Energy Security “Electrical Islanding”
Approach and Assessment Tools
Dr. Bill Kramer
Senior Research Engineer
Distributed Energy Systems Integration
Renewable Technology Integration
Electricity, Resources, &
Building Systems Integration Center
Transmission and
Grid Integration
Thermal Systems
Residential Building
R&D
Distributed Energy
Resources Integration
Commercial Building
R&D
Resource Information
and Forecasting
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Renewable Technology Integration
Mission
• Enable maximum renewable energy and energy
efficiency technology adoption
• Maintain and enhance grid reliability by advancing
critical science and engineering in electrical systems
and resource assessment.
• Transfer knowledge and innovations in these areas in
a manner that accelerates commercial deployment
and addresses the nation’s energy, security, and
environmental goals.
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Renewable Technology Integration
A System of Systems
Technology R&D, Modeling, Simulations
Generation
Technologies
Transmission
Systems and
Technologies
Distribution
Systems and
Technology
End Use
Technologies
and the Built
Environment
Applied to Enhance DOE’s Integration Mission
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Renewable Technology Integration
Areas of Focus
Generation
Transmission &
Distribution
• PV
• Wind
• Electrolysis
• CSP
• Geothermal
• Biomass
• Storage
• Integration
• Interconnection
• Communications
• Controls
• Operations
• Storage
End Use and the
Built
Environment
• Zero-energy buildings
• Plug-in hybrid electric
vehicles
• Fuel cells
• Demand Control
• Intelligent controls
• Zero-energy
communities
• Storage
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Renewable Technology Integration
Competency Areas
• Resource assessment
and forecasting
• Distribution systems
and microgrids
• Smart grids
• Transient and fault
analysis
• Transmission
• Power electronics
• Grid operations and
modeling
• Capacity expansion
modeling
• Plug-in hybrid electric
vehicle-to-grid
interactions
• Energy storage
• Reliability planning and
modeling
• Codes and standards
• Interconnection Policy
• Demand response tech
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Renewable Technology Integration
NREL Electricity, Resources, and
Building Systems Integration Center
Transmission and
Grid Integration
Thermal Systems
Residential Building
R&D
Distributed Energy
Systems Integration
Commercial Building
R&D
Resource Information
and Forecasting
Renewable Technology Integration
Distributed Energy Resources
Test Facility (DERTF)
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Renewable Technology Integration
Distributed Energy Systems
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Distributed energy systems integration
Power electronics
Renewable electrolysis for H2 production
Codes and standards
Distributed systems modeling
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Renewable Technology Integration
Distributed Energy Systems Integration
Project Areas
• Distributed Energy Integration
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Renewable Energy Grid Integration
Hybrid Power Systems
Interconnection Equipment Evaluation
Advanced Power Electronic Interface Development
Integration of Renewables with Electrolyzers
Vehicle-to-Grid Applications
• Advanced Distribution Systems
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Smart Grids
Microgrids
Integration of Energy Storage and Load Management
Standards and Codes
Renewable Technology Integration
Distributed Energy Resources Test Facility (DERTF)
Advancing Renewable, Distributed Energy, and Hydrogen Technologies
DC Bus – Allows up to 10 DC
device (Battery, PV) connections
AC Bus (3Phase, 480V, 400A rated) – Allows
up to 15 AC device (inverters, microturbine,
generators) connections
Switch Panel – Computer
controlled. Allows tester to easily
configure systems. Ability to run
3 independent systems
simultaneously.
Renewable Technology Integration
Distributed Energy
Resources
Fuel Cell
Interconnection
Technologies
Electric Power
Systems
Functions
PV
Utility
System
• Power Conversion
• Power Conditioning
Inverter
Microturbine
• Power Quality
• Protection
Wind
• DER and Load Control
Energy
Storage
• Ancillary Services
PHEV - V2G
• Communications
Generator
Switchgear,
Relays, &
Controls
• Metering
Microgrids
Loads
Local Loads
Load Simulators
Renewable Technology Integration
Energy Systems Integration Facility
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Renewable Technology Integration
ESIF Site Location
Renewable Technology Integration
ESIF Features
•Research, Development and
Engineering for the integration of:
–PV, CSP, Storage, Hydrogen, Wind,
Demand Side Technologies for the built
environment.
•Facilities include:
–Indoor and outdoor Laboratories and test
beds
–High-performance computer (100 teraflop)
Renewable Technology Integration
ESIF Layout
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Renewable Technology Integration
ESIF Design Criteria
• Approximately 200,000 sq. ft.
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19 Laboratories
5 Test Facilities (Outdoor, Roof, etc.)
~200 person Office area
Specialty Areas
• Insight Center including Visualization Rooms and Collaboration
areas
• Virtual Control Room for RE Integration and Infrastructure
Visualization
– Common Areas (Building support, maintenance, conference
rooms, security, ES&H, building management)
– 15,000+ sq. ft. HPC and Data Center (with additional secure
area)
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Renewable Technology Integration
Smart Grid – Advanced Operations
At high penetration levels, distributed generation needs to actively
participate in grid functions like voltage regulation.
DG
DG
SUBSTATION
Supplementary
Regulators
Supplementary
Regulators
DG
FEEDER
Capacitor
Control
LTC Control
DG
DG
DG
PF
Capacitor
Voltage and VAR
Regulation
Coordination
Algorithm
DG
DG
Manages tap settings, DG
VAR levels, and capacitors
to regulate voltage, reduce
losses, conserve energy,
and system resources
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Renewable Technology Integration
Microgrids – Advanced Operations
Distributed PV needs to integrate with other DG and energy
storage to form microgrids for increased reliability.
Island
Forms
Conventional
Rotating DG
Recloser
Opens
Substation
DG 1
feeder
PV
Inverter
Source 3
DG 3
Conventional
Rotating DG
lateral
PV
Inverter
Source 1
DG 2
PV
Inverter
Source 2
Conventional
Rotating DG
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Renewable Technology Integration
Microgrids – Improving Reliability
Substation Feed
Intentional
Island
Load
Circuit
Breaker
(open for
intentional
island)
Load
Load
(open for
facility
island)
Facility
Island
(Microgrid)
Fast Power
Electronics
Switch
Load
DE
DE
Load
DE
Advanced Power
Electronics Interfaces
Renewable Technology Integration
IEEE 1547 Series Standards
1547-2008 Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power
Systems
1547.1-2005 Conformance Test Procedures for Equipment Interconnecting DR with EPS
1547.2-2008 Application Guide for IEEE 1547 Standard for Interconnecting DR with EPS
Current Projects
P1547.4 Guide for Design, Operation, and
Integration of DR Island Systems with EPS
P1547.5 Guidelines for Interconnection of Electric Power
Sources Greater Than 10 MVA to the Power Transmission
Grid
P1547.6 Recommended Practice for Interconnecting DR With
EPS Distribution Secondary Networks
P1547.7 Draft Guide to Conducting Distribution Impact
Studies for Distributed Resource Interconnection
Microgrids
Urban distribution
networks
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/scc21/index.html
1547.3- 2007 Guide for Monitoring, Information Exchange and Control of DR
Renewable Technology Integration
IEEE 1547.4 Information
•
This document provides alternative approaches and good practices for
the design, operation, and integration of distributed resource (DR)
island systems with electric power systems (EPS). This includes the
ability to separate from and reconnect to part of the area EPS while
providing power to the islanded local EPSs. This guide includes the
distributed resources, interconnection systems, and participating
electric power systems.
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The term “DR island systems”, sometimes referred to as microgrids, is
used for these intentional islands. DR island systems are EPSs that:
1.
2.
3.
4.
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have DR and load
have the ability to disconnect from and parallel with the area EPS
include the local EPS and may include portions of the area EPS, and
are intentionally planned.
DR island systems can be either local EPS islands or area EPS
islands.
Renewable Technology Integration
Facility Microgrid Example
Area Electric Power System (Area EPS)
Point of
Common
Coupling
(PCC)
PCC
PCC
Point of DR
Connection
Load
Local EPS 1
Distributed
Resource
(DR) Unit
Local EPS 2
Point of DR
Connection
Distributed
Resource
(DR) Unit
Local EPS 3
Load
Renewable Technology Integration
Utility Microgrid Example
Area Electric Power System (Area EPS)
Point of
Common
Coupling
(PCC)
PCC
PCC
Point of DR
Connection
Load
Local EPS 1
Distributed
Resource
(DR) Unit
Local EPS 2
Point of DR
Connection
Distributed
Resource
(DR) Unit
Local EPS 3
Load
Renewable Technology Integration
Testing Microgrid Switch Technologies
Open for a Utility
Microgrid
Distributed
Generation
DG
Load
Distribution Feeder
from Substation
Interconnection
Switch
Possible
Control Systems
Interconnection
Switch
DG
Distributed
Generation
Open for a Industrial /
Commerical Microgrid
DS
Distributed
Storage
Load
Load
Renewable Technology Integration
Development of High-Speed Static Switch
for Microgrid Applications
• NREL, Northern Power
Systems, and California
Energy Commission
developed a DER Switch
• Circuit Breaker and PowerElectronics based hardware
with same controller
• Tested CB and controller
equipment at Northern and
NREL
• PE based unit installed in
CERTS microgrid
Renewable Technology Integration
Testing of Microgrid Switches
Relay Function Testing
•Undervoltage (27)
•Overvoltage (59)
•Overfrequency (81O)
•Underfrequency (81U)
•Phase sequence (46)
•Instantaneous overcurrent (51)
•Time overcurrent (50)
Omicron CMC 256 – Secondary injection test set
IEEE 1547 Testing
•Over/undervoltage
•Over/underfrequency
•Synchronization
•Reverse power
•Unintentional islanding.
Power Quality Testing
•CBEMA-ITI curve
Utility Grid Simulators – Primary injection test set
Renewable Technology Integration
Microgrid Symposium
• DOE/LBNL/NREL sponsor an international
microgrid symposium every year since
2005.
• Last year was in San Diego, CA
• Information and Presentations from all
prior symposiums can be found at:
• http://der.lbl.gov/new_site/DER.htm
Renewable Technology Integration
Distributed Energy Workstation
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DEW is a steady-state electrical simulation environment capable of
solving very large and complex distribution system models. DEW
algorithms include:
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Time-varying Load Flow
PV Impact Analysis
Protection/Coordination Analysis
Contingency Analysis
Reconfiguration for Restoration or Minimum Loss
DEW can be used to:
– Evaluate resource placement and electrical interconnection
– Analyze the impacts of distributed resources on the existing base
infrastructures
– Identify and evaluate opportunities to improve load and renewable resource
coincidence
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Renewable Technology Integration
Distribution Grid Simulation (DEW)
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Renewable Technology Integration
Microgrid – Business Cases
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What value do microgrids bring?
• Increase Reliability
• Energy Security
• Reduce total energy costs
• Get more benefit out of installed DR
Companies are installing microgrids at DOD
bases that incorporate multiple gensets and
responds to price signals for time of use and
peak shaving. Generators also serve as
backup if utility goes down.
Renewable Technology Integration
Microgrid Support Projects
• Miramar (CA)
• Fort Carson (CO)
• Air Force Academy
(CO)
• Santa Rita Jail (CA)
• DOD bases on HI
• Lanai (HI)
Lanai, HI
Existing Power
System
New PV System
Santa Rita Jail
Renewable Technology Integration
Technology Path Forward
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Renewable Technology Integration
For more information contact:
Dr. Bill Kramer
Senior Research Engineer &
Energy Systems Integration Task Leader
(303) 275 3844
Bill.Kramer@nrel.gov
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Energy, Resources Buildings Systems Integration Center
Distributed Energy Resources Group
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