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2WN M*T 2N O
MLN O`T WN M
WRN 2*TYRSN M
RRN M*T SN 2
RLN V*T SN 2
RMN PnT RN O
RORN/T R4N
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RRMN/T RON
VKPQN M*T WN 4
RSSN/TUMN
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M4N PnT 2N R
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LKPQN V*TUON L
VMN 2*T VN V
W!ON L*T WN S
RN 2S*TUSN OKL
4KPQN M*T 4N 2
VRN W*T RN 4
WN L!O`TUSN WS
2N P!V*TUSN P!L
LN P!W*TUSN 4R
RN 44*TUSN RR
SN 24!OTUSN SW2
SN VM!OTUSN SVS
SN 24W`TUSN SKP!4
SN OKWR TUSN SLKP
SN R24`TUSN SV2
Products in
- -6%6 70 9 1 > @?A,- &
587%9:
ON S2
RON R
RON V
VKPQN M
LRN M
LSN R
RRN S
PQN MM
2SN L
42N L
WKPQN O
R"PQN W
R"PQN W
RMN P
44N L
VRN L
M!ON M
V4N 4
RV!ON
LRN 2
P!2N W
RSKPQN
RS!ON
OKMN L
L4N W
WLN L
RN WM
4RN M
VMN 4
2N MKP
RON 2
4N RL
SN OKV2
SN RLR
SN VSR
SN V24
SN VV!O
a
! "
$#% &' (*)+!,- .
;7<;7%=%@9::@?BA:C%;5D#%?B5E=:F
VN 44
a
WN L!O
VN P!S
RON 2
4N OK4
RVN M
4N P!M
RLN M
R4N R
R4N 4
RSN P
VWN R
VKPQN W
V4N 2
RWN 2
L4N 2
V2N 2
LSN S
V2N V
LMN W
LVN W
LSN L
L!ON L
LRN W
R4N P
VLN P
LVN 2
2N 2S
a
RSN 4
WN OKS
M!ON M
PQRN V
22N M
RVRN
2KPQN 4
WSN P
PQRN R
WKPQN V
RSRN
M2N 4
OKMN W
LWN O
R4N 4
RWN M
ORN L
V4N 4
RLN 2
2N SR
LMN V
L!ON O
RRN W
MN M2
L!ON O
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4!ON M
ORN O
P!SN S
P!VN S
R4N W
MN M4
LRN P
L!ON P
RR4N
W2N P
24N 2
2!ON M
R"PQN R
2N SV
V!ON M
VKPQN 4
ROK2N
RRWN
2MN 4
2RN 2
VVN L
2N S2
VLN P
V!ON O
RRVN
M4N W
WLN S
44N V
RRMN
MMN 2
MVN S
2LN M
RLMN
RV2N
W!ON V
P"ON P
P!LN M
RS2N
V!ON S
LSN S
44N 2
RVVN
R4N 2
RWN P
2SN O
2WN L
LMN W
OQPQN R
SN S2!O
SN SVS
SN R"P!V
VN LL
P"ON R
RS2N
V!ON V
LVN L
R2N P
V4N 4
MN OK2
RRN M
LN SM
SN ROK4
VN RS
LN PQR
4N V4
SN PQRV
LN RW
4N LM
RN S2
a
RN RV
VN P!2
RN MS
a
SN WRS
SN P!MKP
RN R"P
a
SN OKVV
SN OK22
SN SRW
a
SN SRW
SN RSS
SN S2!O
a
SN R4W
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RN LR
a
SN L2R
VN VV
SN S!OQP
a
SN R4W
SN V44
nat
Hg irradiated with 0.2GeV protons
2
10
EXPERIMENT
LAHET<F>=1.80
CEM95<F>=2.03
CEM2k<F>=1.59
INUCL<F>=2.27
CASCADE<F>=2.34
YIELDX<F>=1.75
HETC<F>=3.59
1
-2
10
As
Y
95
Zr
96
Nb
97
Zr
103
Ru
181
Re
182
Os
183
Re
185
Os
186
Pt
187
Ir
187
Pt
188
Ir
188 c
Ir
189
Pt
190
Au
190
Hg
191
Pt
191
Au
191
Au
192
Au
192
Au
192
Hg
194
Au
194
Tl
195
Au
195
Tl
196
Au
197
Hg
197
Tl
198
Au
199
Au
199
Tl
200
Tl
201
Tl
202
Tl
203
Hg
-1
88
10
74
Cross section [mb]
10
103V
WN 24
RRN L
RWN M
VRN L
V4N S
VWN 2
VMN O
ON VW
P"ON L
PPQN S
W!ON 2
RSN M
RON O
VRN O
OKMN 4
VLN M
RS4N
VMN O
RVKPQN
LSN S
2LN V
RRRN
RR4N
OK2N P
LRN 4
P!VN S
RN MKP
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WN S2
RN OKS
a
a
a
a
a
a
;=<
j @$6 !#, - &@ 7& + *,- !#&$ &6 !#"$%6 $65-6 @*k - @&
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Mass yields in
Mass Yield [mb]
10
nat
Hg irradiated with 0.2GeV protons
EXPERIMENT
CEM2k
LAHET
YIELDX
CASCADE
INUCL
2
10
1
-1
10
0
25
50
75
100
125
Product mass number
150
175
200
;=<i
45 !#"$%6 !: 6- "& - @& ,- 6"@ @- 7 0 !# "- 6
"!#"$%*k &6 ",-=')"!#"$%*k $65& - - 6%6 70 9 1 > @?A,- &
1
Statistics of sim-to-exp ratios for 0.2GeV proton-irradiated natHg
35
30
YIELDX
LAHET
INUCL
CASCADE
HETC
CEM2k
25
20
15
10
5
0
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
σcalc,i/σexp,i
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4N LV!
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OKMN VKP"
V!ON R
ON WR
RLKPQN W!OKS!
VN MS!OQP"
L2N VW!
VLN L4!X
W!ON SV!
MLN O
RSWN W4!
MWN V!
4KPQN SLW!X
RR2N PP!2!
R"PQN PP"
OON OQP!V!
OKLN WKP"X
RON 242S!X
"[
cb (d:eQf
cb (jR"d:(`VKd:eQf
cb (jR"d:(`VKd:eQf
cb (d:eQf
"[
"[
"[
"[
cb (d:eQf
"[
` ' (*)+!,SN MRR TUSN SKP!S
4N SS*TUSN OKM
ON P!S*TUSN 2KP
WN LS*TUSN P"O
MN 22*TUSN WV
VWN M*T VN V
R4N M*T VN S
R2N O`T RN O
RMN M*T RN L
VSN 4*T RN O
V!ON 2*T VN S
4SN W*T MN R
V!ON W*TUON L
OON PnT LN 4
OKVN PnTUON V
VKPQN V*T LN P
OQPQN RlTUON 2
4LN M*TUON L
L4N M*T WN W
OKVN 2*T LN V
4MN L*T PQN P
WVN 4*T WN M
WN 2V*TUSN 22
OK2N V*TUON 4
44N M*TUON S
4MN W*TUON V
42N RlTUON R
4KPQN 2*T PQN P
42N V*T 4N 2
OKWN 2*T WN O
OKLN 4*TUON S
ORN 2*TUON O
OON L*T LN L
OKWN 2*T 4N O
L!ON L*T VN O
SN R"P!M`TUSN S4S
L4N PnT VN 4
LVN W*T VN L
LVN O`T VN V
VRN L*T RN 4
VKPQN L*T 4N P
VSN O`T RN W
RRN M*T RN O
WN 2RlTUSN 44
4N MKPnTUSN 4M
VN M4*TUSN 44
RN V2*TUSN RV
RN ML*TUSN VL
SN OKLS`TUSN VR2
SN 44KP*TUSN S4M
SN MSV`TUSN SMR
RN P!M*TUSN RL
RN L2*TUSN RV
RN SL*TUSN SM
SN M!OKL`TUSN SWV
VN OKW*TUSN VL
VN P!L*TUSN VM
SN 2ML`TUSN R"P!W
RN LRlTUSN RR
RN 4RlTUSN RW
SN PQR"P*TUSN SWL
SN LMS`TUSN S!OKV
SN LSL`TUSN S!OKV
103V
RN WV
ON S4
4N SL
4N VS
LN 2L
R2N S
R"PQN V
RSN 4
RVN P
RWN W
RLN V
LVN R
RLN R
LMN R
LSN 4
RON R
LMN O
LKPQN W
LWN V
L!ON R
OKSN V
OKSN P
LN OK2
ORN W
OKVN V
OKSN V
OKLN S
OKVN R
4WN 4
LVN P
OKVN S
LMN O
L2N P
OKVN 4
L4N 2
SN OOO
V4N 2
LSN R
VWN P
VSN W
VSN W
R2N O
2N 2S
4N LV
VN OKL
RN 4M
SN LMS
SN VMS
SN SV4
SN SRV
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
1
- -6%6 70 9 > @?A,- &
587%9:
RN S!O
LN MS
PQN WR
VN VM
2N R2
R"PQN S
R"PQN M
VMN W
VRN S
RWN M
R4N 2
LLN M
RWN 2
OQPQN L
VKPQN L
2N M4
OK2N M
OKMN L
L2N V
L2N V
4VN V
OKVN R
ON W!O
OQPQN L
OKMN O
OKWN W
OKWN 2
OKMN O
4KPQN R
ORN S
L2N P
L!ON P
L4N P
L!ON M
LVN S
SN W!OKS
LRN 2
V4N 2
V!ON P
VLN O
VRN O
RMN 2
RSN O
WN WL
4N VM
LN V2
SN P!M!O
RN RM
SN LWS
SN LVS
SN LVS
SN LMS
SN V!OKS
SN RMS
SN WWS
SN LSS
SN P!WS
SN OKSS
SN OKSS
SN OOKS
SN VSS
SN RVS
a
! "
$#% &' (*)+!,- .
;7<;7%=%@9::@?BA:C%;5D#%?B5E=:F
SN OK4S
a
RN W!O
SN OOKS
VN P!S
VN LL
VN 2L
RN P!4
LN M4
WN RO
LN 2V
VN PP
4N OK4
VN P!2
LN ML
4N OO
2N 42
a
PQN LM
4N OK2
VWN 2
R4N L
V4N R
VMN 4
V2N M
VVN V
VRN V
VRN L
V!ON O
LMN M
LLN 4
RRN L
VVN R
RON 4
LSN O
RON R
RVN L
RRN 4
V!ON 4
R4N W
RVN V
RRN R
V!ON R
R4N L
ORN M
VKPQN 2
4SN 2
OKLN P
RON 2
RVN W
V4N M
R4N V
4RN P
OKLN R
4KPQN R
4VN O
OON P
VMN 4
OK4N W
L2N R
R4N 2
PQN 4L
V!ON P
RMN V
4SN W
L2N 2
WKPQN R
4KPQN L
44N L
OKSN P
W!ON R
4VN V
44N 4
ORN 2
4MN 2
LLN 2
W2N S
L2N 2
4KPQN M
VVN R
4MN P
ORN M
PQRN 4
4!ON M
WVN M
OKSN S
P!SN O
OKMN O
LN VS
RN 44
PQN RV
LN SW
W4N L
OKMN V
WLN P
R2N 4
WWN P
LKPQN M
W!ON V
VVN 4
42N S
OKSN S
4VN P
VLN O
4RN M
LWN S
44N O
VRN M
4RN M
OKLN V
OKWN S
V!ON S
W2N L
R"PQN V
4RN M
L!ON O
V2N R
RN RM
VLN P
LKPQN 2
ORN O
OON S
VKPQN L
OKSN R
LWN V
LKPQN P
VSN L
LLN P
LWN V
OON M
VVN V
LLN R
LKPQN P
4RN O
R2N L
LRN M
LKPQN O
OKVN S
RWN P
VKPQN M
a
a
a
SN OKLR
VVN P
a
RSN W
V4N R
V4N 4
LMN W
RRN W
VVN L
VLN R
LKPQN O
MN 2S
VSN R
R4N 4
LLN 2
WN MS
RWN 4
RLN 4
VKPQN V
WN WS
RWN 2
RON P
LSN 4
4N WS
RON 4
WN PP
R2N P
VN LV
2N OKW
LN SR
RRN V
RN V2
WN M4
RN OO
a
RN R4
4N WV
SN P!4V
SN LVKP
SN WKP!S
ON OQP
SN RSR
a
SN VMS
VN LW
SN RVW
a
SN VW2
RN MKP
SN SRM
a
SN SLW
SN V2L
SN SRM
a
SN SRM
SN 2VL
SN 2R"P
a
SN LV!O
2N SS
RN RL
a
SN V4V
SN M2S
RN MKP
a
SN VRW
SN 4!OKM
SN VKP!S
a
SN S2S
SN ROKV
ON OO
a
RN MV
MN LKP
RRN O
a
RN SM
LN R"P
MN LM
a
VN LV
PQN 22
SN 2L4
a
SN WRV
4N LS
RN R2
a
RN RM
ON WW
SN P!4W
a
SN OKM4
RN 2R
SN 4KP!W
a
SN S2S
SN P!VR
SN ROO
a
a
SN VRO
a
a
a
SN LKP!4
Products in
EXPERIMENT
LAHET<F>=1.99
CEM95<F>=2.21
CASCADE<F>=2.13
2
YIELDX<F>=2.10
INUCL<F>=2.58
CEM2k<F>=1.66
HETC<F>=2.35
10
1
-1
-2
24
Na
Sc
59
Fe
74
As
75
Se
77
Br
83
Rb
88
Y
88
Zr
95
Zr
96
Nb
103
Ru
111
In
139
Ce
146
Eu
146
Gd
147
Eu
153
Gd
155
Tb
157
Dy
160
Er
165
Tm
166
Yb
167
Tm
169
Yb
170
Lu
171
Lu
172
Lu
172
Hf
173
Hf
174
Ta
175
Hf
10
10
10
2
10
Hg
203
Tl
Tl
Tl
202
200
Au
199
Au
199
198
Tl
Au
196
Au
194
Hg
194
192
Au
Au
192
192
Pt
Au
191
191
Au
Hg
190
Au
190
190
Ir
Pt
189
Ir
189
188 c
Pt
Ir
188
Pt
187
186
Ir
Os
185
Re
Os
Re
Re
184
183
182
181
179
-1
10
Ta
177
W
1
176
Cross section [mb]
Hg irradiated with 0.8GeV protons
48
Cross section [mb]
10
nat
;=<
j @$6 !#, - &@ 7& + *,- !#&$ &6 !#"$%6 $65-6 @*k - @&
,- 6"@ & - -6%6 70 9 > @? ,- &45 "!#"$%*k^$6 - $%$6 ')7& - ,@*k &6,&6&i$6- $ 7& 1)i
Mass yields in
10
nat
Hg irradiated with 0.8GeV protons
2
EXPERIMENT
CEM2k
LAHET
Mass Yield [mb]
YIELDX
10
CASCADE
INUCL
1
-1
10
0
25
50
75
100
125
Product mass number
150
175
200
; 9
45 !#"$%6 !: 6- "& - @& ,- 6"@ @- 7 0 !# "- 6
"!#"$%*k &6 ",-=')"!#"$%*k $65& - - 6%6 70 9 > @?A,- &
1
Statistics of sim-to-exp ratios for 0.8GeV proton-irradiated natHg
50
45
YIELDX
LAHET
INUCL
CASCADE
HETC
CEM2k
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
-1
10
1
σcalc,i/σexp,i
; ;
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1
1
10
2
10
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LMN SV!X
ON 2!OX
ON 2!OX
VN MSV!
RSN MKP"X
VN SM!X
RLN V!
ORN 4!X
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LN S2!X
2LN W!
VVN RS!X
P!SN S!
R2N 2!X
R2N 4!(
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MN S2!X
RN ROX
P!S!
VLN W!X
RN MKP
MN V!O
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LVN SVW!
4WN P"X
2N V4!
LSN SW!X
LL!(
VMN 4M!X
MN ROX
VN LM!X
4N LV!
V!OKSN O
RV!O
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ON WR
4N 2L!
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2N VV*TUSN P!M
RON M*TYRN 4
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R"PQN RlTYRN O
VSN M*TUVN R
L!ON M*TU4N R
R"PQN W*TUVN P
VWN S*TULN S
V2N S*TULN 4
R"PQN W*TYRN W
VKPQN W*TULN W
VMN RlTULN P
LN SV*TUSN MM
VSN M*TYRN M
V4N M*TUVN R
VMN L*TUVN L
V4N 2*TUVN L
R2N M*TULN O
V!ON 4*TUWN V
R"PQN PnTUVN 4
R2N S*TUVN P
R2N 2*TUVN O
VVN RlTUVN 4
VRN L*TYRN 2
V4N 4*TUVN L
R2N RlTYRN W
VVN L*TYRN 2
VSN 4*TYRN M
VRN 2*TYRN 2
VSN S*TYRN M
VRN 4*TULN S
VRN PnTUVN V
R"PQN S*TULN R
VRN RlTUVN W
R2N W*TYRN M
RRN 2*TYRN S
RMN O`TYRN 2
R4N 4*TYRN 2
RLN W*TYRN 4
RWN S*TYRN O
SN P!V4*TUSN SWV
RMN M*TYRN W
VN 42*TUSN VL
RLN V*TYRN V
2N L!O`TYRN S2
RON PnTYRN L
RVN 2*TYRN L
WN 4L*TUSN W4
RSN 2*TUSN 2
RVN RlTYRN V
2N WRlTUSN P!2
RSN O`TYRN V
4N S2*TUSN 4R
10324
SN OKM4
WN P!W
WN WR
RLN 4
2N OR
PQN OKS
RLN W
WN 2KP
R"PQN P
RWN V
RVN 2
R2N R
RMN L
LN OKW
RON W
RMN 4
RWN 4
RMN R
R2N R
VSN M
R"PQN R
RON M
R"PQN L
RWN P
RMN P
VSN L
RMN S
RMN P
RMN R
R"PQN M
RMN W
R2N S
VSN R
R2N S
RMN O
R2N W
RVN M
RWN 4
RWN L
RWN W
R"PQN 2
RN VW
R"PQN 2
LN W!O
R2N S
2N P"O
RMN R
RWN O
ON P!2
RON O
RLN R
RVN S
PQN 2R
ON SR
B99
103V
SN OK2M
LN VR
WN LM
RSN 4
RLN V
MN 4!O
RLN R
WN P!L
RWN S
RON L
RRN 2
R4N 2
R4N W
RN M4
RON V
R4N O
RLN M
R4N 4
RWN S
R2N S
RON O
RSN P
RON 2
RON V
RON O
RWN 4
RON O
RRN V
RLN W
RVN 2
RVN 4
RRN M
RLN O
RON R
RLN P
RVN M
MN LV
MN 4KP
2N VR
RRN V
R4N R
SN LMW
RSN L
RN LS
RON M
RSN O
RVN 2
RRN 4
PQN P!4
RSN 2
RSN 4
2N M4
MN 4L
4N W4
- -6%6 70 1 > @?A,- &
! "
#% &' (*)+!,- .
587%9:
;7<;7%=%@9::@?BA:C%;5D#%?B5E=:F
RN P!L
SN WLKP
VN V!O
SN L!OKW
SN M2W
WN WW
MN 4S
a
4N 44
ON 2S
WN OK4
2N 4S
MN 2!O
RSN 4
VSN S
R4N S
RWN S
RVN 2
VRN P
MN W4
2N MS
MN P!V
MN MS
RMN O
RSN R
MN VKP
4N MV
MN S!O
RLN S
RSN P
RLN 2
RWN O
RWN V
VVN 4
LRN M
PQN OKS
WN 2L
PQN VW
RVN S
RRN M
VSN 2
VSN M
VVN M
V2N 2
4SN S
R"PQN 4
VVN M
VRN R
VMN O
4SN L
RLN S
V!ON M
R"PQN O
VWN O
VSN W
R2N M
V4N S
VVN R
L!ON 4
4VN W
R4N 2
V!ON O
R2N S
L!ON 2
OQPQN M
VN 4L
RN MS
RN LS
4N VM
VN 2KP
R4N 2
VWN M
VRN R
LVN O
RMN 4
RWN 4
VMN S
RWN 4
L4N W
VVN V
R4N M
V4N W
RMN V
LVN M
V4N R
RWN 4
V!ON R
RWN 2
L!ON S
VVN M
RWN 2
VKPQN S
VRN 4
L4N M
VMN R
R2N 2
LRN V
RRN 4
OKSN L
LMN O
R4N R
VWN W
R"PQN W
LRN 2
LKPQN P
RLN V
R4N R
RN WS
VLN 2
LKPQN P
RON V
VLN S
RMN M
LSN V
OKLN P
RLN 4
VLN V
R4N M
V2N V
LWN 4
RVN W
VVN L
R2N P
VMN 2
L4N L
RON L
V4N R
VRN W
V2N 2
L4N V
RVN M
V4N 4
RMN L
VMN L
LRN 4
RVN W
R"PQN 4
SN OKV!O
VVN P
V2N V
RSN 2
VRN O
R"PQN W
V!ON S
VWN W
RRN P
VRN O
RMN S
VLN W
V!ON W
RVN V
R2N V
RMN L
VRN V
VVN V
RRN R
R"PQN W
RON L
RMN W
VVN S
RSN P
VRN 4
R"PQN L
VRN P
VSN V
MN MS
VVN W
VSN S
RWN V
R4N R
RSN R
VVN L
RWN 2
RMN L
RWN S
2N W4
VSN 4
RWN W
RON V
RLN R
WN WL
RRN 4
ON SW
2N W4
2N OKW
RSN R
RLN 4
a
RLN R
RRN M
MN VW
RLN 4
RN W4
RRN 2
RSN L
MN RR
RWN M
RVN 4
RSN P
MN MKP
WN L2
VRN O
RMN M
RSN S
MN SV
RN S2
SN OKSS
a
SN OK2R
SN LS2
MN WV
RRN 2
RMN P
MN 2M
WN LS
LN R"P
RN RR
a
RN 2M
RN RS
MN VM
RMN L
R2N V
MN VM
WN 2W
4N M!O
RVN M
RMN 4
LN 4KP
RN 4W
RRN O
R"PQN S
RMN V
PQN SW
4N OQP
MN PP
RLN P
R"PQN W
4N W2
LN MV
a
4N 42
a
RN VM
RN VR
RRN P
RSN P
RWN W
ON W4
LN VKP
RSN V
2N P!V
RMN S
LN P!V
LN RR
RRN 2
MN WW
R"PQN O
VN OKS
VN WM
WN S2
4N L2
R4N V
RN 4L
LN OKL
PQN VS
LN SV
RSN P
SN OK2R
VN SKP
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RON 242S!X
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"[
cb (d:eQf
cb (d:eQf
' (*)+!,4N 4L*TUSN OK2
ON WW*TUSN OQP
LN OKL*TUSN LR
LN V2*TUSN VKP
SN MRM`TUSN SMV
SN 2WKP*TUSN RRR
VN SRlTUSN V4
SN 4RV`TUSN S!OKW
VN LRlTUSN VR
VN VRlTUSN R2
RN WW*TUSN P!2
SN 2!OK4`TUSN RSR
VN SM*TUSN RM
ON R2*TUSN OKV
VN 4S*TUSN V4
VN W2*TUSN VL
RN 2KPnTUSN VR
RN MM*TUSN R"P
RN VL*TUSN RR
RN P"O`TUSN RO
RN VW*TUSN RO
SN OR2`TUSN SL!O
SN M!OKL`TUSN S2V
RN MV*TUSN RW
RN RM*TUSN RR
ON OKW*TUSN LKP
SN WKPP*TUSN SKPQR
^!) nRRL ,
, N
10324
LN V2
VN WL
RN WKP
SN P!MR
SN SMR
a
SN RV4
a
SN SSW
SN SRM
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
103V
WN 4V
ON WKP
LN W2
VN MR
RN R"P
SN SS4
RN V2
a
SN VWM
SN RMKP
SN RS2
SN S4S
SN SLW
SN RWL
SN S!OKM
SN SVL
SN SS4
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
! "
$#% &' (*)+!,-/.
587%9:
;7<;7%=%>9::
RSN O
VN W2
RVN P
RSN M
LN OK2
PQN 44
4N WS
RN P!M
WN WW
2N MR
RN 2R
ON OQP
VN PP
SN P!W!O
VN SW
SN 4SL
SN LMV
a
MN SL
RN VS
RN OQP
SN RL2
SN RW!O
a
MN R4
LN 2L
SN SM2
LN MS
4N PP
a
ON VKP
VN MM
a
VN 2R
RN OKV
a
RN 2!O
ON OKW
a
MN OO
MN L!O
a
ON WR
LN SS
a
ON OO
ON WM
a
RN M!O
RN W2
a
VN LW
VN R"P
a
SN ORW
SN WR2
a
RN WS
SN 4!OKW
a
RN L4
RN SKP
a
SN W42
SN SRM
a
SN OK4R
SN LMV
a
SN MLV
SN OK2R
a
a
a
a
SN LMV
SN SRM
a
SN SL4
a
a
?BA:C%;5
SN OKVR
SN P!MV
SN OR2
SN WR2
SN P!W!O
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RN V4
a
LN VM
SN P!W!O
VN MKP
RN MV
SN 2W4
ON OKV
VN WV
LN MS
RN VKP
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SN ROK4
SN 4MV
SN 2ML
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a
a
a
#%?B5E=:F
VN M!O
RSN S
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R4N O
RLN V
RVN V
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LN W4
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RN OK4
Products in natHg irradiated with 2.6GeV protons
EXPERIMENT
LAHET<F>=1.98
CEM95<F>=1.94
CASCADE<F>=1.68
2
10
1
-1
22
24
-2
Na
Na
28
Mg
46
Sc
48
Sc
48
V
51
Cr
54
Mn
59
Fe
65
Zn
74
As
75
Se
77
Br
82
Sr
83
Rb
83
Sr
84
Rb
88
Y
88
Zr
95
Zr
97
Ru
100
Pd
103
Ru
105
Ag
109
In
111
In
115
Sb
117
Te
123
Xe
127
Xe
129
Cs
130
Ce
131
Ba
135
Ce
136
Nd
139
Ce
145
Eu
146
Eu
146
Gd
147
Eu
148
Eu
10
10
10
-1
10
Gd
Dy
153
Gd
155
Tb
157
Dy
160
Er
161
Tm
165
Tm
166
Yb
167
Tm
169
Yb
170
Lu
171
Lu
172
Hf
173
Hf
174
Ta
175
Hf
176
Ta
177
W
178
W
179
Re
181
Re
182
Os
183
Re
184
Ir
185
Os
186
Pt
188
Ir
188 c
Ir
189
Ir
189
Pt
191
Pt
192
Au
192
Au
192
Hg
194
Au
196
Au
198
Au
200
Tl
203
Hg
1
151
Cross section [mb]
YIELDX<F>=2.46
INUCL<F>=2.48
CEM2k<F>=2.49
HETC<F>=2.55
152
Cross section [mb]
10
; 1
j @$6 !#, - &@ 7& + *,- !#&$ &6 !#"$%6 $65-6 @*k - @&
,- 6"@ & - -6%6 70 1 > @? ,- &45 "!#"$%*k^$6 - $%$6 ')7& - ,@* k &6,&6&i$6- $ 7& B9;
Mass Yield [mb]
Mass yields in
nat
Hg irradiated with 2.6GeV protons
10
EXPERIMENT
CEM2k
LAHET
YIELDX
1
CASCADE
INUCL
0
25
50
75
100
125
Product mass number
150
175
200
; B
45 !#"$%6 !: 6- "& - @& ,- 6"@ @- 7 0 !# "- 6
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B9 1
Statistics of sim-to-exp ratios for 2.6GeV proton-irradiated natHg
60
50
YIELDX
LAHET
INUCL
CASCADE
HETC
CEM2k
40
30
20
10
0
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
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10
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10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
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10
1
1
10
2
10
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10
-1
10
1
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10
3
10
2
EXPERIMENT<F>=2.00
CEM95<F>=2.65
LAHET<F>=2.12
CASCADE<F>=2.13
HETC<F>=5.12
INUCL<F>=1.96
YIELDX<F>=1.62
10
1
-1
10
Co
Co
57
Co
Mn
56
56
Fe
Cr
Cr
Cr
V
Mn
55
54
53
51
49
48
Sc
48
Sc
48
Ca
Sc
47
47
K
Sc
46
43
K
43
Ar
Cl
42
41
S
Cl
39
38
Al
38
Mg
Mg
Na
Na
29
28
27
24
-3
10
Be
-2
22
10
7
Cross section [mb]
Products in 56Fe irradiated with 2.6GeV protons
; <
j @$6 !#, - &@ 7& +*,- !#&$ &6 !#"$%6 $65-6 @*k - @&
,- 6"@ & f7_ - -6%6 70 1 > @? ,- & 45 "!#"$%*k $ 6 - $%$6 ') 7& - ,@* k &6,&6&i$6- $ 7& B9
Mass yields in
Yield [mbarn]
10
56
Fe irradiated with 2.6GeV protons
EXPERIMENT
CEM95
LAHET
YIELDX
CASCADE
INUCL
2
10
1
-1
10
0
10
20
30
Product mass number
40
50
60
!"#$%&'()*(#+,&-#./()10&(./$(/ &*23!4-#& . 3567#)*0&98:. 356<;6 )>= 7&&# C23$E6 G7/HI0&(#() D J
Statistics of simulation-to-experiment ratios for 2.6GeV proton-irradiated 56Fe
20
18
CEM95
LAHET
INUCL
CASCADE
HETC
YIELDX
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
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10
-1
10
1
1
10
2
10
-2
10
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10
1
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1
10
2
10
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10
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10
1
1
10
2
10
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10
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10
1
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10
Ni
Co
58
Co
57
57
Ni
Co
57
Co
Co
56
56
Fe
Cr
Cr
Cr
V
Mn
55
54
53
51
49
48
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48
Sc
48
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47
K
Sc
46
43
K
43
Ar
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42
41
39
Al
Cl
38
Mg
Mg
Na
Na
29
28
27
24
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10
Be
-2
22
10
7
Cross section [mb]
Products in 58Ni irradiated with 2.6GeV protons
; j @$6 !#, - &@ 7& +*,- !#&$ &6 !#"$%6 $65-6 @*k - @&
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Mass yields in
Yield [mbarn]
10
58
Ni irradiated with 2.6GeV protons
EXPERIMENT
CEM95
LAHET
YIELDX
CASCADE
INUCL
2
10
1
-1
10
0
10
20
30
40
Product mass number
50
60
!"#$%&'()*(#+,&-#./()10&(./$(/ &*23!4-#& . 3567#)*0&98:. 356<;6 )>= &&# "23$E6 G7/HI0&(#() D
Statistics of simulation-to-experiment ratios for 2.6GeV proton-irradiated 58Ni
20
18
CEM95
LAHET
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16
14
12
10
8
6
4
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20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
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10
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10
1
1
10
2
10
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10
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10
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10
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10
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10
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10
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67
65
65
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62
61
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60
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60
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59
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58
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57
Co
57
Mn
56
56
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55
51
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48
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48
Sc
48
47
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46
K
43
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42
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41
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39
28
27
7
24
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10
10
2
10
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Zr
Y
Y
Mo
90
90
88
88
Zr
Zr
88
87
86
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86
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86
Rb
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83
84
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83
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82
Sr
81
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79
79
Kr
77
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77
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76
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76
Se
75
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74
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72
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72
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72
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71
70
69
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10
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Cross section [mb]
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NK R3PR
NK N32M
NK UWM
NK N3QR
c
NK N3QW
NK PWW
NK NR32
c
c
c
c
NK UW3P
NK QPN
NK UQLU
NK NU1
c
NK UUP
c
NK N3PP
NK R1R
NK N3PQ
NK NU1
c
c
c
c
NK RJ3P
NK 1JN
NK 1R3Q
c
NK QWU
c
c
NK WW32
UK MU
PLK UN
c
JK QR
c
c
NK MJW
UK RW
UK QLU
c
JK JU
c
c
NK 2J32
NK 11J
UK WM
c
PLK 2Q
c
c
NK QRU
NK PW1
NK PQ1
c
UK J3P
c
c
NK M321
NK 1MM
2LK PP
c
PLK MJ
c
c
NK 2J32
RK WR
UJK 1
c
JK UR
c
c
NK 1M3Q
PLK MU
2LK PR
c
PLK M3Q
c
c
UK UJ
JK M3Q
WK P2
c
JK MW
c
c
NK R32J
UK U2
UK M32
c
PLK PP
c
c
NK 2LU2
UK 2R
NK 1MM
c
UK RU
c
c
NK J1U
UK RM
NK WJM
c
NK URW
c
c
NK RJ3P
NK PWN
NK RWJ
c
NK WJM
c
c
NK URR
NK U11
NK UWM
c
c
B;
"B= 04C:D
PLK RU
JK 2LU
RK JN
RK MM
PWK Q
PQLK Q
PMK 2
PJK N
JMK W
R3PLK N
JMK U
1K MJ
JRK R
NK 2LUR
1K UJ
NK QW1
UK 1U
PLUK 1
JK JN
UJK W
RK QN
UMK 2
UWK W
U1K U
P2LK M
PLK MJ
JNK N
J32LK P
RRK R
RUK W
J3PLK 2
PMK M
P2LK 1
PJK 1
P2LK 2
U2LK 1
PPLK Q
U1K N
U1K 2
UMK 2
NK RJN
UQLK J
UQLK N
U2LK P
UPLK Q
UPLK M
UNK W
QLK MJ
2LK QP
2LK PM
RK UR
PLK PM
PLK NM
NK RUM
PLK W3P
UK P1
U2LK N
UK N32
NK M3PR
NK J3Q2
NK N1R
UUK P
RK QJ
NK 2NR
UUK N
MK WU
PLK W1
UK N3P
JK RU
PLK J32
10
Pb irradiated with 1GeV protons
YIELDX<F>=2.78
INUCL<F>=2.85
HETC<F>=3.76
EXPERIMENT
10
1
-1
10
59
46
-3
Sc
Fe
65
Zn
74
As
75
Se
83
Rb
86
Rb
88
Y
88
Zr
95
Zr
96
Nb
103
Ru
105
Rh
105
Ag
139
Ce
143
Pm
146
Eu
146
Gd
147
Eu
153
Gd
155
Tb
157
Dy
160
Er
165
Tm
166
Yb
167
Tm
169
Yb
170
Lu
171
Lu
171
Hf
172
Lu
172
Hf
172
Ta
173
Hf
175
Hf
-2
10
10
2
10
10
10
-1
Ta
W
177
W
179
Re
181
Re
182
Os
183
Re
184
Ir
185
Os
186
Pt
188
Ir
188 c
Ir
189
Pt
191
Pt
192
Au
192
c
Au
192
Hg
194
Au
195
Au
196
Au
198
Au
198
Pb
199
Tl
200
Tl
200 c
Tl
200
Pb
201
Tl
201
Pb
202
Tl
203
Hg
203
Pb
203
Bi
204
Bi
205
Bi
206
Bi
1
176
Cross section [mb]
208
CASCADE/INPE<F>=1.84
LAHET-ISABEL<F>=1.90
CEM2k<F>=1.61
CEM95<F>=2.06
CASCADE<F>=2.09
2
176
Cross section [mb]
Products in
;Ii j @$6 !#, - &@ 7& + *,- !#&$ &6 !#"$%6 $65-6 @*k - @&
,- 6"@ & A - -6%6 70 ; 9 > @? ,- &45 "!#"$%*k^$6 - $%$6 ')7& - ,@* k &6,&6&i$6- $ 7& Fission products
Spallation products
10
2
Mass yield [mb]
10
10
Experiment
GSI data
Experiment
GSI data
1
CEM2k
LAHET
INUCL
YIELDX
CASCADE
CASCADE/INPE
LAHET
INUCL
YIELDX
CASCADE
1
CASCADE/INPE
40
60
80
100
120
140
140
Product mass number
160
180
200
J6 !"#$%&'()*(#+,&-#./()10&(./$(/ &*23!4-#& . 3567#)*0&98:. 356<;6 ) '*&&# C23 DG7/HI0&(#() 9J
Statistics of simulation-to-experiment ratios for 1GeV proton-irradiated 208Pb
50
45
CEM95
LAHET-ISABEL
LAHET-BERTINI
INUCL
CEM2k
CASCADE
CASCADE/INPE
YIELDX
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-2
-1
0
1
2
σcalc,i/σexp,i
-2
-1
0
1
2
σcalc,i/σexp,i
-2
-1
0
1
2
σcalc,i/σexp,i
-2
;Ii
!#"$%&'(')+*,- !#&- ./- 0- & 12/- A
; 9 > @?A,- &
B; -1
0
1
2
σcalc,i/σexp,i
- -6%6 70
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Nuclear Data Section
fax: (43-1) 26007
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