Sustainable Energy Futures
Sanjoy Banerjee
Distinguished Professor of Chemical Engineering
Director, the CUNY Energy Institute
The City College of New York
banerjee@che.ccny.cuny.edu
CUNY Energy Institute
City College of New York
160 Convent Avenue, ST-329
New York, NY 10031
www.cuny.edu/energy
US Bulk Energy Flows: 80% Energy Fossil Fuel
© 2011 All Rights Reserved
US Bulk Carbon Flow: Fossil Fuels Generate Almost 100%
Energy-Related Emissions
© 2011 All Rights Reserved
Global Need for Affordable Energy: Growth in Demand
Concentrated in Non-OECD Countries
© 2011 All Rights Reserved
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FUTURES
GENERATION:
WIND
SOLAR
NUCLEAR
NATURAL GAS
ENERGY
STORAGE:
BATTERY
HYDRO
ELECTRIC
GRID:
POWER LINES
APPLICATIONS:
ELECTRIC CAR
APPLIANCES
INDUSTRY
A Potential Energy Strategy
(With a Reduced Carbon Footprint)
• Production side: new electricity generation
capacity with ‘clean’ coal, nuclear and
renewable sources (intermittent!)
• Demand side: more efficient energy and
capacity use via storage technologies for load
leveling/peak shaving and to enable use of
renewable sources
Energy Cost Estimates
Global GDP: $63,000,000,000,000
Energy Consumption: 517,000,000 TJ
Maximum $/E: $120/TJ = $0.44/kWh
Energy Costs at 10% of GDP (Usually Ideal)
US: $.043/kWh
Germany: $.068/kWh
India/China: $.018/kWh
These figures represent an desirable bound on the
acceptable cost of energy generation. Renewable energy
may be somewhat more expensive in special circumstances.
© 2011 All Rights Reserved
EIA Estimates of Levelized Energy Costs by Resource Type
for New Generation in 2016:
Coal: $98.4/MWh
Natural Gas: $66.1/MWh
Advanced Nuclear:
$103.5/MWh
Wind: $97.0/MWh
Offshore Wind: $243/MWh
Solar PV: $210.7/MWh
Solar Thermal:
$311.8/MWh
Note: Assumes high
capacity factor for wind
(34%) and solar (18-25%)
resources
© 2011 All Rights Reserved
Static US Transmission System Serves Existing Power
Plants, Most Built Up in the Northeast, Midwest
© 2011 All Rights Reserved
Diffuse Renewables Do Not Coincide with Existing Grid:
Solar Resources in South, West
© 2011 All Rights Reserved
Diffuse Renewables Do Not Coincide with Existing Grid:
Wind Resources Best on Coasts, in North, West
© 2011 All Rights Reserved
Carbon Sequestration: Deep Saline Aquifers, Oil and Gas Fields,
and Coal Beds for Geological Storage of CO2
James R. Katzer, “The Future of Coal-Based Power Generation” Chem. Eng. Progress, 104 (3), pp.
S15-S22 (Mar. 2008). Copyright AIChE. Used with permission.
Battery review: what is a rechargeable battery ?
This image cannot currently be displayed.
Electricity Storage Technologies
Demand Side Energy Storage & Management
Load Leveling, Peak Shaving, Enabling Renewables
Cost comparison per unit energy (2008)
Affordable Energy Storage Needed for Multiple Applications:
Emerging Grid-Scale Batteries Meet Cost Target of $100/kWh
GRID-SCALE BATTERY ADVANCES
•10,000 Deep Cycles Achieved
•Dendrite Management with Flow
•Safe Chemistry, Low-Cost Materials
•1.6 kWh Ni-Zn Operating (Pictured)
•Zn-Ni Batteries: $500/kWh, $.10/kWh Cycle with
5,000 Cycles at 80% DOD
•Zn-MnO2 Batteries: $100/kWh, $.02/kWh Cycle
with 5,000 Cycles at 80% DOD
BATTERY SCALE-UP TIMELINE
•50 kWh Battery & Turnkey 2011
•200kWh Battery Grid-Connected 2012
© 2011 All Rights Reserved
Zinc Anode Rechargeable Batteries: Safe, Non-Flammable,
Low-Cost, Long Cycle Life Energy Storage Solutions
© 2011 All Rights Reserved
CONCLUSIONS
• oil use must be reduced for a sustainable future
• substitution of oil by electricity generated from
diverse sources is a viable alternative
• renewable sources are attractive but must be
reduced in cost
• requires developments of electricity storage
technologies to also be reduced in cost and of
increased reliability
• Development/deployment of new electrochemical
storage technologies both for mobile assets and
stationary assets is essential.