Sao Paulo, Brazil • July 21-25, 2014
OFFICIAL PROGRAM
Participating Societies
ABM-TMStoSecond
Welcome
the ABM-TMS
Pan American
SecondMaterials
Pan American
Conference
Materials
- 2014
Conference - 2014
Sao Paulo, Brazil • July 21-25, 2014
The Pan American Materials Conference hopes to achieve, for the first time, an integration of the leading materials societies on our two continents. There are a number
of national societies in the Americas dedicated to metallurgical and materials engineering as well as mining and minerals technology in distinct countries. These societies pursue parallel efforts, address industrial needs, and promote training, technical
education and a forum for the presentation of scientific research. The structure of this
conference is based on eleven symposia that will permit interactions of prominent
researchers in the most relevant themes and allow collaboration in R&D projects of
common interest. The enthusiastic support of this concept by the two organizing societies, TMS (The Metallurgical, Materials, and Minerals Society/AIME) and ABM
( Brazilian Society of Metallurgical, Materials, and Minerals), the talent and time
donated by the organizers of all symposia ensured the success of our ambitious event
and the amazing response by the community.
As the leading materials and minerals society in Brazil, ABM is welcoming the sister
societies and acknowledges the presence of their representatives and all authors who
are contributing to the success of the Pan American Materials Conference. We hope
that all participants will derive the full benefit of this meeting and welcome comments
that will make future meetings even moreproductive. We encourage the authors of
contributions to submit their manuscripts to the Journal of Materials Research and
Technology, a young joint Elsevier-ABM venue with high standards and a bright future.
We thank the U. S. Army Research Office (Suveen Mathaudhu) , the U.S. Office of
Naval Research Global (Augustus Vogel), and FAPERJ for their generous support of
the conference, which provided registration waivers and support for participants that
otherwise could not come.
Marc André Meyers,
University of California, San Diego
Sergio Neves Monteiro,
Instituto Militar de Engenharia
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www.abmbrasil.com.br/seminarios/materials-conference/2014
Technical
Organizers
Program
CONFERENCE CO-CHAIRS
Marc Meyers – University of California, San Diego (TMS)
Sérgio Neves Monteiro – Instituto Militar de Engenharia (ABM)
ADVISORY BOARD
TMS Representatives
Diran Apelian - Metal Processing Institute, Worcester Polytechnic Institute
George T. (Rusty) Gray - Los Alamos National Laboratory
Hani Henein - University of Alberta, 2014 TMS President
Elizabeth Holm - Carnegie Mellon University
Michael Kassner - University of Southern California
Fernand Marquis - Naval Post-Graduate School
Thaddeus Massalski - Carnegie Mellon University
Wolfgang Schneider - Hydro Aluminium
James Robinson (liaison) - TMS
ABM Representatives
Nelson Alcântara, UFSCar - Chairman of ABM Board
Fernando Rizzo Assunção - PUC
Horácio Leal - ABM Executive Director
Reinaldo Nascimento - Events Manager
Special congress organizer: Erika Akashi - ABM
SAM Representatives
Iris Alvarez, Iris Alvarez, Physics Institute of Rosario IFIR-CONICET
Carlos Schvezov, U. Nacional de Misiones, CONICET, Argentina
Materials and Metallurgy Society of CIM Representatives
Boyd Davis, Kingston Process Metallurgy Inc.
Carolyn Hansen
APMMM Representative
Mery Cecilia Gómez Marroquín, founding partner and president of the board of directors
SMM Representative
Armando Salinas, President
SMM Representative
Armando Salinas, President
SOCHIM
Claudio Aguilar Ramírez, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Chile
July 21-25, 2014 • Sao Paulo, Brazil
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ABM-TMS Second Pan American Materials Conference - 2014
THEMES AND ORGANIZERS OF SYMPOSIA
Mehl Symposium
Fernando Landgraf - Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas (Brazil) - IPT/São Paulo
Thaddeus Massalski - Carnegie Mellon University (USA) - CMU
Materials for Energy
Paulo Emilio Valadão de Miranda - Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa de Engenharia
(Brazil) - COPPE
Fernand Marquis - Naval Postgraduate School (USA) - NPS
Light Metals and Alloys
Carlos de Moura Neto - Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (Brazil) - ITA (in memoriam)
Carlos Schvezov - Universidad Nacional de Rosario (Argentina) - UNR
Composites and Hybrid Materials
Nikhilesh Chawla - Arizona State University (USA) - ASU
Pedro Dolabela Portella - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (Germany) – BAM
Krishan Chawla - University of Alabama
Biomaterials, Smart Materials and Structures
Carlos Elias - Instituto Militar de Engenharia (Brazil) - IME
Po -Yu Chen - National Taiwan Normal University (Taiwan) - NTHU
Roger Narayan - North Carolina State University (USA) - UNC
Mechanical Behavior of Structural Materials
Andrea Hodge - University of Southern California (USA) - USC
Leonardo Godefroid - Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (Brazil) - UFOP
Michael Kassner - University of Southern California (USA) - USC
Paulo R. Cetlin - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (Brazil) - EEUFMG
Processing of Materias
André Tschiptschin - Universidade de São Paulo (Brazil) - USP
Lawrence E. Murr - University of Texas at El Paso (USA) - UTEP
Olivia Graeve - University of California, San Diego (USA) - UCSD
Modeling and Simulation of Processes, Microstructures and Behavior
André Luiz Vasconcellos da Costa e Silva - IBQN/UFF
Diana Farkas - Virginia Polytechnic Institute (USA)
Eduardo Bringa - Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (Argentina) - UNCUYO
Bulk Metallic Glasses, Nanocrystalline Materials and Ultrafine-Grain Materials
Roberto Figueiredo - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (Brazil) - EEUFMG
Terence G. Langdon - University of Southern California (USA) - USC
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www.abmbrasil.com.br/seminarios/materials-conference/2014
Technical
Organizers
Program
Dynamic Properties of Materials
George T. (Rusty) Gray - Los Alamos National Laboratory (USA) - LANL
Luis Henrique Leme Louro - Instituto Militar de Engenharia (Brazil) - IME
Naresh Thadhani - Georgia Institute of Technology (USA)
Minerals Processing Symposium
Fernando Freitas Lins - Centre for Mineral Technology (Brazil)
Alejandro López Valdivieso - Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí (Mexico) - UASLP
Claudio Schneider - Centre for Mineral Technology (Brazil)
Shaoxian Song – University of Science and Technology of Wuhan (China)
July 21-25, 2014 • Sao Paulo, Brazil
5
ABM-TMS Second Pan American Materials Conference - 2014
Thaddeus Massalski, Carnegie Mellon
University
Presentation: “Robert Mehl: The
Quintessential Metallurgist”
About the Presenter:
Massalski is Prof. Emeritus of Materials
Science, Engineering and Physics at
Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, also formerly Institute
Professor and one of the directors of the Mellon Institute in
Pittsburgh. Massalski was born in Warsaw, Poland. He received
his advanced degrees, Ph.D and D.Sc, in the fields of the theory
of alloys and phase transformations, from the University of
Birmingham, England. He also holds two honorary doctorates from
the University of Warsaw and the University of Torino.
Jagdish Narayan, North Carolina State
University
Presentation: “Frontiers in
Nanostructured Materials”
About the Presenter:
Narayan, a Fellow of TMS and Inaugural
Fellow of the Materials Research Society,
is the John Fan Family Distinguished
Chair Professor in the Department of
Materials Science and Engineering, and also has appointment as
Distinguished Visiting Scientist at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
After graduating with distinction and first rank from India’s top
institution (IIT, Kanpur) in 1969, Narayan continued his studies at
the University of California, Berkeley, and obtained his MS (1970)
and PhD (1971) degrees in two years. He worked as Research
Metallurgist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (1971-72)
and Senior Scientist and Group Leader at Oak Ridge National Lab
(1972-84), before joining North Carolina State University in 1984
as senior professor and Director of Microelectronics Center of
North Carolina. He also served as Director of Division of Materials
Research (1990-92) of the National Science Foundation. He is the
recipient of TMS 2014 Robert Franklin Mehl Medal and The Institute
of Metals Lecture Award.
Evando Mirra de Paula e Silva,
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Presentation: “Nanotechnology and
Society”
About the Presenter:
Silva graduated in Mechanical and
Electrical Engineering from Universidade
Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) in
1965. He began his research in 1963
as an intern in the Thorium Group in the Radioactive Research
Institute of Minas Gerais. He was part of the first graduating class
of the Master of Materials Science and Engineering in the Brazil,
at COPPE, UFRJ (1967), working with Professor David Baldwin
6
in mechanical properties of superplastic alloys. He obtained his
Doctorate of Science in 1972 at the University of Paris/Orsay, under
the guidance of Prof. Paul Lacombe, still working at the Ecole des
Mines de Paris and the Centre de Recherches Nucléaires de Saclay
on the structural evolution and mechanical properties of hexagonal
metals. Upon returning to Brazil he joined the group that formed the
Post- Graduate Metallurgy Program at UFMG, devoting himself to
teaching, research, and technological development of cooperative
projects with companies.
Herbert Gleiter, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology
Presentation: “Nanoscience: A New
Way of Probing the Limits of Quantum
Physics”
About the Presenter:
Gleiter obtained his PhD in 1966 in
physics from the University of Stuttgart.
After spending several years at Harvard
University and MIT, he accepted positions at the Universities of
Bochum, Saarbruecken and the ETH Zuerich. In 1994, he joined
the Executive Board of the Research Center Karlsruhe and founded
there the Institute of Nanotechnology (INT). During his work at
Harvard and MIT, he discovered the existence of dislocations
in inter-crystalline interfaces and proposed the “structural unit
model” of grain boundaries which provides the basis for today’s
grain boundary models. In the late 1970s, he pioneered a new
class of materials: nano-crystalline materials. In 1989, he initiated
the development of a new class of noncrystalline solids, the so
called nano-glasses. His present work focuses on the application
of nanotechnology to probe limits of Quantum Physics in systems
of macroscopic size. Throughout his career he received more than
40 prizes/awards including the Leibniz and Max Planck Prize as
well as four honorary doctorates, several honorary professorships
and was recently appointed Founding Director of the “Herbert
Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience” at Nanjing. He is member of seven
national academies as well as an honorary member of several
professional societies.
Fernando Landgraf, IPT
Presentation: “Robert F. Mehl and the
Founding of the Brazilian Metals Society”
About the Presenter:
Landgraf graduated in Metallurgical
Engineering from the University Center
of FEI in 1976 and has M. Sc. and Ph. D.
degrees in Metallurgical Engineering from
the Polytechnic School of the University of
São Paulo, and the Habilitation from the same institution (2007).
He is an Adjunct Professor at the Polytechnic School and has
contributed extensively (over 100 publications) to research in
Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, with emphasis on magnetic
behavior of engineering materials, including processing and
deformation mechanics, and phase transformations. He currently
www.abmbrasil.com.br/seminarios/materials-conference/2014
Technical
Mehl Symposium
Program
studies rolling and processing of particulate materials for electrical
steels, cluster magnets (bonded magnets), the relationship
between processing, microstructure and crystallographic texture
and magnetic properties. He worked for 29 years at the Institute of
Technological Research (IPT) and is currently its President Director.
Walter Arno Mannheimer, Academia
Brasileira de Ciencias
Leonhard Professor of Engineering in 2003. Langdon is a Fellow
of the Royal Academy of Engineering in the U.K., a Fellow of the
European Academy of Sciences,a Foreign Member of the Academy
of Sciences of the Bashkortostan Republic in Russia, and a Fellow
of numerous societies, including TMS. Langdon’s research interests
cover the fields of creep, superplasticity and the processing and
properties of ultrafine-grained metals prepared through the
application of severe plastic deformation.
Presentation: “Reminiscences: A
Brazilian Student of Prof. Mehl in the
‘Fifties”
About the Presenter:
Mannheimer, born in Rio de Janeiro in
1932, is currently a professor emeritus
in the Department of Metallurgical and
Materials Engineering, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ).
He began his academic career interning in chemistry micro at the
Laboratory of Mineral Production with Prof. Fritz Feigl. He graduated
in 1953 in Chemical Engineering from the University of Brazil, and
has an M.Sc. in Metallurgical Engineering in 1955 from Carnegie
Tech, where he was a student of Prof. R.F. Mehl. From 1955 to 1963
he was an engineer and Technical Director of Machinery Fekima
SA in Rio de Janeiro and consultant in the field of paints and anticorrosion coatings. He returned to Carnegie - Mellon in 1963 as a
project engineer in the Metals Research Laboratory and obtained a
Ph.D. in Materials Science in 1967 under the guidance of Prof. H.W.
Paxton. He has been a professor at UFRJ since 1967, having been
Head of the Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering
in the periods 1967-1974 and 1992-1994. From 1974 to 1991 he
was Head of the Department of Materials CEPEL - Research
Center for Energy (Eletrobras Group ) . He devoted himself to the
study of aging and degradation in electrical transformers and hydroinsulating materials, and optical and scanning electron microscopy.
Terence G. Langdon, University of
Southern California and University of
Southampton
Presentation: “Recent Developments
in the Processing of Ultrafine-Grained
Materials using Severe Plastic
Deformation”
Horst Hahn, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology
Presentation: “Design of Materials
Properties by Microstructure and External
Fields”
About the Presenter:
Since April 2004, Hahn has been Managing
Director of the Institute for Nanotechnology
at the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe
and Director of the Research Laboratory Nanomaterials located
at the Technische Universitat Darmstadt and jointly operated
by Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe and Technische Universitat
Darmstadt. Horst Hahn studied Materials Science at the
Universitat des Saarlandes and received his Ph.D from the
Technische Universitat Berlin. He was a post-doctoral fellow at the
Universitat des Saarlandes working in the area of interfaces and
nanocrystalline metals. Professor Hahn is one of the co-founders
of SusTech Darmstadt GmbH&Co KG, a start-up company in the
area of sustainable chemistry and nanotechnology. The Company
is developing products based on functionalized nanoparticulate
systems. Hahn is Honorary Professor at the Department of Physics
at the University of Hyderabad, India, Distinguished Professor
of the IIT Madras, India and Guest Professor at Langzhou
University, China. He is a member of the DFG funded Centre for
Functional Nanostructures and of the Landeskompetenznetzwerk
“Funktionelle Nanostrukturen” at the Universitat Karlsruhe. His main
research interests are in the areas of synthesis, characterization,
and functional (physical and chemical) properties of nanostructured
materials in the form of thin films, nanoparticles and bulk materials.
He is the recipient of the 2013 Mehl Medal.
About the Presenter:
Langdon is Professor of Materials Science
in the Faculty of Engineering and the Environment at the University
of Southampton in the U.K. and the William E. Leonhard Professor
Emeritus in the Viterbi School of Engineering at the University of
Southern California in Los Angeles, U.S.A. He graduated in Physics
from the University of Bristol and in 1965 obtained a Ph.D. degree
in Physical Metallurgy from Imperial College, University of London.
Following appointments at the University of California in Berkeley,
the University of Cambridge in the U.K., and the University of
British Columbia in Canada, he joined the faculty of the University
of Southern California as an Associate Professor in 1971 and was
promoted to Professor in 1976. He was appointed the William E.
July 21-25, 2014 • Sao Paulo, Brazil
7
TUESDAY AM
ABM-TMS Second Pan American Materials Conference - 2014
1. Mehl Symposium – Session 1
Program Organizers: Thaddeus Massalski,
Carnegie Mellon University; Fernando Landgraf,
IPT
Tuesday AM
July 22, 2014
Room: Room 11
Location: Frei Caneca
Convention Center
Session Chair: Fernando Landgraf, IPT
8:00 AM Keynote
Robert Mehl: The Quintessential Metallurgist:
Thaddeus Massalski1; 1Carnegie Mellon University
Robert Mehl’s name is very well known worldwide though his pioneering contributions to research,
teaching and management in the bordering areas of
metallurgy, physics, chemistry and materials science,
mostly as they relate to metallic materials. In my
brief presentation I shall attempt to highlight some
of the developments throughout Mehl’s life that have
contributed very substantially to both the advances,
some setbacks, and also controversies in these areas, as
our understanding of the behavior of metals and alloys
advanced though much of the 20th century.
8:40 AM Keynote
Frontiers in Nanostructured Materials: Jagdish
(Jay) Narayan1; 1North Carolina State University
This talk focuses on designing and processing of
novel nanostructured materials of controlled size and
orientation, and defects and interfaces (1). Thin film
growth modes can be precisely controlled to produces
zero- one-, two-, and three-dimensional nanostructures.
The orientation control requires epitaxy across the
misfit scale which is achieved by the paradigm
of domain matching epitaxy. The DME paradigm
emphasizes the matching integral multiples of lattice
planes across the film-substrate interface, where
domains are separated by dislocations and the misfit
inbetween the integral multiples is accommodated by
the principle of domain variation. This talk emphasizes
on two-dimensional psuedomorphic metamaterials
where the chemical composition is controlled by
growth parameters and the structure is determined by
the structure of the substrate which provides a template
for thin film growth. The thickness (1-5 monolayers)
can be controlled manipulating strain and internal
thermodynamic free energy. Using well characterized
thin film nanostructured materials of uniform grain
size, we establish unequivocally the phenomenon
8
of inverse Hall-Petch relationship. Process-induced
defect content within the grain plays an important role
in the onset of inter-grain deformation and resulting
grain softening. We show that interfacial energy can be
controlled by alloying the boundaries to improve the
stability of nanostructured materials, which is critical
to practical applications. We also review exciting
modifications in mechanical, optical, magnetic and
electrical properties of ceramics by embedding
metallic nanodots, which incorporate useful properties
of metals into ceramics. In-situ deformation studies
of these materials shed light on the mechanisms of
improvements of fracture toughness and ductility by
the incorporation of metallic nanodots. We also show
that a combination of nano- and micro-grains plays an
important role in designing, processing and obtaining
materials with unique and improved properties. (1)
J. Narayan, “Recent progress in thin film epitaxy
across the misfit scale,” Acta Materialia 61, 2703-2724
(2013).
9:40 AM Break
10:00 AM Keynote
Nanotechnology and Society: Evando Mirra de Paula
e Silva1; 1Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
In the XXI century nanotechnology entered the
policy arena as a domain that is both promising and
menacing, and was so introduced in the development
agenda. How does a developing country like Brazil deal
with nanotechnology? The nanotechnology landscape
in Brazil is characterized by government initiatives,
a steady rise in publication rankings, scientific
collaborations and the number of institutions involved.
This growth is mainly rooted in fundamental research
in universities and public research institutes. Industry
involvement is at a nascent stage and increases slowly.
Issues that were raised in the Brazilian context relate to
funding, capacity, networking, business, regulation of
risks, and the distribution of benefits. Nanotechnology
is positively viewed in the societal context, with a
growing investment on ethical issues and impacts on
health and environment.
11:00 AM Keynote
Nanoscience: A New Way of Probing the Limits
of Quantum Physics: Herbert Gleiter1; 1Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology
In recent years an increasing number of methods,
originally developed in the area of nanoscience, has
been applied successfully to a wide spectrum of
other fields of science and technology, extending
www.abmbrasil.com.br/seminarios/materials-conference/2014
Technical Program
3. Light Metals and Alloys – Session 1
Program Organizer: Carlos Schvezov, Institute
of Materials of Misiones
Tuesday AM
July 22, 2014
Room: Room 12
Location: Frei Caneca
Convention Center
Session Chair: Carlos Schvezov, Universidad
Nacional de Rosario Conicet
8:00 AM Introductory Comments
8:20 AM
Dependence
between
Microstructure
and
Corrosive Mechanism of AZ91D, WE43 and
Elektron Magnesium Alloys in Solution Containing
0.01% Chloride Ions: Anna Dobkowska1; Boguslawa
Adamczyk - Cieslak1; Jaroslaw Mizera1; Krzysztof
Kurzydlowski1; 1Warsaw University of Technology
Magnesium alloys are well known in modern industry
because of their low density. The strength to density
ratio of magnesium alloys exceeds the others common
materials. This is important issue in motorization where
the reducing weight is necessary. The magnesium
alloys, in spite of low density, are characteristic
because of the vibration damping capability and good
weldability. The restricted application of this materials
is caused by their low corrosion resistance in many
environments. The aim of this work was to characterize
the corrosion resistance of AZ91D, WE43 and Elektron
magnesium alloys using Potentiodynamic Polarization
Test in environment containing 0.01% chloride ions
at room temperature. The SEM surface observations
were made, also. The alloy microstructures were
examined using optical microscope and X-ray
diffractometer. Author explained a phenomenon of
corrosion processes in examined materials. It was
stated that analyzed magnesium alloys were in passive
state and all of them were influenced by microgalvanic
corrosion. The measured galvanic behavior strongly
depends on microstructures of examined magnesium
alloys.
TUESDAY AM
from medicine and astronomy all the way to material
science. In this presentation a new application will
be presented concerning the fundamental question
whether there is an upper mass limit beyond which
Quantum Physics (QP) cannot be used to describe
the reality. In the experiments performed in the study
that will be reported here, a beam of nanometer-sized
clusters (flying in UHV in the same direction with
identical velocities) was passed around a micrometersized solid sphere that was positioned in the middle
of the cluster beam resulting in a circular shadow on
a screen behind the sphere. According to the rules of
QP, in the center of this shadow, a bright spot - called a
Poisson Spot - is known to exist. This Poisson Spot can
be used as a “fingerprint” for the matter wave character
of the cluster beam. In the present experiments, the
mass of the clusters was increased and we then check if
there is a cluster mass beyond which the Poisson Spot
vanishes indicating that for clusters beyond this mass,
QP may have to be modified or cannot be applied at
all.. With modern methods of nanoscience it seems
possible to perform such experiments up to masses of
up to 100 000 or even 1 000 000 atomic mass units i.e.
with cluster that have masses which are comparable to
the masses of one or several viruses.
8:40 AM
Advances on the Ultrasonic Cavitation-assisted
Molten Metal Processing of Al-based Alloys and
Nanocomposites: Laurentiu Nastac1; Shian Jia1;
Daojie Zhang1; 1The University of Alabama
There is considerable evidence that mechanical
properties of cast components can be significantly
improved if ceramic nanoparticles are used as a
reinforcement to form metal-matrix-nano-composites.
Al2O3 and SiC nanoparticles reinforced A356 matrix
composite castings were fabricated via ultrasonic
technology. Nanoparticles were inserted into the
molten metal and dispersed by ultrasonic cavitation
and acoustic streaming to avoid agglomeration. The
microstructures and mechanical properties of the cast
metal-matrix-nano-composites were investigated in
detail and compared with both standard A356 and
A356 alloy processed via ultrasonic technology. The
results showed that microstructures were greatly
refined and with the addition of nanoparticles,
tensile properties increased significantly. Since the
ultrasonic energy is concentrated in a small region
under the ultrasonic probe, it is difficult to ensure
proper cavitation and acoustic streaming for efficient
dispersion of the nanoparticles without determining
the suitable ultrasonic parameters as well as the fluid
flow characteristics. These important aspects were
studied by using an in-house developed CFD ultrasonic
cavitation model.
Keywords: ultrasonic stirring
technology; A356-based nano-composites; cast A356
alloy, Al2O3 and SiC nanoparticles; microstructure;
mechanical properties; modeling and simulation of
July 21-25, 2014 • Sao Paulo, Brazil
9
ABM-TMS Second Pan American Materials Conference - 2014
TUESDAY AM
ultrasonic cavitation and acoustic streaming.
9:00 AM
Analysis of Mechanical Properties Recovery of
Aluminium Alloy Al-4% Zn-1,0% Mg after the TIG
Welding Process: Gabriela Bruno1; 1ALCOA
Aluminum alloys of 7xxx series known as Al-Zn-Mg
may be an interesting alternative to replace commonly
used alloys of 6xxx series in welded products. The
main characteristic of the Al-Zn-Mg, differently of the
6xxx series alloys is its ability to naturally age after
welding processes, ensuring mechanical properties
recovery without requiring heat treatment after the
manufacturing of welded parts, resulting in a possible
cost reduction to manufacture these items. The gain in
mechanical properties of the aluminum alloy Al-ZnMg occurs by the presence of coherent precipitates
which are characterized by the hardening of the metal
matrix; this is because the precipitates prevent the
passage of dislocations, thus increasing the material
mechanical properties. 10 days after the welding
process the aluminum alloy Al-4% Zn-1 0, 0% Mg
shows a recovery of 72% of the tensile strength, 56%
of the yield strength and 63% of elongation referring to
typical alloy´s mechanical property values.
9:20 AM
Atom Probe Tomography Characterization of AlAg
and AlCu Alloys: Peter Clifton1; Jorg Wiezorek2;
David Larson1; Emmanuelle Marquis3; Daniel
Andrade4; Kai Zweiacker2; 1Cameca; 2University of
Pittsburgh; 3University of Michigan; 4CAMECA Science and Metrology Solutions
Atom probe tomography (APT) allows
characterisation of the microstructure of materials at the
nanoscale. It is thus highly useful in a variety of areas
of materials science including: phase transformations,
solidification, phase stability, segregation, diffusion,
radiation damage, etc. [1,2]. The current work
presents two examples of APT characterisation in Al
alloys with respect to phase stability. The AlAg alloy
system is an attractive model system for exploring
and understanding phase transformations and phase
stability. The temporal evolution of GP zones and the
position of the metastable miscibility gap has recently
been reassessed in Al-2.7at.%Ag using APT data and
the asymmetric miscibility gap was confirmed [3].
In the AlCu system, the theta phase (CuAl2) forms
together with pure Al in a hypoeutectic transformation
for concentrations between ~0 and ~33at.%Cu, and
far-from-equilibrium solidification conditions can
occur if the material is laser melted in a planar thin film
10
geometry [4]. APT analysis of un-melted and melted
regions in Al-7at.%Cu show theta phase concentrations
of ~32at.%Cu and ~42at.%Cu, respectively. While
the un-melted observation is close to the as-expected
concentration, in the laser melted zone, the result is
far from the equilibrium concentration.1. M.K. Miller
et al., “Atom Probe Field Ion Microscopy”, (Oxford
University Press, 1996).2. T. F. Kelly and D. J. Larson,
Annual Reviews of Materials Research 42 (2012) 1.3.
E. A. Marquis, Micro. Microanal. 13 (2007) 484.4. J. T
McKeown, Acta Materialia 65 (2014) 56.
9:40 AM Break
10:00 AM
Columnar-to-equiaxed Grain Transition in
Aluminium Alloys: Alicia Ares1; Carlos Schvezov1;
1
IMAM (CONICET-UNaM)
Aluminum-base alloys were solidified directionally
and the position of the columnar-to-equiaxed transition
(CET) determined on the vertical and horizontal
sections of the ingots. The main parameters analyzed
include the heat transfer coefficients, temperature
gradients, growth rates, cooling rates and compositions.
Vertical and horizontal water-cooled solidification
experimental setups were developed, and samples
were solidified under directional flow conditions.
Furthermore, the mechanical and electrochemical
properties of each type of structure are studied. The
results obtained in different aluminium alloy systems
(Al-Cu, Al-Zn, Al-Si, Al-Mg) are presented, analyzed
and then, compared with the generally reported
observations and theoretical models for predicting the
CET.
10:20 AM
Development of Mg Alloys Formable at Room
Temperature: Byeong-Chan Suh1; Myeong-shik
Shim1; Dong-wook Kim1; Nack J. Kim1; 1POSTECH
The development of wrought magnesium (Mg)
alloys, particularly in the sheet form, is essential
to support the growing need of the automotive
industry for lightweight components. For the feasible
application of Mg sheet products, however, it is
necessary that Mg sheets can be readily formable into
complicated shapes at room temperature. Although
Mg alloys, in general, show respectable tensile
ductility at room temperature, their formability, e.g.,
limiting dome height measured by Erichsen test, is
rather low, mainly due to the dominance of basal slip
during deformation and strong basal texture present in
Mg alloy sheets. This presentation covers our recent
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Technical Program
10:40 AM
Effect of Processing Temperature on the
Microstructure of Al-7Ti Master Alloy and Their
Refinement of Al Dendrites in Al-7Si Alloys:
Virupaxi Auradi1; Shivaputrappa Kori2; 1Siddaganga
Institute of Technology; 2Basaveshwar Engineering
College
The present work aims at studying the influence on
reaction temperature on the micro-structural features
of Al-7Ti master alloys and in turn on the grain refining
efficiency of Al-7Si alloys. Al-7Ti master alloys have
been prepared in an induction furnace by salt route
which involves the reaction between preheated halide
salt (K2TiF6) and liquid Al. During processing reaction
temperature was varied from 800- 10000°C in steps
of 1000°C. The indigenous prepared master alloys
were characterized by chemical analysis; particles
size analysis, XRD and SEM/EDX micro-analysis.
Results of particle size analysis suggest that the sizes
of the inter-metallic particles present in Al-7Ti master
alloys increases with increase in reaction temperature
from 800 to 10000°C. The population of the particles
decreases with increase in reaction time. Further,
SEM/EDX studies revealed different morphology of
the inter-metallic particles present in the master alloy
when processed at different reaction temperatures.
Results of grain refinement studies suggest that, Al7Ti master alloy prepared at reaction temperature of
8000C shows better grain refinement performance on
Al-7Si alloy when compared to the Al-7Ti prepared at
9000°C and 10000°C.
11:00 AM
Effects of Initial Microstructure and Cr Content
in the Final Microstructure and Hardness of Low
Carbon Steels: José SilvaFilho1; Eder Serafim2; Olga
Girina2; Carlos Oliveira3; Conrado Afonso4; Fabiano
Miranda2; 1ArcelorMittal ; 2ArcelorMittal; 3UFSC;
4
UFSCar
An experimental investigation was conducted using
laboratory-processed, low carbon steel 0.08% wt. C,
Mn below 2.5 wt. %, B below 0.0030%, Mo 0.30 wt.
% and Cr in two concentrations (0.0% wt. and 0.6
wt. %Cr). These steels were cold-rolled at around
55% reduction for preparing 4 sets of samples as “full
hard”. Two sets of these full hard with (0.0% wt. and
0.6 wt. %Cr), respectively, were heated-up from room
temperature to the austenite region (900°C) held for 30
minutes, then water quenched to the room temperature
to produce the “full martensite” microstructures. In
this way the prior microstructures for the next step,
annealing treatment in the ferrite-austenite region, are 2
types of “full hard” and “full martensite”, with different
Cr concentrations (0.0% wt. and 0.6 wt. %Cr). These 4
sets of samples were heat-treated together in a salt bath
up to 740°C and held isothermally for different times
(15, 30, 60, 120, 240 and 600 seconds), then quenched
in water tank. After each holding time and quenching,
samples were prepared to evaluate the influence of
initial microstructure, Cr additions and holding times
on the microstructure and hardness of these low carbon
steels. It was found that both, Cr additions and initial
microstructure affect significantly the feature of final
product. The main goal of this study is to understand
the effect of the initial microstructure and Cr additions
in the final microstructure and hardness of low carbon
steels.
TUESDAY AM
activities on the development of Mg alloys formable
at room temperature. The effect of alloying elements
and thermomechanical treatments on the formability of
various Mg alloys will be discussed. Several critical
microstructural factors affecting the formability have
been identified and suggestions will be made on how
to improve the formability of Mg alloys at room
temperature.
11:20 AM
Evolution of the Mechanical and Corrosion
Properties of Al-RE-(Li) Magnesium Alloys after
SPD: Peter Minárik1; Robert Kral1; Jitka Straska1;
Josef Pesicka1; 1Charles University in Prague, Faculty
of Mathematics and Physics
A lot of work has been done in the recent years
to enhance mechanical and corrosion resistance of
magnesium alloys. One of the approaches is severe
plastic deformation, where contradictory effects on
corrosion resistance were reported. In our study a
severe plastic deformation was introduced to three
alloys from Al-RE-(Li) group in order to examine
evolution of the mechanical and corrosion properties
on the microstructure change. The alloys were
processed by extrusion and Equal Channel Angular
Pressing (ECAP). The microstructure resulted from
the thermomechanical processing was observed by
Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Electron
back scattered microscopy (EBSD). Afterward the
evolution of the mechanical properties was documented
by tensile and compression deformation tests and the
corrosion resistance by Electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy (EIS). These results were discussed with
evolution of the micostructure, particularly grain size
and texture, and evolution of the dislocation density
July 21-25, 2014 • Sao Paulo, Brazil
11
TUESDAY AM
ABM-TMS Second Pan American Materials Conference - 2014
obtained from Positron annihilation spectroscopy
(PAS).
11:40 AM
Fabrication of Mg Matrix Nanocomposites by High
Shear Solidification and Severe Plastic Deformation:
Yan Huang1; Junyi Li1; 1Brunel University
Magnesium alloy matrix and ceramic nanoparticle
reinforced composites were fabricated by a novel route
which combined high shear solidification and severe
plastic deformation. This new manufacturing route is
capable of producing large volumes of material at low
costs and high efficiency. Hydroxyapatite (HA) and
beta phase tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) spherical
particles with an average diameter of 20~50nm were
used as reinforcing additions in a series of MgZn alloys. The high shear solidification was found
to have produced a uniform microstructure for the
matrix alloys and uniform global distribution of the
reinforcement particles, although most particles were
locally agglomerated into clusters of 1-15 micron in
size. The employment of severe plastic deformation by
conventional extrusion, friction stir welding and equal
channel angular extrusion led to the breakdown of the
ceramic particle clusters into individual nanoparticles,
resulting in substantial improvement in mechanical
performance. The solidification and deformation
behavior of the material during processing was
analyzed in this paper, based on microstructural
observations and mechanical testing results.
8. Modeling and Simulation of
Processes, Microstructures, and
Behavior – From Atomistics to
Thermodynamics
Program Organizers: Diana Farkas, Virginia
Tech; Eduardo Bringa, CONICET- Universidad
Nacional de Cuyo
Tuesday AM
July 22, 2014
Room: Room 13
Location: Frei Caneca
Convention Center
Session Chair: Diana Farkas, Virginia Polytechnic
Institute
8:00 AM Invited
Modelling Mechanical Behaviour of Quantum
Solids Using Path-integral Monte Carlo
Simulations: Edgar Josué Landinez Borda1; Wei
12
Cai2; Maurice de Koning1; 1Universidade Estadual de
Campinas; 2Stanford University
The mechanical behavior of quantum crystals,
in which the magnitude of the zero-point kinetic
energy is appreciable compared to the energy scale
of the interatomic interactions, has become a topic
of increasing interest. A system that has received
particularly significant attention is crystalline 4He,
the prototypical bosonic quantum crystal. After
initial indications of superfluidity in this crystal
[1], extensive experimental effort has been directed
toward the mechanical properties of this system.
Indeed, observations of elastic stiffening have
been linked to dislocation behaviour and the role of
isotopic 3He impurities [2,3]. Despite an extensive
body of experimental data [4], their interpretation has
systematically relied on assumptions concerning the
involved fundamental materials parameters, which
are inaccessible experimentally. Here, we show how
fully atomistic path-integral Monte Carlo (PIMC)
simulations [5] can be used to compute such parameters
and provide insight into the basic deformation
mechanisms involved in systems dominated by
quantum effects. [1] E. Kim and M.H.W Chan, Science
305, 1941 (2004).[2] J. Day and J. Beamish, Nature
(London) 450, 853 (2007).[3] R. Pessoa, S. A. Vitiello
and M. de Koning, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 085301
(2010). [4] S. Balibar, Contemp. Phys. 48, 31 (2007).
[5] L. Ardilla, S. A. Vitiello and M. de Koning, Phys.
Rev. B 84, 094119 (2011).
8:40 AM Invited
Grain Boundary Dynamics from Atomistic
Simulations: Christian Brandl1; 1Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology
The motion of grain boundaries is crucial for the
evolution of microstructure both in processing and in
application. In experiments, the grain boundary motion
is usually studied at relatively high homologous
temperature during long times under small mechanical
loads. But grain boundary motion is also shown to be
a deformation mechanism occurring at high stresses
and relative low temperatures, as for example in
deformation studies of nanocrystalline metals and
shock loading. Using molecular dynamics simulations
and transition search methods (string method), the
interface motion of grain boundaries is used to
elucidate the role of atomistic structure (morphology)
and velocity-driving force relation (mobility) for two
different driving force mechanisms: elastic anisotropy
and shear coupled motion. As function of temperature
www.abmbrasil.com.br/seminarios/materials-conference/2014
Technical Program
9:20 AM
Thermodynamics
Quantities
Useful
for
Microstructure Simulations: Suzana Fries1;
1
ICAMS, Ruhr University Bochum
Microstructure simulations usually require several
input parameters.Some of them can be provide by
thermodynamics, like phase stability, element partition,
driving forces, solid fractions, volumes, thermal
expansion, etc.Traditionally these data could be
obtained from different databases but not always they
are consistent. Databases made using the CALPHAD
methodology can provide this consistency and very
recently, it is also possible to incorporate quantities
like strain energies, lattice parameters, bulk modulus.
This is made not only with experimental informations
but also with the help of first-principles calculations
at zero and finite temperatures.In this lecture some
examples will be give about how to extract and use these
data in proprietary and/or academic microstructure
simulations codes.
9:40 AM Break
10:00 AM
Simulations of the Effects of Hydrogen on the
Tensile Properties of Palladium: Margarita Ruda1;
Eduardo Crespo2; Susana Ramos3; Eduardo Bringa4;
Fabián Braschi2; María Laura Alí2; 1CNEA-CAB;
2
Universidad Nacional del Comahue; 3IDEPACONICET-Univ.Nac.Comahue; 4CONICET-Instituto
de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo
The Pd-H system is of great technological interest
in relation to H storage and purification applications,
as well as catalysis. In this work molecular dynamics
(MD) atomistic simulations of uniaxial tensile
deformation have been performed on single crystal and
nano-polycrystalline Pd samples at room temperature
(300 K) with different concentrations of H. The
polycrystalline samples consisted on columnar grains
randomly oriented of average grain sizes ranging from
5-20 nm. Interatomic potentials of the Embedded-Atom
(EAM) type were used to describe the interactions
among atoms. The H absorption process was modeled
at the atomistic scale by Monte Carlo simulations in
the TPμN ensemble. For mono-crystalline Pd in the
alpha phase, stress-strain curves showed decreasing
elastic moduli and yield strength with increasing
H concentration. At low H concentrations in the
polycrystalline samples, H agglomerated at grain
boundaries, anchoring them and stopping the grain
growth which would occur under tension in samples
without H. At high H concentrations (beta phase)
homogeneous hydride formation was observed.
TUESDAY AM
and driving force, the grain boundary mobility shows
a complex nonlinear behavior beyond the conventional
conjecture of Arrhenius-like temperature-dependence
in mobility and linear velocity-driving force relation.
The velocity-limiting mechanisms range from the
pinning-depinning transition at low temperature,
through rare-event dynamics of critical “kink-pair”
disconnection nucleation along intrinsic grain boundary
dislocations, to fluctuating randomly diffusive grain
boundary motion at low driving forces and high
temperatures. The interfaces’ dynamics are discussed
in context of previous atomistic studies and necessary
ingredients for a mesoscale model of GB motion.
10:20 AM
Atomistic Simulations of Fracture on hcp Metals:
Margarita Ruda1; Graciela Bertolino2; Diana Farkas3;
Carlos Ruestes4; 1CNEA-CAB; 2CONICET-Instituto
Balseiro; 3Virginia Tech; 4Instituto Balseiro-ICB
Atomistic simulations of crack propagation
have been performed on single crystal and nanopolycrystalline hcp metals at room temperature (300
K). The simulations were performed using molecular
dynamics (MD) and potentials of the embedded
atom (EAM) type. For the polycrystalline samples
the simulation blocks where created by a Voronoi
tessellation and consisted of columnar grains that were
rotated randomly with respect to each other about the
[0001] axis so that the grain boundaries were all pure
tilt with random misorientation angles. The current
analysis was restricted to cracks initially placed on
the basal plane with the crack front parallel to the
[0001] axis.The results show phase transformations to
bcc phase at the crack tip, both in the single crystal
and polycrystalline samples. At larger stress intensity
factors KI the transformed zones in the polycrystalline
samples reached the grain boundaries (GB), and the
crack advance was modified by the interaction between
the GB and the bcc zone. As expected the effect is
more pronounced in the smaller grain size samples.
10:40 AM
Role of the Geometric Configuration on the Melting
Point of Clusters: Felipe Valencia1; José Rogan2; Juan
Alejandro Valdivia2; Migule Kiwi2; 1Departamento
de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile
and Centro para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y
Nanotecnología CEDENNA; 2Departamento de Física,
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile and Centro
para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y Nanotecnología
July 21-25, 2014 • Sao Paulo, Brazil
13
TUESDAY AM
ABM-TMS Second Pan American Materials Conference - 2014
CEDENNA
By means of molecular dynamics techniques
performed with the LAMMPS software and using the
method of multiple histograms, we have calculated the
melting points and heat capacities of a series of clusters
of little more than one hundred atoms. This because
theoretical ab-initio studies have been performed only
for faceted or for the lowest energy configuration of
each cluster, mainly due to its high computational
cost. However these structures may not coincide with
those obtained experimentally. The geometries of the
clusters studied are characterized by having a coreshell structure, noting a direct relationship between
the symmetry of the core, the melting points and heat
capacities peak of these clusters.
11:00 AM
Simulation of Mechanical Properties of Nanoporous
and Nanocrystalline Ta: Diego Tramontina1; Carlos
Ruestes1; Yizhe Tang2; Eduardo Bringa1; 1Universidad
Nacional de Cuyo; 2Johns Hopkins University
Defective Tantalum monocrystals are expected to
display a particularly rich behaviour when stressed
along different directions. Using molecular dynamics
simulations, we model Ta monocrystals containing a
single spherical void of different sizes, under uniaxial
compression, for two different empirical potentials.
Variations on the yield point, dislocation and twin
generation and plastic heating are observed depending
on the void size and stress direction, as distinct
slip systems are activated, resulting in a variety of
dislocation structures and mobilities. The effect of an
array of nanovoids is also considered, leading to stressamplification and a lower plastic threshold. Grain
boundaries can also act as effective dislocation or twin
sources, and we simulate Ta nanocrystals to analyze
twinning dependence on grain size and on maximum
loading stress.
10. Dynamic Properties of Materials –
Dynamic Behavior of Materials
Program Organizers: George Gray, Los Alamos
National Laboratory; Naresh Thadhani, Georgia
Institute of Technology; Alexandre Ferreira,
Universidade Federal Fluminense
Tuesday AM
July 22, 2014
Room: Room 15
Location: Frei Caneca
Convention Center
Session Chairs: Naresh Thadhani, Georgia Institute
of Technology; Luis Henrique Leme Louro, I M E
8:00 AM Invited
Fifty Years of Shock and High-strain-rate
Phenomena: Promise and Performance: L. Murr1;
1
University of Texas at El Paso
Some of the first applications of explosive shockwave phenomena involved shaped charge development
and explosive welding in the 1950s and 1960s. By
the mid 1960s, fixtures for the direct observation of
shock-wave induced microstructures at the level of
transmission electron microscopy were developed
and many materials and materials systems were
investigated into the decade of the 1970s and beyond;
many continuing today. By the 1980s, explosive
compaction and consolidation was explored and
characterized, leading to explosive shock synthesis
and related innovations using shock-wave phenomena.
During this period (1960-1990), shock hardening,
explosive forming, etc. were also explored and applied
in practical settings. Correspondingly, microstructures
associated with these applications and their residual
properties were documented using a variety of
materials characterization tools, especially optical and
electron microscopy. This presentation will illustrate
the investigation of microstructures associated with
these phenomena and their relationship to properties,
performance and applications from the 1960s to the
present (2014).
8:40 AM
Analysis of Chemically Resistant Characteristic
to the Liquid-applied Membrane Waterproofing
Materials of the Rapidly Hardening Sprayed Type
Applied on the Concrete Structure: MeongJi Kim1;
Sang-Keun Oh1; Su-Ryun Kim1; Eun-Kyu Choi1;
Sung-Min Choi1; Young-Keun Kim2; 1Seoul National
University of Science and Technology Research Center
of Construction Technology; 2Korea Conformity
14
www.abmbrasil.com.br/seminarios/materials-conference/2014
Technical Program
9:00 AM
Development of Novel Gas-gun Driven Loading
Techniques: David Chapman1; David Jones1; Daniel
Eakins1; William Proud1; 1Imperial College London
The single-stage light gas-gun is an important
loading platform for the investigation of the dynamic
properties of materials. However its relatively modest
performance in terms of velocity and the typical
impact configurations restrict the type of dynamic
phenomena which can be investigated. In this talk,
we describe recent experimental developments
employing novel target geometries that increase the
range of accessible shock states in terms of pressure
and temperature, and facilitate the investigation of
dynamic phenomena that are typically studied using
different loading platforms. We introduce a novel
technique which promises to increase the velocity for
plate-impact experiments by a factor of two or more,
and extend the range of accessible thermodynamic
states for the single stage gas-gun into regimes
enabling the study of high pressure phase transitions,
or shock induced melting. We also describe a recently
demonstrated technique to investigate the expansion
and fragmentation of cylinders, which enables studies
of materials under uniform radial expansion at strain
rates in the range of 103 to 105 s-1. Importantly, unlike
other similar gas-gun driven expanding cylinder
techniques, or more traditional exploding cylinder
geometries, this technique enables us to probe the role
that initial sample temperature plays in the resulting
failure and fragmentation. These and other examples
demonstrate the flexibility of the gas-gun platform
to investigate a wide range of phenomena relevant
to both the engineering description, and fundamental
understanding of the dynamic response of materials.
TUESDAY AM
Laboratories(KCL)
In this study, the chemical resistance of polyurea
resin waterproofing and anti-corrosion materials that is
applied to the social infrastructure was analyzed. The
chemical performances were realized by the validation
test for understanding as detailed point of view to the
characteristics of the polyurea waterproofing and anticorrosion Among the specimens that are the polyurea
resin waterproofing and anti-corrosion, polyurea
resin waterproofing and anti-corrosion, polyurethanpolyurea waterproofing and anti-corrosion, and
polyurethane waterproofing and anti-corrosion were
analyzed as the specimen. As a result of chemically
resistant characteristic to three kinds of polyure type
materials, it’s polyurethane, polyurea-urethane, and
polyurea were arranged in the order. This order is
generally predictable order that is expected by any user,
but it was settled first by the quantitative evidence of
chemical evaluation in this time. And, the result in this
study will be utilizing as a basic data for establishing
the quality standards which are able to judge the
chemically resistant characteristic of polyurea resin
waterproofing and anti-corrosion materials.
9:20 AM
Double Elastic Shock Response of the Diamond-SiC
Composite under Pressure up to 110GPa: Chuanmin
Meng1; Liang Xu1; Xuhai Li1; Xiuxia Cao1; Zhigang1;
Wenjun Zhu1; Duanwei He2; 1Institute of Fluid
Physics; 2Sichuan University
Shock compression property of the diamond-SiC
composite was measured by means of the interferometer
technique. Time-resolved free-surface velocity profiles
indicate an elastic-plastic-elastic shock response of
this composite which is observed for the first time.
The elastic-plastic transition at 12.75GPa is due to the
yielding of SiC matrix. In a shock pressure range of
20~110GPa, the bulk composite shows another elastic
compression property. The peak pressure is much
higher than the HEL of single crystal diamond.
9:40 AM Break
10:00 AM
A Model for Amorphization, Fracture and Plasticity
in B4C: Robert McMeeking1; Chance Holland1;
1
University of California, Santa Barbara
Boron carbide (B4C), with its low density, high
hardness and high strength in compression – is an
attractive material for ballistic resistant armor systems.
Furthermore, B4C has the highest reported Hugoniot
elastic limit (HEL) of any ceramic. However, at high
impact velocities the ballistic resistance (Chen, 2003)
and shear strength (Grady, 1995; Dandekar, 2001) of
B4C has been observed to decrease dramatically. One
possible explanation for this loss in performance at
high strain rates is that B4C experiences a transition to
an amorphous phase within small sliver-like regions of
material (on the order of 1-3 nm in width). Moreover,
these amorphous regions, which have relatively
low shear strengths, are believed to encourage
microcracking, further reducing the material’s
performance. An existing constitutive model for
fracture and plasticity in ceramics has been extended
to account for amorphization at high compressive
stresses, dependent on the combination of pressure and
the deviatoric component. This constitutive model
July 21-25, 2014 • Sao Paulo, Brazil
15
TUESDAY AM
ABM-TMS Second Pan American Materials Conference - 2014
is used in computations to simulate the behavior of
B4C in a variety of stress-states over a range of strainrates including uniaxial stress, spherical indentation
both quasistatic and due to ballistic impact, and
uniaxial strain. Conditions triggering and avoiding
amorphization are identified and compared with
experimental observations.
10:20 AM Invited
Extreme Deformation of Metals by Pulsed Lasers:
Marc Meyers1; 1University of California, San Diego
The combination of high energy pulsed lasers,
molecular dynamics computations, and characterization
of recovered specimens is yielding an improved
understanding on the fundamental deformation and
failure mechanisms in metals. Our team has been
pursuing these problems for fifteen years with the goal
of elucidating these mechanisms. The following results
will be discussed: Dislocations in shock compression:
homogeneous generation vs. and multiplication.
Void nucleation and growth: defects and kinetics.
The slip twinning transition: material and external
loading effects.The search for the elusive supersonic
dislocation.
10:40 AM
Evaluation of the V50 Ballistic Limit of an Aramid
Fabric Target: Luiz Carlos da Silva1; Edio Lima1;
Sergio Monteiro2; Luis Henrique Louro1; 1Military
Institute of Engineering; 2Military Institute of
Engineering
The V50 ballistic limit corresponds to a projectile
velocity associated with 50% of probability to penetrate
a target. In the present work, ballistic tests were
conducted in a specific target with 10 mm of thickness
composed of 8 layers of aramid fabrics. A conventional
9 mm caliper projectile, weighing 8 g, was accelerated
at different speeds from a provette gun corresponding
to distinct kinetic energies. Higher velocities/energies
allow to complete perforation of the target, which
did not occur for lower velocities. The test apparatus
used an optical barrier to measure 3 distinct velocities:
exiting the gun mouth (ve); immediately before
impact the target (vb) and residual after leaving the
target (va), in case of perforation. Using a convenient
number of tests, the V50 was evaluated by means of
the conventional method, which considers the faster
velocities, with perforation and slower velocities
causing perforation. In this work, an alternative way to
estimate V50 is proposed based on the kinetic energy
absorbed by the target. This energy was calculated
from va and vb and a equation for an equivalent V50
16
was found. Within the greater statistic dispersion of
results, the V50 obtained by the conventional, 395 ±
18 m/s, and the proposed, 316 ± 58 m/s, were relatively
close. The reason for this discrepancy between results
is discussed.
11:00 AM
Investigation of the Impact Initiated Combustion of
Aluminum Using Meso-scale Diagnostics: Jennifer
Breidenich1; Julian Turner1; Naresh Thadhani1;
1
Georgia Institute of Technology
The mechanisms dominating the impactinitiated combustion of aluminum under uniaxial
stress conditions are investigated by varying the
characteristics of the initial starting powders,
implementing in situ time-resolved diagnostics, and
correlating experimental results to computational
simulations. High-speed imaging reveals that the
minimum impact velocity required for reaction
initiation (evident via light emission captured by highspeed camera) changes as a function of starting powder
size and the degree of mechanical pre-activation.
Particle size and mechanical pre-activation, such as
that achieved via high-energy ball milling (HEBM)
or high strain machining, have differing effects on
plastic deformation and subsequent heating during the
processes of compaction and deformation subsequent
to impact. In order to separate these effects, the starting
powders are characterized by their retained lattice
strain and surface area to volume ratio. Additionally,
in situ IR imaging, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and mesoscale pressure diagnostics are used to determine
the evidence for the types of mechanisms leading to
impact initiated combustion of aluminum. Finally,
meso-scale simulations using the CTH multi-material
hydrocode are used to correlate the effects of material
properties of the powder compacts with the crush-up,
deformation, and reaction behavior.
11:20 AM
Two Phases Coexist in Ru after Shock Loading:
Wenjun Zhu1; Liang Xu1; Chuanmin Meng1; Xuhai Li1;
Zhishen Zhao2; Julong He2; Yongjun Tian2; Duanwei
He3; 1National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and
Detonation Physics,Institute of Fluid Physics; 2State
Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and
Technology, Yanshan University; 3Institute of Atomic
and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University
Under certain conditions of pressure and
temperature, the single element metal only has one
crystal structure. We employed shock loading method
to implement HCP and FCC coexistence in the metal
www.abmbrasil.com.br/seminarios/materials-conference/2014
Technical Program
11:40 AM
Effects of Microstructure on the Spall Behavior
of Al-Mg Alloys: Ricky Whelchel1; Tom Sanders1;
Naresh Thadhani1; 1Georgia Institute of Technology
The dynamic tensile (spallation) behavior of four
different microstructural attributes in Al-Mg alloys is
investigated. The alloys include Al 5083 alloy in the
annealed and strain-hardened conditions as well as
that processed by equal-channel angular processing
(ECAP), in addition to a precipitation-hardened Al9wt%Mg alloy. Symmetric plate-impact experiments
were performed using the 80-mm single-stage gas gun
in the stress range of 1.4 to 6.7 GPa. Rear free surface
velocity measurements performed using VISAR
interferometry revealed velocity profiles with a clear
Hugoniot elastic limit (HEL), velocity pullback, and
ringing for all measured samples, indicating a transition
from elastic to plastic behavior and spalling due to
dynamic tension. Experiments were performed on
samples machined both through the thickness and along
all three principal axes of a rolled plate. The Hugoniot
Elastic Limit (HEL) and the spall strength were found
to be simultaneously highest for the microstructure
corresponding to ECAP material than any of the
other materials. The overall results suggest that while
grain size does not directly affect the spall strength, it
influences the decompression rate dependence of the
microstructure whereby smaller grain sizes result in
larger power law exponent correlating spall strength
versus decompression rate.
1. Mehl Symposium – Session 2
Program Organizers: Thaddeus Massalski,
Carnegie Mellon University; Fernando Landgraf,
IPT
Tuesday PM
July 22, 2014
TUESDAY PM
ruthenium at ambient condition. Before the shock
loading, ruthenium particles were mixed with carbon,
boron nitride, silicon nitride respectively. The purpose
of the preparation of the samples is to load the metal
ruthenium to the condition where FCC phase is the
energy favorite. After the shock loading, the recollected
samples were analyzed by XRD, EBSD and TEM tests
and found FCC ruthenium abound. The mechanism is
explained by density functional theory calculation and
theoretical analysis.
Room: Room 11
Location: Frei Caneca
Convention Center
Session Chair: Thaddeus Massalski, Carnegie
Mellon University
2:00 PM Keynote
Robert F. Mehl and the Founding of the Brazilian
Metals Society: Fernando Landgraf1; 1IPT
Professor Mehl came to São Paulo, Brazil, in 1944,
invited by the Brazilian Government, together with
Prof Alan Bates. Their visit was related to WW2,
Brazil having joined the Allied effort. At that time ,
the largest integrated steel plant in Brazil was being
built with a 20 million dollar loan from the American
Eximbank. It was designed to produce 300.000 tons
per year of flat products. Mehl´s recognition of the
importance of the American Society for Metals in
the development of the US industry and science
stimulated Brazilian industrialists gathered around
the Technological Research Institute (IPT-Instituto de
Pesquisas Tecnológicas) to found the Brazilian Metals
Society- ABM in that year.
2:20 PM Keynote
Reminiscences: A Brazilian Student of Prof. Mehl
in the ‘Fifties: Walter Mannheimer1; 1Academia
Brasileira de Ciencias
Professor Robert Franklin Mehl, Head of the
Department of Metallurgy at the Carnegie Institute
of Technology in Pittsburgh, had a special relation to
Brazilian metallurgy. Mehl, who was the reference
teacher and department head of metallurgy in the
United States in the fifties, understood clearly the
needs of the country, and in particular, of this young
student in an unfamiliar environment. In presenting
some reminiscences, I wish not only to gratefully and
respectfully remember him, but also to inquire into
how needs and strategies might have changed over
fifty years, in the context of engineering education in
Brazil.
July 21-25, 2014 • Sao Paulo, Brazil
17
TUESDAY PM
ABM-TMS Second Pan American Materials Conference - 2014
3:00 PM Keynote
Recent Developments in the Processing of
Ultrafine-Grained Materials using Severe Plastic
Deformation: Terence Langdon1; 1University of
Southern California and University of Southampton
The application of severe plastic deformation (SPD)
to bulk materials provides an opportunity for achieving
exceptional grain refinement to the submicrometer or
even the nanometer level. Several SPD processing
methods are now available but most attention has
been directed to the two processes of equal-channel
angular pressing (ECAP) and high-pressure torsion
(HPT). This presentation examines the principles
of grain refinement in these two processing methods
with emphasis on the properties that may be attained
through SPD processing.
4:00 PM Break
4:20 PM Keynote
Design of Materials Properties by Microstructure
and External Fields: Horst Hahn1; 1Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology
The mechanical, physical and chemical properties
of materials are determined by their microstructure.
Modern materials science uses the complex interplay
of defects, such as impurities, phases, point and line
defects and interfaces, to tailor properties and obtain
high-performance metallic alloys and ceramics. In
this approach of materials design, properties can only
be changed by modifying their microstructure, for
example by initiating grain growth during annealing
at elevated temperatures. Such a behavior, that fixes
the properties irreversibly to the microstructure, is
advantageous for many applications of materials,
where long-term stability of the properties is required.
Metallic glasses offer interesting properties due to
their disordered atomic structure. Due to the fact that
they are prepared predominantly by rapid quenching,
only a certain range of microstructural parameters has
yet been explored. As an example for materials that
exhibit novel effects by tailoring the microstructure,
nanoglasses will be discussed. Nanoglasses consist
of two distinct structural components, which differ
in their free volume and elemental constitution, and
have been shown to exhibit drastic property changes.
In contrast, tuning using external fields, i.e., electric,
offers completely new opportunities for the fully
reversible control of materials properties. Such tuning
of physical properties will be demonstrated for several
nanostructures, i.e. (epitaxial) thin films, nanoporous,
nanoparticulate structures and nanowires. Tuning
18
can be either achieved using dielectric/ferroelectric
gating, well known from semiconductor physics, or
by electrolyte gating using liquid or solid electrolytes.
Furthermore, using electrochemical ion intercalation,
fully reversible properties can be achieved. Finally,
the concepts employed for tuning properties of
nanostructures can be employed in applications as
well. As an example, field-effect transistors based on
inorganic nanoparticles as the channel material and
solid electrolyte for the gating will be described.
3. Light Metals and Alloys – Session 2
Program Organizer: Carlos Schvezov, Institute
of Materials of Misiones
Tuesday PM
July 22, 2014
Room: Room 12
Location: Frei Caneca
Convention Center
Session Chair: Leonardo Godefroid, UF Ouro Preto
2:00 PM
Grain Growth Kinetics in a Fine-grained Mg-9Gd4Y-0.4Zr Alloy: Reza Alizadeh1; Reza Mahmudi1;
Terence Langdon2; 1University of Tehran; 2University
of Southampton
Mg-Gd-Y-Zr alloys are known for their ultra-high
strength caused by the very fine-grained microstructure.
Grain growth kinetics of an extruded fine-grained Mg9Gd-4Y-0.4Zr alloy was studied in the temperature
range of 673-773 K. The results showed that the alloy
can retain its as-extruded fine microstructure up to
temperatures as high as 673 K, which is much higher
than those for conventional Mg alloys. The material
behavior can be divided into two low (673-723 K)
and high (723-773 K) temperature regimes, with grain
growth activation energies of 147 ± 5 and 50 ± 5 kJ/
mol, respectively. The measured activation energy for
the low-temperature regime indicates that the gain
growth process is controlled by lattice self diffusion
in this temperature range. The anomalously low
activation energy obtained for the high-temperature
regime may be due to the increased mobility of grain
boundaries at high temperatures, which needs less
energy for overcoming obstacles to grain growth.
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Technical Program
2:40 PM
Isothermal Semi-solid Microstructural Evolution
of the Extruded Mg-Zn-Gd Magnesium Alloy with
Different Extrusion Ratio by the SSIMA Process:
Guangyu Yang1; Shaojun Liu1; Zhong Yu1; Wanqi Jie1;
1
Northwestern Polytechnical University
Isothermal semi-solid microstructural evolution of
the extruded Mg-5.5Zn-2Gd-0.6Zr magnesium alloy
with different extrusion ratio by the Simple StrainInduced Melt Activation (SSIMA) Process was studied.
It is found that the relationship between the average
diameter of α (Mg) grains and the isothermal holding
time fits the formula d3 - d03=Kt under the condition
of the same extrusion ratio, where the coarsening rate
constant K decreases with the increasing extrusion
ratio. And isothermal semi-solid microstructural
evolution process of the experimental alloy sped up
with the increasing extrusion ratio, and the roundness
and uniformity of α (Mg) grains also became better.
Meanwhile, the coarsening rate of α (Mg) grains
decreased with increasing solid volume fraction of the
experimental alloy under the condition of the fixed
extrusion ratio, which followed the modified liquid
film migration model proposed by Monson-Whitton et
al. It was also found that α (Mg) grains in longitudinal
section coarsened faster than those in transverse
section for the experimental alloy, which was just the
reason of existing uneven grains in microstructures of
the semi-solid slurry prepared by SSIMA process.
3:00 PM
Laser
Engineered
Net
Shaping
(LENS)
Manufactured Ti6Al4V Components-defects/Process
Parameters Correlation: Kalenda Mutombo1; 1CSIR
A mixture of columnar grains, layer bands and
martensitic structure is the typical microstructure
of the LENS parts. The presence of flaws, such as
surface roughness, porosity and layer bands and
residual stresses is strongly affected by the powder
characteristics and process parameters. Ti6Al4V
LENS manufactured components were analysed using
optical, scanning electron microscopy equipped with
X-ray micro-analyser, X-ray tomography and XRD
analysis. Un-melted or semi-melted particle powder
and chemical surface contamination were revealed.
The produced surface finish was relatively rougher.
A mixture of columnar grains, layer bands and fully
martensitic structure was developed. Un-molten
powder particles, shrinkage cavities and gas porosity
also developed, due to the large range of powder size
distribution, gas entrapment and remelting associated
with the process. The microstructural analysis revealed
columnar grains on XZ or YZ plan and equiaxed grains
on XY plan. Grain size is affected by the traverse speed.
Coarse grains are formed at the top layers due to slow
cooling rate as building moves away from the base.
The powder/laser beam interaction, scan velocity, and
laser spot size determined the size of the melt pool and
the final microstructure. Higher laser power and large
spot size produces a mixture of columnar grains and
equiaxed grains. Low scanning velocity produces large
melt pool, however high scanning velocity leads to the
smaller melt pool.
TUESDAY PM
2:20 PM
In Situ Synchrotron Radiation Diffraction of the
Solidification of Mg-Y-Nd Alloys: Domonkos Tolnai1;
Chamini Mendis1; Andreas Stark1; Norbert Schell1;
Norbert Hort1; 1Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht
Commercial Mg-Y-Nd based alloys form an
important class of alloys used in elevated temperature
applications. Their macroscopic characteristics
depend on their microstructure, which can be tailored
through the alloy composition and the solidification
parameters. In situ synchrotron radiation diffraction
is a tool to unequivocally follow the phase formation
and grain growth during cooling, thus determining the
solidification sequence. In the present study Mg alloys
containing Y and Nd were investigated to characterize
the solidification phenomenon during cooling from
700°C to room temperature. Samples, contained in
steel crucibles, were melted in a modified DIL 805
A/D dilatometer for in situ synchrotron radiation
measurements at the P07 (HEMS) beamline of Petra
III, DESY, with the temperature controlled by type S
thermocouples during the measurements. The results
give an experimental validation of thermodynamic
calculations and input for refining the existing
thermodynamic models. This contributes to a better
understanding of the microstructure evolution thus to
control desirable macroscopic characteristics.
3:20 PM
Mechanical Behavior of Mg AZ31B Alloy
Submitted to ECASE at Room Temperature: Speed
and Processing Route Effects: Daniel Pelaez1; Cesar
Isaza2; Juan Meza2; Patricia Fernandez1; Wociech Z.
Misiolek3; Emigdio Mendoza1; 1Universidad Pontificia
Bolivariana; 2Universidad Nacional de Colombia;
3
Lehigh University, Institute for Metal Forming
A continuous severe plastic deformation (SPD)
technique called equal-channel angular sheet extrusion
(ECASE) was used to mechanically deform an
July 21-25, 2014 • Sao Paulo, Brazil
19
TUESDAY PM
ABM-TMS Second Pan American Materials Conference - 2014
annealed Magnesium AZ31B alloy. Samples of 2.45
mm thickness by 50 mm width by 30 cm in length
were cut from a sheet and then submitted to two
different ECASE routes: route A: the sample is not
rotated around its axis and, route C: the sample is
rotated 180° around its axis. All samples held up to
nine passes through the die at room temperature. The
speed of the tests was varied between 5 to 20 mm/min.
The mechanical properties and the microstructural
evolution were studied as a function of the number of
passes, speed and processing route, tensile and hardness
test were used for this purpose. The microstructure
did not show any apparent change in grain size nor in
its form. However, during the last passes superficial
cracks appeared which in turn were the starting point
of failure of the samples submitted to tensile test.
Hardness and maximum tensile strength shown a
remarkable increase in the first pass and slight increases
during subsequent passes. It was found that the route
C produces better uniform properties distribution
through the thickness of the samples when compared
with the route A which shows bigger changes on the
sheared area. It was also found that bigger processing
speeds allow to get more uniform properties, while low
processing speeds produces bigger yield and tensile
stresses in the processed materials.
4:20 PM
Purification and Degassing of AZ91 Magnesium
Alloy Obtained from Recycling of Chips: Roberto
Lucci1; Santiago Cantero1; Roger López Padilla1;
Carlos Oldani2; 1Universidad Tecnológica Nacional,
Facultad Regional Córdoba; 2Universidad Nacional
de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y
Naturales
The interest in the recycling and re-use of
magnesium alloys has increased in the last years. AZ91
magnesium alloy is the most widely applied. Recycled
magnesium alloys have different disadvantages for
their re-use. Frequently, they contain impurities such
as pores and inclusions. This paper presents results
obtained in purification and degassing of AZ91 alloy
obtained from recycling of chips. The percentage
recovery of metal in the process was 90%. Fluxes used
allow a partial purification, which is demonstrated
by a minor content of inclusions and porosities in the
microstructure. However, chemical composition and
mechanical properties of alloys do not match with the
standard values.
3:40 PM
Preliminary Investigation on the Influence of
Extrusion Temperature on AA7050 Aluminum
Alloy Recycled by Spray Forming: Gustavo
Figueira1; Claudemiro Bolfarini1; Eric Mazzer1;
Leonardo Campanelli1; 1Federal University of São
Carlos
Cylindrical billets with 14 mm in diameter were
machined and hot extruded from a spray formed
bulk of AA7050 aluminium alloy provided by the
aeronautical industry as machining chips, in three
different temperatures (400, 435 e 470ºC). Hereafter,
a sample of each condition of extrusion was subjected
to the heat treatments of solubilization and ageing.
Optical microscopy and Vickers microhardness
measurements were carried out in all heat treated
samples. The preliminary results showed that the
lowest microhardness was achieved at the intermediate
extrusion temperature, although grain size exhibited a
growing behavior with the temperature. The highest
microhardness value was observed for 470°C,
suggesting that an improved solubilization, and
consequently a most efficient ageing, was attained at
this processing condition. Thus, a competition was
4:40 PM
Structure Evolution of Zinc–aluminum Alloys
in the Semi–solid State: Wilky Desrosin1; Carlos
Schvezov2; Mario Rosenberger1; Alicia Ares1; 1Institue
of Materials of Misiones; 2Institute of Materials of
Misiones
Semi-solid processing of alloys is an alternative
to regular casting for small components at a lower
cost. The SIMA process has been developed and used
for semi-solid process of ZA27 alloys. The optimum
processing route requires the control of the semisolid
structure to be at a specific solid fraction and size of
the solid grains. In order to investigate the process
of ZA alloys in a range of compositions experiments
were carried out with the more common alloy as the
ZA27. Cast alloys of ZA 27 were deformed between
30 to 80 % by compression and heat treated at two
temperatures of 440 ºC and 445 ºC in the mushy
region during total periods of time between 45 min to
360 min. The heat treatment was discontinuous and
the samples were polished and analyzed after each
step. The results are presented showing that for this
alloy a thermal treatment at 445 ºC produce a better
semisolid structure than at 440 ºC. The effect of degree
20
observed among two strengthening mechanisms: grain
size variation and precipitation hardening.
4:00 PM Break
www.abmbrasil.com.br/seminarios/materials-conference/2014
Technical Program
5:00 PM
Transformation Cycle ß→α’ + α + α”→ß in
Ti6Al4V Alloy during Thermal Treatment: Kalenda
Mutombo1; Charles Siyasiya2; Waldo Stumpf Stumpf2;
1
CSIR; 2University of Pretoria
The ß-phase transformes to a’, a and a” at specific
temperature within a certain range of temperature
from the ß-transus temperature (Tß) to about 600°C,
considering no external stress is applied. An important
conceptual question arise; is the reverse transformation
of a’ possible below the transition point, and could
the a’-phase still present despite the microstructural
evolution? Thermal treatments were performed on
the quenching and deformation dilatometer, however
the thermal analysis was carried out in a simultaneous
thermal analyzer NETZSCH DSC. On the other hand,
samples were solution treated, water quenched and
artificially aged at 900°C, 800°C, 700°C, 600°C and
500°C. SEM equipped with X-ray microanalysis, XRD
analysis and TEM were performed on solution treated
and aged Ti6Al4V samples to investigate the presence
and transition of ß→α’ + α + α”→ß. The phase
evolution, phase stability and phase diagram in the
equilibrium conditions, were simulated and calculated
using the thermodynamic calculation software. Two
types of microstructure were obtained; acicular
martensite when rapidly cooled and lamellar a+ß when
slowly cooled from the ß phase field. The sequential
transformation of ß into a’, a-phase, a2, and a” was
revealed as peaks on the coefficient thermal expansion
curves, however, reversed transformations; a”→ß, and
a→ß, on the DSC thermograms. The presence of ß, a’,
a, a2 and a” was identified by means of XRD and TEM
analysis.
8. Modeling and Simulation of
Processes, Microstructures, and
Behavior – Models from Atomistic to
Continuum
TUESDAY PM
of deformation, temperature and time of treatment on
the microstructure evolution including solid fraction,
size distribution and alfa and beta phases distribution
and fraction is determined and analyzed.
Program Organizers: Diana Farkas, Virginia
Tech; Eduardo Bringa, CONICET- Universidad
Nacional de Cuyo
Tuesday PM
July 22, 2014
Room: Room 13
Location: Frei Caneca
Convention Center
Session Chair: To Be Announced
2:00 PM
Dynamic Finite Element Analysis of Bond Integrity
between Composite Laminates: Scott Poveromo1;
Vladimir Markov2; James Kilpatrick2; Adela Apostol2;
Lizhi Sun1; James Earthman1; 1University of California,
Irvine; 2Advanced Systems & Technologies, Inc.
Conventional nondestructive testing (NDT)
techniques used to detect defects in materials are
not able to determine intact bond integrity within a
composite structure and are costly to use on large and
complex shaped surfaces. To address this need, new
technologies are being developed such as guided wave
inspection and quantitative percussion diagnostics
to better quantify bond quality in fiber reinforced
composite materials. Dynamic finite element analysis
(FEA) was performed to understand the visco-elastic
behavior of low shear strength adhesive bonds within
secondary bonded composite laminates during different
transient loadings. FEA models have been used to
measure changes in peak velocity, displacement, and
stress as well as their distributions across the bonded
panels as a function of time. The effects of adhesive
mechanical properties and bond thickness on these
results were also examined and compared. The model
results are able to show how bond integrity affects the
measured dynamic response of composite panels for
a better understanding and validation of results from
NDT techniques under investigation.
2:20 PM
3D Monte Carlo Simulation of Grain Growth
Kinetics and the Zener Limit in Polycrystals:
Phaneesh Kalale1; Anirudh Bhat2; Kishore Kashyap3;
Gautam Mukherjee4; 1M. S Ramaiah Institute of
Technology; 2Georgia Institute of Technology; 3P.E.S
Institute of Technology; 4Consultant
July 21-25, 2014 • Sao Paulo, Brazil
21
TUESDAY PM
ABM-TMS Second Pan American Materials Conference - 2014
Large scale Potts model Monte Carlo simulation
was carried on 3-dimensional square lattices of 100^3
and 200^3 sizes employing the Metropolis algorithm to
study grain growth behavior. Simulation was carried
out to investigate both growth kinetics as well as the
Zener limit in two-phase polycrystals inhibited in
growth by second phase particles of single-voxel size.
Initially the matrices were run to 10,000 MCS to check
the growth kinetics in both single phase and two-phase
materials. Grain growth exponent values obtained as a
result have shown to be highest (~ 0.4) for mono-phase
materials while the value decreases with addition of
second phase particles. Subsequently the matrices
were run to stagnation in the presence of second phase
particles of volume fractions ranging from 0.001to 0.1.
Results obtained have shown a cube root dependence
of the limiting grain size over the particle volume
fraction thus reinforcing earlier simulation efforts. It
was observed that there was not much difference in
the values of either growth kinetics or the Zener limit
between 100^3 and 200^3 sized matrices, although the
results improved mildly with size.
2:40 PM
3D Stochastic Modeling of Microstructure
Evolution during the Solidification of Alloy 718:
Laurentiu Nastac1; Daojie Zhang1; 1The University of
Alabama
An efficient three-dimensional (3D) stochastic
model for simulating the evolution of dendritic
crystals during the solidification of binary alloys
was developed. The model includes time-dependent
computations for temperature distribution, solute
redistribution in the liquid and solid phases, curvature,
and growth anisotropy. 3D mesoscopic computations
at the dendrite tip length scale were performed to
simulate the evolution of columnar and equiaxed
dendritic morphologies as well as columnar-toequiaxed transition in alloy 718 and then compared
with predictions obtained with 2D mesoscopic
computations. The 3D model can run on PCs with
reasonable amount of RAM and CPU time and
therefore no parallel computations are needed. It was
observed that the 3D columnar dendritic morphologies
look slightly different than the 2D columnar dendritic
morphologies. However, the predicted 3D equiaxed
dendritic morphologies look similar to the 2D equiaxed
dendritic morphologies.
22
3:00 PM
Numerical Simulation of Grain Selection during
Directional Solidification of a Nickel-based
Single Crystal Superalloy: Lin Liu1; Jun Zhang1;
1
Northwestern Polytechnical University
The grain selection during single crystal casting of a
Ni-base superalloy DD403 in spiral grain selector has
been simulated by a coupled ProCAST&CAFE model.
During the grain selection in starter block, the favorably
<001> oriented grains will overgrow the unfavorable
grains with increasing the distance from chill plate.
When the distance reaches up to 26.0 mm, the grain
density tends to be stable at about 106 m-2 and the
average deviations of grain orientation are decreased
below 10°. Therefore, it is suggested that the length
of starter block be reduced to around 26.0 mm in this
study. During the grain selection in the spiral, the grain
near inside-underside of the spiral passage is usually
selected as the final crystal and the boundary between
the selected grain and its adjacent grains is parallel to
the average direction of heat flux. It is considered that
the joint action of the heat flux and the geometrical
restriction of the spiral passage make great contribution
to the single crystal selection. An investigation into
the grain orientation selection in spiral grain selectors
with different geometries reveals that the crystal
orientation can be optimized by increasing the length
and decreasing the width of starter block. However,
there is not obvious relationship between the crystal
orientation and the parameters of spiral passage.
3:20 PM Invited
Macro and Micro-modeling on Squeeze Casting
of Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys: Zhiqiang
Han1; Jie Tang1; Guomin Han1; Alan A. Luo2; Anil
K. Sachdev3; Baicheng Liu1; 1Tsinghua University;
2
The Ohio State University; 3General Motors Global
Research and Development Center
This paper presents novel research dedicated to
macro- and micro-modeling on squeeze casting of
aluminum and magnesium alloys. On the macro-scale,
a coupled thermo-mechanical finite element model
was developed to simulate the temperature, stress and
shape development during the solidification process
of squeeze casting. The model takes into account the
mutual dependence of interfacial heat transfer and
casting deformation and predicts the pressure variation
inside the casting. On the micro-scale, a quantitative
model for describing the nucleation under thermal and
mechanical dual effect in pressurized solidification
was developed based on classic nucleation theory. A
www.abmbrasil.com.br/seminarios/materials-conference/2014
Technical Program
4:00 PM Break
4:20 PM
Micro-alloying and Macrosegregation Coupled
Phenomena
for Interdendritic Longitudinal
Midface Surface Crack Formation in Continuous
Casting of Steel: Mostafa El-Bealy1; 1Ain Shams
University
The effect of different alloying elements on the
micro-scale on the formation of interdendritic
longitudinal midface surface cracks in continuously
cast steel slabs has been investigated. The investigation
combined plant trials, metallographic examination of
slab samples and mathematical modeling. A number
of plant trials have been performed in Egyptian
Iron and Steel Company to collect the samples. The
metallographic investigation of collected samples
contains macro-examination and measurements
of macrosegrgation distributions under different
micro-alloying conditions. Also, a one dimensional
mathematical model has been developed to predicted
heat transfer, solidification and interdendritic cracking
phenomena during solidification of low carbon steels.
The model predications point out that micro-alloying
element technique has a signification on the mould
macrosegregation distribution and therefore affects
the initial stages of this surface crack. The mechanism
of interdendritic longitudinal mid-face cracking
phenomenon and micro-alloying technique was
analyzed using the El-Bealy’s cracking criteria such as
interdendritic cracking susceptibility function (ICSF),
elementary interdendritic area (EIA) and interdendritic
distance between a pair of dendrites (IDD). Possible
solutions to these problems based on the adjustment of
micro-alloying conditions were proposed.
4:40 PM
Mathematical Modelling and Simulation of the
Interaction between Oxygen Jets and Molten Bath:
Huizhi Wang1; Rong Zhu1; Runzao Liu1; Fuhai Liu1;
1
University of Science and Technology Beijing
In this work a transient three-dimensional
mathematical model had been developed aimed to
simulate a 150t top-blown converter using the well
known volume of fluid (VOF) algorithm, which can
be able to accurately simulate the cavity shape and
size as well as the flow field in the converter created
by the impinging oxygen jets. These phenomena
are commonly found no matter in the Basic Oxygen
Furnace (BOF) or the Electric Arc Furnace (EAF).
The results show that, lance height,slag thickness
and oxygen flow rate have significant influence on
flow field and cavity shape formed by the impinging
oxygen jets.However, the main objective is to
develop a correlation between different operating
conditions and cavity area, which has not previously
been reported in the literature. Moreover, it is found
that the simulation results of cavity depths are in
agreement with the empirical relationships developed
by predecessors in the literatures.The cavity depth
increases with the decreasing lance height, decreasing
slag thickness and increasing oxygen flow rate. further
industrial tests should also be needed for the accurate
measurement to investigate the relationships among
decarburization,splash and cavity shape influenced by
different operating conditions.Keywords: mathematical
model, oxygen jets, cavity shape,operating conditions
TUESDAY PM
cellular automaton model was established to simulate
the microstructure evolution during squeeze casting
process, where the nucleation rate was calculated
using the developed nucleation model and the growth
kinetics of the solid-liquid interface was calculated
based on an assumption of interface equilibrium
under pressure. Molecular simulation was conducted
to explore the effect of pressure on the solid-liquid
interface equilibrium, which is an important scientific
aspect of microstructure simulation for squeeze
castings. Furthermore, to fulfill the demand of
developing through-process modeling tools, two- and
three-dimensional phase field models were developed
to simulate the precipitation of beta phase at nanoscale during aging treatment of magnesium alloy, in
which the interfacial anisotropy and elastic strain
energy were considered. The developed models were
validated by using data acquired from squeeze casting
and heat treatment experiments, and some examples
for demonstrating the capability or potential industrial
applications of the models are also presented.
5:00 PM
Formation Processes of Aluminosilicate Nanotubes
(Imogolite): Rafael Gonzalez1; Felipe Valencia2;
Ricardo Ramirez3; Miguel Kiwi4; Jose Rogan4; Juan
A. Valdivia4; Francisco Muñoz4; 1Departamento de
Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile;
2
Departamento de Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias,
Universidad de Chile and Centro para el Desarrollo
de la Nanociencia y la Nanotecnologia; 3Pontificia
Universidad Catolica de Chile And Centro para el
Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y la Nanotecnologia
CEDENNA; 4Departamento de Fisica, Facultad de
Ciencias, Universidad de Chile And Centro para el
Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y la Nanotecnologia,
July 21-25, 2014 • Sao Paulo, Brazil
23
TUESDAY PM
ABM-TMS Second Pan American Materials Conference - 2014
CEDENNA
We investigated, by means of classical molecular
dynamics simulations with LAMMPS software and
using the CLAYFF force field, different factors to better
understand the monodisperse in diameter behavior of
aluminosilicate nanotubes, also known as imogolite.
The imogolite was discovered in the late 1960s in
volcanic soils, and in 1977 a protocol for their synthesis
was published. Based on experimental evidence, we can
say that imogolite nanotubes are highly monodisperse
in diameter, regardless of diversity of the synthesis
conditions reported. Furthermore, it has been reported
that synthetic imogolite has a diameter at least 10%
greater than the natural. Starting from an idealized
flat imogolite model we simulated the hypothetical
self-rolling for different dimensions, temperatures and
both, vacuum and immersed in water. We conclude that
temperature plays an important role in the synthesis of
nanotubes, but more importantly it seems the presence
of an aqueous medium in the formation process. The
latter may explain why natural imogolite has a smaller
diameter than the synthetic.
5:20 PM
A Passive Energy Dissipator for Essential Buildings
of Confined Masonry Walls: Víctor Rojas Yupanqui1;
Leonardo Flores Gonzalez1; Pedro Espinoza Haro1;
Carlos Zavala Toledo1; 1Universidad Nacional de
Ingeniería
Confined masonry walls are used as structural
elements for the dwelling design in seismic regions.
From the construction and economical point of view,
a confined masonry structure is the most appropriate
construction system of low-height buildings in highseismic regions in the Third World countries. Typical
experimental results on masonry panels demonstrate
that the maximum drift is reached with a significant
cracking pattern which is not acceptable in the case
of essential buildings such as schools and local
health care facilities. These types of buildings have
to be in service immediately after the occurrence of a
destructive seismic. Steel plate devices are proposed
to be implemented into masonry walls which behave
as fuses in order to reduce the damage on this kind
of structure. Buckling analysis is performed for pre
dimensioning of this device and Post buckling analysis
and numerical model based on Finite Element Analysis
are implemented to determine the effectiveness of
this shear device for passive energy dissipation. Its
performance is verified by an experimental program of
cyclic test. This device called ZBEDD, Zavala Blower
24
Energy Dissipator Device, shows an acceptable
performance with effective stiffness and energy
dissipated in a cycle. The results of this research will
be used for a further research to evaluate the viability
of this hybrid masonry as an alternative seismic lateralload resisting system.
5:40 PM
Structural Evaluation of Flexible Low-traffic Road
Pavements Using Data Mining: Leonardo Flores
Gonzalez1; Víctor Rojas Yupanqui1; Pedro Espinoza
Haro1; Jose Matías León1; 1Universidad Nacional de
Ingeniería
In Peru, only 13.3% of its roads are paved and 82%
of all roads are departmental or local. The government
has invested 2751 million of dollars in transport and
communications last year. A policy of road maintenance
management which incorporates numerical techniques
to determine the structural road condition order to
preserve the investment is required. This research
proposes a methodology for the diagnostic of the
pavement structural condition based on artificial
neural network as a highly efficient computational
model to deal with complicated pavement structural
behavior without using nonlinear formulations. The
implementation of this technique on low-level traffic
roads is shown. Data mining analysis is performed to
identify the needs of road repair or maintenance by
using Benkelman beam or LWD nondestructive testing
measurements. Low-level traffic roads are generally
provided by the subgrade (natural ground) and a
stabilized base of granular materials. This research is
a pioneer initiative of data mining approach in civil
engineering management in Peru.
www.abmbrasil.com.br/seminarios/materials-conference/2014
Technical Program
Program Organizers: Fernando Lins, Centro
de Tecnologia Mineral, CETEM; Alejandro
Valdivieso, Universidad Autonoma of San Luis
Potosi; Claudio Schneider, Centro de Tecnologia
Mineral, CETEM; Shaoxian Song, Wuhan
University of Technology
Tuesday PM
July 22, 2014
Convention Center
Room: Room 15
Location: Frei Caneca
Session Chairs: Fernando Lins, CETEM; Alejandro
Lopez Valdivieso, Universidad Autonoma San Luis
de Potosi; Shaoxian Song, Wuhan University of
Technology
2:00 PM Invited
A Critical Assessment of the Clay Resource in
Brazil for Building Construction Materials: Sergio
Monteiro1; Carlos Mauricio Vieira2; 1Military Institute
of Engineering ; 2LAMAV/UENF
Clay ceramic objects have been traditionally
fabricated by burning processes at relatively high
temperatures. Today, an ever increasing amount of
building construction materials such as tiles, bricks,
blocks and pipes are being fabricated by firing clay
ceramics. Throughout the planet, deposits are being
depleted and shortage of clay is occurring in many parts
of the world. Actually, to protect the clay resources,
some countries like China have started to limit the
use of pieces made form clay. Currently in Brazil, the
production of clay ceramics for civil construction is
exponentially increasing but no governmental action is
taken to face future shortage. Therefore, the objective
of this work is to present a critical assessment of the
Brazilian clay resource. It is revealed that, based
on official estimation, the available clay deposits
might be exhausted within the next two decades. The
consequences and possible actions to mitigate the clay
depletion are discussed.
2:40 PM
Alkaline Sulfide Leaching and Recovery of Gold:
Corby Anderson1; 1Colorado School of Mines
In many parts of the world, cyanide use is restricted.
As well, many new gold orebodies are refractory due to
carbonate content, pregrobbing and excessive cyanide
consumption. The alkaline sulfide hydrometallurgical
system offers a viable alternative. This paper will
cover both the thermodynamic and electrokinetic
fundamentals. Then, pertinent industrial applications
will be highlighted along with quantification of the
associated economics.
3:00 PM
Beneficiation of Tellurium Minerals from Ultralow
Grade Tellurium Ore by Flotation: Xiong Tong1;
1
Kunming University of Science and Technology
The tellurium ore sample containing 0.095%Te,
0.42%Bi, 0.18%Cu and 0.8g/t Au was subjected to this
experimental study and taken from Sichuan province,
China. The studies were concentrated on producing
tellurium concentrates by flotation. In the experiments,
the effects of different parameters such as fineness
of grind, amount of depressor, amount of collector,
and number of stages were investigated in relation
to the metal contents and flotation efficiencies. A
tellurium concentration with 4.00% Te was produced
with 87.58% recovery as a result of one rough-four
cleaners-one scavengers flotation experiment carried
out with the particle size of 74µm-85%, with rough
concentrate re-grounded to the particle size of 45µm85%, with 2000g/t mixed depresses sodium carbonate
and sodium silicate, 60g/t DDTC and 30g/t pine oil.
TUESDAY PM
11. Processing of Minerals –
Processing of Minerals
3:20 PM
Challenges in Iron Ore Flotation: Armando Correa
de Araujo1; Diego Arenare1; Marcela Gotelip Barbosa1;
1
ArcelorMittal
Iron ore fines have been processed by flotation
for quite some time. It is a widespread application
of the technique, with plants in operation in almost
all continents. Another interesting aspect refers to
the large variety of minerals separated. Reverse
flotation of quartz is the most common application,
but other gangue minerals ranging from complex
silicates, phosphates, carbonates and sulfides are also
processed. In general, very good quality concentrates
can be produced. Nevertheless, several factors make
stable operation difficult such as feed mineralogical
variations as well as variation of process water quality
which can affect product quality and recovery. Another
important characteristic in almost all applications
relates to particle size. Coarse and ultrafine particles
are the size ranges that bring most concern. It is
interesting to observe that in certain plants the presence
of ultrafines in flotation feed can represent a complete
loss of control and selectivity. However, very selective
separation can be achieved even when extremely
fine feed, without desliming, is fed to other flotation
plants. Coarse particles, especially in plants using
July 21-25, 2014 • Sao Paulo, Brazil
25
TUESDAY PM
ABM-TMS Second Pan American Materials Conference - 2014
reverse flotation to remove quartz and other silicates,
can prove to be very difficult to float. Sometimes the
only solution is to combine high frequency screening
to ascertain their removal. This paper will briefly map
all applications of flotation in the field of iron ores
and point out alternatives in terms of chemicals and
flotation technologies that could transform challenges
into productivity and selectivity gains.
3:40 PM
Characterization Procedure for the Determination
of Breakage and Selection Functions: Claudio
Schneider1; Thaís Duque2; 1Centro de Tecnologia
Mineral, CETEM; 2CETEM/MCTI
Several characterization procedures for the
determination of breakage and selection functions
do exist. Two of them are associated to scale-up
procedures, namely Herbst-Fuerstenau and Austin.
The H-F procedure has the advantage of being loosely
defined, the only real requirements are the measurement
of grinding power and test conditions that do reflect
the operating condition of the mill that is being scaledup such as an equilibrium ball charge, reasonable
powder filling and a constant ratio of particle size/
make-up ball size. The chief disadvantage is that it is
best to stay out of the abnormal breakage region of the
selection function and the mill must be scaled-up in
the normal breakage region. Austin’s characterization
procedure has the advantage of being robust and the
selection function is characterized in both the normal
and abnormal breakage regions so that the mill may
be scaled-up to operate with any feed size distribution
and make-up ball size. The chief disadvantage is
that the interactions between particles of different
size and the media may go undetected in this test.
Also, Austin’s characterization procedure is far more
laborious and time consuming when compared to the
Herbst-Fuerstenau procedure. In this work a hybrid
characterization procedure is proposed that has all
the advantages of the Herbst-Fuerstenau and Austin’s
procedures, and none of the disadvantages. It does
require more sample mass and more labor than the H-F
procedure but, like Austin’s, produces comprehensive
selection function information and is sensitive to the
interactions between the different particle sizes that are
present in the charge.
4:00 PM
Characterization Procedure for the Determination
of Breakage and Selection Functions: Claudio
Schneider1; 1Centro de Tecnologia Mineral, CETEM
Several characterization procedures for the
26
determination of breakage and selection functions
do exist. Two of them are associated to scale-up
procedures, namely Herbst-Fuerstenau and Austin.
The H-F procedure has the advantage of being loosely
defined, the only real requirements are the measurement
of grinding power and test conditions that reflect the
operating condition of the mill that is being scaled-up
such as an equilibrium ball charge, reasonable powder
filling and a constant ratio of particle size/make-up
ball size. The chief disadvantage is that the abnormal
breakage region of the selection function is not well
characterized and the mill must be scaled-up in the
normal breakage region. Austin’s characterization
procedure has the advantage of being robust and the
selection function is characterized in both the normal
and abnormal breakage regions so that the mill may be
scaled-up to operate with any feed size distribution and
make-up ball size. The chief disadvantage is that the
interactions between particles of different size and the
media may go undetected in this test. Also, Austin’s
characterization procedure is more laborious and time
consuming when compared to the Herbst-Fuerstenau
procedure. In this work a hybrid characterization
procedure is proposed that has all the advantages
of the Herbst-Fuerstenau and Austin’s procedures,
and none of the disadvantages. It does require more
sample mass and more labor than the H-F procedure
but, like Austin’s, produces comprehensive selection
function information and is sensitive to the interactions
between the different particle sizes that are present in
the charge.
4:20 PM Break
4:40 PM
Hydrophobic Agglomeration of Fine Molybdenite
Particles in Aqueous Suspensions: Bingqiao Yang1;
Shaoxian Song2; Alejandro Lopez Valdivieso1;
1
Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi; 2Wuhan
University of Technology
Molybdenite is a naturally hydrophobic mineral and is
generally concentrated by froth flotation. However, the
hydrophobicity decreased as the reduction of particle
size, leading to low separation efficiency. In addition,
conventional flotation is not effective for particles
less than 10 µm. Enlarging particle size is an effective
way to improve the poor flotation response, which
can be realized through hydrophobic agglomeration
of mineral fines in aqueous suspension. In this work,
the hydrophobic agglomeration of molybdenite
fines in aqueous suspensions were studied through
turbidity method and microscopy observations. The
www.abmbrasil.com.br/seminarios/materials-conference/2014
Technical Program
5:00 PM
Mineralogical and Chemical Characterization of
a Phlogopitite for Application as Rock Fertilizers:
Isabella Souza1; Marisa Monte1; Mariana Souza2;
Claudio Schneider1; 1CETEM; 2UFRJ
Potassium is a macronutrient of deep importance
for the development and control of enzymatic activity
of the plants. Thus, minerals that have high levels of
this element may be useful for the direct application to
potassium-poor soils. Phlogopitite was the rock used
in this study and the availability of K+ was studied
after comminution and classification of the material
in different particle sizes. The Characterization was
carried out in all size ranges through Mineralogical
(X Ray Diffraction – XRD) and Chemical analysis (X
Ray Fluorescence – XRF). XRF revealed a medium
level concentration of K2O (7,4%) corresponding to
3,7% of K+ distributed in all sizes of particles. The
release of K+ was investigated in terms of particle
size, using the Merlich-1 solution and boiled water as
extractor solutions and the most efficient extraction
was obtained in -63+45 µm size levels, with an
extraction of 343 mg K+/kg of Ktotal present in the
rock fraction. Kinetic release tests were performed
using water as extractor solution in terms of size of the
particle and applying some organic acid as extractant
in terms of size -63+45 µm. In the kinetic test using
water as extractor solution, the maximum extraction
occurred at 12 hours of contact (2586,21 mg K+/kg
Ktotal). The kinetic test using some organic acid as
extractant showed the fumaric acid as the one with the
best efficiency of extraction, reaching the maximum
liberation of 2125,0 mg K+/kg Ktotal.
5:20 PM
Synthesis of Particle Reinforced Al2O3/Al
Composites with Thermit Reaction and Ultrasonic
Treatment: Shusen Wu1; S. Lü1; N. Jia1; Q. Gao1;
1
Huazhong University of Science and Technology
In situ Al2O3 particle reinforced Al matrix
composites were synthesized by direct melt reaction
between Al and CuO, and the synthesis process was
assisted with indirect ultrasonic treatment. The results
show that ultrasonic treatment can promote the
particle-formation reaction. With ultrasonic treatment,
Al2O3 particles were about 1-2µm in diameter and
the particles distributed uniformly both in the grains
and the grain boundaries. Furthermore, the quantity
of Al2O3 particles with ultrasonic treatment was more
than that without ultrasonic treatment. The optimal
temperature of indirect ultrasonic treatment is about
665-675°C. The heating and isothermal holding
process after ultrasonic treatment is beneficial to
the dispersion of Al2O3 particles. The promotion of
in situ reaction is mainly due to acoustic streaming
effect and acoustic cavitation effect during ultrasonic
treatment. Because these two effects can improve
wettability between Al melt and CuO powder and can
disperse the agglomerate CuO powder. The essence
of the promotion is the optimization of kinetic and
thermodynamic environment in the reaction.
TUESDAY PM
study revealed that hydrophobic agglomeration is an
effective method to agglomerate molybdenite fines.
Good hydrophobic agglomeration of molybdenite fines
could be achieved by applying a high speed stirring for
a short time. A small amount of emulsified kerosene
significantly enhanced hydrophobic agglomeration of
molybdenite fines. The higher the kerosene dosage,
the more compact the agglomerate structure. Radial
impeller resulted in better hydrophobic agglomeration
than radial impeller due to more powerful shearing
action in the impeller zone.
5:40 PM
The Interaction Mechanism of Sodium-diisobutyl
Dithiophosphinate with Sulfide Minerals: Hong
Zhong1; 1Central South University
The interaction mechanism of sodium-diisobutyl
dithiophosphinate (DTPINa) with chalcopyrite, pyrite,
galena and sphalerite was investigated using single
mineral flotation experiments, adsorption capacity
measurements, UV and FTIR spectrum analysis.
Single mineral flotation experiments showed that
sodium-diisobutyl dithiophosphinate had a very strong
collecting ability and selectivity to sulfide minerals.
In the separation process of chalcopyrite and pyrite,
the recovery of chalcopyrite could reach 96.2 % when
the dosage of DTPINa was 12 mg/L and pH value was
8, while the recovery of pyrite was as low as 13.5 %.
In the separation process of galena and sphalerite,
the recovery of galena could reach 91.7 % when the
dosage of DTPINa was 30 mg/L and pH value was 11,
while the recovery of sphalerite was as low as 16.9 %
which is sufficient to achieve the lead-zinc separation
goal. DTPINa absorbed on chalcopyrite and galena
surface were more than that on pyrite and sphalerite
surface. And the adsorption capacity of DTPINa on
the minerals surface was proportional to the dosage
of DTPINa. The UV spectrum analysis indicated that
DTPINa reacted with Ni2+, Cu2+, Fe3+, Pb2+ and
Zn2+. The FTIR spectrum analysis showed that the
adsorption of DTPINa on sulfide minerals surface was
July 21-25, 2014 • Sao Paulo, Brazil
27
ABM-TMS Second Pan American Materials Conference - 2014
WEDNESDAY AM
a chemical process and the S atoms in -P=S and –SNa
may had taken part in the reaction. What’s more, the
chemical interaction with pyrite and sphalerite was
much weaker, which may be due to the selectivity of
DTPINa. The conducted natural ores experiments also
confirmed the excellent performance of DTPINa.
4. Composites and Hybrid Materials
– Metal Matrix Composites and
Characterization
Program Organizers: Nikhilesh Chawla, Arizona
State University; Krishan Chawla, University
of Alabama at Birmingham; Pedro D. Portella,
Federal Institute of Testing and Materials BAM
Wednesday AM
July 23, 2014
Convention Center
Room: Room 11
Location: Frei Caneca
Session Chairs: Indranath Dutta, Washington State
University; Yang Jiao, Arizona State University;
Nathan Mara, Los Alamos National Laboratory
8:00 AM Invited
Mechanical
Behavior
of
Bulk
Layered
Nanocomposites Produced via Severe Plastic
Deformation: Nathan Mara1; Shijian Zheng1; Thomas
Nizolek2; John Carpenter1; William Mook1; Jian
Wang1; Tresa Pollock2; Irene Beyerlein1; 1Los Alamos
National Laboratory; 2University of California, Santa
Barbara
Bulk nanostructured metals can attribute both
exceptional strength and poor thermal stability to high
interfacial content, making it a challenge to utilize
them in high temperature environments. Through
Accumulative Roll Bonding (ARB) processing, we
produce bulk quantities of nanocomposite material,
which results in rolling textures, interfacial defect
structures, and deformation mechanisms very different
from those seen in nanolamellar composites grown via
Physical Vapor Deposition methods, but can similarly
be synthesized in a controlled fashion. Additionally,
this material uniquely possesses simultaneous high
strength and high thermal stability. For a bimetal
spacing of 10 nm, this CuNb composite achieves an
order of magnitude increase in hardness of 4.13 GPa
over its constituents and maintains it (4.07 GPa), even
after annealing at 500°C for one hour. It owes this
extraordinary property to an atomically well-ordered
bi-material interface, resulting from a prolific amount
28
of deformation twinning, that persists after extreme
strains and prevails over the entire bulk. Mechanical
behavior as evaluated via micropillar compression,
nanoindentation, and bulk tension/compression will be
discussed in terms of the effects of interfacial structure
and content on deformation processes at diminishing
length scales, and defect/interface interactions at the
atomic scale. This discovery proves that interfaces can
be designed within bulk nanostructured composites
to radically outperform previously prepared bulk
nanocrystalline materials with respect to both
mechanical and thermal stability.
8:40 AM
Bio-inspired CNT/Al Composites through a Route
of Flake Powder Metallurgy: Zhiqiang Li1; Genlian
Fan1; Zhanqiu Tan1; Hui Wei1; Zhen Qin1; Di Zhang1;
1
Shanghai Jiao Tong Univeristy
Incorporating carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into light
metals and alloys, such as Al, was supposed to make
a new kind of lightweight structural materials for the
automotive or aerospace industries. However, for lack
of effective fabrications method and proper architecture
design, the as-prepared CNT/Al nanocomposites
usually failed to fully realize strengthening efficiency
of CNTs and achieve satisfying ductility, which is an
obvious drawback to their practical applications. Herein,
a new strategy of bio-inspired design and fabrication is
followed to tackle the strength-ductility dilemma. In
this report, CNT/Al composites with CNTs aligned
along the extrution direction between Al lamellae
was fabricated by a route of flake powder metallurgy.
The CNT-coated Al nanoflakes were used as building
blocks for stack assembly, and then a nacre-like
nanolaminate structure could be enventually induced
by controlled deformation processing. Compared to
the composites of the same CNT content but random
distribution, the bio-inspired nanolaminated CNT/Al
composites exhibited a simultaneous enhancement
in tensile strength, Young’s modulus and uniform
elongation. Though the underlying mechanism is
still need to be explored, the bottom-up, bio-inspired
architecture control has open a door to advanced metal
matrix composites with high performance.
9:00 AM
Overcoming Composite Materials Challenges in
FIB-SEM Characterization: Daniel Phifer1; 1FEI
Company
FIB-SEM instruments are being used to explore
the 3D structure of diverse materials, however, the
challenges from non-conductive and inhomogeneous
www.abmbrasil.com.br/seminarios/materials-conference/2014
Technical Program
9:20 AM Break
9:40 AM Invited
Accurate Material Microstructure Reconstruction
from Limited-angle Projections via Stochastic
Optimization: Hechao Li1; Nikhilesh Chawla1; Yang
Jiao1; 1Arizona State University
An accurate knowledge of the complex microstructure
of a heterogeneous material is crucial to its design and
performance optimization. X-ray tomography has
provided a non-destructive means for microstructure
characterization in 3D and 4D (i.e., structural
evolution over time). Commonly used tomographic
reconstruction techniques such as filtered-backprojection method usually require a large number of
projections for accurate structure renditions. Here, we
present a stochastic procedure to accurately reconstruct
material microstructure from limited-angle projections
and demonstrate its utility by reconstructing a number
of distinct material microstructures and elucidating
the information content of different projection data
sets. We find that only a small number of projections
(e.g., 20 - 40) are necessary for accurate material
reconstructions via our stochastic procedure, which
indicates its high efficiency in using limited structural
information available. The ramifications of the
stochastic reconstruction procedure in 4D materials
science are also discussed.
10:20 AM
Interfacially Engineered Micro and Nano-scale
Cu-In Composites as High Performance Thermal
Interface Materials: Tarang Mungole1; Jia Liu2;
Kathryn Mireles1; Indranath Dutta1; 1Washington State
University; 2Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
As electronics become increasingly powerful
and miniaturized, new design paradigms are needed
for thermal interface materials (TIMs) to meet the
requirements for high thermal conductivity, low reflow
temperature, and high shear compliance. This paper
reports on two novel interfacially engineered Cu-In
composite systems that meet these requirements: (i) a
micro-scale composite with spherical copper particles
in In matrix; and (ii) a nano-composite TIM comprising
aligned copper nano-wires in In matrix. The microcomposite was fabricated and joined to Cu substrates
via a single-step liquid-phase sintering cum joining
process at 165°C for 60s. The nano-composite was
fabricated by electrodepositing Cu nano-wire arrays
on a Cu substrate through a porous alumina template,
followed by filling the arrays with electrodeposited In,
and consolidation and bonding with Cu substrates via
a short reflow at 165°C for 60s. In both composites,
the reinforcement-matrix interfaces were modified
by depositing a 1nm atomic-layer deposited (ALD)
alumina (to serve as a diffusion barrier) and 20nm Au
(to act as a wetting enhancer). At a bondline thickness
of 100 microns, the micro-TIM joints showed joint
thermal resistance of less than 3.2 mm2 K/W, and
a thermal conductivity of about 133 W/m-K. The
thermal conductivity of the interfacially engineered
TIM joints are remarkably stable after prolonged
aging. The nano-composite TIMs are expected to
demonstrate even better properties by providing direct
conduits for rapid thermal transport between the Cu
substrates via the continuous Cu nanowires. Details
of processing, microstructure and interfacial design, as
well as analysis of thermal properties will be presented.
WEDNESDAY AM
composite materials is driving new technological
solutions to deal with charging & detection of minute
composition differences. A selection of diverse
materials such as cholesteric liquid crystals, ceramicpolymer composites, ferrous-neodymium-boride
and zinc oxide all present challenges for traditional
semiconductor-based investigation techniques. Nonconductive materials charge and can only be sectioned
effectively if the induced positive-ion-charge is
balanced with an opposing electron flux. Often electron
imaging must be done with selective scan strategies
at a low voltage to keep negative charging at bay.
Recently FIB-SEM systems have been improved to
provide greater material contrast at very low electron
beam voltages. The combination of these techniques
has been applied to a number of composite materials
to reveal sub-surface composition, extract sitespecific-lamella and to construct 3D models (where
volume fractions and interrelationships of materials
can be clearly illustrated). Techniques to overcome
the obstacles will be discussed that can be applied to
similarly challenging composite materials.
10:40 AM
Mechanical and Oxidation Performances of In Situ
Hybrid (TiCp+TiBw)/Ti6Al4V Composites with
Novel Network Microstructure: Lin Geng1; L.J.
Huang; Y. Fu1; Y. Hu1; C. Liu1; 1Harbin Institute of
Technology
In order to obtain a combination of oxidation
resistance and mechanical property, in situ hybrid
TiC particles and TiB whiskers reinforced Ti6Al4V
((TiCp+TiBw)/Ti64) composites with a novel network
microstructure are successfully fabricated by two-step
July 21-25, 2014 • Sao Paulo, Brazil
29
WEDNESDAY AM
ABM-TMS Second Pan American Materials Conference - 2014
low energy milling and reaction hot pressing (RHP).
TiCp and TiBw reinforcements with different volume
ratio are in situ synthesized around the large Ti64 matrix
particles, and subsequently formed into hybrid TiCp
and TiBw network microstructure. Moreover, TiC
particles self-assemble to compact TiCp wall in the
network boundary; while TiB whiskers grow across
TiCp wall as dowel connectors which can effectively
link the adjacent Ti64 matrix particles. The bending
strength of the novel composites increases while the
oxidation resistance decreases with increasing volume
fraction of TiBw. The oxidation resistance of the
composites can be effectively improved by the network
microstructure.
11:00 AM
Investigation of Cu-Ag Alloy In Situ Composite
under Directionally Solidifying Process with
1
Magnetic Field: Engang Wang1;
Northeastern
University, China
The Cu-Ag alloy in situ composites is a kind
of high-strength and high-conductivity Cu-based
alloy, which has excellent mechanical and electrical
properties and is widely used in electronic, electrical,
machinery industrial fields. However, the fabricating
method and solidifying structure of the composites
has important rule to its properties. In this paper, the
processing of directional solidification with static
magnetic field is applied to control the solidifying
microstructure of Cu-Ag alloy, and further control
the drawing microstructure of fiber-reinforced of CuAg alloy in situ composites, in order to improve its
properties. The experiment of Cu-6%Ag alloy under
directional solidification and horizontal magnetic
fields with different processing parameters show
that, 1) the dendrite is directionally developed in the
cooling copper mould zone under EP directionally
solidified process and the solidifying microstructure
is effectively refined by applying horizontal magnetic
fields; 2) the primary dendrite arm spacing is decreased
under LMC directionally solidified process and the
content of Ag in the dendrite increases as increasing
the drawing velocity of solidification; 3) .the dendrite
is refined and the content of Ag in the dendrite
increases as increasing the magnetic flux intensity,
meanwhile, the growth direction of dendrite is also
affected by magnetic fields. The research results of Cu6%Ag alloy in situ composites by drawing deforming
process show that the micro-hardness of alloy is higher
by decreasing dendrite arm spacing, its conductivity
of the composites increases with the second dendrite
30
arm spacing increases when the dendrite orientation is
consistent with the axial.
11:20 AM
Preparation of High-strength High-ductility Nanosized SiC Particle Reinforced AZ91D Magnesium
Matrix Composite: Wenzhen Li1; Congyang Zhang1;
Rongyu Feng1; 1Tsinghua University
Nano-sized SiC particle reinforced AZ91D
magnesium matrix composites (n-SiCp/AZ91D) were
fabricated by ultrasonic dispersion assisted casting
and appropriate heat treatment. Microstructure and
mechanical properties of 0, 0.5, 1.0wt.% n-SiCp
reinforced AZ91D nanocomposites at different
processing condition were investigated. The results
showed that a remarkable increase in tensile strength
and ductility was found for 1.0wt.% n-SiCp/AZ91D
composites after solid solution heat treatment, the
ultimate tensile strength and elongation of which
reached as high to 285 MPa and 15%, respectively.
After T6 aging heat treatment, the ultimate tensile
strength and yield strength of the nanocomposites
were further improved to 295MPa and154MPa.
The elongation still held as much as 8% though the
ductility decreased obviously after T6 treatment. The
strengthening mechanisms and plastic deformation
mechanisms of magnesium matrix nanocomposites
were analyzed. The thermal mismatch dislocation
, Orowan, grain refinement and heat treatment
strengthening were thought as the main strengthening
mechanisms of n-SiCp/AZ91D composites. The
plastic deformation mechanisms of n-SiCp/AZ91D-T4
might be slip and twinning. Since the addition of
SiC nanoparticles caused the surrounding matrix and
nano-reinforcement interface to generate high strain
zone (HSZ), a lot of dislocations and stacking faults
were formed, which caused the performance of (0001)
basal slip and {10-12}twinning in tensile deformation
process. SiC nanoparticles stimulate and promote the
slip and twinning, and ultimately improve the strength
and ductility of the nanocomposite.
11:40 AM
Research of High-temperature Compression
Property of Ti2AlN/TiAl Composites: Qing Wang1;
Jing Wang2; 1School of Materials Science and
Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology; 2Chinese
Space Science and Technology Company
In this paper, the reactive hot-pressing technique was
used to fabricate TiAl alloy and Ti2AlN/TiAl composites
with 20% volume fraction of Ti2AlN particles. The
behavior of high-temperature compressive deformation
www.abmbrasil.com.br/seminarios/materials-conference/2014
Technical Program
5. Biomaterials, Smart Materials, and
Structures – Titanium in Medicine and
Dentistry
Program Organizers: Carlos Elias, Instituto
Militar de Engenharia; Po-Yu Chen, National
Tsing Hua University; Roger Narayan, UNC/
NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical
Engineering
Wednesday AM
July 23, 2014
Room: Room 13
Location: Frei Caneca
Convention Center
Session Chairs: Roger Naryan, UNC/NCSU; Carlos
Grandini, UNESP; Telmo Strohaecker, Universidade
Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
8:00 AM
Ultrafine Grained Commercially Pure Ti for
Biomedical Applications: Carlos Elias1; Daniel
Fernandes1; Sérgio Monteiro1; Marc Meyers2; Ruslan
Valiev3; 1Instituto Militar de Engenharia; 2California
University at San Diego; 3Ufa State Aviation Tech
University
Commercially pure Ti (cp Ti) and Ti-6Al-4V alloys
are widely used for implant materials in the medical
and dental applications because of their superior
biocompatibility and corrosion resistance compared
with other metal alloy. Therefore, Ti-6Al-4V has toxic
elements (Al and V). Despite a number of favorable
characteristics, cpTi as a reconstruction and oral
implant material has several shortcomings. The main
disadvantage of cp Ti is its low strength resistance.
The ultrafine grained (UFG) commercially pure Ti
developed for implant materials to date are described
in this paper. The characteristics of the oxide layer
of commercial pure titanium (Grade-2), (Grade-4),
ultrafine grained (Grade 4) and Ti-6Al-4V alloy (Grade
5) are under evaluation according to its thickness,
prevalence of rutile oxide, possible contamination
and influence in surface wettability and corrosion
resistance. The chemical composition, wettability,
oxide layer thickness and homogeneity, corrosion
potentials and polarization curves were characterized
using XRD, XPS, TEM, SEM and water contact angle
(WCA). After acid etching the UFG Ti presents a more
homogeneous and thicker native oxide layer when
compared with other commercial pure and titanium
alloy. UFG titanium should reveal an enhancement
of its corrosion resistance, possibly due to changes in
growing oxide layer, and its wettability may be also
increased revealing lowest contact angles than the
others titanium samples.
WEDNESDAY AM
and high-temperature mechanical property of TiAl
alloy and 20Ti2AlN/TiAl composites under different
deformation temperatures and strain rates were studied.
The feature of true stress - true strain curve and the
relationship between high-temperature compressive
strength and deformation parameters were analyzed.
The mechanisms of hot compressive deformation
and of strengthening of Ti2AlN/TiAl composites
were attempted to reveal through this study. The
results showed that the compressive strengths of TiAl
alloy and Ti2AlN/TiAl composites with full lamellar
microstructure decreased with temperature increasing,
and increased with strain rates increasing; Compared
with TiAl alloy, the increment of compressive strength
of composites increased greatly at lower temperature
and lower strain rates and at higher temperature and
higher strain rates; its maximum came up to 50%
under the deformation conditions of 1100°C and
0.1s-1. Based on the strength of TiAl alloy, a threedimension state graph of the relationship between
the strengthening effect, the deformation temperature
and the strain rate of composites was established. The
graph can be used to characterize the relationship
between strengthening increment and hot deformation
parameters of composites.
8:20 AM
Surface Treatment of New Titanium Alloys: Ana
Paula Alves Claro1; 1UNESP
In the last years, titanium and its alloys have
been used for biomedical applications such as dental
implants, hip joint prostheses and others. Many
different compositions have been studied with
excellent bulk properties. However, these materials
are considered bioinerts, i e, when they are inserted
in body do not occurs chemical interaction. Surface
treatments can be used for change this response.
Mechanical, physical and chemical treatments are
used for promote a better interaction between body
and implant. Chemical treatments have been studied
by our group with excellent results for Ti30Ta, Ti7.5Mo
and Ti15Mo alloys. These alloys exhibited excellent
mechanical properties such as low elastic modulus
and high fatigue strength. Nanotubes growth and
Biomimetic surface treatment produced a hydrophilic
surface with better cell attachment and bone ingrowth.
July 21-25, 2014 • Sao Paulo, Brazil
31
WEDNESDAY AM
ABM-TMS Second Pan American Materials Conference - 2014
8:40 AM
Fabrication of Nanotubes on Ti-30Ta Alloy
Using Ammonium Fluoride Electrolyte: Patricia
Capellato1; Ana Paula Claro1; 1UNESP
Biomimetic nanoscale topographies surface plays
important rules on cellular response. The nanotube
formation interface exhibits a higher degree of
oxidation, as well as improved biocompatibility [1].
The diameter and length of the nanotube are affected
by electrolyte composition, applied potential and time
of the oxidation [2]. In this study, the self-ordered
formation of nanotubular oxide layers on Ti–30Ta alloy
was investigated. The anodization process was realized
in an electrolyte solution containing 0.2M NH4F and
glycerol at 30V for 4,5,6 and 7 hours [3]. The nanotube
layer was annealed in an oxygen ambient furnace at
530 ºC (5º C/min) for 1 hour. The Ti-30Ta alloy surface
were investigated using scanning electron microscopy
(SEM), contact angle measurement, atomic force
microscopy (AFM) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD).
The results indicated that the anodization process on
Ti-30Ta alloy was highly influenced by time duration.
SEM images confirm results of a parameter-driven
surface topography. The time influenced the shape and
amount of the nanotuber formation. The crystalline
phase of TiO2 nanotube array was the same for all
conditions. The water-drop method identified a
hydrophilic interface, which is preferable for eliciting
a favorable environment for cellular interaction.
9:00 AM
Evaluation of Results of Tests Torques Insertion
and Removal of Bone Screws: Everton Pizzio1; Telmo
Strohaecker1; Rafael Trommer2; 1UFRGS; 2INMETRO
The objective will be to study the torque required
to insert a pedicle screw synthetic standard.This test
method is used to measure the torque required to rotate
a bone screw into a standard material which performs
the function of bone substitute (rigid polyurethane
foam 40 degree PCF code 1522-05) according to
ASTM F1839 - Standard Specification for Rigid
Polyurethane Foam for Use Standard for Testing
Materials Orthopedic Devices and Instruments and
to evaluate the mechanical properties as torsional
components. According to ASTM F 543 - Standard
Specification and Test Methods for Metallic Medical
Bone Screws recommends test blocks were used in
accordance with ASTM F 1839 and a clamp attached
to the screw head.There are several papers studying the
properties of insertion / removal of orthodontic miniscrews or orthopedic. Such articles comply with the
32
mechanical properties of insertion / removal of bolts
to 2.0 mm external diameter. These studies describe
the stabilizing screws from surgery, implantable
devices are used as anchoring mechanism absolute.
Through analyzes of data were collected for technical
verification of safety and efficacy of products based on
standardized achievement tests presented. The torque
that leads to rupture and drain bolts thereof is well
above the insertion torque and removal. These results
indicate low self-tightening screws in polyurethane
blocks ASTM F 1839.
9:20 AM Break
9:40 AM
Fatigue Study of Pure Titanium with Different
Surface Modifications: Leonardo Campanelli1; Laís
Duarte1; Guilherme Zepon1; Paulo Sergio da Silva1;
Claudemiro Bolfarini1; 1Federal University of São
Carlos
The effect of distinct surface treatments, including
polishing, anodic oxidizing and electrodeposited
and biomimetic hydroxyapatite coatings, on the
fatigue behavior of commercially pure titanium was
investigated. Axial fatigue tests were performed with
stepwise increases of the applied load under standard
atmospheric condition, as well as in a physiological
saline solution at 37°C, and scanning electron
microscopy was employed to evaluate the fracture
surfaces of the tested samples. Fatigue strength was
increased for all surface treatments when compared
to the polished condition. Under the simulated body
fluid, although a reduction was observed in relation to
the testing in air, fatigue strength remained constant for
any surface condition.
10:00 AM
Effect of the Substitutional Elements and Oxygen
in Selected Mechanical Properties of the Ti-Mo-Zr
System for Biomedical Application: Diego Correa1;
Fábio Vicente1; Mariana Lourenço1; Pedro Kuroda1;
Raul Araújo1; Carlos Grandini1; 1UNESP - Univ.
Estadual Paulista
Titanium alloys have excellent biocompatibility and
combined with their low elasticity modulus become
more efficient when applied in orthopedic prostheses.
Among the properties that are beneficial for use as
orthopedic implant stands out the elasticity modulus,
closely connected to the crystal structure of the material.
Samples of Ti-Mo-Zr system alloys were prepared in
arc-melting furnace with argon atmosphere. The ingots
were submitted to hot-rolling (1273 K and air cooling)
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Technical Program
10:20 AM
Obtainment of Nanotubes on Biomedical Ti cp:
Nilson Oliveira1; Julia Verdério1; Anahi Aparecida1;
Claudemiro Bolfarini1; 1Universidade Federal de São
Carlos - UFSCar / Dep. Eng. Materiais - DEMa
It is known that the biological response to an implant
and its success depends on the physico-chemical and
biological properties of its surface. As Ti it is considered
a bioinert material, that is, it does not bind chemically
to living organism, it is necessary to use methods of
surface modification to improve the biological activity
of these materials and facilitate the bone formation.
Nanostructured surfaces can increase the bioactivity
of an implant, and the formation of ordered nanotubes
can improve the osseointegration of Ti implants. The
goal of the present study was to obtain self-organized
nanotubes on the surface of Ti cp, optimizing
the experimental conditions for the obtention of
nanotubes, with different diameters and geometries for
implants applications. The nanotubes were obtained
by electrochemical anodization, applying 10 and 20V
during 1h in glycerol + H2O (50:50) + NaF 0,3M
solution on Ti cp. SEM analysis of the surfaces after
anodization showed that it was possible to obtain selforganized nanotubes on Ti cp, with the experimental
conditions and electrochemical parameters used. It
is possible to verify that the nanotubes were highly
organized, presenting circular and well-defined
geometry. Their diameters were proportional to the
applied potential. Acknowledgments: The authors are
grateful to FAPESP for scholarships (proc. 2012/11350-
0, 2012/17944-9) and grants (proc. 2012/01652-9) that
made this work possible.
10:40 AM
Synthesis and Characterization of Biomedical TiTa-Nb-Mn Foam: Claudio Aguilar1; Carolina Guerra1;
Mariette Arancibia1; Christopher Salvo1; Sheila
Lascano1; Thirumurugan Muthiah1; Danny Guzman2;
Paula Rojas3; Carola Martinez3; 1Universidad Técnica
Federico Santa María; 2Universidad de Atacama;
3
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso
The average age and life expectancy of human
beings have been continuously increased producing
degenerative diseases, which lead to degradation of
the mechanical properties of the bone. Ti-based alloys
are the beneficial materials to replace the damaged
bone due to their excellent mechanical properties,
corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. Moreover,
their stiffness is higher than human bones. This work
study the effect of Manganese (Mn) on mechanical
properties in compression of Ti-13%Ta-30%Nbx%Mn (x: 2, 4 and 6 wt.%) foam. The Ti-based
alloys have been synthesized by mechanical alloying
in a planetary milling for 50 h. The metallic foam
are achieved through space holder method, where
ammonium hydrogen carbonate (50%v/v) are used
as space holder. The green compacts were obtained
by applying 430 MPa pressure. . To remove the space
holder from the matrix the green compacts heated to
180°C for 1.5 h and after sintered at 1300°C for 3 h
in Ar atmosphere. Further the Ti foam have been
characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning and
transmission electron microscopy. The elastic modulus
values of 5 to 20GPa results in uniaxial compression
test. The mechanical properties changes with the
amount Mn in composition.
WEDNESDAY AM
and homogenization heat treatment (1273 K for 24 hours
and slow cooling). The chemical quantitative analysis
was determined by optical emission spectrometer with
inductively coupled plasma and EDS. To obtain the
amount of oxygen in the material, gas analysis was
performed by thermoconductivity difference. The
x-ray diffractograms allied with optical and scanning
electron microscopy reveal about the structure and
microstructure of the samples. The mechanical
analysis was evaluated by Vickers microhardness and
Young’s modulus measurements. The structure and
microstructure of alloys were sensitive of Mo and
Zr concentration, presenting the a’, a” and ß phases.
The mechanical properties changed with the Mo and
Zr addition and easurements of the elasticity modulus
showed that the samples have lower values than cpTi, indicating that these ternary alloys are good for
biomedical application. (Financial support: Capes,
CNPq and FAPESP).
11:00 AM
Obtainment of Nanotubes on Biomedical Ti-Mo
Alloys by Electrochemical Anodization: Nilson
Oliveira1; Julia Verdério1; Claudemiro Bolfarini1;
1
Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar / Dep.
Eng. Materiais - DEMa
Titanium and some of its alloys become interesting
materials for orthopedic and dental implants, mainly
-type alloys (more recently), due to their appropriate
electrochemical
and
mechanical
properties.
Nanostructurated surfaces can increase the bioactivity
of an implant, and also the formation of ordered
nanotubes can improve the osseointegration of Ti
implants. Electrochemical anodization of tita nium is
one of the most commonly technique used to prepare
July 21-25, 2014 • Sao Paulo, Brazil
33
WEDNESDAY AM
ABM-TMS Second Pan American Materials Conference - 2014
TiO2 nanotube layers. Therefore, the aim of this study
was to obtain, by electrochemical anodization, TiO2
nanotubes on new developed biomedical Ti-Mo alloys.
The nanotubes were obtained by electrochemical
anodization, applying 40V during 3h in ethylene
glycol + HF solution on Ti-Mo alloys (6 and 15 Mo
wt.%). SEM analysis of the alloys’ surfaces showed
that with the experimental conditions, it was possible
to obtain self-organized nanotubes on both Ti-Mo
alloys. It is possible to verify that the nanotubes
were highly organized, presenting circular and welldefined geometry. Their diameters were proportional
to the applied potential and do not change significantly
with the Mo content of the alloy, been approximately
15 nm for 40V and 28 nm for 55V, for all alloys.
The results showed that, it was possible to obtain
nanotubes on new developed biomedical Ti-Mo
alloys.Acknowledgments: The authors are grateful
to FAPESP for scholarships (proc. 2012/11350-0,
2012/17944-9) and grants (2012/01652-9) that made
this work possible.
11:20 AM
Effect of Anodization Parameters in Formation of
TiO2 Nanotubes on Ti-7.5Mo Alloy Surface: Ana
Lúcia Escada1; Ana Paula Alves Claro1; 1UNESP –
Univ Estadual Paulista
Titanium (Ti) and its alloys are widely used
to manufacture dental implants and maxillofacial
and orthopedic prostheses due to their excellent
mechanical properties, low specific weight, high
resistance to corrosion, and high biocompatibility.
Titanium based alloys with different compositions,
such as Ti-7.5Mo, Ti-10Mo, Ti-15Mo and Ti-13Nb13Zr, have been studied for biomedical applications.
In this study, the effects of parameters such as the
applied potential difference, time and annealing
temperature on nanotube formation were evaluated.
The morphology of the nanotubes was analyzed using
scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM), atomic
force microscopy (AFM) and contact angle and thinfilm X-ray diffraction (XRD). Self-organized ordered
nanostructures were formed on a Ti-7.5Mo alloy
surface from the electrolyte (glycerol/NH4F) for all
conditions. The potential was observed to affect the
diameter of the nanotubes, while their length was
modified based on the time of the anodization. The
presence of anatase and rutile phases was affected by
the annealing temperature.
34
11:40 AM
Bending Tests in Epoxy Composites Reinforced
with Bamboo Fibers of the Specimen Dendrocalmus
Giganteus: Gabriel Glória1; Lucas Martins1; Frederico
Margem1; Sergio Monteiro2; Luiz Gomes3; 1State
University of the Northern Rio de Janeiro; 2Instituto
Militar de Engenharia ; 3Instituto Superior de Ensino
do Censa, ISECENSA
Polymeric Composites incorporated with natural
fibers are being increasingly used in many applications
that include high value components for the automobile
industry. Among the natural fibers, the one extracted
from giant bamboo (Dendrocalmus Giganteus) may
be considered a strong material. In spite of the great
number of both scientific and technological works on
bamboo fibers, studies regarding giant bamboo fiber
incorporated into epoxy matrix are still to be done.
Therefore, the objective of this work was to investigate
the mechanical properties in bending tests of epoxy
composites incorporated with up to 30% in volume
of giant bamboo fibers. Scanning electron microscopy
analyses were carried out to support this investigation.
The results showed that the giant bamboo fibers
increase the flexural strength of polymeric composites.
7. Processing of Materials – Materials
Processing I
Program Organizers: Olivia Graeve, University
of California, San Diego; L. Murr, University of
Texas at El Paso; Andre Tschiptschin, University
of Sao Paulo
Wednesday AM
July 23, 2014
Room: Room 12
Location: Frei Caneca
Convention Center
Session Chair: Andre Tschiptschin, Universidade de
Sao Paulo
8:00 AM Invited
Tracking Magnetic Dopants in Oxide Ceramics:
The Role of Surfaces and Grain Boundaries: Ivar
Reimanis1; 1Colorado School of Mines
Small amounts of dopants and additives are known
to dramatically influence sintering, microstructure
development, and properties of ceramics, and grain
boundaries and surfaces frequently play an important
role.
Magnetometry provides an excellent tool
to study this influence because markedly different
magnetic responses are elicited for doped ceramics
www.abmbrasil.com.br/seminarios/materials-conference/2014
Technical Program
8:40 AM Invited
Thermodynamic Design of Grain Growth Resistant
Nanocrystalline Yttrria-zirconia: Ricardo H. R.
Castro1; Sanchita Dey1; Mingming Gong1; Chi-Hsiu
Chang1; 1University of California at Davis
This work presents the results on the design of
nanograined structures resistant to grain growth. From
a comparative thermodynamic analysis on the enthalpy
of segregation and enthalpy of mixing, lanthanum was
selected as a potential efficient dopant to suppress
grain growth in YSZ. As expected, La was observed
to segregate to the boundary of nanograined YSZ
consolidated by Spark Plasma Sintering, and showed
significant resistance to grain growth as compared to
undoped YSZ. The interface energy of pure and doped
YSZ was measured by using differential scanning
calorimetry and revealed a drop in the energy caused by
La doping, decreasing driving force for grain growth.
Modelling was presented to describe the quantitative
contributions of grain boundary energy and kinetic
events (such as pore drag) to the overall process.
9:20 AM Invited
Challenges Underlying Additive Manufacturing of
Al Alloys: Mathieu Brochu1; Jason Milligan1; Ryan
Chou1; 1McGill University
Additive manufacturing (AM) is experiencing a
boom in terms of research and commercialization for
high-end applications, particularly in the aerospace and
biomedical fields. However, the bulk of the research
has been limited to a small numbers of alloys, including
stainless steels, as well as some Ti- and Ni-based
Superalloys. Any reported work on the AM of AA is
limited to foundry-type of alloys: Al-12Si and Al-10Si1Mg. Typical wrought chemistries (i.e. 2XXX series)
are unfortunately sensitive to solidification cracking.
This presentation will highlight different approaches
to mitigate this problem and consequently permit the
AM of high strength Al alloys. Solidification modeling
efforts linked with microstructural observations and
mechanical properties results on a wide variety of
2XXX alloys will be presented.
10:00 AM
Advanced Electron Microscopy Characterization
of Centricast Bimetallic Ni-Cr-Mo Alloy 625/X65 Steel Pipeline: João Dessi1; Antonio Andrade2;
Conrado Afonso3; 1PPG-CEM/UFSCar; 2ENGEMASA
Engenharia e Materiais; 3Federal University of São
Carlos (UFSCar)
In oil and gas production, corrosion-resistant alloys
usually are needed in the pipeline fabrication, even in
onshore and offshore applications. Bimetallic pipes
represent a solution in costs reduction, because they
combine two materials with distinct characteristics:
a HSLA (High-strength low alloy) X-65 steel, in the
external part of the pipe, which provides mechanical
strength and toughness, and a corrosion-resistant alloy
(CRA) in the internal part made of Ni-based Alloy
625. Clad pipes show an intimate union between the
two component materials and can be produced by
centrifugal casting (centricast) process, where the
internal material of the pipe is solidified above de
solid external material. The interface characteristics,
like continuity and phases which are presents, defines
its quality. In this work, the microstructure and the
interface of a bimetallic centricast pipe, composite
internally in Alloy 625 and externally in API 5L X65
steel, were analyzed by microhardness along the pipe
radial cross section, optical microscopy (OM), electron
backscattered diffraction (EBSD), scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy
(TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy
(STEM) coupled to energy dispersive spectroscopy
(EDS), besides high resolution transmission electron
microscopy (HRTEM) where used as advanced tools in
order to characterize the Centricast Bimetallic Ni-CrMo Alloy/X-65 Steel Pipe from micro to nanometric
scale.
WEDNESDAY AM
in different material states: (1) the undoped ceramic;
(2) metallic ions in solution within the doped ceramic;
(3) metallic ions as an oxide; and (4) metal particles.
This differentiation means that magnetometry may be
utilized to investigate nanoscale physical phenomena
in ceramics. Examples will be provided here for two
materials systems in which the presence of nickel plays
a big role. The first is zirconia, an anode material for
solid oxide fuel cells, where interesting behavior is
revealed when the host grain size is on the order of
several nanometers. The second is a proton conductor
nanocomposite, in which low temperature conductivity
was recently discovered.
In both examples,
magnetometry is shown to be a useful tool, and the
surfaces and grain boundaries can dominate behavior.
10:20 AM
Atom Probe Tomography Characterization of
Nitrided Fe-0.5 V-X Cr: Peter Clifton1; Daniel
Andrade2; Tadashi Furuhara3; 1Cameca; 2CAMECA Science and Metrology Solutions; 3Tohoku University
Nitriding of a surface can result in substantial
improvement in hardness and heat resistance. When
Cr is present in Fe, CrN nitrides form under a variety
July 21-25, 2014 • Sao Paulo, Brazil
35
WEDNESDAY AM
ABM-TMS Second Pan American Materials Conference - 2014
of conditions, with the precipitation behavior of the
nitrides varying substantially with changes in Cr
content, N concentration during nitriding, and nitriding
temperature [1]. Atom probe tomography (APT) has
been used in metals and alloy research for more than
40 years and is particularly suited to determination
of nanoscale chemical microstructure [2,3]. In APT
data, such microstructural analyses often rely on
investigating the proximity relationship between
individual solute atoms. This is known as the “friendsof-friends” method [4] and is based on the principle
that the spacing between clustered solute atoms will be
smaller the spacing of solute atoms in the matrix. The
current work presents APT analysis of microstructure
and clustering in Fe-0.5V and Fe-0.5V-1C nitride at
823K for 16hr. Planar FeN regions were observed in the
material with no Cr. In both materials, VN-rich regions
were observed, with these regions also containing Cr
in the Fe-0.5V-1Cr alloy. 1. G. Miyamoto et al., ISIJ
Int. 47 (2007) 1491.2. M.K. Miller, “Atom Probe
Tomography: Analysis at the Atomic Level”, Kluwer
Academic / Plenum Publishers, 2000.3. T. F. Kelly and
D. J. Larson, Annual Reviews of Materials Research
42 (2012) 1. 4. J. M. Hyde and C. A. English, Mat. Res.
Soc. Symp. Proc. 650 (2000) R6.6.1.
10:40 AM
Reverse Micelle Stability for Controlled Synthesis
of Nanoparticles: Analytical Model and Precursor
Effects: Olivia Graeve1; Hoorshad Fathi-Kelly2; James
Kelly1; 1University of California, San Diego; 2Alfred
University
Reverse micelle synthesis is a solution-based
synthesis technique that takes advantage of confined
water nanodomains in a bulk oil phase via selfassembly of surfactant molecules at the water-oil
interface. This technique can be used for synthesizing
functional nanoparticles for a wide variety of
applications. The technique can be used to make
unagglomerated nanoparticles with a narrow size
distribution or compositionally layered nanoparticles,
for example. Although some aspects of this synthesis
method are well understood, other aspects are based on
trial-and-error modifications. In this study, we describe
and analyze the fundamental aspects of electrostatic
interactions on reverse micelle synthesis. One of the
fundamental aspects to be studied includes how solutes
affect the size and stability of reverse micelles that define
concentration stability limits. The interaction between
a precipitated particle in suspension and the stability
of the reverse micelle that contains the precipitate will
36
also be evaluated to define precipitation limits. The
effect of surfactant substitution, non-aqueous solvent
substitution, and the water to surfactant ratio will also
be evaluated for optimizing the combination of solute
concentration stability and precipitation limits that
can be used for the design of controlled nanoparticle
formation.
11:00 AM
Processing and Fabrication of Metals and Alloys by
Electron Beam Melting: Lawrence Murr1; 1University
of Texas at El Paso
Electron beam melting (EBM), an additive
manufacturing technology for producing progressive
layer-by-layer metal or alloy components from
precursor and pre-alloyed powders, allows complex
components and component geometries to be produced
by a CAD-driven electron beam to selectively melt
the powder layers. This process is characterized by
intermittent, directional solidification and melting
of the powder layers 50 to 100 µm thick where
process parameter selection and manipulation can
allow for novel microstructure and related property
development. In this study, bcc Nb and Fe components
along with fcc Ni-base superalloy (Rene 142) and bcc
(β-phase) Ti-24Nb-4Zr-7.9Sn alloy components have
been fabricated by EBM, and their microstructures
and properties examined in detail by light microscopy,
SEM, TEM and XRD to illustrate the range of novel
materials development possible by this innovative
technology.
11:20 AM
Investigation on the Mechanical Properties of the
Ti-6Al-4V Meshes Fabricated by Electron Beam
Melting: Shujun Li1; Qinsi Xu2; Zhe Wang2; Yulin
Hao2; Rui Yang2; Lawrence E. Murr3; 1Institute of
Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences;
2
Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of
Sciences; 3University of Texas at El Paso
Porous titanium and its alloys have been considered
as promising replacement for dense implants,
considering they possess low elastic modulus matching
to that of human bone and are capable of providing
space for in-growth of bony tissue to achieve a better
fixation. Recently, additive manufacturing (AM)
using the electron beam melting (EBM) method
has been successfully applied to fabrication of Ti6Al-4V cellular meshes and foams. Comparing to
traditional fabrication methods, the EBM method
offers advantages of accurate control of complex cell
shapes and internal pore architectures, thus receiving
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Technical Program
11:40 AM
Shear Layer Morphology Alterations Using High
Speed Friction Stir Processing with Varying Probe
Geometries: Leon Hütsch1; Jorge dos Santos1; Norbert
Huber1; 1HZG Forschungszentrum
In the present study, friction stir processing has been
conducted on the Magnesium alloy AZ31 in order to
investigate the effect of varying probe geometry on the
developing shear layer morphology. High speed friction
stir processing parameters have been developed with
the underlying preset to reduce the size of the shear
layer in order to closely resemble the probe geometry
as well as to create a fine grained microstructure by
dynamic recrystallization. The resulting textural
features have been thoroughly evaluated using
EBSD analysis techniques. The results show, that
the morphology of the shear layer is a function of
the chosen probe geometry and can be controlled by
a suitable tool. EBSD investigations confirmed that
the shear layer represents the macroscopic shear plane
upon which the basal planes of the magnesium unit cell
align themselves which in turn results in the ability to
tailor the resulting texture in the process zone.As the
critical resolved shear stress is depending on the c-axis
tilt of the magnesium unit cell, it could be shown that
the ease of activating basal slip and thus the materials’
formability can be controlled by a suitable probe
geometry using high speed friction stir processing.
9. Bulk Metallic Glasses,
Nanocrystalline Materials, and
Ultrafine-Grain Materials – Severe
Plastic Deformation
Program Organizers: Terence Langdon,
University of Southern California; Roberto
Figueiredo, Federal University of Minas Gerais
Wednesday AM
July 23, 2014
Room: Room 15
Location: Frei Caneca
Convention Center
Session Chairs: Terence Langdon, University of
Southern California; Malgorzata Lewandowska,
Warsaw University of Technology
8:00 AM Keynote
Production of Mg-Y-Zn Rod Using SPD Methods
Targeting Enhancement of the Mechanical
Properties: Rimma Lapovok1; Jian-Feng Nie1; Yuri
Estrin1; Suveen Mathaudhu2; 1Monash University;
2
U.S. Army Research Laboratory
Ternary Mg–Y–Zn alloys have attracted considerable
attention due to their excellent mechanical properties
and unique microstructures. Microstructural variation
and the resulting mechanical properties can be affected
by various processing routes, particularly those
involving severe plastic deformation of a cast billet.
The following approach was used in this work to
perform a comparative study: Cast Mg92Y4Zn4 billet
was subjected to severe plastic deformation by three
different routes, namely ECAP, high pressure torsion
(HPT) and ECAP followed by HPT with the aim of
refining the microstructure. The highly deformed
billets were annealed at different schedules to optimise
the mechanical properties.Another common approach
to producing improved nanostructured magnesium
alloys is based on consolidation of nanostructured
powders by extrusion. A significant improvement in
compaction of magnesium powders can be achieved
if equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) with backpressure is used instead of conventional extrusion.
The ECAP of magnesium-based powders produced
by high-energy ball milling to fully dense product was
used for developing non-equilibrium local elemental
concentrations not achievable through solidification
from the melt. The billet produced by ECAP-compaction
from Mg97Y2Zn1 alloy powder was subsequently
annealed to optimise the mechanical properties.A
comparative study of microstructures and properties
July 21-25, 2014 • Sao Paulo, Brazil
WEDNESDAY AM
extensive attention. However, previous studies have
found that open cellular Ti-6Al-4V solids exhibit brittle
characteristics and possess low fatigue endurance ratios
ranging from 0.1 to 0.2. To overcome such limitations,
design factors including cell shapes, strut properties
and pore distribution were modulated using the EBM
method, and their effects on the mechanical properties
of Ti-6Al-4V meshes were further investigated. Our
results indicated that the brittle characteristics of Ti6Al-4V meshes can be improved by proper control of
the above design factors. The strength and Young’s
modulus of the meshes obtained in our experiments
were comparable to those from human bone, and
the fatigue endurance ratios were up to 0.5. Thus,
we demonstrated that Ti-6Al-4V cellular solids with
high compressive strength, low elastic modulus
and desirable deformation behavior were able to be
fabricated using the EBM technique.
37
ABM-TMS Second Pan American Materials Conference - 2014
WEDNESDAY AM
for different production roots have been carried out. As
an outcome a promising thermomechanical processing
route leading to high strength and sufficient ductility
was suggested.
8:40 AM
Hydrogen Storage in Ball Milled or Severely
Deformed Mg-based Nanomaterials: Daniel Leiva1;
Gustavo Melo1; Ricardo Floriano1; Alexandre Asselli1;
1
Tomaz Ishikawa1; Walter Botta1;
Universidade
Federal de São Carlos
Metal or complex hydrides based on magnesium,
such as MgH2, Mg2FeH6, Mg2CoH5 and Mg2NiH4
can present several functional uses, as for example
hydrogen storage, thermal energy storage and
heterogeneous catalysis. In our group we have been
developing different compositions and processing
routes to produce nanostructured Mg alloys or
composites with enhanced properties of interaction
with hydrogen. High-energy ball milling (HEBM)
performed under inert or reactive atmosphere was
applied in the short-time, high-yield synthesis of
MgH2 and Mg-TM complex hydrides (TM = Fe, Co,
Ni). The ball milled nanocomposites are formed by a
very fine nanostructured powder, with a nanometric
dispersion of the additives (‘catalysts’) that are often
used. On the other hand, severe plastic deformation
(SPD) or SPD-like techniques as cold rolling and
cold forging can produce bulk sub-microcrystalline
or even nanocrystalline materials, with a fair level
of dispersion of the additives and controlled texture.
The different structural characteristics of the samples
produced by the two different process families HEBM and SPD - are compared and correlated to their
hydrogen absorption/desorption properties. Optimized
microstructures can be obtained with different
processing techniques, depending on the expected
trade-off between H2 reaction kinetics and the airresistance of the material. The potential for industrial
application of selected compositions and processing
routes is also discussed. Extensive cold rolling and
cold forging stand out as promising techniques, since
they are able to produce air-resistant nanostructured
materials with fast H-desorption kinetics at 350°C.
9:00 AM
Influence of Different Initial Disc Sizes on the Flow
Patterns Developed on Disc Lower Surfaces in Highpressure Torsion: Yi Huang1; Ahmed Al-Zubaydi1;
Terence Langdon1; 1University of Southampton
Stainless steel was selected to study the flow pattern
developed with anvil misalignment of 100 µm on the
38
disc lower surfaces during high-pressure torsion (HPT)
processing. Two categories of discs which having
different initial diameters were utilized to investigate
the flow patterns on a pair of anvils with roughness,
Ra, ~15 µm. It is shown that the flow patterns on disc
lower surfaces have similar variation tendencies for
both categories of discs. Double-swirl flow patterns
were not observed after 1 turn but they appeared on the
lower surfaces after 5 turns. However, discs with small
initial diameters exhibit more local vortices after 5 turns
and this indicates local non-homogenous deformation.
The appearance of local vortices appears to be related
to anvil roughness and surface morphology.
9:20 AM
Synthesis of an Al/Mg Bulk Hybrid Metal through
the Application of High-pressure Torsion: Megumi
Kawasaki1; Han-Joo Lee1; Byungmin Ahn2; Alexander
Zhilyaev3; Terence Langdon4; 1Hanyang University;
2
Ajou University; 3University of Southampton;
4
University of Southern California
Processing of metals through the application of
high-pressure torsion (HPT) provides the potential for
achieving exceptional grain refinement in bulk metals.
Because of the introduction of an intense plastic strain
during processing, HPT has also been applied for the
consolidation of metallic powders and bonding of
machining chips. However, there is almost no report
examining the validity of HPT for synthesis of bulk
hybrid metal from simple commercial metals. This
study demonstrates the formation of an Al-Mg hybrid
system by processing two commercial metal disks of
Al-1050 and ZK 60 magnesium alloys through HPT.
9:40 AM Break
10:00 AM
Ultrafine Grained Interstitial-free Steel Sheet
Processed by Continuous Frictional Angular
Extrusion: Yan Huang1; 1Brunel University
Interstitial-free steel sheets were processed using
a novel severe plastic deformation technique continuous frictional angular extrusion (CFAE), in
order to produce an ultrafine grained structure with
improved mechanical properties. The deformation was
carried out at room temperature and individual sheet
specimens were repeatedly processed to various passes
of up to 8. An overall grain size of 200 nm was achieved
after 8 passes (or an equivalent total strain of 5.3). The
present paper reports the evolution of microstructures
and textures during CFAE, which were examined and
characterized using electron backscatter imaging and
www.abmbrasil.com.br/seminarios/materials-conference/2014
Technical Program
high resolution EBSD in a field emission gun SEM.
The mechanisms of grain refinement are discussed in
the paper.
10:40 AM
Evolution in Hardness and Microstructure of ZK60
Magnesium Alloy Processed by High-pressure
Torsion: Han-Joo Lee1; Byungmin Ahn2; Megumi
Kawasaki1; Terence Langdon3; 1Hanyang University;
2
Ajou University; 3University of Southern California
Severe plastic deformation is an attractive processing
method for refining microstructures of metallic
materials to have ultrafine grain sizes within the
submicrometer or even nanometer levels. Especially,
it become generally known that processing of metals
through the application of high-pressure torsion (HPT)
provides the potential for achieving exceptional grain
refinement in bulk disk metals. In the present study,
a ZK 60 magnesium alloy was processed by HPT for
a series of numbers of turns under various applied
pressures and rotational speeds. The evolution of
hardness was examined by Vickers microhardness
measurements and the change in texture was examined
by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis to provide a
comprehensive understanding of microstructural
11:00 AM
Deformation Analysis of F138 Austenitic Stainless
Steel: ECAP and Rolling: Andrea Kliauga1; Natalia
De Vincentis2; Martina Avalos2; Vitor Sordi1; Raul
Bolmaro2; 1UFSCar; 2Instituto de Fisica de Rosario
Twinning is a mechanism to achieve ultrafine grain structures by means of severe plastic
deformation. Temperature and strain rate have great
influence on the deformation mechanisms because
they influence the stacking fault energy (SFE), the
flow stress and the dislocation annihilation rate. The
properties induced in a plastically deformed material
are highly dependent on the degree of deformation,
accumulated deformation energy and details on
grain sizes and microstructure, which are on the
scale of some tens of nanometers; therefore it is very
important to understand misorientation distributions
and dislocation arrays developed on the samples.
In this work an F138 austenitic stainless steel was
solution heat treated, deformed by Equal Channel
Angular Pressing (ECAP) at room temperature up to
4 passes, and rolled up to 70% thickness reduction
at room temperature. The microstructure evolution
was analyzed by x-ray diffraction and domain sizes
calculated by Convolutional Multiple Whole Profile
(CMWP) model, the misorientation boundaries
were measured by electron backscattered diffraction
(EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy.
Mechanical behavior was tested by tensile tests.
WEDNESDAY AM
10:20 AM
Enhancement in Mechanical Properties of a
β-Titanium Alloy by High-pressure Torsion:
Malgorzata Lewandowska1; Katarzyna Lubkowska1;
Piotr Bazarnik1; Yi Huang2; Terence Langdon2;
1
Warsaw University of Technology; 2University of
Southampton
Single phase β-titanium alloys have a number of
extremely favorable characteristics for biomedical
applications, e.g. low elastic modulus and the lack
of harmful elements in their chemical composition.
However, the main drawback is their relatively low
strength. In this work, an attempt was made to enhance
the mechanical characteristics of a Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn
alloy by reducing the grain size, which is an efficient
strategy in strengthening of metallic materials. The
samples were processed by HPT method at different
conditions (pressure of 1 or 3 GPa, up to 50 turns). The
HPT processing preserved single phase β structure,
as demonstrated by X-ray diffraction. Microstructure
observations by transmission electron microscopy
revealed a significant grain size refinement. Such a
refinement gave a substantial increase in mechanical
strength while maintaining a low value of elastic
modulus, which was proven in tensile tests and
microhardness measurements.
evolution.
11:20 AM
Mechanical Behavior of Diamantane Stabilized
Bulk Nanocrystalline Commercially Pure Al and
Al-5wt%Mg Alloys: Ali Yousefiani1; M. Arnold2;
James Earthman2; 1Boeing Research & Technology;
2
University of California, Irvine
Bulk nanocrystalline commercially pure Al and AlMg alloys were produced by consolidating cryomilled
aluminum powders via hot isostatic pressing (HIP)
followed by thermomechanical processing. Single
stage and two-stage room and elevated temperature
thermomechanical processing approaches were used
to synthesize the alloys. The mechanical behavior
of bulk nanocrystalline commercially pure Al and
Al+5wt%Mg stabilized by diamantane hydrocarbon
molecules has been compared with those of the
same alloys processed similarly without diamantane.
Tensile test results revealed a significant strengthening
effect with not only the addition of Mg but also with
the addition of diamantane to commercially pure Al.
July 21-25, 2014 • Sao Paulo, Brazil
39
ABM-TMS Second Pan American Materials Conference - 2014
WEDNESDAY PM
The results also show that diamantane substantially
enhances the thermal stability of the alloys during
consolidation and thermomechanical processing.
11:40 AM
Determination of Mechanical Anisotropy of
Magnesium Processed by ECAP: Flávia Poggiali1;
Pedro Henrique Pereira1; Roberto Figueiredo1; Paulo
Roberto Cetlin1; 1UFMG
Commercially pure magnesium was processed
by three passes of ECAP at 473 K using route Bc.
Compression specimens were machined in different
directions from the material processed by ECAP and
tested at room temperature. The grain structure of the
material was determined before and after processing
by ECAP, as well as in the specimens tested for
compression in three directions. The results show that
the grain structure is refined during processing by
ECAP and there is significant twinning activity. The
material exhibits anisotropic mechanical behavior.
Compression parallel to the axial direction show higher
ductility and lower compressive strength compared to
the other directions.
4. Composites and Hybrid Materials –
Polymer Matrix Composites
Program Organizers: Nikhilesh Chawla, Arizona
State University; Krishan Chawla, University
of Alabama at Birmingham; Pedro D. Portella,
Federal Institute of Testing and Materials BAM
Wednesday PM
July 23, 2014
Room: Room 11
Location: Frei Caneca
Convention Center
Session Chairs: Satish Kumar, Georgia Institute
of Technology; Joao Soares, Instituto Militar de
Engenharia
2:00 PM Invited
It’s a Fibrous World, After All!: K. Chawla1,
1
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Materials in fibrous form of have been an
invaluable part of our world dating back to prehistoric
times. One only needs to look at our surroundings
to realize that fibers are indeed ubiquitous. Only
recently, however, have scientists begun to unravel the
processing-microstructure-property relationships for
fibrous materials. Innovative processing techniques
(sol-gel, electrospinning, etc.) coupled with extensive
microstructural characterization have led to a number
40
of developments: High strength and high stiffness
polymeric fibers such as aramid and polyethylene;
a variety of carbon fibers; creep resistant tungsten
filaments; high strength steel filaments; and high
temperature ceramic fibers such as silicon carbide and
alumina. New insights have been obtained into the
processing, microstructure, and properties of spider
silk fiber. In this talk, I shall provide an overview
of this very interesting and exciting field with an
emphasis on the developments in some of the newer
fibers, including some of our recent work on the effects
of coatings on fibers and cyclic fatigue behavior of
some oxide fibers.
2:40 PM
Studies on PBT/Brazilian Clay Nanocomposites
by Melt-intercalation Process - Synthesis and
Characterization: Andressa Silva1; Roberta Lima1;
Boniface Tiimob2; Shaik Jeelani3; Vijay Rangari3;
Francisco Valenzuela-Díaz4; Esperidiana Moura1;
1
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares;
2
Tuskegee Univesity ; 3Tuskegee Univesity;
4
Universidade de São Paulo
Nanocomposite consisting of polybutylene
terephthalate (PBT) with modified Brazilian smectitic
clay (light cream clay from Cubati) was prepared by
melt-intercalation extrusion process, using a twin
screw extruder machine. The resulting nanocomposite
was characterized by tensile, flexural, impact, TMA,
XRD, TEM, HDT and Vicat tests. Results obtained
were compared with the neat PBT properties.
MFI tests were determined to assess the effects of
organoclay addition on dynamic viscoelastic melt of
PBT. The results showed that Brazilian clay addition in
the PBT effectively improved the polymer properties
evidencing the good interaction of nanofiller with
the polymeric matrix, and led to obtaining materials
with superior properties suitable for several industrial
applications.
3:00 PM Invited
Effect of Environmental Aging on the Ballistic
Performance of Polymeric Composites: João
Miguez Suarez1; Ricardo Weber1; 1Instituto Militar de
Engenharia
Polymeric materials, aromatic polyamide (aramid),
ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)
and poly (p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole (PBO),
in the form of fibers or fabrics, have been used as
reinforcement in composites. These fibers, that present
high Young’s modulus and high strength, are used
in several fields, from sport and recreation products
www.abmbrasil.com.br/seminarios/materials-conference/2014
Technical Program
3:40 PM
Electron-beam Induced Cross-linking of Extruded
Nylon-6 Nanocomposite Fibers Infused with ZnO/
CNTs Hybrid Nanoparticles: Vijay Rangari1; Shaik
Jeelani1; Imam Muhammad1; Eesperidiana Moura2;
Michelle Gomes2; 1Tuskegee University; 2Instituto de
Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares-IPEN
Nylon-6 has a wide range of engineering application
due to its excellent mechanical and thermal properties.
In this study, we have shown that the Nylon-6 polymer
properties could be further enhanced by the infusion
of hybrid nanoparticles and electron beam irradiation.
The hybrid nanoparticles of ZnO/CNTs are infused
through the melt extrusion process and tested for
their mechanical and thermal properties. Electronbeam irradiation has two effects on nanocomposites
i.e. either increases the cross-linking or causes chain
scission depends on dose of irradiation. The composite
fibers were further exposed to the electron-beam (160
KGy, 132 KGy and 99 KGy) irradiation using a 1.5
MeV electron beam accelerator, at room temperature,
in the presence of air and tested for their thermal and
mechanical properties to study the effect of electron
beam irradiation. The best ultimate tensile strength
was found to be 601 MPa irradiated at 132 KGy for
ZnO/CNT /Nylon-6 nano-composite fiber as compared
to 325 MPa and 240 MPa for ZnO/CNT/Nylon-6
nano-composite fiber without irradiation and control
Nylon-6 fiber respectively. Differential Scanning
Calorimetry (DSC) analysis results show that the
degree of cure was increased because of cross-linking
which was expected at high electron-beam radiation
dose. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was also
studied to understand the thermal stability before and
after exposed to irradiation.
4:00 PM
Fabrication of Barium Titanate Nanoparticles/
Poly(methylmethacrylate) Composite Films by
a Combination of Deposition Process and Spincoating Technique: Yoshio Kobayashi1; Aiko Odo1;
1
Ibaraki University
Thin films of dielectric ceramics are one of typical
electronic devices incorporated in electric circuits.
Many dielectric ceramics like barium titanate are
crystallized by annealing at high temperature to make
them have dielectric characteristics, which damages
organic resin substrates for the electric circuits. Their
fragileness is another disadvantage, which makes it
hard to process them into the target form. Polymer
films containing ceramic dielectric fine particles
will have dual functions of processability and high
dielectric constant. The present work proposes a
method for fabricating polymer films containing BT
nanoparticles by applying processes of deposition of
particles and spin-coating of polymer. BT nanoparticles
were produced by adding Ti(i-OPr)4/i-PrOH solution,
acetylacetone and NaOH aqueous solution in turn
to i-PrOH dispersing Ba(OH)28H2O at 80°C. A
poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) film containing
BT nanoparticles (BT/PMMA) was produced by
depositing BT nanoparticles on a glass plate surfacemodified with polyvinylpyrrolidinone (PVP), spincoating PMMA/N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP)
solution on it, and then drying it in the atmosphere
at room temperature. A size of the BT particles was
77.6 ± 30.5 nm. Their crystal structure was perovskite
cubic BT. The surface-modification of the glass with
PVP made the BT particles deposited uniformly on its
whole area. A BT/PMMA film with a transmittance
of ca. 90% in the visible light region and a thickness
of ca. 300 nm was obtained at a PMMA concentration
of 150 g/L in the PMMA/NMP solution and a rotating
speed of 5000 rpm in the spin-coating. The film surface
became evener by spin-coating twice.
July 21-25, 2014 • Sao Paulo, Brazil
WEDNESDAY PM
to sophisticated structures for civil and military
applications. The ordinance industry manufactures
soft and hard lightweight armor using the fibers since
that these materials present a great absorption of the
impact energy of ballistic projectiles. Hard armor is a
composite formed by woven or non-woven fabrics in
a thermoplastic or thermorigid matrix. Body armor is
exposed, in daily use, to radiations, humidity, heat etc.,
and it is known that exposure of polymer to environment
causes macromolecular modifications which lead to
alterations on material properties. The agents vary
with local conditions and depend from region to
region. The published data about the sensitivity of
proprietary polymeric armor made with high-modulus
and high-strength fibers to environmental agents are
limited and sometimes contradictory. Studies related
to the evaluation of exposure effects on the behavior
of aramid and UHMWPE armor materials started at
IME in 2002 using physicochemical, mechanical and
ballistic tests. This work is the theme of a research
project carried out in our Materials Science Graduate
Program that aims to prevent the occurrence of
catastrophic armor failures, the prediction of useful
life of polymeric armors and the development of new
armors materials. The results of these research studies
will be reported and discussed.
41
WEDNESDAY PM
ABM-TMS Second Pan American Materials Conference - 2014
4:20 PM Invited
Digital Microscopy and 2D/3D Image Analysis
in the Characterization of Non-homogeneous
Materials: An Overview: Sidnei Paciornik1; José
Roberto d´Almeida2; Hirschel Rouco3; 1 PUC-Rio;
2
PUC-Rio; 3CEPEL
The characteristics of the spatial distribution
of reinforcement within the matrix of composites
have an important impact on the properties of these
materials. Moreover, the presence of defects such as
voids or delamination is critical for the mechanical
properties. Given the wide variety of volume fraction,
size and shape of the reinforcement bodies, traditional
microscopy methods are not accurate enough in the
characterization of composites. In this work digital
microscopy with extensive image analysis was
employed to analyze the microstructure of different
composites. Results will be shown for pultruded and
filament wound GFRP´s, for the morphometry of
lignocellulosic fibers, and for the quantification of
the spatial distribution of reinforcement, associated to
image simulation. The technical requirements on the
optical and scanning electron microscopy, linked to
automated image analysis, and the image processing/
simulation methodology will be presented. Preliminary
results on the use of x-ray microtomography for 3D
characterization of these materials will also be reported.
5:00 PM Invited
Effect of Volume Fraction and Type of Constituents
on Physical and Mechanical Properties of
Composite Materials Used for Restoration of
Historical Monuments: Leonardo Godefroid1; José
Neves1; Geraldo Faria1; Luiz Cândido1; 1Federal
University of Ouro Preto
Several cities founded in Brazil during the
colonial period (called the “gold cycle”) preserve to
this day houses and civil and religious monuments
of historical/architectural value of worldwide
recognition. An example is the city of Ouro Preto,
elevated to a cultural heritage by UNESCO in 1980
to remain practically unchanged since 1750. Many of
these monuments were built with rocks of the region,
such as quartzite and “soap stone”. Unfortunately,
many constructions are deteriorated, because they
are exposed to weathering agents and vandalism. It
becomes necessary to develop technologies that will
promote the conservation and restoration of these
art works. It is known that a restorative technique
currently used is the use of mixtures of rocks with
resins, to create a composite material with good
42
properties. However, this technique is still performed
empirically. In this work, a research was conducted to
evaluate the best mixture of appropriate constituents
for restoring monuments in historical cities. Two types
of particulates of rock were adopted - quartzite and
“soap stone” with two different resins - epoxy and
polyester, with volume fraction of 10%, 15% and 25%
of resin (wt%). The effect of the type of material and
the volume fraction of constituents on mechanical
strength under flexion, compression and abrasion was
evaluated, as well as some physical properties. It was
possible to conclude that a volume fraction of 15% of
polyester resin (cheaper) in the composite material is
enough to overcome the mechanical resistance of the
rock in its natural state.
5:40 PM Invited
Functional Materials with Hierarchical Structure
Inspired by Natural Species: Di Zhang1; Wang
Zhang1; Jiajun Gu1; Huilan Su1; Shenmin Zhu1; Qinglei
Liu1; 1Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Biological materials usually display an astonishing
variety of sophisticated morphologies and hierarchical
structures that can not be artificially made even with
the most advanced synthetic technology. However,
inspired by nature, there has been a great interest
in fabricating artificial materials with structures
and functions somewhat like nature species. In this
regards, different bio-templating methods have been
developed by material scientists for the conversion of
biological templates into functional materials. In this
review we will introduce a novel “morpho-genetic”
method developed by Shanghai Jiao Tong University.
At first, we focused on replicating the morphological
characteristics and the functionality of a biological
species (e.g. wood, agriculture castoff, butterfly
wings). And then we change their original components
into our desired materials with original morphologies
faithfully kept. Properties of the obtained materials are
studied in details. Based on these results, we discuss
the possibility of using these materials in photonic
control, solar cells, electromagnetic shielding, energy
harvesting, and gas sensitive devices, et al. In addition,
the fabrication method could be applied to other nature
substrate template and inorganic systems that could
eventually lead to the production of optical, magnetic.
or electric devices or components as building blocks
for nanoelectronic, magnetic, or photonic integrated
systems. These bioinspired functional materials with
improved performance characteristics are becoming
increasing important, which will have great values on
www.abmbrasil.com.br/seminarios/materials-conference/2014
Technical Program
the development on structural function materials in the
near future.
5. Biomaterials, Smart Materials,
and Structures – Bioabsorbable and
Natural Materials
Wednesday PM
July 23, 2014
Room: Room 13
Location: Frei Caneca
Convention Center
Session Chairs: Jaroslaw Drelich, Michigan
Technological University; Po-You Chen, National
Tsing Hua University; Clodomiro Bolfarini,
Universidade Federal de São Carlos
2:00 PM Invited
Biodegradable Magnesium Implants’ Corrosion
Properties and Cellular Reactions under near
Physiological Conditions: Olga Charyeva1; Daniel
Zukowski1; Frank Feyerabend2; Regine Willumeit2;
Katrin Lips3; 1aap Biomaterials; 2Helmholtz-Zentrum
Geesthacht; 3Justus-Liebig University
Magnesium has attracted much attention for its
potential use in trauma and orthopedics fields due to its
excellent mechanical properties, biocompatibility and
biodegradability. It is desirable for magnesium-based
alloys to have slow degradation rate so the fractured
bone heals before the implant resorbs. It is thus crucial
to design alloys with slow corrosion rate and high
biocompatibility. Corrosion properties of Mg2Ag,
Mg10Gd, WE43 and 99.99% pure Mg were studied
under near physiological conditions with and without
the presence of human bone mesenchymal stem
cells (hMSCs). The samples were placed in DMEM
containing 10% FBS and corrosion was studied after
immersion and by gas evolution tests. The corrosion
rate (CR), osmolality, pH and Ca2+ concentrations
were determined periodically and cellular reactions
were observed. Results: WE43 showed the highest
CR of all materials tested – 1.057 mm/year – which is
almost twice as high as in the other samples. The lowest
mean CR was in Mg2Ag group, but this difference
was not statistically significant compared to Mg10Gd
and WE43. All alloys made pH more alkaline and
decreased concentration of free Ca2+ in the solution.
2:40 PM
Electrochemical Behavior of Magnesium Based
Alloy in Ringer Solution Medium: Telma Matias1;
Gabriel Asato1; Nilson Oliveira1; Claudemiro
Bolfarini1; Claudio Kiminami1; Walter Botta1;
1
Universidade Federal de São Carlos
The magnesium based alloy Mg65Zn30Ca5 was
obtained from the processing of two eutectic binary
alloys Mg-Zn and Mg-Ca, by melting pure elements
in centrifugal furnace induction, using ultrapure
Ar as protection against oxidation. The appropriate
processing of magnesium based alloys for application
as bioabsorbable implants has been a major challenge,
and the experimental conditions for obtaining these
materials must encourage the production of amorphous
alloys. Amorphous alloys are very attractive materials
for application as biomedical implants because of
their mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.
In order to study the electrochemical behavior of the
amorphous and crystalline structures of Mg65Zn30Ca5
alloy, samples were prepared based on earlier
characterization carried out by Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM), Differential Scanning Calorimetry
(DSC) and Chemical Analysis. Samples with 2 mm
(amorphous) and 5 mm (crystalline) of thickness
were submitted to electrochemical tests involving
Open Circuit Potential (OCP) and Electrochemical
Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) measurements in
long immersion period, using Ringer physiological
solution as electrolyte. The results showed that the
OCP values for the 2 and 5 mm thicknesses changed
very fast to more positive values in the beginning,
reaching an almost stationary potential after 72 h. The
EIS measures, presented as Nyquist diagrams, showed
that the Rp (film resistance) values decreased along
the immersion time for both samples, decreasing faster
after 24 h. Nevertheless, the 2 mm sample showed
higher Rp values than the 5 mm sample, suggesting
better corrosion resistance for the first one.
July 21-25, 2014 • Sao Paulo, Brazil
WEDNESDAY PM
Program Organizers: Carlos Elias, Instituto
Militar de Engenharia; Po-Yu Chen, National
Tsing Hua University; Roger Narayan, UNC/
NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical
Engineering
Osmolality decreased in all samples after day 7. Normal
cell morphology was observed in the Mg2Ag group
whereas pure Mg resulted in significant morphology
distortion. All alloys stimulated calcification which is
beneficial for orthopedic applications. Mg2Ag is the
most promising out of all studied materials both with
regard to the cellular reaction of hMSCs and corrosion
properties.
43
WEDNESDAY PM
ABM-TMS Second Pan American Materials Conference - 2014
3:00 PM
Mechanical Alloying of Mg- rich and Ca-rich
Biomedical Alloys and their Characterization:
Thirumurugan Muthiah1; Claudio Aguilar1; Paula
Rojas2; Danny Guzman3; Ramalinga Viswanathan
Mangalaraja4; Kumaran Sinnaeruvadi5; 1Universidad
Tecnica Federico Santa Maria; 2Pontificia Universidad
Católica de Valparaiso; 3Universidad Atacama,
Copiapo; 4Universidad de Concepcion; 5National
Institute of Technology, Trichy
Magnesium alloys have been attracted much
in recent years due to their good mechanical,
biocompatibilities and biodegradation properties.
The essential alloying elements of Zn and Ca for
human have been investigated as potential biomaterial
elements. The Ca-based alloys have been considered
as potential biomedical like Mg-based ones, especially
Ca–Mg–Zn ternary system. These alloys have similar
superior properties for to use as biomaterials as Mg–
Zn–Ca systems in many ways. In this work, a ternary
Mg65Zn30Ca5 (at.%) and Ca65Mg15Zn20 (at.%) alloys
were synthesized by mechanical alloying for 10,20
and 30 hrs in SPEX mill with 10:1 BPR in argon
atmosphere. Their structural and phase transformations
occurring with respect to milling times were studied
by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy
and the differential scanning calorimetry analyses. At
present, no significant results are available to include
in the abstract part because the processes are in the
initial stage. Later the results will be included in the
manuscript.
3:20 PM
Extraordinary Tear Resistance of Skin: Wen Yang1;
Vincent Sherman2; Bernd Gludovatz3; Eric Schaible3;
Polite Stewart3; Robert Ritchie4; Marc Meyers2;
1
ETH Zurich; 2University of California, San Diego;
3
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; 4University
of California, Berkeley
All vertebrates are covered with the organ skin,
which is multifunctional, providing protection from
the environment, enabling temperature regulation,
enhancing camouflage, acting as a collector of thermal
energy, and hosting a variety of embedded sensors.
Here we explain why it is virtually impossible to
propagate a tear in rabbit skin, chosen as a model
material for the dermis of vertebrates. The mechanical
properties are provided principally by the dermis, the
thickest of the three layers. The major constituents are
Type 1 collagen and elastin; the first is responsible for
the mechanical resistance to extension while elastin
44
provides the energy to reverse the deformation. In order
to fulfill its multifunctional role, the skin must possess,
in addition to prescribed and tailored mechanical
response, damage minimization strategies in order to
prevent severe tearing and damage. We explain why
it is virtually impossible to propagate a tear in rabbit
skin, chosen as a model material for the dermis of
vertebrates. We have identified four mechanisms of
collagen fibril activity ahead of pre-notched specimens
that virtually eliminate the possibility of crack
propagation: collagen fibril straightening, collagen
fibril reorientation toward the tensile direction, elastic
stretching, and interfibrillar sliding, which contribute
to the redistribution of the stresses at the notch tip.
3:40 PM
Extraction and Characterization of Lignin and
from Different Biomass Resources: Dereca Watkins1;
Md. Nuruddin1; Mahesh Hosur1; Alfred TcherbiNarteh1; Shaik Jeelani1; 1Tuskegee University
As the world’s most abundant renewable resource,
lignocellulosic biomass has been acknowledged for
potential uses to produce chemicals and biomaterials.
Lignin, making up 10-25% of lignocellulosic biomass,
is the second most abundant natural polymer with
cellulose being number one. Lignin is a threedimensional, highly cross-linked macromolecule
composed of three types of substituted phenols which
include: coniferyl, sinapyl, and p-coumaryl alcohols
by enzymatic polymerization yielding a vast number
of functional groups and linkages. The areas in
which lignin is applicable include: emulsifying, dyes,
synthetic flavorings, sequestering, binding, thermosets,
dispersal agents, paints, and fuels to treatments for
roadways. As a natural and renewable raw material,
obtainable at an affordable cost, and great chemical
and physical properties, lignin’s substitution potential
extends to any products currently sourced from
petrochemical substances. There is a wide range of
lignin source available including: jute, hemp, cotton,
and wood pulp. Hence, the lignin’s physical and
chemical behavior will be different with respect to
the original source and extraction method that is used.
The objective of this research was to extract lignin
from nonwood cellulosic biomass (Wheat straw, Pine
straw, Alfalfa, Kenaf, and Flax fiber) by formic acid
treatment followed by peroxyformic acid treatment for
potential use as a partial replacement for the phenol
precursor in resole phenolic systems. Isolated lignins
were purified to remove impurities and characterized
by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),
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Technical Program
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses to compare
thermal properties and chemical composition. Details
of these investigations will be discussed and presented.
4:00 PM Break
4:40 PM Invited
Directed Assembly of Composites Inspired by
Nature: Andre Studart1; 1ETH Zurich
Natural composite materials like seashells, teeth,
bone and trees consist of a soft organic matrix and
stiff reinforcing building blocks assembled into unique
hierarchical architectures. The intricate organization
of such natural materials over multiple length scales
finds no counterparts within man-made composites.
Implementation of such nano-/microstructural design
in synthetic composites should enable the creation of
materials with unusual combination of properties and
functionalities. Despite ongoing efforts to understand
the complex cell-mediated processes that lead to such
hierarchical architectures, mimicking synthetically the
structural organization of natural materials remains a
major challenge. An alternative approach is to devise
WEDNESDAY PM
4:20 PM
Nanoindentation and Nanoscratch Tecniques
Applied to Hair Fibers Characterization: Nathalia
De Oliveira1; Amal Eltom1; Débora Alves1; Sergio
Camargo Jr1; 1UFRJ
Early research into human hair was done primarily
on the chemical and physical properties of the hair
fiber itself (chemical composition, microstructure
and hair growth). It was found that, human hair is a
nanocomposite biological fiber with well-characterized
microstructures. Studying hair properties of various
ethnicities, which are classified as Caucasian, Asian and
African is of great interest to cosmetic science. This is
because ethnical diversity of hair reflects differences in
structure and properties. In this work, Nanoindentation
(on both the transverse and lateral surfaces of hair fiber)
and nanoscratch techniques (on the lateral surface) were
applied to study the nanomechanical properties such as
hardness and Young’s modulus and scratch resistance
of Caucasian and African hairs. These properties were
correlated with the morphological and ultrastructural
features of the two ethnic groups measured by optical
and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed
that the two types of hair fibers demonstrate clear
differences in these properties which can be related to
the straightness of the Caucasian hair and curliness of
the African one.
new directed assembly routes to organize colloidal
building blocks into bioinspired structures in the
absence of cellular control. In this talk, I will present
some of our recent attempts to develop such directed
assembly routes. First, I will show a new approach to
obtain polymer-based composites exhibiting deliberate
orientation of reinforcing particles using ultra-low
magnetic fields. The ability to control the position and
orientation of reinforcing particles within a polymer
matrix leads to bioinspired heterogeneous structures
with unusual out-of-plane stiffness, wear resistance
and shape-memory effects. In the second part of the
talk, I will show that an elastomeric polyurethane
matrix can be hierarchically reinforced with nanoand microplatelets to form hybrid materials with local
elastic modulus varying up to five orders of magnitude.
Control over the local reinforcement level enables the
creation of polymeric substrates that can be stretched
several times its initial length, while keeping the
local strain on specific surface sites lower than 1%.
The unusual mechanical properties achieved in these
examples illustrate the great potential of nano- and
microstructuring in creating synthetic composites with
rich functional behavior using a limited set of building
blocks.
5:20 PM Concluding Comments
7. Processing of Materials - Materials
Processing II
Program Organizers: Olivia Graeve,
University of California, San Diego; Lawrence
Murr, University of Texas at El Paso; Andre
Tschiptschin, University of Sao Paulo
Wednesday PM
July 23, 2014
Room: Room 12
Location: Frei Caneca
Convention Center
Session Chair: Lawrence Murr, University of Texas
at El Paso
2:00 PM Invited
Achieving Multi-scale Porosity with EFAS in
Metal and Ceramic Systems: Troy Holland1; David
Anderson1; Umberto Anselmi-Tamburini2; 1Colorado
State University; 2University of Pavia
The processing of porous materials is important
to a wide range of applications including: biomedical
materials, sensors, filtration, catalysis, and armor.
Many routes to achieving porous bodies exist, but most
July 21-25, 2014 • Sao Paulo, Brazil
45
WEDNESDAY PM
ABM-TMS Second Pan American Materials Conference - 2014
have severe limitations to the length scales of porosity
and/or potential materials. Sintering, in specific
electric field assisted sintering (EFAS), has been
shown to provide excellent results for sintering many
materials systems while maintaining nano-granular
microstructures. Sintered porous materials have been
produced, but typically pore geometries are unimodal
and spherical, and often require significant postsintering treatments to achieve the targeted porosities.
In this communication we will describe a method of
producing hierarchically-structured porosity in metals
and ceramics from nano- to micron length scales using
EFAS techniques applied in conjunction with other
scalable synthesis routes.
2:40 PM Invited
Synthesis of Functional Bulk Materials via Direct
Current Sintering: Joseph Poon1; Alexander
Petersen1; Long Chen1; Andrew Cheung1; Gary
Shiflet1; 1University of Virginia
Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS), or more accurately
called Direct Current Sintering (DCS), uses external
pressure and an electric current simultaneously
to promote the densification of metallic and nonmetallic powder compacts. The advantage of this
densification process is due to the fact that it employs
lower temperatures and shorter time duration than
conventional high-pressure and high-temperature
sintering. As a result, diffusion and grain growth
can be suppressed, allowing the desired functional
properties of the compacts to be realized. We have
employed DCS to sinter bulk metallic glasses (BMG)
and thermoelectric (TE) nanostructured materials. The
compositions of the BMG alloys, which contained two
or more of the early and late refractory Fe, Co, Ni,
Ta, and W elements, are designed to have high failure
strength and some degree of damage tolerance. This
is achieved by tuning the elastic moduli and Poisson’s
ratio guided by high-throughput computation.
Nanostructuring of TE materials introduces a high
density of interfaces that scatter phonons and trap
charge carriers, providing a pathway for enhancing
the thermopower Seebeck coefficient and reducing the
thermal conductivity for increasing the figure of merit.
We will discuss recent experimental results on DCSsintered materials as well as the effect of pressure,
temperature, and strain rate effect on the densification
of the materials studied.
3:20 PM
Phase Stability of Unique Iron-based Amorphous
Metal Composites: Spark Plasma Sintering
46
and Thermodynamic Modeling: Olivia Graeve1;
Hoorshad Fathi-Kelly2; James Kelly1; 1University of
California, San Diego; 2Alfred University
Recently, several alloy compositions of Fe-based
metallic glasses with outstanding corrosion resistance
have been produced and characterized. In this study,
fundamental phase stability and boundary structure of
two such alloys have been determined. Processing of
the materials included high-energy ball milling and
subsequent spark plasma sintering to obtain dense
bulk specimens. Spark plasma sintering allowed the
formation of dense metallic glass compacts without
losing their amorphous character, since consolidation
was completed at relatively low temperatures
and in shorter times as compared to conventional
sintering methods. Evaluation of consolidation and
divitrification behavior of our materials during spark
plasma sintering, with respect to processing parameters
such as temperature and pressure, was completed. A
detailed X-ray diffraction analysis was completed that
allowed us to determine, in a very accurate way, the
percent crystallinity in these materials as processing
parameters were modified. Details of this analysis will
be presented. Thermodynamic modeling was used to
predict a glass forming composition with increased
tungsten content for purposes of increasing the specific
density in these alloys. A multi-model approach was
employed to determine the optimum composition.
The model requires a quantitative determination of
the strain and the liquidus temperature of a given
composition. The determination of the alloy eutectic
depth requires equilibrium calculations to determine
the stable phases as a function of temperature.
3:40 PM
Formation of Columnar Grain and Its Effect on
the Mechanical Properties of EBLM Ti-6Al-4V
Alloy: Jianrong Liu1; Hongbo Suo2; Shuili Gong2;
Zibo Zhao1; Lei Wang1; Qingjiang Wang1; Rui Yang1;
1
Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of
Sciences; 2Avic Beijing Aeronautical Manufacturing
Technology Research Institute
Formation of columnar grains and their effects
on mechanical properties of electron beam layer
manufactured (EBLM) Ti-6Al-4V alloy was studied in
the present article. The feed stock used for deposition
was modified Ti-6Al-4V wire developed by Institute
of Metal Research,CAS. The columnar grains begin
to form from the first layer and grow nearly normal
to the substrate without interuption during the later
deposition process. The EBLM Ti-6Al-4V workpiece
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Technical Program
exhibits high fatigue strength, fracture and impact
toughness with tensile strength above 940MPa and
elongation above 8%. Tensile strength in direction
parallel to the length of the columnar grains is found
apparently lower than in other directions. To make
clear this phenomenon, microstructural features
was examined and columnar grain orientation was
determined through a method based on measured
EBSD data and morphology of alpha platelets.
4:20 PM Invited
Directed Assembly of Platelets via Mechanical
and Magnetic Stimuli: Wen Yang1; Rafael Libanori1;
Randall Erb1; André Studart1; 1ETH Zurich
Nature assembles anisotropic building blocks in a
fashion that maximizes the mechanical performance of
biological composites. In the abalone shell, the outer
and the inner layers exhibit anisotropic reinforcing
particles that are aligned perpendicular and parallel
to the surface to optimize both the shell hardness and
resistance against crack propagation, respectively. In
contrast, deliberate control of the orientation and spatial
distribution of anisotropic particles to locally tailor
WEDNESDAY PM
4:00 PM
A Benchmark Experiment of the Mold Filling of a
Cast Iron Plate by Lost Foam Casting: Jinwu Kang1;
Xiaokun Hao1; Gang Nie1; Yongyi Hu1; 1Tsinghua
University
In lost foam casting (LFC), the presence of an EPS
pattern inside the mold leads to new features for the
filling of the melt. The burning of the EPS pattern has
great effect on its filling. In this paper, a measurement
system of liquid metal filling based on modified contact
time method (METM) was established. The filling of
measured points is illustrated by an array of lightemitting diodes (LED) arranged alike the shape of the
casting, the lightening time of each diode is the filling
time instant of the measurement point connecting to
it. The filling time of all the points is obtained by the
image analysis of recorded movie. This method is
free of the limitation of signal acquisition channels.
By using this measurement system, the benchmark
experimental study of the filling of a vertical placed
plate of cast iron by lost foam casting was carried
out. The filling profiles and filling velocity during
filling process were obtained. The influence of some
parameters including metastatic head, density of the
EPS pattern, thickness of coating and permeability of
sand mould on filling process were investigated. And
the filling was studied with different dimensions of a
window cut from the plate.
mechanical and functional properties remains largely
unexplored in synthetic materials. Although magnetic
manipulation has been successfully used as a method to
remotely control the orientation of magnetized alumina
platelets, steric interactions between adjacent platelets
limit both the maximum alignment degree and the
volume fraction of platelets that can be achieved within
a continuous polymer matrix. (1) In this study, we show
that bulk composites with tailored platelet orientations
can be fabricated through a directed-assembly route
that combines magnetic and mechanical stimuli. (2)
Our results revealed that the application of mechanical
vibrations during the magnetic alignment process
provide enough kinetic energy to the platelets to favor
their arrangement and alignment along the plane of the
applied magnetic field. By combining high alignment
degree and volume fractions of platelets up to 27 vol
%, we were able to fabricate composites with highly
anisotropic mechanical and functional properties.
5:00 PM
High Chromium White Cast Irons: Destabilizedsubcritical Secondary Carbide Segregation and Its
Effect on Hardness and Wear Properties: Martin
Duarte Guigou1; Sebastian Suarez2; Gastón Pereira3;
Claudio Cigliutti3; Frank Muchlick2; 1Universidad
Católica del Uruguay; 2Saarland University; 3Tubacero
SA
High Chromium Cast Irons (HCCIs) are widely
used as wear resistant materials in mining and mineral
processing given their outstanding wear and erosion
resistance. The presence of a third (disperse) phase
in the metallic matrix, secondary carbides (SC), may
increase wear resistance of the matrix itself reducing
damage by third bodies. SC also influence wear
resistance by increasing the matrix strength through
a dispersion hardening effect, increasing mechanical
support for the eutectic carbides. Still, SC are seldom
elusive in the industrial processing of HCCIs.
Previous work has focused mostly on sub critical heat
treatments and small variations of the usual quenching
procedure. Most results show either low SC volume
fractions or small precipitates. A simple and scalable
HCCIs processing with high SC volume fractions is
still an attractive goal. In this work HCCI samples
were manufactured in arc furnace and casted in round
steel moulds. Thermal treatment was carried out by
two methods: destabilization and cooling in air and
destabilization followed by a multi step sub-critical
diffusion process.Macro hardness measurements, SEM
and Optical Microscopy observations were carried out,
July 21-25, 2014 • Sao Paulo, Brazil
47
ABM-TMS Second Pan American Materials Conference - 2014
WEDNESDAY PM
showing that increased SC segregation is achievable
with destabilization and multi step sub-critical heat
treatments, using limited minor alloying elements.
Heat treatment and chemical composition effect on SC
size and distribution was examined. XRD observations
were performed on the result samples and variable
temperature XRD was used to identify SC segregation
parameters and kinetics. Finally the effect of such
increased carbide segregation on wear resistance was
tested with slurry wear tests.
5:20 PM Invited
Synthesis of Luminescent/Magnetic Nanomaterials
for Applications in Nanomedicine: Gustavo Hirata1;
1
CNyN-UNAM
There is great interest in nano-sized light emitting
materials (phosphors) for applications as biological
markers and scintillators. Luminescent nanomaterials
(nanophosphors) are composed of an inert host (e.g.
oxide, sulfide, nitride) and a few atomic percent of a
substitutional activator ion (transition or rare-earth
element). Under external excitation, photons are
produced with energies ranging from the x-ray to IR,
depending on the host and activator compositions.
Despite advantages of having a small size, which
includes reduced light scattering, higher resolution and
the potential to use less material, persistent problems
remain. The most serious is the reduction in quantum
efficiency that occurs for nanocrystalline materials.
This is a result of the large surface area to volume
ratio that results in a significant number of atoms in
a disordered crystalline environment on the surface.
Additionally, there is some evidence that there is a
higher activator concentration at the surface. There
is an optimal activator concentration in a specific
host:activator composition that yields the highest light
output. Higher activator amounts leads to concentration
quenching of the luminescence. Another significant
problem is with agglomeration, resulting from the
high surface/volume ratio of nanocrystalline powders.
This talk will address a wide range of synthesis
methods and several issues that need to be solved
for a successful development of nanosized powders
for luminescence applications in bionanotechnology
and nanomedicine. Finally, preliminary results of
bifunctional nanoparticles (luminescent/magnetic)
synthesis and characterization will be also discussed
in this presentation.
6:00 PM
Synthesis of Copper Foam Reinforced with
Alumina Particles: Claudio Aguilar1; Christopher
48
Salvo1; Carolina Guerra1; Mariette Arancibia1;
Thirumurugan Muthiah1; Danny Guzman2; Paula
Rojas3; Carola Martinez3; 1Universidad Técnica
Federico Santa María; 2Universidad de Atacama;
3
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso
This work has been focus about the influence of
Al2O3 (alumina) particles on copper foam and their
mechanical properties. The foams were produced by
means of space holder method. The sodium chloride
(NaCl), ammonium hydrogen carbonate and potassium
carbonate have been tested as space holder materials.
The green compacts have been prepared by mixing the
blend of copper, space holder and alumina powders by
applying 200 MPa pressure. The foams are obtained
with different space holders (50% v/v) but only with
NaCl the best results achieved. The synthesis of copper
foam has been achieved in two different temperatures
and times, i) 790°C for 2h and ii) 850°C for 4 h. Two
different sized alumina particles (1 and 0.01 µm)
have been used in this work with different volume
fraction of 2, 4 and 6%v/v. The results of structural
characterization and mechanical properties are obtained
through optical, scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
and compression test analyses. With respect to the
volume fraction of alumina particles the yield strength
in increases. The elastic modulus values are decreases
when compared with pure copper due the porosity.
9. Bulk Metallic Glasses,
Nanocrystalline Materials, and
Ultrafine-Grain Materials –
Microstructure Evolution During
Severe Plastic Deformation
Program Organizers: Terence Langdon,
University of Southern California; Roberto
Figueiredo, Federal University of Minas Gerais
Wednesday PM
July 23, 2014
Room: Room 15
Location: Frei Caneca
Convention Center
Session Chairs: Jing Wang, Nanjing University
of Science and Technology; Andrea Kliauga,
Universidade Federal de São Carlos
2:00 PM
EBSD Microstructure Evolution in HPT Copper
Annealed at a Low Temperature: Alexander
Zhilyaev1; Semyon Sergeev2; Terence Langdon1;
1
University of Southampton; 2Institute for Metals
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Technical Program
Ladkrabang; 3University of Southampton
A low-carbon triple-alloyed steel was processed
by high-pressure torsion at room temperature for up
to 5 turns under a pressure of 6.0 GPa. Microhardness,
scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction
were used to investigate the hardness and microstructure
evolution of the steel. Values of Vickers microhardness
were recorded across the sample diameter. Results
show that there is a gradual evolution in both the
hardness and microstructure with increasing numbers
of turns. However, the microhardness does not become
fully homogeneous across the sample diameter after
five turns and there remain significantly lower values
in the center of the disk. These results indicate that
complete homogeneity across the disks for this steel
requires applied pressures higher than 6 GPa and/or
torsional straining through more than 5 turns.
2:20 PM
Aging Kinetics of Ultrafine Grained Metastable
Beta-Ti Alloys Produced by Severe Plastic
Deformation: Irina Semenova1; Ruslan Valiev1;
Svetlana Gatina1; 1UFA State Aviation Technical
University
Metastable beta-Ti alloys possess significant
advantages over other Ti alloys due to a lower
elasticity modulus, good deformability and
workability. Depending on the chemical composition
they are employed in medicine to produce implants
and in aircraft and mechanical engineering to produce
fastening elements. This paper investigates peculiarities
of ultrafine-grained (UFG) structures in beta - titanium
alloys Ti LCB and Ti-15Mo produced by high pressure
torsion (HPT) and equal channel angular pressing
(ECAP). This work presents the possibility of strength
enhancement in the beta-alloys due to microstructure
refinement without precipitation of a secondary alfaphase via severe plastic deformation (SPD).Influence
of the SPD on the aging kinetics, on the density and
distribution of precipitations is revealed. It has been
stated that combination of the SPD processing and
final ageing is an effective way to achieve superior
strength and ductility. The role of morphology of
secondary phases in the UFG structure on the strength
and ductility of beta-Ti is discussed.
3:00 PM
Microstructure
Evolution
and
Mechanical
Properties of Ultra-fine Grained MgAlZn Alloy
Processed by Severe Plastic Deformation: Miloš
Janecek1; Jitka Stráská1; Tereza Brunátová1; Jakub
Cížek1; Hyoung Seop Kim1; 1Charles University
Commercial Mg alloy AZ31 alloy was processed
by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) and high
pressure torsion (HPT). Mechanical properties and
microstructure evolution with strain imposed by severe
plastic deformation were investigated. Significant
grain refinement was achieved by both techniques.
Mechanical properties were characterized by tensile
tests and microhardness. Microstructure evolution
was investigated by light and electron microscopy
and electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD). High
density of dislocations was found in the ultrafinegrained material. The variations of dislocation density
in specimens after different number ECAP passes (up
to 12) and HPT turns (up to 15) were characterized
by positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) and
X-ray diffraction. Sharp increase of dislocation
density occurred during the first two passes of
ECAP, followed by the saturation and even a decline
manifesting the dynamic recovery at higher strains.
On the other hand, in specimens processed by HPT
PAS spectra consisted of two components, namely a
short-lived component representing a contribution of
free positrons not trapped at defects and a long-lived
component which comes from positrons trapped at
dislocations introduced by severe plastic deformation.
The microstructure evolution and dislocation density
variations correlate well with mechanical properties.
2:40 PM
Microstructural Evolution and Microhardness in
a Low Carbon Steel Processed by High-pressure
Torsion: Diana Marulanda1; Jittraporn WongsaNgam2; Terence Langdon3; 1Universidad Antonio
Nariño; 2King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology
July 21-25, 2014 • Sao Paulo, Brazil
WEDNESDAY PM
Superplasticity Problems, Russian Academy of Science
Detailed EBSD analysis was performed on
copper specimens processed by high-pressure torsion
at P=6 GPa for one whole turn and subsequently
annealed at a temperature of 100 °C for 15, 30 and
60 minutes. The basic microstructural parameters
(mean grain size, GB statistics, microtexture) were
evaluated at the center, mid-radius and edge areas
of the HPT disks. Microhardness of all samples was
measured across the two diameters and interlinked to
the microstructures observed. Small but noticeable
changes of microhardness in HPT copper after
annealing were detected. The changes were interlinked
to microstructural parameters acquired by EBSD.
The relationships obtained are discussed in terms of
microstructure and microtexture evolution during low
temperature annealing.
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ABM-TMS Second Pan American Materials Conference - 2014
WEDNESDAY PM
Individual aspects of this correlation as well as the
differences of microstructure a dislocation density in
specimens after ECAP and HPT are discussed in detail.
3:20 PM
Grain Size and Microhardness Evolution during
Annealing of a Magnesium Alloy Processed by
High-pressure Torsion: Livia Raquel Malheiros1;
Roberto Figueiredo1; Terence Langdon2; 1Federal
University of Minas Gerais; 2University of Southern
California
High-Pressure Torsion was used to impose severe
plastic deformation to a magnesium alloy AZ31. The
material was processed for 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 turns
at room temperature and under a pressure of 6 GPa.
Samples were annealed for 1800 s at temperatures of
373 K, 423 K, 473 K, 573 K and 673 K. Microhardness
tests and metallography were used to determine the
evolution of strength and grain size as a function of
the annealing temperature. The results show that
recrystallization takes place at temperatures higher
than 423 K. The annealing behavior is independent of
the number of turns in HPT.
3:40 PM
Bulk and Grain Boundary Phase Transformations
Driven by the Severe Plastic Deformation: Boris
Straumal1; Andrei Mazilkin2; Yulia Ivanisenko3;
Askar Kilmametov4; Brigitte Baretzky4; 1MPI of
Intelligent Systems; 2Institute of Solid State Physics
RAS; 3Karlsruhe Institute for Technology ; 4Karlsruhe
Institute for Technology
Severe plastic deformation (SPD) can lead to the
bulk and grain boundary phase transformations in the
materials, e.g. the formation or decomposition of a
supersaturated solid solution, dissolution of phases,
disordering of ordered phases, amorphyzation of
crystalline phases, synthesis of the low-temperature,
high-temperature
or
high-pressure
allotropic
modifications, nanocrystallization in the amorphous
matrix and pseudopartial grain boundary wetting.
Even the SPD-treatment at ambient temperature
TSPD is frequently equivalent to the heat treatment
at a certain elevated temperature Teff. However, if the
real annealing at Teff leads to the grain growth, SPD
leads to the strong grain refinement. The methods of
Teff determination after high-pressure torsion are
discussed.
50
4:00 PM Break
4:20 PM
Influence of Phase Volume Fraction on the Grain
Refining of a Ti-6Al-4V Alloy by High-pressure
Torsion: Jie Fu1; Hua Ding1; Yi Huang2; Terrence
Langdon3; 1Northeastern University; 2University of
Southampton; 3University of Southern California
In the present work, the influence of phase volume
fraction on the grain refining of a Ti-6Al-4V alloy by
high-pressure torsion (HPT) was examined. Prior to
processing by HPT, the material was divided into three
batches,subjected to solution treatments at temperatures
of 910°C/45min+550°C/3h, 950°C/45min+550°C/3h
and 970°C/45min+550°C/3h, respectively. Quantitative
measurements revealed that the volume fractions were
70 % equiaxed a phase and 30 % laminar (α+ß) (TC41), 47% equiaxed a phase and 53% laminar (α+ß)
(TC4-2) and 25 % equiaxed a phase and 75% laminar
(α+ß) (TC4-3) and the grain sizes of the a phase were
7.0±2µm, 9.0±1.5µm and 9.5±1.5µm. The processing
by HPT was performed at room temperature with a
pressure of 6.0 GPa and the lower anvil was rotated
with a speed of 1 rpm. Processing was conducted
through a total number of revolutions, N, of 0.25, 1,
5, 10 and 20 turns. After HPT processing, the Vickers
hardness, Hv, measurements were taken on the disks.
Microstructure observations were performed by TEM.
The results showed that the mirohardness increased
and grain size decreased with increasing numbers
of turns in HPT processing and in the three batches
there was a stabilization in the microhardness values
around 5 turns. The grain sizes after 20 turns of HPT
were 117±30 nm in TC4-1, 83±25 nm in TC4-2 and
77±15 nm in TC4-3, which means that the grain size
decreases as the volume fraction of a phase decreases
and the laminar (α+ß) increases.
4:40 PM
Dynamic Recrystallization of a High Purity
Aluminum during Tube High-pressure Shearing:
Jing Tao Wang1; 1Nanjing University of Science and
Technology
The recrystallization behavior of a ultra-high pure
aluminum (99.999%) during tube High-Pressure
Shearing (t-HPS) was investigated at different average
strain and strain rate. The microstructure after t-HPS
was characterized by electron backscatter diffraction
(EBSD). At higher strain rate, a finer grain size and
higher recrystallization fraction were obtained. At
average strain larger than ~4, nearly fully recrystallized
microstrucutre was observed after t-HPS. A texture of
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Technical Program
typical shear feature was observed, and microstructure
evolution mechanism was discussed.
5:00 PM
An Evaluation of the Saturation Microstructures
Achieved after Processing through a Combination
of ECAP and HPT: Shima Sabbaghianrad1; Jittraporn
Wongsa-Ngam2; Terence Langdon3; 1University of
Southern California; 2King Mongkut’s Instituite of
Technology Ladkrabang; 3University of Southampton
Experiments were conducted on two commercial
alloys, a Cu-0.1% Zr alloy and the Al-7075 aluminum
alloy, to investigate the significance of the saturation
microstructure achieved after processing by highpressure torsion (HPT). Samples were processed
by HPT and also by a combination of equal-channel
angular pressing (ECAP) followed by HPT. The
saturation conditions were investigated using analytical
techniques and microhardness measurements.
Program Organizers: Fernand Marquis, Naval
Postgraduate School; Paulo Valadao, Federal
University of Rio de Janeiro
Thursday AM
July 24, 2014
Room: Room 15
Location: Frei Caneca
Convention Center
Session Chairs: Fernand Marquis, NPS; Paulo Emilio
de Miranda, COPPE-UFRJ
8:00 AM Invited
Nanomaterials for Energy Conversion Enabled by
the Layer-by-layer Technique: Maria A. G. Soler1;
Leonardo G. Paterno1; 1Universidade de Brasilia
The evolution of nanomaterials from relatively
simpler chemical structures and morphologies to those
of multiple configurations has driven the development
of energy conversion and storage devices as well
as (bio)chemical sensors. Before getting into such
applications, nanomaterials need to be processed
into thin films. In fact, this is the big hurdle to be
surmounted before practical nanomaterials-based
devices reach the market and come to a widespread
usage. The layer-by-layer (LbL) technique, a bottomup method for thin film preparation has offered a
wide window of opportunities in this field own to its
low cost, easiness on execution, and no-limitation on
substrate type or shape. The LbL technique is based
8:40 AM
Nano, Nanostructured and Hybrid Materials for
Multifunctional Energy Applications: Fernand
Marquis1; 1Naval Postgraduate School
Due to their exceptional stiffness, strength, thermal
and electrical conductivity, carbon nanotubes and
graphene have the potential for the development
into nano composites materials and hybrid materials
for a wide variety of applications.
In order to
achieve the full potential for structural, thermal and
electrical applications single-wall carbon nanotubes
(SWNTs), double-wall nanotubes (DWNTs), multiwall nanotubes (MWNTs) and grapheme need to
be developed into fully integrated energy materials.
Full integration requires their development beyond
conventional composites so that the level of the nonnanotube material is designed to integrate fully with
the amount of nanotubes and where the nanotubes
and graphene are part of the matrix rather than a
differing component, as in the case of conventional
composites. In order to advance the development of
multifunctional energy materials from nanotubes and
graphene, this research is focused on the simultaneous
control of structural properties, thermal and electrical
conductivity of fully integrated nano composites. These
are hybrid material systems designed to surpass the
limits of rule of mixtures engineering and composite
design. The goals are to implement integrated designs
to fully mimic the properties of carbon nanotubes
and graphene on larger scales for enhanced thermal
July 21-25, 2014 • Sao Paulo, Brazil
THURSDAY AM
2. Materials for Energy – Materials for
Energy
on the sequential adsorption of ultrathin multilayers of
nano-objects (polymers, proteins, clays and minerals,
DNA, nanotubes, graphene, metal and metal oxide
nanoparticles), from their colloidal solutions to solid
surfaces [1,2]. This talk will summarize new initiatives
that have been proposed for colloidal nanoparticles
and its respective arrays with polyelectrolytes. LbL
processing has enabled one to control the volume
fraction and spatial distribution of nanoparticles within
the multilayers, which in turn permits one to reach
synergistics effects and pre-designed end properties.
For example, the charge transport within such films
is sensitive to nanoparticle-polyelectrolyte interfaces
that can be precisely controlled by physicochemical
parameters of the LbL preparation. Applications
leading to future developments of capacitors, lightemitting diodes and solar cells will be highlighted.[1]
Alcantara, G.B. et al. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15,
19853-19861, 2013.[2] L.G. Paterno, M.A.G. Soler.
JOM 65, 709-719, 2013.
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ABM-TMS Second Pan American Materials Conference - 2014
THURSDAY AM
and electrical management in addition to controlled
strength and toughness and lubricity. These new
approaches involve functionalization, dispersion,
stabilization, alignment, polymerization and reaction
bonding, in order to achieve full integration. Typical
examples of polymeric and ceramic matrices, as well
as other material systems are presented and discussed.
9:00 AM
Hierarchically Structured Photoelectrodes for
High Efficiency CdS/CdSe Quantum Dot Sensitized
Solar Cells: Jianjun Tian1; Xuanhui Qu1; 1University
of Science and Technology Beijing
As we know, ZnO is considered as one of
optimal candidate photoelectrodes for quantum dot
sensitized solar cells (QDSCs) in view of its high
electron mobility, suitable energy-band structure and
excellent physical properties4,5. This work reports
on a hierarchically structured photoelectrode of
ZnO nanorods (NRs) and nanosheets (NSs) for CdS/
CdSe quantum dots sensitized solar cells (QDSCs)
that exhibited a high power conversion efficiency of
3.28%. ZnO nanorods (NRs) and nanosheets (NSs)
were fabricated by adjusting the growth orientation
of ZnO crystals in the reaction solution, respectively.
The thin ZnO NSs were slowly assembled on the
surface of NRs to form a hierarchically structured
NRs-NSs photoelectrode for QDSCs. This hierarchical
structure had two advantages in improving the power
conversion efficiency (PCE) of the solar cells: (a) it
increased surface area and modified surface profile of
the ZnO NRs to aid in harvesting more quantum dots,
which leads to a high short current density Jsc; (b) it
facilitated the transportation of the electrons in this
compact structure to reduce the charge recombination,
which led to the enhancement of the open-circuit
voltage (Voc) and fill factor (FF). At a result, the
QDSC assembled with the hierarchical NRs-NSs
photoelectrode exhibited a high PCE of 3.28%, which
is twice more than that of NRs photoelectrode (1.37%).
9:20 AM
Immobilizing Metal Nanoparticles on Single Wall
Nanotubes. Effect of Surface Curvature.: Aleksandar
Staykov1; Yuuki Ooishi1; Tatsumi Ishihara1; 1Kyushu
University
One to several nanometer-size nanoparticles
possess supreme catalytic activity for a variety of
important synthetic reactions compared to larger
particles and bulk surfaces. However, a significant
drawback is the catalyst durability as small, active,
nanoparticles tend to merge to form larger, less active,
52
nanocolloids. Tailoring the nanoparticle-surface
support interaction could provide a means to limit
nanoparticle mobility and thus prevent aggregation.
In this study we demonstrate the stabilization of
fine metal nanoparticles on nanotube surfaces by
manipulation of surface curvature. Systematic density
functional theory calculations of a large variety of
nanoparticle-nanotube complexes revealed that the
nanoparticle-nanotube binding interaction depends
on, and can be controlled by, the surface curvature.
Thus, an effective mechanism is demonstrated for
the immobilization of small metal clusters with high
catalytic activity on support surfaces. Furthermore,
we provide experimental verification of our theory by
comparing the aggregation of palladium nanoparticles
decorating carbon nanotube and graphene surfaces
as a function of time. Our theoretical predictions
and experimental observations provide fundamental
understanding to the physics of nanoparticle-support
interaction and demonstrate how tailoring the
support geometry can improve the durability of high
performance nanocatalysts.
9:40 AM Break
10:00 AM
Coercivity Study of Mechanically or Thermally
Treated Nd-Fe-B-Type HDDR Material: HaeWoong Kwon1; J G Lee2; J H Yu2; 1Pukyong National
University; 2KIMS
The hydrogenation, disproportionation, desorption
and recombination (HDDR) process, in which a
hydrogen pick-up and its desorption is delicately
manipulated, has been established as an effective
means of obtaining the Nd-Fe-B-type powder material
with fine grain structure (~ 0.3 um). Recently, the
HDDR-treated Nd-Fe-B-type powder has increasingly
found new applications. For these new applications, the
HDDR-treated materials need to be mechanically and/
or thermally processed. It was found that coercivity
of the HDDR powder was significantly reduced
by mechanical milling, and the deterioration was
dependent upon the milling condition. The modestly
milled particles exhibited a somewhat reduced
coercivity, and it was recovered almost completely by
the chemical surface etching. However, the heavily
milled particles exhibited radically reduced coercivity,
and its recovery by the surface etching was badly
limited. The difference in deterioration and recovery
of coercivity is considered to be closely linked to
the particle morphology and surface oxidation.
Meanwhile, coercivity of the HDDR powder was
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Technical Program
also radically reduced when heated above 650 °C.
The HDDR powder contained significant amount
of residual hydrogen (approximately 1520 ppm).
Some of the residual hydrogen was released during
thermal heating and rehydrogenated the powder again
when the powder was confined in a closed system.
Resulting hydrogenated phase (Nd2Fe14BHx) was
disproportionated during heating above 650 °C, leading
to formation of a-Fe and Fe2B phases. The radical
coercivity reduction in the powder heated above 650
°C was attributed to the presence of the soft magnetic
phases, a-Fe and Fe2B formed via disproportionation
of the Nd2Fe14BHx.
11:00 AM
High Temperature Reactions of Agricultural Wastes
as Material Resources for EAF Steelmaking: Nur
Farhana Diyana Mohd Yunos1; Anis Nadhirah Ismail1;
Muhammad Asri Idris1; 1University Malaysia Perlis
Agriculture waste is renewable source found in
iron and steelmaking production that ability to reduce
anthropogenic CO2 emission in the world next tackled
the world’s most problematic waste stream. Palm
shells waste recycled as a carbon source replacing
metallurgical coke in EAF steelmaking. The present
paper studies the slag/carbon interaction, and Fe
reduction of the palm shells char. Analytical tools such
as XRF, XRD, TGA-MS and SEM are used to analyze
and understand the structural transformations during
release of volatiles that occur at high temperature.
The gas formation observed by TGA-MS to study the
behavior of coke and palm shells at high temperature.
The interactions of coke and palm shell with EAF slag
11:20 AM
Hybrid Fibers and Nanopowders Reinforced
Polymer Composites for Wind Energy: Nikoloz
Chikhradze1; Fernand Marquis1; Guram Abashidze1;
1
George Pkhaladze1;
Mining Institute/Georgian
Technical University
Fiber-reinforced polymers with high durability,
corrosion resistance, and enhanced mechanical
properties, are successfully used in many industries
such as aviation, space, auto, marine, construction,
and chemical manufacturing. Hybrid fiber reinforced
materials have high potential for application in
renewable energy industry such as for the production
of wind turbine blades. They can successfully
substitute metals and alloys. Accordingly, the demand
on new polymeric composites reinforced by fibers
with complex physicochemical and mechanical
properties is rapidly increasing. One of the perspective
directions in development of polymeric composite
materials is production of composites reinforced
by different combination of hybrid fibers (carbon /
glass, carbon/organic, basalt/glass, etc). This enables
us to obtain materials with the necessary physical
and mechanical properties and optimize the cost of
products. In this paper we discuss the results of the
research and development of new hybrid polymeric
composites reinforced by and hybrid carbon and
basalt fibers strengthened by oxides, carbides and
borides nano-powders. The interaction of these nanopowders produced from natural raw materials with
the polymeric matrix and the hybrid fibers and their
effect on mechanical and adhesive properties are also
presented and discussed.
THURSDAY AM
10:20 AM Invited
Clay Ceramics Incorporated with Fuel Containing
Wastes: An Energetic Industrial Contribution:
Sergio Monteiro1; Carlos Mauricio Vieira2; 1Military
Institute of Engineering ; 2LAMAV/UENF
Fired clay ceramic pieces such as bricks and tiles
are worldwide used as building materials. The firing
process, usually done at temperatures above 600°C,
consumes a significant amount of energy, which
was estimated as much as 2.0 kWh for a common
brick. The initial incorporation of a waste containing
carbonaceous matte into the clay mixture is able to
markedly contribute in reducing this embodied energy.
This work presents an evaluation of the saving in
energy obtained by incorporation of fuel containing
wastes into clay ceramics. It is shown that embodied
energies as low as 0.3 kWh might be attended in
common bricks.
were investigated at 1550 °C using sessile-drop in Ar
atmosphere. Foaming and reduction was improved
when palm shell char was used as carbon material.
These results indicate that partial replacement of coke
with palm shells char is efficient due to improved
interactions with EAF slag.
11:40 AM
New Binary and Ternary Alloys of Nb Containing
Re: Ruth Dasary1; Shailendra Varma1; 1The University
of Texas at El Paso
Re addition to Nb to develop high temperature
materials has been explored. Of course, the alloy
development can involve more than 2 or more alloying
elements to Nb. This is a preliminary study to initiate
microstructural study of Nb alloys containing Re. Thus
Nb based alloys with Re, Si and Cr addition has been
subjected to microstructural characterization in this
July 21-25, 2014 • Sao Paulo, Brazil
53
ABM-TMS Second Pan American Materials Conference - 2014
study. Nb-5Re has been found to contain only solid
solution phase only confirmed by TEM. However,
Nb-5Si reveals Nb5Si3 and Nbss. Nb-5Cr alloy reveals
Laves phase (NbCr2) and Nbss. It has been observed
that ternary alloys consist of similar microconstituents.
The efforts to characterize the microstructures is to test
the effect of Re on the oxidation resistance in air up to
1400°C. EDS on SEM and XRD have been used for
this study.
4. Composites and Hybrid Materials –
Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites
Program Organizers: Nikhilesh Chawla, Arizona
State University; Krishan Chawla, University
of Alabama at Birmingham; Pedro D. Portella,
Federal Institute of Testing and Materials BAM
THURSDAY AM
Thursday AM
July 24, 2014
Room: Room 11
Location: Frei Caneca
Convention Center
Session Chairs: Krishan Chawla, University of
Alabama at Birmingham; Flavio Silva, PUC-Rio
8:00 AM Invited
Natural Fibers and Its Use as Reinforcement in
Cement Based Composite Systems: Flavio Silva1;
1
COPPE/UFRJ
The environmental impact of using conventional
cement-based construction materials is far reaching
since it results in depletion of natural resources,
production of solid wastes, and emissions of carbon
dioxide. The need for economical, sustainable, safe,
and secure shelter is an inherent global problem and
numerous challenges remain in order to produce
environmentally friendly construction products which
are structurally safe and durable. The opportunity to
develop low cost construction materials with locally
and indigenously sustainable agricultural fibers will
have long term social and economical consequences.
In the present work the mechanical behavior natural
of fibers have been investigated under tensile and
fatigue loads aiming its use as reinforcement in cement
based materials. The failure mechanisms are described
and discussed in terms of the fiber microstructure as
well as defects in the fibers. Fiber reinforced cement
composite laminates reinforced with natural fibers
were manufactured. A new matrix compatible with the
used natural fibers was developed by partially replacing
the Portland cement by natural pozzolans resulting in
54
a more durable and sustainable composite system. The
mechanical response of the composites was measured
under static and dynamic loading and its durability
was accessed by means of microstructural observation
and macro mechanical testing after accelerated
aging tests. The obtained results indicated that this
newly developed sustainable material has superior
tensile strength and ductility being strong enough
to be used in different types of applications such as
structural panels, impact & blast resistance, repair and
retrofit, earthquake remediation, and strengthening of
unreinforced masonry walls.
8:40 AM
Charpy Toughness Behavior of Continuous Malva
Fibers Reinforced Polyester Matrix Composites:
Vinícius Gomes1; Jean Margem1; Frederico Margem1;
Sérgio Monteiro1; 1Universidade Estadual do Norte
Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro
The malva fiber is one of the less known
lignocellulosic fiber but has now being scientifically
investigated due to its abundance and, availability.
This work will investigate the toughness behavior of
polyester matrix composites reinforced with up to 30%
in volume of long, continuous and aligned malva fibers
by means of Charpy impact tests. It was found that the
addition of the fibers results in a marked increase in
the absorbed energy by the composites. Macroscopic
observation of the post-impact specimens and SEM
fracture analysis showed that longitudinal rupture
through the malva fiber interface with the polyester
matrix is the main mechanism for the remarkable
toughness of these composites. Keywords: malva fiber,
composite, polyester matrix, charpy testing.
9:00 AM
Diameter Relevance in Dynamic-mechanical
Behavior for Sisal Fibers Incorporated in Polyester
Matrix: Lázaro Rohen1; Frederico Margem1; Sérgio
Monteiro2; 1State University of Northern of Rio de
Janeiro; 2Instituto Militar de Engenharia
The environmental and economic sustainability
of natural-fiber reinforced composites has led to an
extensive research effort. This particular work presents
the diameter effect on the dynamic-mechanical
evaluation of aligned sisal fiber in polyester composites.
DMA tests investigates how the diameter interfere
with dynamic-mechanical parameters in polyester
reinforced composites. The storage and loss module
and the tangent of delta were analyzed for thinner
and thicker fibers components. The investigation
was carried out in a temperature range from 20°C to
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Technical Program
180°C using DMA equipment on its bending mode.
The results show that the incorporation of sisal fiber
tends to increase the matrix viscoelastic stiffness,
and dislocate tangent delta to higher temperatures.
These properties are amplified when thinner fibers are
incorporated in the composite So the polyester matrix
molecular mobility is more affected by it interaction
with thinner fibers than with the normal sisal fibers.
9:20 AM
Mechanical Behaviour of Fique Fibers: Henry
Colorado1; Sergio Neves Monteiro2; 1Universidad de
Antioquia; 2Instituto Militar de Engenharia
This paper presents the tensile behavior of fique
fibers. Fique is a natural fiber obtained from the leaves
of the fique plant, Furcraea andina. Fibers used were
obtained from Colombia. The relation of fiber diameter
and tensile strength is determined by the single fiber test
method. Experiments under different strain rates and
Weibull statistics are also included. Microstructure is
evaluated by optical and scanning electron microscopy.
10:00 AM
Tensile Properties of Epoxy Composites Reinforced
with Continuous Banana Fibers: Foluke Salgado1;
Frederico Margem1; Sergio Monteiro2; Pedro Netto1;
1
State University of the Northern Rio de Janeiro;
2
Engineering Military Institute
The banana fiber is one of the most scientifically
investigated natural fiber due to its easy obtention
and abundance. Studies on some varieties, such as the
Musaceae family, are scarce. So the objective of this
work is to test the tensile properties of DGEBA/TETA
epoxy matrix composites reinforced with different
amounts of banana fibers. Composites reinforce
with up to 30% in volume of long, continuous and
aligned banana fibers were room temperature tested
in an Instron machine. The fracture was analyzed
by SEM. The results showed significant increase in
the mechanical tensile properties with the increase
in the amount of banana fibers. Those properties
were compared with other bend-tested composites
results. The fracture analysis revealed a weak fiber/
matrix interface, which could be responsible for the
performance of the property result. Keywords: banana
fiber, epoxy matrix composite, tensile properties, SEM
fracture analysis.
10:20 AM
Under Pressure Tensile Epoxy Composites with
High Amount of Curaua Fibers: Noan Simonassi1;
10:40 AM
Thermal Characterization of Polymer Composites
of Epoxy Resin Reinforced with Sugar Cane
Bagasse Fiber: Veronica Scarpini Candido1; George
Lobo Nobre Fernandes1; Sergio Neves Monteiro1;
1
Instituto Militar de Engenharia
The gradual awareness of the countries on
environmental policies demands that materials
of low cost of fabrication and that cause the least
environmental impact possible are studied. Polymeric
composites reinforced with natural fibers, among them
the fiber from sugar cane bagasse, emerge as a viable
alternative because it combines sustainability with
high technological performance. Therefore, the aim
of this study was to characterize the composites made
with fibers from sugarcane bagasse, through TG, DSC
and DMA analysis. To achieve the goals, sugar cane
bagasse was washed and then dried at 60 ° C for 24
hours. Thereafter the fibers were extracted. Composites
with 0, 10, 20 and 30 % of volume of fiber were selected
and subsequently underwent thermal tests. The results
showed that there are two mass losses. The first occurs
at temperature around 360 ºC, and the second, around
410 ºC. Both losses are probably associated with the
degradation of the polymer chains. Furthermore, the
July 21-25, 2014 • Sao Paulo, Brazil
THURSDAY AM
9:40 AM Break
Sergio Monteiro2; Frederico Magem1; Rômulo
Loyola1; 1State University of the Northern Rio de
Janeiro; 2Instituto Militar de Engenharia , IME
The natural fiber extracted from the leaves of
curaua plant, Ananas erectifolius, are currently among
the most studied natural fibers, Mostly because of its
mechanical performance associated with high tensile
strength and flexural strength. It is known that with
the increase of fibers volume fraction the composite
significant increases its tensile strength. This was
obtained with amounts up to 30% in volume of curaua.
However no higher volume of fibers was able to be
molded in a composite plate until now. Thus the present
work aims to study higher volumes of fiber in terms
of the influence on the tensile strength of specimens
prepared under 5 tons of pressure. The fibers were
previously washed and dried in an oven at 60oC, after
that poured together with the epoxy resin and catalyst
mixture in the metal molds bone-shaped, and pressured
to ensure specimens quality. The tensile strength
increased significantly with higher amounts of curaua
fiber incorporated in the epoxy matrix. This better
performance can be directly related to the fracture
obstacle imposed by the fibers as well as the type of
cracks resulting from the fiber/matrix interaction.
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ABM-TMS Second Pan American Materials Conference - 2014
THURSDAY AM
incorporation of the fiber did not significantly alter the
thermal stability of the material.
11:00 AM
Thermal Properties Characterization of Epoxy
Composites Reinforced with Ramie Fibers by
Photoacoustic Technique: Alice Bevitori1; Isabela
da Silva1; Caroline de Oliveira1; Frederico Margem1;
Sergio Monteiro2; 1UENF; 2IME
Ramie fiber reinforcing polymer composites are
among the most investigated and applied natural
composites, mostly because it is environmentally
friendly, has low cost and is also one of the strongest
lignocellulosic fibers. In the past decade the ramie
composites mechanical properties have been assessed
in many ways under different conditions. However
the thermal properties of these composite had not yet
been fully investigated. The present work had as its
objective to investigate, by photoacoustic spectroscopy
and photothermic techniques, the thermal diffusivity,
specific heat capacity and conductivity for epoxy
matrix composites reinforced with continuous and
aligned ramie fiber. The results revealed a good thermal
insulation capacity for the ramie fibers.
11:20 AM
Thermal Properties Characterization of Jute Fibers
by Photoacoustic Technique: Isabela Silva1; Alice
Bevitori1; Caroline Oliveira1; Frederico Margem1;
Sergio Monteiro1; 1UENF
In recent years, natural fibers, especially the
lignocellulosic type extracted from plants, gained
attention as engineering materials. The jute fiber is one
of the strongest lignocellulosic fibers with applications
going from simple fabrics and ropes to engineering
composites like door panels and dash panel in
automobiles. Among the advantages of using such
fibers are the low manufacturing cost, biodegradability,
and renewability of those fibers. In the present work,
thermal properties of the jute fiber were investigated by
photothermal techniques, This techniques correspond
to the open photoacoustic cell and a method based
upon the monitoring of the temperature evolution as a
function of time. This investigation, in turn, permitted
to evaluate two important thermal properties: the
thermal diffusivity and the specific heat capacity of the
jute fibers. Indirectly, also by a simple mathematical
relations, the thermal conductivity was obtained.
The results were compared with other materials and
characterize the jute fiber as an efficient insulator.
56
11:40 AM
Thermal Characterization of Polyester Matrix
Reinforced with Buriti Fibres by the Photoacoustic
Technique: Giulio Altoé1; Sérgio Monteiro2; Frederico
Margem1; Thallis Cordeiro1; Roberto Faria1; 1State
University of the Northern Rio de Janeiro - UENF;
2
Military Institute of Engineering, IME
Synthetic fibers are being replaced gradually by
natural materials such as lignocellulosic fibers.
Compared to synthetic fibers, natural fibers have
shown advantages in technical aspects as well as in
environmental and economical conditions. Therefore,
So there is a growing international interest in the use
of lignocellulosic fibers. The buriti fiber extracted from
buriti palm tree (Mauritia flexuosa), presents relevant
properties. But until now, few thermal properties were
performed. The present work had as its objective
to investigate, by photoacoustic spectroscopy and
photothermal techniques the thermal properties related
to diffusivity, specific heat capacity and conductivity
for polyester composites reinforced with buriti fibers.
The polyester matrix was added with up to 30% in
volume of continuous and aligned buriti fibers. The
results show that the buriti fiber composites with
polyester matrix have a remarkable insulation property.
5. Biomaterials, Smart Materials, and
Structures – Polymer and Ceramic
Biomaterials
Program Organizers: Carlos Elias, Instituto
Militar de Engenharia; Po-Yu Chen, National
Tsing Hua University; Roger Narayan, UNC/
NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical
Engineering
Thursday AM
July 24, 2014
Room: Room 13
Location: Frei Caneca
Convention Center
Session Chairs: James Earthman, University of
California; Wen Yang, ETH Zurich; Yin Chang,
National Tsing Hua University
8:00 AM
In vitro Comparison of Quantitative Percussion
Diagnostics
to
Standard Techniques
for
Determining the Presence of Cracks in Natural
Teeth: Cherilyn Sheets1; Devin Stewart1; Jean Wu1;
Aren Ebrahimi2; James Earthman2; 1Newport Coast
Oral-Facial Institute; 2University of California, Irvine
Detection of cracks in natural teeth is a diagnostic
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Technical Program
8:20 AM
Self-healing Epoxy Composite- Preparation,
Characterization and Healing Performance: Reaz
Chowdhury1; Mahesh Hosur1; Md. Nuruddin1; Alfred
Tcherbi-Narteh1; Ashok Kumar2; Veera Boddu2;
1
Jonathan Trovillion2; Shaik Jeelani1;
Tuskegee
2
University; U.S. Army Engineer Research and
Development Center
Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite
materials have shown promising result as replacements
for traditional materials in structural applications.
Low velocity impact damage is common in fiber
reinforced composites which leads to micro -crack
and interfacial debonding, where damage is
microscopic and invisible. The concept of selfhealing composites can be a way of overcoming this
limitation and extending the life expectancy, while
expanding their usage in structural applications. Selfhealing concept can be intrinsic or extrinsic where
external stimulation is required to activate the process
of self-healing. In the current study, the extrinsic self-
healing concept was adopted using urea-formaldehyde
microcapsules containing room temperature curing
epoxy resin system (SC-15) as the healing agent
prepared by in-situ polymerization. Microcapsules
were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared
Spectroscopy (FTIR) for structural analysis. Size and
shape of microcapsules were studied using optical
microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy
(SEM). Size of the microcapsules was between 30100µm. Thermal characterization was carried out
using thermogravimetric analysis. Microcapsules were
thermally stable till 210 °C without any significant
decomposition. Fiber reinforced composite fabrication
was done in three different steps. In first step, epoxy
resin was encapsulated in urea-formaldehyde shell
material which was confirmed by FTIR analysis. On
next step, encapsulation of amine hardener was
achieved by vacuum infiltration method. Finally,
these two different microcapsules were added with
liquid SC-15 at 10:3 ratio and composite fabrication
was done with hand layup method. Finally, healing
performance was measured in terms of low velocity
impact test and themoscopic analysis.
8:40 AM
Two Photon Polymerization of Photosensitive
Polymers and Organically-modified Ceramic
Materials for Medical Applications: Roger Narayan1;
1
UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical
Engineering
Two photon polymerization is a 3D fabrication
process that involves use of ultrashort laser pulses
to selectively polymerize photosensitive resins into
microscale structures. The process involves near
simultaneous absorption of two photons within a
small volume within a short time frame; this type of
electronic excitation is similar to that by a single photon
exhibiting significantly higher energy. The nonlinear
nature of two photon absorption enables processing of
structures with features below the diffraction limit. A
structure that exhibits an arbitrary geometry may be
created by polymerizing the photosensitive material
along the laser trace, which is translated in three
dimensions using a micropositioning apparatus. Recent
medical applications of two photon polymerization
have included processing of microstructured
devices out of polymers and organically-modified
ceramic (Ormocer®) materials. Use of two photon
polymerization to create a variety of medicallyrelevant structures, including bone prostheses,
scaffolds for tissue engineering, and microneedles
July 21-25, 2014 • Sao Paulo, Brazil
THURSDAY AM
challenge. Cracks are often not visible clinically nor
detectable in radiographs. Quantitative percussion
diagnostics (QPD) presents a novel approach to
locating cracks and fractures in teeth. QPD was
compared to transillumination, clinical microscope
and dye penetrant to evaluate the diagnostic parity
between QPD and the other methods.
Thirty
extracted teeth and 23 three-dimensional copy replica
control teeth were mounted in acrylic resin with a
periodontal ligament substitute and then tested using
QPD. Each specimen was then examined using a
conventional transillumination protocol and also
with the aid of a clinical microscope, dye penetrant
and transillumination combined. All visible tooth
cracks were documented. During the microscopic
examination, all visible cracks were also removed
with a water cooled fine diamond bur. QPD crack
detection based on irregularities in the percussion
response of the specimens agreed with this destructive
microscopic method in 52 of 53 comparisons (98%
agreement). Moreover, QPD achieved 96% specificity
and 100% sensitivity for detecting cracks in the tooth
specimens. When all tooth cracks were removed, QPD
generally indicated no further structural instability.
Dynamic finite element analysis models were also
performed which demonstrate that the irregularities in
the percussion response data correspond to intermittent
high frequency contact events between crack faces
inside the tooth structure.
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THURSDAY AM
for transdermal drug delivery, will be reviewed. In
addition, use of in vitro studies for assessing relevant
polymers and organically-modified ceramic materials
will be discussed. These results indicate that two
photon polymerization is an attractive 3D fabrication
process for producing many types of small-scale
medical devices.
9:00 AM
Effect of Temperature Crystallization on Lithium
Disilicate Density: Suzana Santos1; Carlos Elias1;
1
Instituto Militar de Engenharia
Only in recent years, the use of glass ceramics as
biomaterials was studied. The goal of this research
is to development a glass ceramic for biomaterial
application. This work analyze the relationship
between the glass crystallization temperature and
its density. The desired glass ceramic was a lithium
disilicate material. Crystallization of lithium dissilicate
has a direct influence on its relativity density and its
biocompatibility. Samples are cut from amorphous
disilicate bars and heating in a conventional furnace
at three different temperatures ( 580°C, 630°C and
730°C) for recrystallization. The recrystallization
perceptual of the samples was examined by using
X-ray diffraction. Density was measured by applying
the Archimedes method. The X-ray diffraction
showed that after heating at 580°C the perceptual of
recrystallized phase is 50%. The recrystallized phase
was 85% at 660°C and 92% after heating at 730°C.
The results showed that the density change with the
temperature of recrystallization. The results showed
that after sintering at 580°C the density was 68%
compared to theoretical. After sintering at 660°C the
density was 77%. The highest density (97%) was after
sintering at the highest temperature (730°C). The result
showed that the recrystallization and density increase as
the heating temperature for recrystallization increase.
9:20 AM Break
9:40 AM
Thermal Properties of Silk Fibroin Obtained
from Waste of Colombian Silk with CaCl2:
Adriana Restrepo-Osorio1; Catalina Alvarez-López1;
Andrea Arboleda1; Daniel Pelaez1; Orlando Rojas2;
1
Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana; 2North Caroline
State University
Silk is a natural fiber produced by Bombyx mori.
This fiber is composed by about 70% of fibroin and
30% of sericin. Fibroin is a biomaterial of interest for
science and industry due to its mechanical and thermal
58
properties, biocompatibility and the possibility to
be mixed with other polymers. This protein can be
solubilizated in supersaturated solutions of salts
such as LiBr, CaCl2, and others to develop products
with potential applications in medical textiles, tissue
engineering, coatings, etc. Fibroin was obtained from
fibrous Colombian silk waste (SW) by solubilization
with a solution of CaCl2 (SFW Ca). The dilution
was filtered and underwent into a dialysis process
with distilled water to remove the remaining salts.
The obtained solution was clear out into glass molds
and dried at room temperature to obtain translucent
films. The thermal properties of the obtained films
are compared with SW. The SW and SFW Ca were
characterized using Thermogravimetric Analysis
(TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).
The differences in the thermal properties of the resulting
fibroin, with respect to the raw material were analyzed.
From the obtained results so far, it is concluded that is
possible to obtain fibroin from the fibrous waste coming
from silk fiber textile processing, as an alternative to
add value to these byproducts. The differences in the
SW and SFW-Ca thermal behavior have revealed an
increment in the random coil structures and a decrease
of the -sheet type structures as a consequence of the
solubilization process.
10:00 AM
Study of a Methodology for Wear Evaluation of the
UHMWPE Employed in Orthopedic Implants: Sara
Lage1; Claudemiro Bolfarini1; Leonardo Campanelli1;
Rubens Santos1; 1Federal University of São Carlos
The durability of the implants employed in hip
and knee arthroplasty procedures is strongly related
to the wear resistance of ultra-high molecular weight
polyethylene (UHMWPE). Since the study of the
polymer wear under conditions similar to the actual
movement of a human joint is of recent concern, the
present work aims at the development of an alternative
wear evaluation methodology and the preliminary
assessment of the material behavior. A laboratory
scale device was specially designed and the wear
tests were performed in conventional and crosslinked UHMWPE specimens immersed in a fetal
bovine serum. The wear level was evaluated through
thickness loss measurements using scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), and the crystallinity of the samples
was calculated by differential scanning calorimetry
(DSC). Preliminary results showed a higher wear in
the conventional UHMWPE, as also evidenced in the
traditional gravimetric measurements, although the
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values obtained with the new methodology exhibited
a higher percentage variation of wear when compared
to the consolidated gravimetric analysis, indicating
the existence of another phenomena. A reduced
crystallinity of the cross-linked polymer was observed
on the worn portion in comparison to the unaffected
material, whereas no significant changes were
identified in the conventional polymer.
10:40 AM
Natural Rubber/Naob Clay Nanocomposites:
Francisco Valenzuela-Diaz1; Guillermo Ruperto
Cortes1; Antonio Santana1; Adriana Almeida2;
Alexandre Dantas3; 1Universidade de Sao Paulo;
2
UFCG; 3Bentonisa
Organophilic clay is one of the main kind of
11:00 AM Concluding Comments
THURSDAY AM
10:20 AM
Thermal Properties of Keratin Obtained from
Chicken Feathers: Adriana Restrepo-Osorio1; Daniel
Pelaez1; Luis Ocampo1; Catalina Alvarez-López1;
1
Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana
Chicken feathers are a material that is composed
by 91% keratin, 1% lipid, 8% water, and impurities
from the slaughtering process. Keratin has applications
in cosmetics, coatings, cell culturing, food and drug
delivery due to its properties such as biocompatibility,
biodegradability and moisture absorption. This protein
is insoluble in polar solvents such as water, weak acids
and bases, and non-polar solvents. Nonetheless, it can
be hydrolyzed in sodium sulfide (Na2S•9H2O) and
sodium hydrosulfite (Na2S2O4) to develop translucent
films. Before the dissolution, samples were milled and
taken to a Soxhlet extractor device with petroleum
ether to remove fats and impurities present in them.
Then, the samples were allowed to air dry. Degreased
samples were dissolved in an aqueous solution of
sodium sulfide (Na2S•9H2O) and sodium hydrosulfite
(Na2S2O4). The mixture was agitated at 80°C and then
filtered to separate the insoluble parts of feathers. The
obtained keratin solution was dialyzed. The solution
was poured into petri dishes and dried. Those samples
were analyzed by means of Thermogravimetric
Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry
(DSC).The obtained results show differences in the
thermal properties of the raw material and the obtained
keratin films according to those reported by other
authors, where it is established the structure change of
the obtained keratin with respect to what is found in
the raw material. In this paper all the pen is used as
an alternative to use with potential applications as a
biomaterial.
nano fillers used for preparation of clay/polymer
nanocomposites. In this paper the experimental results
of a commercial organoclay Naob and natural rubber/
NAOB nanocomposite are presented. The amount of
clay used was 10 phr. For comparison were prepared
composites of natural rubber containing 10 phr and
40 phr of carbon-black. The clay was characterized
by techniques of XRD, IR, SEM, stereoscopic
microscopy and Foster swelling. The composites were
test by XRD, SEM, IR, SEM and Shore A hardness
and mechanical strength. The organoclay showed
swelling in various organic solvents and basal spacing,
measured by XRD, consistent with the intercalation
of organic compound between the layers of clay
minerals. The obtained space between layers is a
proof the realization of the organoclay nanocomposite/
rubber. Natural rubber showed elongation at break
of 700 % and nanocomposite Natural rubber/clay
of 625%, higher than the values of the composites
containing carbon black. The nanocomposite had a
Shore A hardness similar to the composite with 40 phr
of carbon black. Vulcanized natural rubber showed
tensile strength at break of 3.2 MPa, the natural rubber
with 10 phr of carbon black, 10.5 MPa, the natural
rubber with with 40 phr of carbon black 11.2 MPa and
the nanocomposite with 10phr of Naob, 24MPa.
6. Mechanical Behavior of Structural
Materials – Mechanical Behavior of
Materials
Program Organizers: Michael Kassner,
University of Southern California; Andrea Hodge,
University of Southern California; Paulo Cetlin,
Federal University of Minas Gerais; Leonardo
Godefroid, Federal University of Ouro Preto
Thursday AM
July 24, 2014
Room: Room 16
Location: Frei Caneca
Convention Center
Session Chairs: Michael Kassner, University of
Southern California; Paulo Cetlin, Federal University
of Minas Gerais
8:00 AM Invited
Long Range Internal Stresses in Materials: Michael
Kassner1; 1University of Southern California
Internal stresses are widely suggested to exist in
the vicinity of dislocation heterogeneities in deformed
July 21-25, 2014 • Sao Paulo, Brazil
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ABM-TMS Second Pan American Materials Conference - 2014
microstructures. The heterogeneities include edge
dislocation dipole bundles (veins) and the edge dipole
walls of persistent slip bands (PSBs) in cyclically
deformed materials and cell and subgrain walls in
monotonically deformed materials. The evidence
for long range internal stress is varied and, in the
past, has been less than perfectly convincing. Most
recently, the concept or long-range internal stress
was investigated using advanced x-ray microbeam
diffraction experiments using a synchrotron that are
able to measure strain within individual cell interiors
and, most recently, the individual cell This technique
uses a scanned monochromatic X-ray beam to allow
absolute lattice parameters and dilatational strains to
be measured from buried submicrometer (˜0.5 µm)
sample volumes. The 3D submicrometer sample
volume of this new technique is small enough to allow
probing within individual dislocation cells within a
bulk deformed These experiments utilized oriented
monotonically and cyclically deformed Cu single
crystals. The results are relatively convincing, and
suggest that small (about 0.1 of the applied stress)
long-range internal stresses may be present. The
asymmetry reverses (opposite sense) from tension to
compression and asymmetry appears to be a result
of the observed LRIS. The most recent experiments
have been performed on severely plastically deformed
metals and somewhat higher LRIS may be observed.
8:40 AM
Mechanical Behavior of Stainless Steel Welded
Joint under High Temperature Creep: Sergio
Monteiro1; Frederico Margem2; 1Military Institute of
Engineering ; 2LAMAV/UENF
The mechanical behavior at 600°C of weldments
made of type 304 stainless steel as base metal and
niobium containing type 347 stainless as weld metal
has been investigated. This was done through tensile
and creep tests. Heat treatments at 600°C and up to
6000 hours permitted a simultaneous follow up of
the mechanical and microstructural changes. It was
observed that creep at 600°C contributes, from the
beginning, to the strengthening of the weld. This is due
to the accelerations of the second phase precipitation
hardening.
9:00 AM
A New Method for the Calculation of CTOD by
Using Total Rotation Factor: Gustavo Carr1; Luciano
Paolinelli1; Nenad Gubeljak2; Mirco Chapetti1;
1
INTEMA; 2University of Maribor, Faculty of Mech.
Eng.
60
Three-dimensional displacement measurement of
standard fracture mechanic testing was done using
Digital Image Correlation (DIC) to determine the
start of ductile crack propagation in SENB test pieces.
The use of the total CMOD and rotation factor leads
to a calculus without the introduction of factors that
may not be adequate to the physical phenomenon
in the material. This presentation introduces a new
experimental method to obtain CTOD-Δa curves by
means of CMOD vs Load data in SENB testing avoiding
the use of the plastic rotation factor.Comparison with
values calculated using ASTM E1820, Delta5 and
BS7448 standards was done, finding good agreement
with the experimental data using this new technique.
This work also discusses some issues regarding the
models and assumptions that were made in the process
of elaborating the standards.
9:20 AM
High Strain Rate Deformation Behavior of High Mn
TWIP Steels at Cryogenic Temperature: Yumi Ha1;
Hyunmin Kim2; Soon-Gi Lee3; Sunghak Lee2; Nack J.
Kim1; 1GIFT, POSTECH; 2POSTECH; 3POSCO
The steels showing the twinning-induced plasticity
(TWIP) effect have received great attention in recent
years since they have excellent combination of strength
and ductility, ideal for automotive applications. It is
expected that these steels would also be suitable for
low temperature applications due to their austenitic
structures. However, some of these TWIP steels show
unusually poor impact toughness at low temperature
despite their stable austenitic structure, but their
deformation behavior at low temperatures under
dynamic loading conditions is not clearly understood.
The objective of the present study is to investigate the
effect of strain rate and temperature on the deformation
behavior of high Mn TWIP steels. The alloys with 18 26 wt. % Mn and 0.4 - 1.0 wt. % C have been fabricated
to have various values of stacking fault energy. They
have been subjected to tensile test, Charpy impact test,
and dynamic compression test at room and cryogenic
temperatures. The steels show various deformation
modes, i.e., deformation-induced phase transformation,
deformation-induced twinning, and combination of
both during deformation depending on temperature,
strain rate and alloy composition, which are all related
to the stacking fault energy. It also shows that although
they show similar deformation-induced twinning
behavior, the impact toughness varies greatly with
changing Mn contents regardless of C contents. Such
behavior is observed not only at room temperature but
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Technical Program
also at cryogenic temperature. Detailed deformation
behavior of the steels have been investigated by TEM,
EBSD and correlated with impact properties and
dynamic compression properties.
9:40 AM Break
10:20 AM Invited
Thermomechanical Behaviour and Materials
Damage: Multimillion-billion Atom Reactive
Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulations: Priya
Vashishta1; 1University of Southern California
Reactive MD simulations are used to investigate
critical issues in the area materials damage and
reactive processes in metals and glasses under
extreme conditions. In this talk I will discuss two
simulations. (1) Embrittlement of Nickel by Solute
Segregation-induced Amorphization: A prime example
is sulfur segregation-induced embrittlement of nickel,
where an observed relation between sulfur-induced
amorphization of grain boundaries and embrittlement
remains unexplained. Here, 48 million-atom reactive
11:00 AM
Low Temperature Creep: Michael Kassner1;
1
University of Southern California
Creep is generally associated with time-dependent
plasticity at relatively low stresses at elevated
temperatures, generally above 0.6Tm. However,
creep plasticity can occur at much lower temperatures
such as ambient temperature or below 0.3Tm. Low
temperature creep literature will be reviewed with a
discussion of phenomenological relationships that
have been use to describe low-temperature creep.
These are cases that are both at low temperatures
and also stresses below that of the conventional yield
stress assessed at conventional strain-rates. This will
be followed by a discussion of recent experiments on
austenitic stainless steel.
THURSDAY AM
10:00 AM
Strain Path Effects on the Development of
Shear Bands during Shear Tests in Aluminum
Alloy Processed by ECAP: Maria Teresa Aguilar1;
Paulo Cetlin1; Roberto Figueiredo1; Cleber Faria1;
1
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
ECAP (Equal Channel Angular Pressing) involves
the pressing of a prismatic specimen through two
channels with the cross-section identical to that of
the specimen and intercepting at a certain angle. The
specimen undergoes shearing over a single plane but no
dimensional changes, leading to a possible anisotropy
in the mechanical properties of the processed
specimen. In addition, multiple ECAP passes lead to
a severe refinement of the material structure, which is
a function of the angle between the channels and the
rotation of the sample in successive passes (the socalled “processing route”). An analysis is presented
of the mechanical and microstrucutural anisotropy
along three orthogonal axis in a aluminum alloy
specimen processed along three different processing
routes. The mechanical properties were evaluated
through shearing tests, and the stress-strain curves
thus determined revealed that the mechanical behavior
of the commercial purity aluminum after ECAP
depends on the processing route. The analysis of the
specimen surfaces after testing revealed the presence
of shearing bands whose orientation also depended on
the processing route.
MD simulations provide the missing link. Namely, an
order-of-magnitude reduction of grain-boundary shear
strength due to amorphization, combined with tensile
strength education, allows the crack tip to always find
an easy propagation path. (2) Nanobubble Collapse
on Silica Surface in Water – Billion-atom Reactive
MD Simulations: Cavitation bubbles readily occur in
fluids subjected to rapid changes in pressure. We use
billion-atom simulations to investigate chemical and
mechanical damages caused by shock-induced collapse
of nanobubbles in water near silica surface. Collapse
of an empty nanobubble generates high-speed nanojet,
resulting in the formation of a pit on the surface. The
pit contains a large number of silanol groups and its
volume is found to be directly proportional to the
volume of the nanobubble. The gas-filled bubbles
undergo partial collapse and consequently the damage
on the silica surface is mitigated. Acknowledgement:
This Research is supported by the DOE-BES-TCMP
Grant DE-FG02-04ER46130.
11:20 AM
Evolution of the Internal Interfaces in a 12%Cr
Tempered Martensite Ferritic Steel during Creep:
Formation of (Fe,Cr)2Mo Laves Phase: Mehmet
Isik1; Aleksander Kostka1; Gunther Eggeler2; 1Max
Planck Institut für Eisenforschung; 2Institut für
Werkstoffe, Ruhr-Universität Bochum
Present work reports the nucleation of (Fe,Cr)2Mo
Laves phase particles during high temperature exposure
of a tempered martensite ferritic steel (German grade
X20). We perform aging experiments and creep tests
at 550°C and study the resulting microstructures using
analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
and atom probe tomography (APT). Phase equilibria
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were calculated using Thermocalc. We show that
Si and Mo segregate to internal interfaces, where
subsequently Laves phase particles often nucleate
right next to M23C6 carbides. Using analytical TEM we
showed that segregating Mo is not provided by M23C6
carbides. Instead, M23C6 carbides cannot dissolve Si
and during their growth they push Si atoms into the
matrix leading to the formation of Si rich region around
the carbides. This was confirmed by APT analysis of an
aged X20 material. Our results show that Laves phase
nucleation is a combined effect of segregation of Si
and Mo from the matrix to micro grain boundaries and
the enrichment of the matrix with Si around growing
M23C6 carbides.
11:40 AM
Evaluation of Spalling and Water Vapor Pressure
of Concrete with Heating Velocity: Gyuyong Kim1;
Gyeongcheol Choe2; 1Chungnam National University;
2
Chungnam National University
In the concrete spalling mechanism, vapor pressure,
thermal strain on the surface caused by the difference
in internal and external temperatures, and the
combination of the two aforementioned factors have
been revealed as the causes of spalling. The factors
that affect spalling can be divided into internal and
external factors in relation to the mechanical properties
of the concrete itself. Therefore, for a thorough
understanding of spalling these two factors should be
sufficiently considered. If heating velocity, one of the
external factors, differs, the behaviors of condensation
and vapor pressure in concrete may vary as a result. In
this study, different concrete specimens with various
strengths of 30MPa, 50MPa, 70MPa, 90MPa, and
110MPa were heated at the heating velocity of 1°C/
min and the ISO-834 Standard Fire Curve to evaluate
spalling shape, vapor pressure, and thermal strain.
Through the research, it was found that the higher the
strength that the concrete develops, the more section is
lost. In addition, the rising velocity of vapor pressure
on the concrete’s surface at an early phase and the
cancellation effect with initial pressure caused by the
thermal expansion were found to have a significant
impact on the concrete spalling.
7. Processing of Materials – Materials
Processing III
Program Organizers: Olivia Graeve,
University of California, San Diego; Lawrence
Murr, University of Texas at El Paso; Andre
Tschiptschin, University of Sao Paulo
Thursday AM
July 24, 2014
Room: Room 12
Location: Frei Caneca
Convention Center
Session Chair: Olivia Graeve, University of
California, San Diego
8:00 AM
Nanoscale
Multilayer
NbN/CrN
Coatings
Deposited by Cathodic Arc: Juliano Araujo1; Roberto
Martins1; Andre Tschiptschin1; 1Escola Politécnica da
Universidade de São Paulo
Studies are being carried out with novel nanoscale
multilayered NbN/CrN coating systems, deposited
in an industrial PVD equipment, employing the
cathodic arc deposition technique (CAPVD). The
deposition chamber comprises three cathodes, each
one capable of independent operation and having
dedicated power supplies. The deposition process
consists of three steps: ion etching; deposition of a
bond layer and deposition of the nanoscaled multilayer
coating. The modulated structures were obtained by
rotating the substrate holder, and letting the samples
alternately face the Nb and Cr targets, such that the
multilayer period was controlled by modifying the
rotating speed of the holder. Three multilayer NbN/
CrN coatings were produced with different periodicity
(4 nm, 8 nm and 20 nm), all with total thickness of
30 µm. X-Ray diffraction and Transmission Electron
Microscopy analyses provided the d-lattice spacing
of the constituent layers, periodicity (by satellite peak
analysis) and structural description of the multilayers.
In addition to the CrN and NbN peaks, the XRD analysis
indicated modulation peaks, whose intensity increases
with decreasing periodicity, increasing stoichiometry
of the layers and sharper interfaces. For the 20 nm
periodicity the modulation peaks disappear. Hardness
increased as the periodicity decreased, showing that
interfacial effects can greatly influence the mechanical
properties, leading to a higher toughness coating.
8:20 AM
A Kinetic Study of Cobalt Electrodeposition in
Acid Sulfate Solutions: Ana Paula Siston1; Oswaldo
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Technical Program
8:40 AM
Microstructural and Hardness Analysis of Extruded
Sn-0.7Cu Solder Alloy: Abdoul-Aziz Bogno1; Jose
Eduardo Spinelli2; Hani Henein1; 1University of
Alberta; 2Federal University of Sao Carlos
The properties and performance of lead-free
solder alloys such as fluidity and wettability are
defined by the alloy composition and solidification
microstructure. Rapid solidification of metallic alloys
is known to result in refined microstructures with
reduced microsegregation and improved mechanical
properties of the final products as compared to normal
castings. The rapidly solidified Sn-based solders by
melt spinning were shown to be suitable for soldering
with low temperature and short soldering duration.
In the present study, rapidly solidified Sn-0.7wt% Cu
droplets generated by Impulse Atomization (IA) were
achieved as well as directional solidification under
transient conditions at lower cooling rate. This paper
reports on a comparative study of the rapidly solidified
and the directionally solidified samples. Different but
complementary characterization techniques were used
to fully analyse the solidification microstructures of the
samples obtained under the two cooling regimes. These
include X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and Scanning
Electron Microscopy (SEM). In order to compare the
hardness of the directionally solidified ingot and strip
castings with the atomized powder, compaction and
extrusion of the latter were carried out. The results
will be described in this presentation.
9:00 AM
Corrosion Resistance of DLC Hard Coatings
Deposited over Nitrided PH Stainless Steel: Sonia
Brühl1; Eugenia Dalibon1; Amado Cabo2; Lânia
Pereira3; Vladimir Trava Airoldi3; 1UTN - National
University of Technology; 2IONAR S.A.; 3National
Institute for Space Research-INPE
Diamond-like coatings -DLC -are thin and hard
coatings which can be deposited by plasma assisted
techniques, such as Chemical Vapour Deposition
(PACVD). DLC films are known to be inert, very hard,
with a low friction coefficient against steel and ceramic
materials and it can be considered as a good coating for
precipitation hardening steels (PH) to increase work
life of components used in plastic injection molds
where abrasion and corrosion are the main degradation
mechanisms.In this work a DLC film was deposited
over ion nitrided PH stainless steel Corrax® with a
Si interlayer in a CVD Plasma, where the plasma was
generated and sustained by an asymmetric pulsed
DC discharge. A nitrided sample was compared in
all tests with a DLC coated sample and a duplex one
(nitrided+coating). Nitriding has been carried out in an
industrial facility with a pulsed DC discharge. Raman
spectroscopy indicated that the film was hydrogenated
amorphous carbon, with 20% H2. The nitrided case
was 14 microns thick, and the coating, 1.5-1.8 microns.
The coated samples showed no signs of corrosion
after 100 h immersion in a salt spray fog test. In the
electrochemical tests the nitrided steel sample and the
only coated one had a better behavior than the non
treated steel but the duplex sample (nitrided+DLC)
was the best, with the higher breakdown potential in
3.5% NaCl solution.
THURSDAY AM
Barcia1; Susana Diaz2; Oscar Mattos2; 1Instituto de
Química /UFRJ; 2LNDC/COPPE/UFRJ
Kinetic models to describe Co electrodeposition
have been associated with a restricted number of
experimental data and, for this reason, are not capable
to fully predict the cathodic behavior in acid sulfate
solutions. In this work, a systematic study on the kinetics
of Co electrodeposition in CoSO4.7H2O solutions was
carried out in different Co++ concentrations (0.1, 0.4
and 1.0 M) and pH values (1, 2 and 3) by means of
potentiostatic polarization curves and electrochemical
impedance spectroscopy. An attempt was made to
provide a deeper insight into the electrode reaction
mechanism, aiming to a comprehensive model for Co
electrodeposition. The polarization results presented
two distinct regions: a non-linear part, at low cathodic
potentials, followed by a quite linear one. At the first
region, wherein the efficiency for metallic deposition
is extremely low, the impedance results showed that
hydrogen reduction predominates. High efficiency
on metallic deposition was only detected at the linear
part of the curves. In this region, the formation of
different adsorbed intermediates at the cathode surface
was evidenced by electrochemical impedance and
the relative rate of their formation depended on the
solution composition and pH.
9:20 AM
Wear Mechanism of Stellite Bearing Used in Zinc
Bath and the Effect on Galvanizing Line of Flat
Steel Production: Hamid Bayati1; Saeed Al-Shahrani1;
Shahreer Ahmed1; 1SABIC
Hot-dip galvanization is a process commonly used
by steel industry to coat the steel sheet with a thin
layer of zinc. In continuous galvanizing line, CGL,
steel sheet is annealed prior to immerging into a bath
of molten lightly alloyed zinc at a temperature around
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4600°C. Steel sheet is guided through the heated zinc
bath by sink and stabilizing rolls for few seconds.The
zinc bath consists of more than 98% pure zinc and less
than 2% additives, most commonly aluminum, nickel,
and bismuth, which help with zinc fluidity, coating
adherence and appearance, formability, weldability,
and consumption. Therefore the chemistry of the zinc
bath, cleanness of the steel surface, and temperature
of the bath play major role in quality and properties of
the coating. Pot hardware, including rolls and bearing,
is totally immerged in the zinc bath and exposed to a
highly stressed condition. Formation of dross , Fe-AlZn & Fe-Zn, in zinc bath and the hard Al-Co particles
on surface of the Co-Cr based bearings results in severe
wear on coupling pair. This results in frequent change
of the worn bearings and cleaning the sink roll surface
which are costly and adversely affect the productivity.
This study investigates the formation of abrasive
particle in zinc bath along with detailed mechanism
of wear in bearings. The outcome would be used to
suggest appropriate solution to the bearings wear.
8. Modeling and Simulation of
Processes, Microstructures, and
Behavior – Applications of Molecular
Dynamics
Program Organizers: Diana Farkas, Virginia
Tech; Eduardo Bringa, CONICET- Universidad
Nacional de Cuyo
Thursday AM
July 24, 2014
Room: Room 12
Location: Frei Caneca
Convention Center
Session Chairs: Eduardo Bringa, U. N. Cuyo
Conicet; Andre Costa e Silva, Universidade Federal
Fluminense
10:00 AM Invited
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Plastic
Deformation in Nb/Nbc Multilayers: Iman
Salehinia1; Jian Wang1; David Bahr1; Hussien Zbib1;
1
Washignton State University
Experimental studies show that metal-ceramic
multilayers can have high strength, high strain
hardening and measurable plasticity when the ceramic
layer is a few nanometers thick. Using molecular
dynamics simulations of compressive loading
we studied deformation mechanisms in NbC/Nb
multilayers and explored the role of interface structure
64
and layer thickness on the mechanical behavior,
including strength, ductility and cracking behavior.
MEAM 2NN interatomic potential has been used in
the simulations. The interface dislocation structure
was characterized by combining MD simulations
and atomically informed Frank-Bilby theory. Two
sets of pure edge misfit dislocations have been
identified. Plastic deformation in NbC/Nb multilayers
commences first in the metal layers by nucleation and
glide of lattice dislocations initiating from interface
misfit dislocations. These dislocations glide in the
Nb layer and are deposited at the interface. Cracks
are formed at the surface of the NbC layer along the
trace of the deposited dislocations on the interface. The
strain hardening and the peak flow strength of NbC/Nb
multilayers are associated with the slip transmission
from Nb to NbC, and are correlated to the interfacial
dislocations, Nb layer thickness, and NbC layer
thickness. The flow strength and also strain hardening
rate decrease with increasing Nb layer thickness and
decreasing the NbC layer thickness.
10:40 AM Invited
Nanoscale Metallic Foams, a New Class of Materials
for Extreme Environments: Alfredo Caro1; 1LANL
The subject of materials under extreme environments
has received significant attention recently in the
context of next-generation of energy, defense and
transportation technologies that require materials
to perform at “extremes” of stress, temperature,
irradiation dose, corrosion, etc. Similarly, in land or
air-based transportation vehicles, lightweight, highstrength structural materials are needed to increase
fuel efficiency and reduce gas emission.Designing a
material from the atomistic level to achieve tailored
response at extreme conditions is a grand challenge
in today’s materials research. Nanostructured metals
and composites containing interfaces that not only
block dislocation slip but also attract, absorb and
annihilate point and line defects can provide a way to
recover or control the defects produced in materials
subjected to extremes. In this talk I will review
or work on mechanical and irradiation properties of
nanoscale metallic foams, materials that have potential
applications in several fields. In the case of nuclear
fuels, which exhibit a natural foam-forming tendency
due to fission gas accumulation, the idea of starting with
a porous structure to accommodate the gas has already
is proposed for advanced fuels. Radiation resistance is
also important for the survival of spacecraft exposed
to long term or high dose rate radiation exposure, as in
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the case of missions to Mars or the inner solar system.
11:20 AM
Atomistic Simulations of Nanofoams: Eduardo
Bringa1; Diana Farkas2; Alfredo Caro3; 1CONICETUniversidad Nacional de Cuyo; 2Virginia Polytechnic
Institute and State University; 3Los Alamos National
Laboratory
We report the results of computational tensile and
compressive tests for model bi-continuous nanoporous
gold structures using atomistic simulations with
empirical many-body potentials and molecular
dynamics. The results are compared with the
predictions of scaling laws for coarser-scale foams and
with available experimental data. We find a surprising
substantial tension/compression asymmetry in yield
due to the surface stress that sets the filament under
compression, providing a bias favoring yielding in
compression. We provide a model for our results based
on a ligament strength value close to the theoretical
strength of Au, and the surface stress. The model
predicts a significant tension/compression asymmetry
for ligament sizes below 10 nm and pore collapse
for ligament sizes below 1 nm. We also observe
an unexpected compaction tendency under tension
characterized by a decrease in the total volume of the
sample of 15% for samples deformed under tension
by 30%. The mechanism of the compaction involves
a decrease in the average pore size and pore collapse
resulting from plasticity within the ligaments. For
compaction beyond 30% we observe increasing
ligament fusion leading to tremendous hardening, in
agreement with experimental results.
Poster Session – Session 1
Program Organizer: Marc Meyers, University of
California, San Diego
Tuesday AM
July 22, 2014
Convention Center
Room: Expomet Site
Location: Frei Caneca
Session Chair: To Be Announced
Temperature and Strain Rate Effects on the
Mechanical Behaviour of Strain Aged Dual Phase
Steel: Yu Cao1; 1Chalmers University of Technology
In order to reduce exhaust gas emission of CO2
and increase fuel efficiency, it is necessary to design
Solar Light Metal Oxides Reduction under Vacuum:
Irina Vishnevetsky1; Michael Epstein1; 1Weizmann
Institute of Science
Atoms of light metals and metalloids such as Al,
Mg and B have a strong bond with oxygen atoms
and reduction of their oxides requires high energy
input. Therefore, solar thermal carboreduction can
be considered as a promising option when at least
part of the necessary energy can be provided from
concentrated solar radiation. A major difficulty is the
high reaction temperature at atmospheric pressure that
according to Le-Chatelier principle can be reduced
in vacuum by decreasing the partial pressure of the
product gases. This, however, requires additional
energy consumption for the pumping. Thermodynamic
considerations associated with this process will be
discussed along with experimental results obtained
in a wide range of tests parameters in vacuum using
induction heating furnace and solar reactor. Reaction
mixtures were prepared using wood charcoal as carbon
source, alumina, magnesia or boron oxide powder
from Sigma-Aldrih mixed with 10 wt% sugar powder
as a binder. The mixtures were pressed at 10 tons to
pellets and heated up to 165°C during 20 min. The
main thermodynamic characteristics will be presented
together with experimental results such as the proper
oxygen yield in the CO product, pure elements yield as
a function of the CO partial pressure (0.01 – 2.6 mbar),
temperatures in the reaction zone (1400°C - 1800°C)
and in vapor deposition locations. Kinetic parameters
July 21-25, 2014 • Sao Paulo, Brazil
POSTERS
11:40 AM Break
lightweight auto-body from thinner sheet in the
automotive industry. High strength formable steels are
one way to meet the requirement in spite of their high
density. One example in this family is dual phase (DP)
steel which consists of soft matrix of ferrite grains
and hard martensite islands. This study concerns
the mechanical behaviour of strain aged DP steel.A
commercial dual phase steel (DP 800) was strained to
3.5 % followed by annealing at 180°C for 30 min. The
effect of temperature and strain rate on the mechanical
behavior of this material have been investigated by
uniaxial tensile test experimentally and theoretically,
covering the applicable temperatures (-60°C to 100°C)
and strain rates (1•10-4 to 1•102 s-1) experienced in
automotive crash situations. Yield and ultimate tensile
strength, ductility, temperature effects and strain
rate sensitivity have been determined and discussed.
A constitutive model for the material is presented to
describe the material behavior in crash situations by
considering the athermal and thermal stress component.
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ABM-TMS Second Pan American Materials Conference - 2014
also will be presented. Maximum element yield were
92-93% for magnesium (0.02-0.04 mbar averaged
Pco) and 74-90% for aluminum (0.02-0.04 mbar) at
averaged temperature in the reaction zone 1530°C.
POSTERS
Thermal Characterization of Polymeric Composites
Reinforced with Fiber Sponge Gourd: Veronica
Scarpini Candido1; Michel Picanço de Olivera1; Lucas
Pinheiro Saurin1; Sergio Neves Monteiro1; 1Instituto
Militar de Engenharia
This work aims to investigate the thermal characteristics
of polymerical composites reenhanced with vegetal
fiber. The samples, produced with proportions of 0, 10,
20 and 30% (w/w), were characterized by the thermal
analysis procedures (TG e DSC) and DMA. As the
amount of fiber in the composite was risen, the thermal
stability of the composites became lower, achieving a
steady-state at around 275°C. It was also determined
that the proportion of 10% of the composite’s material
represented by the weight of natural fibers is the
structure which provides the highest temperature
resistance to the polymer among the tested samples.
Effects of Cleavage Coefficient on the Electrokinetic
Properties of Kaolinite Particles before and after
Breakage: Fanfei Min1; Lingyun Liu1; Mingxu
Zhang1; Shaoxian Song2; 1Anhui University of Science
and Technology; 2Universidad Autonoma de San Luis
Potosi
The zeta potentials of different sizes of kaolinite
particles in aqueous solutions were determined by
using the ZetaProbe Analyzer. By analyzing the
different effects of breakage and cleavage ways on the
each surface area of kaolinite particles, the effects of
cleavage coefficient on the electrokinetic properties
of kaolinite particles before and after breakage were
analyzed. The results show that the IEPs of kaolinite
particles with D50=0.30m, D50=4.65m and
D50=7.95m decreases first and then increases
as the D50 of kaolinite particles increasing from
0.30m to 7.95m. As the particles size increasing,
the negative zeta potential increases in the pH range
of between pH=3.00 and pH=7.40, but decreases
first and then increases in the pH range of larger
than pH7.40. The cleavage coefficient K reflects the
rules of electrokinetic properties of kaolinite particles
changing before and after breakage. The electrokinetic
properties of kaolinite particles keep constant before
and after breakage with the cleavage coefficient K
equal to the equipotential cleavage coefficient K’,
but has different changing rules with the K=0,0<K<
K’,K’<K<1 and K=1. The cleavage coefficient K
66
increases as the particles size decreases. These maybe
the main causes of electrokinetic characteristics of
different sizes kaolinite particles in aqueous solutions.
Hydration Layers on Clay Mineral Surfaces
in Aqueous Solutions: A Review: Fanfei Min1;
Chenliang Peng2; Shaoxian Song3; 1Anhui university
of science and technology; 2Anhui University of
Science and Technology; 3Universidad Autonoma de
San Luis Potosi
Hydration layers on clay mineral surfaces are
originated from the adsorption of polar water molecules
and hydrated cations on the surfaces through unsaturated
ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds and van der Waals bonds,
which have attracted great attentions because of their
important influences on the dispersive stability of the
particles in aqueous solutions. This review highlights
the molecular structure of clay minerals, the origin
of hydration layers on clay mineral surfaces, the
hydration layer structural model, hydration force and
the main parameters of the hydration layers on clay
minerals (including those of crystal structure, cationic
type and strength, and solution pH). Also, the research
methods for hydration layers are briefly described,
especially the determination of hydration layer
thickness by the Einstein viscosity method and AFM
method. In addition, the applications of the stability of
fine clay mineral particles in aqueous suspensions are
summarized.
Study on the Rule of Dielectric Response in the
High-sulfur Coking Coal and Sulfur-containing
Model Compounds: Mingxu Zhang1; Fanfei Min1;
Chuanchuan Cai1; 1Anhui University of Science and
Technology
This paper aims at studying the rule of dielectric
response in the typical high-sulfur coking coal and
obtaining the absorption frequency range of wave
energy, which provide support for condition selection
in microwave desulfurization. Transmission reflection
method has been used to test dielectric constant of
Shanxi high-sulfur coking coal in the frequency
range of 0.2-18 GHz. And XPS has been applied to
ascertain the organic sulfur occurrence regularity,
screen out typical sulfur-containing model compounds
and tested complex permittivity. The results show that
three selected coal samples have significant difference
in dielectric response and several dielectric response
peaks have appeared. The real parts of Xinyu raw coal
decrease with the increase of the change frequency,
which conforms to Debye relaxation. Both Xinyang
raw coal and Xinliu cleaned coal have the similar
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Technical Program
growth trend. Along with the change of frequency,
the permittivity real parts of the five sulfur-containing
model compounds basically have consistent variation
tendencies. That is Diphenyl sulfoxide > Diphenyl
sulfone > Diphenyl disulfide > Dibenzothiophene>
N-octadecyl, the size of the permittivity real parts
decreases with the increase of the change frequency,
which meets the change rule of dielectric. The
dielectric response of Aromatic sulfur-containing
model compounds is stronger than Aliphatic model
sulfur compounds.
Tensile Behavior of an Eutectic Pb-Sn Alloy
Processed by ECAP and Rolling: Lívia Lugon1;
Roberto Figueiredo1; Paulo Cetlin1; 1Universidade
Federal de Minas Gerais
An eutectic lead-tin alloy was prepared by melting
the commercially pure metals and cast in cylindrical
molds with 10 mm diameter. The billets were processed
by 4 passes of ECAP using a die with 90° between
channels through route A and rolled to a final thickness
of ~1 mm. The microstructure was determined by
optical microscopy. Tensile tests were carried out at
room temperature in the strain rate range between 10-4
– 10-2 s-1. The results show the elongation to failure
increases at low strain-rates. The strain-rate sensitivity
parameter was determined and a maximum value of
~0,4 is observed at the lowest strain-rate.
July 21-25, 2014 • Sao Paulo, Brazil
POSTERS
Selection of Roasting Additives and Active
Mechanism for Vanadium Extraction from Stone
Coal: Yi-min Zhang1; Shen-xu Bao1; Xiao-bo Zhu1;
1
Wuhan University of Technology
Conventional NaCl roasting-water leaching
technique is not suitable for high calcium mica-type
stone coal. Different sodium salts and potassium salts
were selected as roasting additives for vanadium
extraction from stone coal combining with NaCl and
the results show that K2SO4 is the optimal one. When
NaCl is solely used as additive, most calcium easily
reacts with SiO2 and vanadium to form water-insoluble
calcium vanadates, which leads to low water leaching
rate of vanadium. As K2SO4 is added, the K2SO4 is
decomposed into K2O and SO2 during roasting. On
one hand, the K2O can accelerate the decomposition
of vanadium-bearing mica-type minerals and enhance
the liberation of vanadium by forming potassium-soda
feldspar. On the other hand, the released SO2 will
react with active calcium to from anhydrite, which
suppresses the formation of calcium vanadates. The
SEM-EDS results also demonstrate that there are no
or tiny calcium vanadates in roasting products when
4% NaCl and 8% K2SO4 are added. Thermodynamic
calculations indicate that calcium vanadates inevitably
form during roasting of high calcium stone coal with
solely NaCl. However, the anhydrite is produced more
easily than anorthite and potassium-soda feldspar,
thus in case K2SO4 is added, the released SO2 will
preferential react with calcium and this is beneficial
to the formation of potassium-soda feldspar and the
leaching of vanadium. This study provides relatively
appropriate roasting additives for vanadium extraction
from the refractory stone coal.
Concentration of a Brazilian Refratary Bauxite by
Direct Flotation: Felipe André Barbosa1; Mauricio
1
Bergerman1; Daniela Horta1;
Alfenas Federal
University
Bauxite is an ore that consists of aluminum hydroxide
minerals and impurities which are mainly composed
by silicates, iron oxides (goethite and hematite),
titanium oxides, aluminosilicates, among others.
The studied bauxite ore is intended to the refractory
industry, whose market specifications request for iron
content lesser than 2.5%. The objective of this study
was to investigate the applicability of direct flotation
route so as to concentrate bauxite ore from Barro
Alto-GO. The sample was initially comminuted and
characterized. After that, it were accomplished flotation
experiments in order to investigate the influence of
collector (Hidroxamate-Cytec) dosage, flotation pH
(8.5, 9.5, 10.5) and milling time (6, 8 e 10 min) on
the reduction of the iron content. It was observed
that the increase of collector dosage conducted to the
increase in metallurgic recovery of alumina (Al2O3),
and consequent decrease in its grade besides a rise in
the Fe2O3 content. With the same collector dosage (395
g/t), it was found that the pH which yielded the greater
performance of concentration by flotation was 9.5. The
study of the influence of milling time revealed that the
major milling time (10 min) produced more efficient
results of Al2O3 recovery, and content of both alumina
and contaminants. The experiment which conducted to
more appropriated results was those carried out with
395 g/t of collector, pH 9.5 and 10 min of milling. The
result was a concentrated with 3.74% of Fe2O3, 60.00%
of Al2O3 and metallurgic recovery of 40.87%.
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ABM-TMS Second Pan American Materials Conference - 2014
POSTERS
Influence of ECAP Processing on Tensile Behavior
of Rolled Commercially Pure Magnesium: Cláudio
Silva1; Pedro Pereira2; Roberto Figueiredo1; Paulo
Cetlin2; 1Department of Materials Engineering and
Construction, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais,
Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil; 2Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Universidade Federal de
Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil
The aim of this work is to study the processing
of commercially pure magnesium by severe plastic
deformation and to verify the influence of the
processing in the microstructure and tensile behavior
of material. As cast slabs were rolled at 400 ºC to a
thickness of 1 mm. The rolled sheets were covered
with copper and processed by Equal Channel Angular
Pressing at 200 ºC. The process was repeated four
times with rotation of 180° of the billet between each
pass. Tensile samples were machined parallel to the
pressing direction and tested at room temperature.
It is shown that the microstructure is refined during
the thermo-mechanical processing and the strength
increases significantly.
Ceramic Component Shape Effect on the Ballistic
Performance of a Target: Luis Louro1; Carlos
Chagas1; Alaelson Gomes1; Willian Trindade1;
1
Military Institute of Engineering
Ballistic tests were performed using a target made
of layers of alumina doped with niobia, aramid fabric,
and aluminum. The target was impacted by a 7.62 mm
projectile fired from a 15 meters positioned rifle. The
ceramic layer involved three single hexagonal ceramic
pieces. There were investigated plane and concaveconvex ceramic surface shapes, in order to assess their
ballistic performances. A plasticine block was used
and placed right behind and together with the target.
Therefore, after each shot the plasticine deformation
was measured, specially its penetration depth. This
was used as a parameter to evaluate the target energy
absorption power. The obtained results revealed that
the concave-convex ceramic surface shapes were more
effective for ballistic protection when compared with
those of plane shapes. These values were corroborated
by ballistic simulations using LS-Dyna software
for dynamic analyses based on finite elements. The
target was modeled by using the Johnson-Holmquist
constitutive approach for damage evaluation.
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Thermal Decomposition of the Free and
Incorporated Diethanolamine (DEA) in Solid
Matrices of Mesoporous Ordered Silica: Simone
Avila1; Jivaldo Matos1; 1USP
Diethanolamine (DEA) is used in industrial processes
by CO2 capture, however, the use of this substance
has disadvantage because it is volatile and oxidize
easily. SBA-15 is a kind of mesoporous ordered silica.
Due to proprieties like high surface area, the high
porous volume, the large porous size and narrow size
porous distribution, the mesoporous materials present
interesting characteristics for the use as adsorbent.
The incorporation by DEA in these materials can be
an interesting alternative for CO2 capture, therefore
the knowledge of thermal stability and thermal
comportment of these species are important. The
objective of this work is to study the thermal stability
of isolated and incorporated DEA in the SBA-15,
utilizing kinetics studies based in the Ozawa Method.
Scanning Electronic Microscopic (SEM), FTIR
and elemental analysis by C, H and N were utilized
to auxiliary the materials characterization. The TG
curves of DEA isolate and incorporated in SBA-15
were obtained for thermal balance model TGA-51
Shimadzu, employing N2 (flow 50 mL min-1) between
25 and 600°C . The Ozawa method permitted to obtain
the kinetics parameters of the thermal decomposition
of the isolate and incorporate DEA in the SBA-15.
The results show that the incorporation by DEA of
the SBA-15 increased the time of the DEA thermal
decomposition. This increase is due some part of the
DEA molecules remains inside of the SBA-15 porous.
Microstructure Evolution and Hydrogen Properties
of Magnesium Alloys Deformed by ECAP: Egor
Prokofiev1; Alberto Moreira Jorge Junior1; Walter
Jose Botta1; Megumi Kawasaki2; Terence Langdon3;
1
Universidade Federal de São Carlos; 2Hanyang
University; 3University of Southampton
Mg-based alloys are a relatively light, low-cost and
promising material for hydrogen storage due mainly to
the high hydrogen capacities of their hydrides. However,
one of the most important tasks in investigations of these
alloys is improvement of the H-sorption properties
such as temperatures and kinetics. Microstructure
refinement of Mg-based alloys using equal-channel
angular pressing (ECAP) techniques is quite promising
approach for modification and enhancement of their
service properties. In the present work, a few Mg
alloys subjected to different regimes of ECAP were
investigated. As it was shown by transmission electron
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Technical Program
microscopy (TEM) analysis, the ECAP processing
resulted in strong microstructure refinement down
to 1 µm. By using TEM and SEM coupled to an
orientation mapping facility (EBSD), features such as:
grains/subgrains, texture and misorientations of grain
boundaries were revealed and analyzed. Hydrogen
absorption and desorption properties of Mg alloys
and their relation with microstructure and texture are
considered and discussed.
Using Finite Element Modelling to Examine the
Sample Distortion, Flow and Temperature Rise in
HPT: Roberto Figueiredo1; Pedro Henrique Pereira2;
Paulo Roberto Cetlin2; Terence Langdon3; 1Federal
University of Minas Gerais; 2Universidade Federal de
Minas Gerais; 3University of Southern California
Finite element simulations were performed in
order to evaluate the sample distortion, flow process
and temperature rise during HPT processing. It is
observed that after the unloading of the HPT samples,
their surfaces are curved and there is a variation in
their thickness that increases with increasing pressure
and distance from the centre. The distribution of strain
varies along the thickness and radius of the disc. The
temperature rise is dependent upon different processing
parameters.
Ni-Silicated Ore Behavior during the Caron Process:
Eliana Mano1; Laurent Caner2; Arthur Chaves1; André
Mexias3; 1Universidade de São Paulo; 2Université de
Poitiers; 3Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
The nickel lateritic deposit of Niquelândia, GO,
Brazil – is composed of two different ores, the oxidized
ore and the silicated ore. The first one yields high
recoveries at the Caron Process; in turn, the silicated
ore shows nickel losses associated to the clay minerals.
This study was conducted in order to investigate
which chemical and physical proprieties of the Nisilicated ore make difficult the Caron Process.X-ray
diffraction (XRD), chemicals analysis (ICP-AES),
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled to
X-ray dispersive energy (EDX) and Fourier infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize the
Ni-silicated ore. The XRD detailed studies concluded
that nickel is mainly associated to di and trioctahedral
smectites and, in lower proportions, to talc.Detailed
analyses on the final products of the Caron Process
at XRD show that magnetite replaces initial goethite
during the reduction process. Clay minerals start
to change during the reduction step; however, they
still remain in the final products of the leaching
step (Figure 1). Pyroxenes and talc result from clay
minerals transformation.Summarizing, in the silicate
ore, better recoveries are related to dioctahedral
July 21-25, 2014 • Sao Paulo, Brazil
POSTERS
The Effect of Quartz on the Tlotation of Pyrite
Depressed by Serpentine: Xianping Luo1; Bo Feng1;
1
Jiangxi University of Science and Technology
The effect of quartz particles on the flotation of
pyrite depressed by serpentine has been investigated
through flotation tests, adsorption tests, zeta potential
measurements and DLVO calculations. The results
show that the presence of hydrophilic serpentine
slimes on pyrite surface reduces collector adsorption
and results in lower recovery of pyrite. The finer the
serpentine slime is, the lower the pyrite recovery will
be. Quartz particles do not interfere with pyrite flotation.
However, the addition of quartz particles increases the
adsorption of collector on pyrite surface and limits the
detrimental effect of serpentine on pyrite flotation. The
fine-grained quartz is more effective. Zeta potential
measurements and DLVO calculations illustrate that
the zeta potential of quartz is more negative than that of
pyrite and the attraction force between serpentine and
quartz is stronger than that value between serpentine
and pyrite, thus some serpentine slimes were removed
from pyrite surface to quartz in the process of attrition.
The Effect of Calcium Ion on the Separation of
Rhodochrosite and Calcite: Bo Feng1; 1Jiangxi
University of Science and Technology
The effect of calcium ion on the separation of
rhodochrosite and calcite has been investigated
through flotation tests, zeta potential measurements
and scanning electron microscopy analysis. The
result shows that rhodochrosite and calcite are similar
in many physical and chemical properties, which
make the separation of rhodochrosite from calcite
inefficient. The separation of rhodochrosite and calcite
can be realized with the addition of SHMP (sodium
hexametaphosphate) as SHMP can depress calcite
flotation while it does not influence the flotation of
rhodochrosite. However, when calcium ion was added,
the separation of rhodochrosite and calcite deteriorated
as SHMP also depressed the flotation of rhodochrosite
at this condition. The solution chemical calculation
and scanning electron microscopy analysis illustrate
that the formation of calcite precipitation coating
on the rhodochrosite surface is the main reason that
calcium ion increases the depression effect of SHMP
on rhodochrosite.
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ABM-TMS Second Pan American Materials Conference - 2014
smectites; moreover, triocthaedral smectites in high
temperatures convert to talc and pyroxenes, causing
nickel to be trapped in their structures. Mixtures of di
and trioctahedral smectites present variable recoveries
based on the proportions of both of these smectites.
POSTERS
Synthesis of Nanodiamonds: An Estimation on the
Parameters Involved in Dynamic Consolidation
by Explosives: Luis Louro1; Jheison Santos1; Arnaldo
Ferreira1; Willian Trindade1; Sérgio Monteiro1;
1
Military Institute of Engineering
Diamond synthesis requires high temperature and
pressures. Diamond nanoparticles can be obtained
from graphite by an explosive detonation, a process
that meets these conditions and has been used for
decades. Copper powder is usually mixed with graphite
in order to provide faster cooling and thus keep the
diamond phase. This work presents an estimation of
the parameters involved in explosive synthesis using
a double tube for dynamic compression. The pressure
was calculated using shock impedance matching
combined with the Gurney equation. The speed of
the flyer tube and the amount of explosive were also
estimated. Two explosives were considered: TNT
and B Composition. TNT yielded a flyer tube speed
of 757.25 m/s, generating a pressure of 15.32 GPa.
B Composition accelerated the flyer tube to speed of
about 2000 m/s, producing a pressure of 47.85 GPa.
Explicit Simulation of Ballistic Impacts on 6351
T6 Aluminum Alloy: Jheison Santos1; Guilherme
Guimarães2; André Cardoso2; Eduardo Lima1;
1
Military Institute of Engineering; 2Centro Tecnológico
do Exército
This study aimed to analyze the behavior of the 6351
T6 aluminum alloy at ballistic impacts by performing
the DOP (Depth of Penetration) ballistic test on
cylindrical targets with 100 mm thick and of 7” (177.8
mm) diameter billets of such alloy, and then model
and simulate it, comparing computational results with
values obtained in the real test. The impacts were made
by 7.62 x 51 mm AP (Armor Piercing) projectile. The
explicit simulations, based on the Finite Elements
Method, were performed in commercial software
ANSYS/AUTODYN®. The penetration on the target
ranged from 27.85 mm to 49.50 mm and the resultant
target penetrations from the simulation were consistent
with the real test results.
70
Creep in Amorphous Metals: Michael Kassner1; K.
Smith1; 1University of Southern California
This presentation will the work on creep behavior
of amorphous metals. There have been, over the past
several years, a few reviews of the mechanical behavior
of amorphous metals. Several excellent reviews have
been published prior to 2007. The current review of
creep of amorphous metals particularly focuses on
those works since that review and places the work prior
to 2007 in a different context where new developments
warrant. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous creep
will be discussed.
Poster Session – Session 2
Program Organizer: Marc Meyers, University of
California, San Diego
Wednesday AM
July 23, 2014
Room: Expomet Site
Location: Frei Caneca
Convention Center
Session Chair: To Be Announced
Comparative Analysis of the Dynamic-mechanical
Behavior for Random and Thinner Ramie Fibers
Polyester Matrix Composites: Alice Bevitori1;
Caroline de Oliveira1; Isabela da Silva1; Frederico
Margem1; Sergio Monteiro2; 1UENF; 2IME
The ramie fibers are among one of the most used
lignocellulosic materials for rustic simple products such
as fabric, carpets, ropes and baskets. In recent decades,
these fibers began to be investigated as reinforcement
of polymer composites, but the thermal properties
still need to be complete analyzed. In this work, the
temperature dependence of the dynamic-mechanical
parameters in polyester matrix composites reinforced
with up to 30% in volume of continuous and aligned
ramie fibers was investigated by DMA tests. The
analyzed composites were fabricated with both random
fibers and thinner fibers for the fractions of fibers from
10 to 30% in order to determine the diameter effect
in composites properties such as storage modulus, the
loss modulus and the tangent delta. The results showed
that the incorporation of ramie fibers tends to increase
the viscoelastic stiffness of the polyester matrix for
both thinner and thicker fibers.
Izod Impact Tests in Epoxi Matrix Composites
Reinforced with Malva Fibers: Vinícius Gomes1;
Frederico Margem1; Jean Margem1; Sérgio Monteiro1;
1
Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy
www.abmbrasil.com.br/seminarios/materials-conference/2014
Technical Program
Ribeiro
Polymer matrix composites with natural fibers
have nowadays been applied in components such
as helmets and shielding, as well as panels for civil
construction and many others. The natural fibers
presents a weak interface when reinforcing polymeric
matrices, that favor a high impact energy absorption
by the composite structure when exposed to impact.
So the objective of this work was to assess the Izod
impact resistance of polymeric composites reinforced
with different amounts of malva fibers, from 10 to 30%
in volume. The results showed a sensible increase in
the notch toughness with the increase in the amount of
incorporated malva fibers. This can be attributed to a
preferential displacement of the fiber/matrix interface,
which contributes to an elevated absorbed energy.
Keywords: malva fiber, composite, polyester matrix,
Izod testing, notch toughness
Charpy Toughness Behavior of Continuous
Banana Fibers Reinforcing Polyester Matrix
Composites: Foluke Salgado1; Frederico Margem1;
Sergio Monteiro2; Pedro Netto1; 1State University of
the Northern Rio de Janeiro; 2Engineering Military
Institute
The banana fiber is one of the most scientifically
investigated natural fiber due to its easy obtention
and vast occurrence, but studies with some varieties,
such as the Musaceae family, are rare. So this work
investigated the toughness behavior of polyester matrix
composites reinforced with up to 30% in volume of
Tensile Properties of Polyester Composites
Reinforced with Continuous Banana Fibers: Foluke
Salgado1; Frederico Margem1; Sergio Monteiro2;
Pedro Netto1; 1State University of the Northern Rio de
Janeiro; 2Engineering Military Institute
Although many studies are being made with
banana fibers around the planet, the Musacea family
is still little known in the scientific community. Due
to this lack of data on these fibers, the present work
evaluated the tensile properties of polyester matrix
composites reinforced with different amounts of
banana fibers. Composites reinforce with up to 30% in
volume of long, continuous and aligned banana fibers
in polyester resin were room temperature tested in an
Instron machine. The fracture was analyzed by SEM.
The results showed significant increase in the tensile
mechanical properties with the increase amount of
banana fibers. The obtained properties were compared
with other bend-tested composites results. The fracture
analysis revealed a weak fiber/matrix interface, which
could be responsible for the performance of some
properties. Keywords: banana fiber, polyester matrix,
tensile properties, SEM fracture analysis.
Microstructural Characterization of Plasma
Sprayed Ni-5wt.%Al Coatings Using Rietveld
Refinement: Aicha Loucif1; Fairouz Chouit1;
Mohammed K. Al Turkestani2; Mohamed Guerioune1;
A. Drici1; 1Annaba University; 2Umm Al-Qura
University
This work is focused on the study of nickel
aluminide (Ni-5wt%Al) microstructure deposited on
A37 steel substrates. The structure of the material was
investigated by using Rietveld refinement of X-ray
diffraction. The coatings were elaborated by the plasma
spray technique. In such technique, the initial material
is melted from its powder form by using a 20000°C
flame prior to spraying it on the substrate.Two types
of substrates were used in this work; the first one was
a non-heated substrate, whereas the second type was
a heated substrate to 150°C. It was found that the
coatings of nickel aluminide presented a formation of
July 21-25, 2014 • Sao Paulo, Brazil
POSTERS
Bending Mechanical Behavior of Polyester Matrix
Reinforced with Malva Fiber: Vinícius Gomes1;
Jean Margem1; Frederico Margem1; Sérgio Monteiro1;
1
Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy
Ribeiro
Environmentally friendly composites, made from
natural fibers, are among the most investigated and
applied today. In this paper, the mechanical behavior
of polyester matrix composites reinforced with
continuous and aligned malva fibers were investigated,
through tensile bending tests. Specimens containing
from 0 to 30% in volume of fibers aligned along the
entire length of a mold to create composite plates;
these plates were cut following the ASTM standard to
obtain bending tests specimens. Test were conducted in
an Instron Machine and the fractured specimens were
analyzed by SEM. The results showed the increase in
the materials tensile properties with the increase of
fiber amount.Keywords: polyester composite, malva
fiber, mechanical behavior.
long, continuous and aligned Musaceae family banana
fibers by means of Charpy impact tests. It was found
that the addition of banana fibers results in a marked
increase in the absorbed impact energy. Macroscopic
observation of the post-impact specimens and SEM
fracture analysis showed that longitudinal rupture
through the banana fiber interface with the polyester
matrix is the main mechanism for the remarkable
toughness of these composites.
71
ABM-TMS Second Pan American Materials Conference - 2014
new phases such as Ni3Al and NiO. The formation of
NiO phase is due to the oxidation of nickel during spray
operation, which took place in the air. Furthermore, the
surface of the coating deposited on the heated substrate
is less rough than that of the coating deposited on the
non-heated substrate.
POSTERS
Izod Impact Tests of Epoxy Composites Reinforced
with Bamboo Fibers of the Specimen Dendrocalmus
Giganteus: Gabriel Glória1; Lucas Martins1; Frederico
Margem1; Sergio Monteiro2; Luiz Gomes3; 1State
University of the Northern Rio de Janeiro; 2Instituto
Militar de Engenharia ; 3Instituto Superior de Ensino
do Censa, ISECENSA
Despite the fact that giant bamboo fibers are among
the strongest natural fibers, there is limited information
about the impact resistance of epoxy composites
incorporated with giant bamboo fibers. Therefore, the
aim of this work was to analyze the absorbed impact
energy of these composites. Normalized square section
specimens were fabricated with up to 30% in volume
of bamboo fibers aligned along the specimen’s length
in a steel matrix. The fibers were press molded with a
commercial type of epoxy resin mixed with a hardener
for a 24 hours cure at room temperature and a stress
of 5 tons. The specimens were tested in an Izod
pendulum hammer. The results showed increase in the
absorbed impact energy with the increase of amount
incorporated fiber. This performance can be explained
by the difficult of rupture imposed by the stronger
fibers and the type of cracks resulting from fiber/matrix
interaction.
Photoacoustic Thermal Properties Characterization
for Epoxy Matrix Reinforced with Sisal Fibers:
Lázaro Rohen1; Frederico Margem1; Sérgio Monteiro2;
1
State University of Northern of Rio de Janeiro;
2
Instituto Militar de Engenharia
Synthetic fibers have been gradually replaced by
natural fibers, mostly the lignocellulosic ones, because
they are environmentally friendly materials with a
neutral greenhouse gases emissions when compared
with synthetic fiber. Natural fibers also show some
economic advantages. Thus, there is a growing
international interest in the use of these fibers. Sisal
fiber extracted from sisal plant presents significant
properties to be studied. However, until now few thermal
properties on sisal fiber composites were evaluated.
The present work aims to investigate, by photoacoustic
spectroscopy and photothermic techniques the thermal
diffusivity, specific heat capacity and conductivity of
epoxy composites reinforced with up to 30% in volume
72
of sisal fibers. The results showed a good thermal
insulation for the sisal epoxy composites. Keywords:
Photoacoustic technique, sisal fiber, epoxy composites
Dynamic-mechanical Behavior of Polyester Matrix
Reinforced with Jute Fibers: Isabela Silva1; Alice
Bevitori1; Caroline Oliveira1; Frederico Margem1;
Sergio Monteiro1; 1UENF
Nowadays the materials used in industry demand
a huge variety of properties. In particular, composites
materials may have properties that metal alloys,
ceramics and polymeric materials alone can’t provide.
Therefore researchers are studying the composites
materials as a answer to this need. The jute fiber
is extensively used because it’s easy obtention.
Some known properties, like the high resistance,
are the reasons for this material be considered as a
reinforcement in polymeric matrix composites. In this
work, the temperature dependence of the dynamicmechanical parameters in polyester matrix composites
reinforced with up to 30% in volume of continuous
and aligned jute fibers was investigated by DMA
tests. The analysis performed in the composites tested,
determined the variation of the storage modulus (E’),
the elastic properties of loss modulus (E’’), and the
plastic properties of glass transition temperature (tan
d). The results showed that the incorporation of jute
fibers tends to increase the viscoelastic stiffness of
the polyester matrix. It was also observed changes
in the Tg and the structure dumping capacity of the
composites with increasing fraction of jute fibers.
Thermal Photoacoustic Characterization of
Epoxy Composites Reinforced Jute Fibers: Isabela
Silva1; Alice Bevitori1; Caroline Oliveira1; Frederico
Margem1; Sergio Monteiro1; 1UENF
The jute fiber is one of the most mechanical resistant
natural lignocellulosic fibers, which has since the last
century, been investigated as possible reinforcement
for polymeric composites. Characterization of the
jute fiber has recently been conducted for physical
and mechanical properties. However, the effect of
the temperature on the jute fiber behavior has not yet
been fully investigated. The objective of this work is
to investigate the thermal photoacoustic behavior of
epoxy matrix reinforced with continuous and aligned
jute fiber, using the photoacoustic spectroscopy to
analyze the diffusivity, the specific heat and the thermal
conductivity of the samples. The results showed that
jute fiber has a great insulation capacity and can be
used in insulating materials.
www.abmbrasil.com.br/seminarios/materials-conference/2014
Technical Program
Charpy Impact Tests of Polyester Composites
Reinforced with Bamboo Fibers of the Specimen
Dendrocalmus Giganteus: Gabriel Glória1; Lucas
Martins1; Frederico Margem1; Sergio Monteiro2; Luiz
Gomes3; 1State University of the Northern Rio de
Janeiro; 2Instituto Militar de Engenharia ; 3Instituto
Superior de Ensino do Censa, ISECENSA
Giant Bamboo (Dendrocalmus giganteus) are
among the strongest natural fibers, but there is
limited information about the impact resistance of
polyester composites incorporated with giant bamboo
fibers. The objective of this work was to measure
those properties for this composite. Normalized
square section specimens were fabricated with up to
30% in volume of bamboo fibers aligned along the
specimen’s length. The fibers were press molded with
a commercial orthophtalic polyester resin mixed with
the proper hardener and set to cure for 24 hours at
room temperature. After the cure specimens were cut
in standard measurements, and then tested in a Charpy
pendulum hammer, the fracture surface were analyzed
by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the
bamboo fiber incorporation increases the composite
impact resistance, by rising its capacity to absorb
energy with the increase amount of incorporated fibers.
This performance can be explained by the difficult of
rupture imposed by the fibers and the type of cracks
resulting from fiber/matrix interaction.
Structural and Magnetic Properties of Fe78 Si9 B13
(% at.) Powders Embedded in a Polimeric Atrix:
A Powder Metalurgic Process: Marcelo Pagnola1;
Fabio Saccone1; Marcelo Barone1; Mariano Malmoria1;
1
INTECIN (UBA - CONICET)
Ribbons with composition of Fe78Si9B13 were
produced by a rapid solidification technique (meltspinning). After grinding them in a ball miller, we
obtained powders with typical particle sizes in the
range of 100-200 µm. The crystallization kinetic
of these amorphous precursors was followed by
differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) up to 600ºC
[1]
, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) was employed
to determine structure and phase composition. We
measured the magnetic properties of annealed samples.
Their typical magnetizations are around 240 emu/g
and their coercivities lower than 5 Oe, being them
comparable with previous work [2].Composite cores
were made by embedding the base powders in a non
metallic polimeric matrix at different volume fractions.
In this work, we show a comparison between magnetic
properties of the composites with those corresponding
to the original powders. It is also discussed the possible
application of the obtained cores as rotors of electrical
machines [3]. [1] Chacón J.O., et. al., ”Mecanismo
de desvitrificación no-isotérmica de una aleación
vítrea, magnéticamente blanda, Fe 0.75 Si 0.15 B
0.10 ”, Revista Colombiana de Materiales N.3. pp. 8095.- [2] G. S. Mogilny, B. D. Shanina, V. V. Maslov,
V. K. Nosenko, A. D. Shevchenko, V. G. Gavriljuk,
“Structure and magnetic anisotropy of rapidly
quenched FeSiB ribbons”, Journal of Non-Crystalline
Solids. 01/2011; 357(16):3237-3244 [3] Seung Hwan
Chang a, Dai Gil Lee a,*, Jin Kyung Choi, “Composite
rotor for high-speed induction motors”, Composite
Structures 50 (2000) 37-47.
POSTERS
Thermal Characterization of Polyester Composites
Reinforced with Buriti Fibers: Giulio Altoé1;
Frederico Margem1; Sérgio Monteiro2; Anderson
Barbosa1; 1State University of the Northern Rio de
Janeiro - UENF; 2Military Institute of Engineering,
IME
Polyester composites reinforced with natural
lignocellulosic fibers have attracted interest in
several engineering areas due to their low cost, low
energy consumption during fabrication and number
of possible applications. One of these applications is
the replacement of traditional composites such as the
fiberglass. Characterization of polyester composites
incorporated with buriti fiber has recently been
conducted for physical and mechanical properties.
However, the effect of increasing temperature on
these composites has not yet been fully investigated.
Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate
the thermogravimetric behavior of polyester
composites reinforced with up to 30% by volume
of buriti fibers. The analysis was conducted by TG
and DTG techniques. The presence of buriti fibers
induces sensible changes in the thermal stability of
the polyester composites, showing a sensible effect
of the buriti fibers by reducing their temperatures of
degradation.
Properties of Magnesia-phosphate Composite
Artificial Stone: Sangsoo Lee1; Heontae Kim1; Yongjin
Yoo1; Hayoung Song1; 1Hanbat National University
These days, environmental problem is becoming
more serious because of the global warming which
is caused by greenhouse gases and Indiscriminate
collection of the limestone and natural aggregate.
Following this, It needs to produce Artificial Stone
which do not use the cement and the natural aggregate
and applies the Waste Glass and Waste Porcelain
July 21-25, 2014 • Sao Paulo, Brazil
73
ABM-TMS Second Pan American Materials Conference - 2014
based on Magnesia Phosphate Ceramic. Consequently,
the density, strength and the rate of aggregate on the
surface were measured according to mixing ratio of the
fly ash, Waste Glass, Waste Porcelain and Magnesia
Phosphate Ceramic. Test results showed that WPG
70% test specimen has the feasibility as the low-carbon
Artificial Stone which do not use the cement and the
natural aggregate.
POSTERS
Microstructure and Properties of Brazed Joint of
Ti2AlC Ceramic: Jie Zhang1; Y. F. Ding1; Y. L. Bai1;
X. D. He1; 1Harbin Institute of Technology
A perfect joint of Ti2AlC ceramic was obtained
by brazing at 1023~1123K for 10min using Al foil as
the filler material. The brazed joint of Ti2AlC ceramic
include three parts: (1) diffusion layer in the parent
Ti2AlC ceramic; (2) TiAl3 reaction layer between
parent Ti2AlC ceramic and filler; (3) Al layer in the
middle of the joint. With the increase of the brazing
temperature, thickness of the diffusion layer and TiAl3
reaction layer increases, meanwhile, thickness of
the joint decreases. Electric conductivity of the joint
decreases with increasing the brazing temperature,
and when brazing temperature is 1023K, electric
conductivity of the joint is 3.354×106s/m, which is
higher than that of the parent Ti2AlC ceramic. With
the increase of the brazing temperature, shear strength
of the joint increases and then decreases, and when
brazing temperature is 1073K, shear strength of the
joint is 123.7MPa.
Influence of Temperature Crystallisation of Lithium
Disilicate Translucency: Suzana Arleno1; Luciana dos
Santos Azevedo2; Matheus Borre2; Willian Trindade1;
Carlos Elias1; 1IME; 2CEFET-RJ UNED Petrópolis
Recemente has been widely used for the glassceramics are used in biomaterials. The purpose of this
work is the development of a ceramic glass for use in
biomaterials. This study did examine the relationship
between translucency of ceramic. The glass ceramic
studied is lithium disilicate. The crystallization
of lithium disilicate has a direct influence on its
translucency. The samples are broken rods from
amorphous disilicate in a conventional oven and
heated to three different temperatures (580°C, 630°C
and 730°C) by recrystallization. The perception of
recrystallization of the samples was eita diffraction
using X-ray. Diffraction X-ray showed that after heating
to 580°C , quantification of phase is recrystallized from
50%. The layer was recrystallized from 85% to 660°C
and 92% after heating at 730°C. The translucency
was measured by transmittance, which showed
74
that the more less transparent crystallized material
becomes , it was calculated on the basis of amorphous
lithium disilicate bar. At the temperature of 580°C
was around transmittance The result showed that the
recrystallization and increased density as the heating
temperature increase to recrystallization.
Characterization and Kinetics Study of the Zinc
Ferrite Formation: Mery Gómez Marroquín1;
Jose Carlos D´Abreu2; Helio Marques-Kohler3;
1
Universidad Nacional de Ingenieria (Uni). Lima
Peru; 2Asociacion Peruana de Metalurgia Materiales
y Minerales-APMMM; 3Pontifical Catholic of Rio de
Janeiro IC University of Rio de Janeiro
Zinc ferrite is a compound commonly used in the
electronic industries and also present in some kinds
of dusts generated in steelmaking plants. The present
work deals with the kinetics of the zinc ferrite synthesis,
occurring through a solid-solid reaction in a selected
range of temperatures, using as reactant an equimolar
mixture of pure iron oxide- Fe2O3 and pure zinc
oxide - ZnO. This equimolar mixture was thermally
characterized using the DTA and TGA techniques.
In sequence the zinc ferrite produced were examined
using X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning and Transmission
Electronic Microscopy. Finally the software Topas
2.1, Difrac Plus, using the Rietveld XRD method was
applied to calculate the amount of zinc ferrite generated
during the synthesis reaction. The results showed that
at the low temperature range from 873 to 1003 K, the
best fitting model was the Phase Boundary Reaction,
with apparent activation energy of 272 kJ/mol, and
frequency factor of 2.32 x 1013 h-1. On the other hand,
for the high temperature interval from 1023 to 1273 K,
the results showed that the Modified Logistic Equation
had the best agreement with apparent activation energy
of 67 kJ/mol, and frequency factor of 570 h-1.
Influence of Seed Shells of Moringa Oleifera on
the Morphological, Mechanical and Thermal
Properties of PP Composites: Kátia Novack1; Daniel
Miranda de Sá1; Vagner Botaro2; Leonardo Godefroid1;
1
Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto; 2Universidade
Federal de São Carlos-Campus Sorocaba
The 70s, marked by the oil crisis led to knowledge
about environmental problems due to indiscriminate
use of nonrenewable resources. To solve these problems
one alternative was the use of agents of natural
reinforcements in composites manufacturing. In this
work, composites were prepared using polypropylene
as matrix and an agent of natural seed shells of Moringa
oleifera as a reinforcing in different proportions, with no
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Technical Program
physical-chemical treatments. These composites were
characterized by TGA, DSC, XRD and their flexure
strength was evaluated. It was found that increasing
the amount of fiber in the polymer matrix did not
change significantly the morphology of the samples. It
was also observed that the addition of larger amounts
of fibers decreases the degradation temperature of the
samples and their melting temperatures shifts to lower
temperatures, indicative of compatibility matrix /
reinforcement agents. No significant effect of the seed
shells volumetric fraction on the tensile elongation and
flexure strength was verified. On the other hand, the
elastic modulus of the composite increased with the
volumetric fraction of the seed shells.
Laser Welding of SiC-particle Reinforced AA356
Alloy: Ricardo Tadeu Aureliano Junior1; José Tarpani1;
1
Universidade de São Paulo
Metal matrix composite (MMC) reinforced with
particulate SiC (Al/SiCp) offer many advantages
Strength Properties of Non-cement Matrix with
the Types and Addition Ratios of Alkali Activator:
Sungyu Park1; Jinman Kim2; Yunmi Kim3; Sangsoo
1
Lee3;
Mokwon University; 2Kongju National
University; 3Hanbat National University
This experimental study considers manufacturing
method of the non-cement matrix for the light-weight
building materials using blast furnace slag that is
the industrial by-product. We used the paper ash by
means of the foaming agent and alkali activator to
make non-cement light-weight matrix in experiment.
Various specimens were prepared with the different
types and addition ratios of the alkali activator. Then,
the properties of these specimens were investigated
by compressive strength test, flexural strength test,
absorption test, and observation of micro-structures
using scanning electron microscope(SEM). As a result,
sodium hydroxide(NaOH) addition ratio of 12.5%
shows the lowest density as 1.13g/cm3 and decreasing
ratio 40.45%. Also, compressive strength of this
specimen was the relatively high strength development
compared to density. It was judged that experiment
results of non-cement matrix with kind of waste
resources and alkali activators were useful to basic
data for mixtures design and evaluation properties of
lightweight non-cement building material.
July 21-25, 2014 • Sao Paulo, Brazil
POSTERS
Evaluation of AH36 Microalloyed Steel Submerged
Arc Welded with One and Two Wires: Anderson
Ribeiro1; Hani Henein2; Douglas Ivey2; Sérgio Brandi1;
1
USP; 2University of Alberta
Shipbuilding is going through a period of
revitalization, growth and technological advancements.
One component of these innovations is to improve
welding techniques and materials for optimizing
processing time, reducing costs and optimizing
properties and performance. The aim of the present
project is to evaluate the welding of microalloyed
shipbuilding steel, AH36, using the submerged arc
welding (SAW) process with one and two wires. The
mechanical properties of the welded joint, the resulting
microstructures and productivity will be presented. The
criteria adopted for welding qualification were based
on standard AWS D1.1 using tensile testing, bend
testing and Charpy V-notch testing. For metallographic
characterization, the base metal and welded joint
were etched with Nital and Klemm 1 reagent and
then examined with optical microscopy to verify the
phases and microconstituents present. Transmission
electron microscopy was used to verify the presence
of martensite laths and retained austenite. The results
showed that the welded joints do not present any
discontinuities in the specimens when subjected to
bend testing. The tensile test specimens showed a
maximum strength of 561 MPa and the rupture was
located in the base metal. The SAW process with two
wires produced a 34% higher welding speed than
welding with one wire.
over traditional aluminum alloys in terms of
mechanical strength, thermal and dimensional
stability, characteristics which make then attractive to
automotive, aeronautics and aerospace industries [1].
Compared to conventional welding process like MIG,
MAG and TIG, laser welding has many advantages
as high welding speed, very small welding pool and
restricted heat affected zone [2]. Some lightweight
metallic alloys have great ability to be joined to SiCpAl MMC by fusion welding, so that this process is
high profitable from the manufacturing viewpoint;
however, long exposure times to high temperature
favors the formation of Al4C3 and ternary Al-Si-C
carbides during solidification, which can degrade the
mechanical properties of the Al-matrix MMC [3,4].
The main objectives of this work are the microstructural
characterization of bead-on-plate laser welding in
AA356/SiCp substrates, the determination of its
mechanical performance under flexural conditions and
the fracture analysis of ruptured pre-cracked testpieces
in order to provide information to enhance the laser
welding process.
75
ABM-TMS Second Pan American Materials Conference - 2014
POSTERS
Characterization of Graphite Nodules of a
Ductile Cast Iron as a Function of Casting Time
and Temperature: D. Vidal1; L. Matlakhova1; D.
Finamore2; P. Teodoro3; S. Monteiro4; 1LAMAV/
UENF; 2Centro Universitário de Barra Mansa - UBM;
3
PAM Saint Gobain-Canalização – SGC; 4Military
Institute of Engineering, IME
This work shows the influence of the time and pouring
temperature on the formation of nodular structure of
ductile iron in the raw casting condition. The alloys
were evaluated by optical microscopy. Changes were
observed in the (types V and VI), average size and
area of the graphite nodules at different times and
temperatures of casting. A process of agglomeration
of small nodules of graphite nodules, which result in
the Type V samples castings at lower temperatures,
was observed. The quantification showed that, for the
first samples castings at higher temperatures, all C
present in the liquid participated in the formation of
nodules with the largest average size and area. The
alloy castings at intermediate times and temperatures
stabilized the average size of the nodules. While the
alloy castings at lower temperatures and longer periods
showed reduction in the size of the nodules and the
average graphitic area. This stabilization was followed
by reduction as a consequence of the increased amount
of free cementite observed in the micrographics. The
cementite competes with nodules by hindering the
growth of nodules to the lowest cast temperatures.
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Index
A
Abashidze, G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Adamczyk - Cieslak, B. . . . . . . . . 9
Afonso, C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 35
Aguilar, C. . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 44, 48
Aguilar, M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Ahmed, S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Ahn, B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38, 39
Alí, M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Alizadeh, R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Almeida, A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Al-Shahrani, S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Altoé, G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56, 73
Al Turkestani, M. . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Alvarez-López, C. . . . . . . . . 58, 59
Alves Claro, A. . . . . . . . . . . . 31, 34
Alves, D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Al-Zubaydi, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Anderson, C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Anderson, D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Andrade, A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Andrade, D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 35
Anselmi-Tamburini, U . . . . . . . . 45
Aparecida, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Apostol, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Arancibia, M. . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 48
Araujo, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Araújo, R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Arboleda, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Arenare, D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Ares, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 20
Arleno, S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Arnold, M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Asato, G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Asselli, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Auradi, V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Aureliano Junior, R. . . . . . . . . . . 75
Avalos, M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Avila, S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
B
64
74
67
73
67
62
50
73
C
Cabo, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Cai, C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Cai, W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Camargo Jr, S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Campanelli, L. . . . . . . . . 20, 32, 58
Cândido, L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Caner, L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Cantero, S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Cao, X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Cao, Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Capellato, P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Cardoso, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Caro, A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64, 65
Carpenter, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Carr, G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Castro, R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Cetlin, P. . . . . 40, 59, 61, 67, 68, 69
Chagas, C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Chang, C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Chang, Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Chapetti, M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Chapman, D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Charyeva, O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Chaves, A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Chawla, K. . . . . . . . . . . . 28, 40, 54
Chawla, N. . . . . . . . . 28, 29, 40, 54
Chen, L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Chen, P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31, 43, 56
Cheung, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Chikhradze, N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Choe, G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Choi, E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Choi, S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Chouit, F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Chou, R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Chowdhury, R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Cigliutti, C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Cížek, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Claro, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Clifton, P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 35
Colorado, H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Cordeiro, T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Correa, D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Correa de Araujo, A. . . . . . . . . . . 25
Cortes, G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Costa e Silva, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Crespo, E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
D
D´Abreu, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Dalibon, E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
d´Almeida, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Dantas, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Dasary, R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
da Silva, I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56, 70
da Silva, L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
da Silva, P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
de Koning, M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
de Miranda, P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
de Oliveira, C . . . . . . . . . . . . 56, 70
De Oliveira, N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Desrosin, W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Dessi, J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
De Vincentis, N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Dey, S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Diaz, S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Ding, H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Ding, Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Dobkowska, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
dos Santos Azevedo, L. . . . . . . . 74
dos Santos, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Drelich, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Drici, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Duarte Guigou, M. . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Duarte, L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
July 21-25, 2014 • Sao Paulo, Brazil
INDEX
Bahr, D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bai, Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bao, S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Barbosa, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Barbosa, F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Barcia, O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Baretzky, B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Barone, M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bayati, H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Bazarnik, P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Bergerman, M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Bertolino, G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Bevitori, A. . . . . . . . . . . . 56, 70, 72
Beyerlein, I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Bhat, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Boddu, V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Bogno, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Bolfarini, C. . . . . 20, 32, 33, 43, 58
Bolmaro, R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Borre, M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Botaro, V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Botta, W . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38, 43, 68
Brandi, S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Brandl, C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Braschi, F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Breidenich, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Bringa, E. . . . 12, 13, 14, 21, 64, 65
Brochu, M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Brühl, S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Brunátová, T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Bruno, G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
77
ABM-TMS Second Pan American Materials Conference - 2014
Duque, T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Dutta, I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28, 29
E
Eakins, D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Earthman, J. . . . . . . . . . . 21, 39, 56
Ebrahimi, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Eggeler, G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
El-Bealy, M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Elias, C. . . . . . . . 31, 43, 56, 58, 74
Eltom, A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Epstein, M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Erb, R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Escada, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Espinoza Haro, P. . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Estrin, Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
F
Fan, G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Faria, C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Faria, G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Faria, R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Farkas, D. . . . . . . 12, 13, 21, 64, 65
Fathi-Kelly, H. . . . . . . . . . . . 36, 46
Feng, B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Feng, R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Fernandes, D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Fernandez, P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Ferreira, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 70
Feyerabend, F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Figueira, G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Figueiredo, R. . . . . . 37, 40, 48, 50,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 67, 68, 69
Finamore, D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Flores Gonzalez, L . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Floriano, R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Fries, S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Fu, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Furuhara, T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Fu, Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
INDEX
G
Gao, Q. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Gatina, S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Geng, L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Girina, O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Gleiter, H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Glória, G. . . . . . . . . . . . . 34, 72, 73
Gludovatz, B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
78
Godefroid, L. . . . . . . 18, 42, 59, 74
Gomes, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Gomes, L. . . . . . . . . . . . . 34, 72, 73
Gomes, M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Gomes, V . . . . . . . . . . . . 54, 70, 71
Gómez Marroquín, M. . . . . . . . . 74
Gong, M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Gong, S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Gonzalez, R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Gotelip Barbosa, M. . . . . . . . . . . 25
Graeve, O . . . . . . 34, 36, 45, 46, 62
Grandini, C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31, 32
Gray, G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Gubeljak, N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Guerioune, M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Guerra, C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 48
Guimarães, G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Gu, J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Guzman, D . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 44, 48
H
Hahn, H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Han, G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Han, Z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Hao, X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Hao, Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Ha, Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
He, D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 16
He, J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Henein, H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63, 75
He, X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Hirata, G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Hodge, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Holland, C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Holland, T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Horta, D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Hort, N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Hosur, M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44, 57
Huang, L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Huang, Y. . . . . . . . . . 12, 38, 39, 50
Huber, N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Hütsch, L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Hu, Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 47
I
Idris, M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Isaza, C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ishihara, T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ishikawa, T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Isik, M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
19
52
38
61
Ismail, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Ivanisenko, Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Ivey, D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
J
Janecek, M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Jeelani, S. . . . . . . . . . 40, 41, 44, 57
Jia, N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Jiao, Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28, 29
Jia, S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Jie, W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Jones, D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
K
Kalale, P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Kang, J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Kashyap, K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Kassner, M . . . . . . . . . . . 59, 61, 70
Kawasaki, M. . . . . . . . . . 38, 39, 68
Kelly, J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36, 46
Kilmametov, A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Kilpatrick, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Kim, D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Kim, G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Kim, H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49, 60, 73
Kiminami, C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Kim, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Kim, M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Kim, N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 60
Kim, S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Kim, Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 75
Kiwi, M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 23
Kliauga, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 48
Kobayashi, Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Kori, S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Kostka, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Kral, R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Kumar, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Kumar, S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Kuroda, P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Kurzydlowski, K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Kwon, H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
L
Lage, S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Landgraf, F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 17
Landinez Borda, E . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Langdon, T . . . . 18, 37, 38, 39, 48,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49, 50, 51, 68, 69
www.abmbrasil.com.br/seminarios/materials-conference/2014
Index
Lapovok, R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Larson, D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Lascano, S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Lee, H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38, 39
Lee, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Lee, S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60, 73, 75
Leiva, D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Leme Louro, L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Lewandowska, M. . . . . . . . . 37, 39
Libanori, R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Li, H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Li, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Lima, E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 70
Lima, R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Lins, F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Lips, K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Li, S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Liu, B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Liu, C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Liu, F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Liu, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 46
Liu, L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 66
Liu, Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Liu, R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Liu, S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Li, W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Li, X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 16
Li, Z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Lobo Nobre Fernandes, G. . . . . . 55
López Padilla, R. . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Lopez Valdivieso, A . . . . . . . 25, 26
Loucif, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Lourenço, M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Louro, L . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 68, 70
Loyola, R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Lubkowska, K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Lucci, R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Lugon, L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Luo, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Luo, X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Lü, S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
M
55
18
50
73
44
17
69
Mungole, T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Muñoz, F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Murr, L . . . . . . . . 14, 34, 36, 45, 62
Muthiah, T. . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 44, 48
Mutombo, K. . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 21
N
Narayan, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Narayan, R . . . . . . . . 31, 43, 56, 57
Naryan, R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Nastac, L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 22
Netto, P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55, 71
Neves, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Neves Monteiro, S . . . . . . . . 55, 66
Nie, G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Nie, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Nizolek, T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Novack, K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Nuruddin, M. . . . . . . . . . . . . 44, 57
O
Ocampo, L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Odo, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Oh, S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Oldani, C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Oliveira, C. . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 56, 72
Oliveira, N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 43
Ooishi, Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
P
Paciornik, S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Pagnola, M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Paolinelli, L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Park, S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Paterno, L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Pelaez, D. . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 58, 59
Peng, C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Pereira, G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Pereira, L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Pereira, P. . . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 68, 69
Pesicka, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Petersen, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Phifer, D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Picanço de Olivera, M. . . . . . . . . 66
Pinheiro Saurin, L. . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Pizzio, E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Pkhaladze, G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Poggiali, F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Pollock, T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
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INDEX
Magem, F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mahmudi, R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Malheiros, L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Malmoria, M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mangalaraja, R. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mannheimer, W. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mano, E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mara, N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Margem, F. . 34, 54, 55, 56, 60, 70,
71, 72, 73
Margem, J. . . . . . . . . . . . 54, 70, 71
Markov, V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Marques-Kohler, H. . . . . . . . . . . 74
Marquis, E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Marquis, F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51, 53
Martinez, C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 48
Martins, L. . . . . . . . . . . . 34, 72, 73
Martins, R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Marulanda, D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Massalski, T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 17
Mathaudhu, S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Matías León, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Matias, T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Matlakhova, L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Matos, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Mattos, O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Mazilkin, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Mazzer, E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
McMeeking, R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Melo, G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Mendis, C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Mendoza, E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Meng, C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 16
Mexias, A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Meyers, M. . . . . . 16, 31, 44, 65, 70
Meza, J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Miguez Suarez, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Milligan, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Minárik, P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Min, F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Miranda de Sá, D . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Miranda, F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Mireles, K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Mirra de Paula e Silva, E . . . . . . . 8
Misiolek, W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Mizera, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Mohd Yunos, N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Monteiro, S. . . . 16, 25, 31, 34, 53,
. . . . . . . . . . .54, 55, 56, 60, 70, 71,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72, 73, 76
Monte, M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Mook, W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Moreira Jorge Junior, A. . . . . . . . 68
Moura, E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 41
Muchlick, F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Muhammad, I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Mukherjee, G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
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Poon, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Portella, P. . . . . . . . . . . . 28, 40, 54
Poveromo, S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Prokofiev, E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Proud, W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Q
Qin, Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Qu, X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
R
Ramirez, R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Ramos, S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Rangari, V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 41
Reimanis, I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Restrepo-Osorio, A. . . . . . . . 58, 59
Ribeiro, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Ritchie, R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Rogan, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 23
Rohen, L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54, 72
Rojas, O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Rojas, P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 44, 48
Rojas Yupanqui, V. . . . . . . . . . . 24
Rosenberger, M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Rouco, H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Ruda, M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Ruestes, C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 14
INDEX
S
Sabbaghianrad, S. . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Saccone, F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Sachdev, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Salehinia, I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Salgado, F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55, 71
Salvo, C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 48
Sanders, T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Santana, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Santos, J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Santos, R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Santos, S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Scarpini Candido, V. . . . . . . 55, 66
Schaible, E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Schell, N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Schneider, C . . . . . . . . . . 25, 26, 27
Schvezov, C. . . . . . . . . 9, 10, 18, 20
Semenova, I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Serafim, E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Sergeev, S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Sheets, C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
80
Sherman, V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Shiflet, G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Shim, M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Silva, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Silva, C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Silva, F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
SilvaFilho, J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Silva, I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56, 72
Simonassi, N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Sinnaeruvadi, K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Siston, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Siyasiya, C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Smith, K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Soares, J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Soler, M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Song, H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
SONG HU, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Song, S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 26, 66
Sordi, V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Souza, I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Souza, M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Spinelli, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Stark, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Staykov, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Stewart, D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Stewart, P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Straska, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Stráská, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Straumal, B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Strohaecker, T. . . . . . . . . . . . 31, 32
Studart, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45, 47
Stumpf, W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Suarez, S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Su, H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Suh, B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Sun, L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Suo, H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
T
Tang, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Tang, Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Tan, Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Tarpani, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Tcherbi-Narteh, A. . . . . . . . . 44, 57
Teodoro, P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Thadhani, N. . . . . . . . . . . 14, 16, 17
Tian, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Tian, Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Tiimob, B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Tolnai, D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Tong, X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Tramontina, D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Trava Airoldi, V . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Trindade, W. . . . . . . . . . . 68, 70, 74
Trommer, R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Trovillion, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Tschiptschin, A. . . . . . . . 34, 45, 62
Turner, J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
V
Valadao, P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Valdivia, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 23
Valdivieso, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Valencia, F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 23
Valenzuela-Diaz, F. . . . . . . . . . . 59
Valenzuela-Díaz, F. . . . . . . . . . . 40
Valiev, R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31, 49
Varma, S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Vashishta, P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Verdério, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Vicente, F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Vidal, D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Vieira, C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 53
Vishnevetsky, I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
W
Wang, E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Wang, H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Wang, J. . . . . . . . 28, 30, 48, 50, 64
Wang, L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Wang, Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 46
Wang, Z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Watkins, D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Weber, R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Wei, H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Whelchel, R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Wiezorek, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Willumeit, R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Wongsa-Ngam, J. . . . . . . . . . 49, 51
Wu, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Wu, S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
X
Xu, L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 16
Xu, Q. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Y
Yang, B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Yang, G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
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Index
Yang, R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36, 46
Yang, W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44, 47, 56
Yoo, Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Yousefiani, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Yu, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Yu, Z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Z
Zavala Toledo, C. . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Zbib, H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Zepon, G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Zhang, C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Zhang, D. . . . . . . . . . . 9, 22, 28, 42
Zhang, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 74
Zhang, M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Zhang, W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Zhang, Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Zhao, Z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 46
Zheng, S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Zhilyaev, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38, 48
Zhong, H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Zhu, R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Zhu, S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Zhu, W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 16
Zhu, X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Zukowski, D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Zweiacker, K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
INDEX
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