CONTENTS
AUGUST 1999
VOL. 29/NO. 8
27
1999
INTERNATIONAL
ILLUMINATION
DESIGN AWARDS
The 1999 International Illumination Design Awards 27
A stellar array of projects by the 1999 IIDA recipients,
the lighting community’s best and brightest are highlighted.
DEPARTMENTS
3 Regional Voices
4 Adventures in Lighting
8 Energy Concerns
9 Views on the Visual
27
Futuristic Flight Plan 42
The Kuala Lumpur International Airport was
designed for the new millennium. Kisho Kurokawa, Motoya Takami,
and Hank Cheriex came together to create an international hub, not just
for the world but for the future.
Environment
12 Essay by Invitation
15 IESNA News
20 Photons
46 Light Products
53 Letters to the Editor
54 Scheduled Events
55 Classified
Advertisements
55 Photo Credits
56 Ad offices/Ad Index
ON THE COVER: The Kuala Lumpur International
Airport is prepared to take travellers into the
21st century and beyond. Kisho Kurokawa,
Motoya Takami, and Hank Cheriex received a
1999 IIDA Edwin F. Guth Memorial Award of
Distinction for their futuristic design.
Photo: Atushi Nakamichi.
2
LD+A/August 1999
1999–2000
Board of Directors
IES of North America
President
Ian Lewin, Ph.D., FIES, LC
President
Lighting Sciences, Inc.
Past President
Joseph Good III, LC
Principal, Lighting and Theater Design
Spectrum Professional Services, Inc
Senior Vice President
Martyn Timmings
Vice President, Market Development
Canlyte Inc.
Executive Vice President
William Hanley, CAE
Vice President---Educational Activities
Mary Beth Gotti
Manager, Lighting Institute
and Application Development
GE Lighting
Vice President—-Member Activities
Mary Peyton, LC
Director, Lighting Services
Smith Duncan Associates
Vice President—-Design & Application
Douglas Paulin
Product Manager
Ruud Lighting
Vice President—-Technical & Research
Richard G. Collins
Supervisor of the Photometry Laboratory
OSRAM SYLVANIA Inc.
Treasurer
Randy Reid
Southeast Regional Manager
Robertson Transformer
Directors
Edwin W. Best
Chief Executive Officer
Dickens & Associates, Inc.
Ronnie Farrar
Lighting Specialist
Duke Power
John R. Selander, LC
Branch Manager
Voss Lighting
Pamela K. Horner, LC
Manager, Technical Training
OSRAM SYLVANIA Products Inc.
James L. Sultan, LC
Lighting Designer
Studio Lux
Regional Vice Presidents/Directors
Anthony J. Denami, LC
Senior Electrical Designer
Gresham, Smith and Partners
Kay Ferguson
Principal
Ferguson Light Ideas
his is my first LD+A article,
so I will add this column to
my list of firsts since becoming involved in the IESNA. How did
I wind up at this point? Years ago,
when I first became involved in
lighting for my company, there
was no in-house lighting training
available for anything except outdoor lighting. Training and travel
budgets were lean at that time, so
I read as much about lighting as I
could, talked to many manufacturing representatives, and attended
an EPA Greenlights Workshop in
1992.
I kept hearing and reading
about the IESNA, so in 1993 I
decided to join the Society. At
that time there was not a local
Section operating in my city, so I
had to be content with reading
LD+A magazine every month. One
of the first LD+A issues I read
highlighted the seminars offered
at LIGHTFAIR 1993. This same
issue contained a teaser for the
Annual Conference in Houston.
The IESNA was offering exactly
what I was looking for.
For years, my only connection to
the IESNA was through reading
LD+A, the Lighting Handbook, and
various other IESNA publications.
From time to time, someone would
say, “We should start an IESNA
Section.” Great idea. But no one
seemed to have the time, and only
a handful of people seemed interested.
One day, Richard Kurzawa came
to my office. He was a past Section
president and was new to the
state. He asked me if I had any
interest in starting an IESNA
Section. I indicated that I was, but
that I didn’t know how to go about
doing it. Richard informed me that
a Section had already been established, but that it had not held a
meeting in twelve years!
Richard called me a short time
later and said that our Regional
Vice President, Ronnie Farrar, was
coming to town and wanted to
meet for lunch. Ronnie urged us to
get our section active again and
offered to help in any way he could.
We were energized. The evening
of our first meeting, a panel discussion on lighting specifications,
finally arrived, and Richard expected it to be lively. He was right; the
T
meeting was a success. Soon, I
became a Section officer.
Ronnie encouraged me to become more involved in the Society
and to consider becoming an RVP.
So I started attending Regional
Executive Committee meetings,
Bi-Regional Conferences, and the
Annual Conference. These events
REGIONAL
VOICES
provided me with a tremendous
opportunity to meet new people and
see what the IESNA was doing on a
larger scale. I began to attend as
many seminars as I could fit into my
schedule. I was amazed at the number of “lighting people” that I met.
Last year at LIGHTFAIR INTERNATIONAL, Ronnie asked if I would
be interested in becoming involved
in a sub-committee focusing on
electric utilities. I had never served
on an IESNA Committee before, so I
said, “Yes, count me in.”
After the year had drawn to a
close, members of the sub-committee looked back on what they had
accomplished: the committee had
formulated a mission statement,
established several goals, and
secured five seminar slots for the
1999 Annual Conference. Our work
was then presented to the IESNA
Board of Directors, which voted to
form a full committee in December
1998.
In July 1999, I started a two-year
term as an RVP. I look forward to
this opportunity to serve the Sections in my region.
Why get involved in the IESNA?
Yes, it’s a lot of work, but based on
my own experience with the IESNA,
I can tell you that it is rewarding. I
have met many new people, and I
continue to learn and grow.
LD+A is a great publication, but
if you are only reading the magazine you are missing out on so
much more. I urge you to contact
your local Section and get involved.
I guarantee that you will be welcomed with open arms.
Jeff Martin,
Southeastern
RVP
LD+A/August 1999
3
an you imagine a construction site where everyone
works for free and all agreements are confirmed with nothing
more than a handshake? For those
of us who regularly work within the
construction industry, this is unimaginable. But miracles do happen.
C
ADVENTURES IN
LIGHTING
Brett
Kingstone
4
They are happening every day at
Give Kids the World.
My favorite lighting project of
all time is the fiber optic lighting
application that my company,
Super Vision, donated to Give Kids
the World Children’s Castle in
Orlando, FL.
Give Kids the World was founded
to fulfill the most frequent last wish
of terminally ill children and their
families: to spend a week together
at Disney World.
The organization’s founder, Henri
Landwirth, is an amazing individual.
As a child during World War II, he
survived the Holocaust while imprisoned in a Nazi concentration camp.
Following the war, he immigrated to
the United States as a penniless
young boy and painstakingly saved
enough money to buy his first small
hotel. That first hotel later grew into
a chain and became one of the
largest Holiday Inn franchises in
the world.
Over the years, Henri became
friendly with a number of Florida
celebrities, many of whom eventually joined his effort to pour love and
hope into the hearts of families who
need it most. Although Henri would
never claim that he has actually prolonged the lives of many terminally
ill children (studies have shown he
has), there is no doubt that he has
enriched them.
In addition to Super Vision’s fiber
optic contributions, every year our
employees volunteer their time to
serve on food lines and help clean
the Give Kids the World facility.
During one such visit, my wife Maisa
and I served ice cream. It was
amazing to see the smiles on faces
of wheelchair-bound and IV-laden
LD+A/August 1999
children and their families. It was as
if Give Kids the World was an island
of happiness for these families amid
a sea of despair. Afterward, Maisa
and I drove home, hugged our own
kids, and cried.
As working professionals, we
often complain when we have problems at work or difficulties with
projects that consume us to the
point that we can no longer see the
big picture. Sometimes, it takes
meeting people who are going
through the ultimate hardship to
make us realize how lucky we are.
Now, this fact is never lost on my
employees or me; it is yet another
gift from Henri Landwirth and his
wonderful organization.
About seven years ago, when
Super Vision consisted of little more
than a dozen people in an oversized
As for
the results of
the project,
the smiles
on the
children’s
faces as
they play in
the tree
house say
it all.
garage, Henri Landwirth came calling
with his vision of a children’s castle.
Part of his vision included a children’s
tree house inside the castle that
would feature twinkling stars above,
winking bird eyes all around, and
magical bird feet below. He had
heard we did similar projects for
Disney. Could we do one for him?
The tree house was primarily
constructed out of sculpted fiberglass. The owls’ eyes, featured
throughout the side walls and trees,
Publisher
William Hanley, CAE
Editor
Mark A. Newman
Assistant Editor
Roslyn Lowe
Associate Editor
Sarah Neunsinger
Art Director
Anthony S. Picco
Associate Art Director
Angel M. Roque
Columnists
Ian Ashdown • Louis Erhardt
Brett Kingstone • Willard Warren
Book Review Editor
Paulette Hebert, Ph.D.
Marketing Manager
Pamela R. Weess, CAE
Advertising Coordinator
Celeste Picco
Published by IESNA
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LD+A is a magazine for professionals involved in the art,
science, study, manufacture, teaching, and implementation of lighting. LD+A is designed to enhance and
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includes feature articles on design projects, technical
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had to be predrilled with fiber optic
points of light. Then, the light sources
were installed within the tree trunk
and behind the wall. As a result,
all that was visible were magical
effects appearing and disappearing
throughout the room.
The fiber optic star ceiling design
was accomplished using a traditional MR16 lamp fixture that illuminated several hundred individual fibers
of varying diameters, producing a
three–dimensional effect.
Probably the most fun effect was
the fiber optic outlines of bird feet
that we drilled throughout the
raised sections of the floor and
chased up and down the steps to
simulate birds walking about. We
had to limit this effect to the preformed fiberglass raised sections,
as the concrete slab floor had al-
ready been poured by the time we
started and we needed space to run
the cables from the effect to the
illuminators. The raised fiberglass
floor and step area provided an
excellent medium for drilling and
enabled us to conceal the cables
running back to the illuminators.
The children love to walk and
crawl over these contoured steps
and paths. Guests seem to wonder if
the fibers are going to be “hurt” with
so many people walking on them
every day. Actually, if the fibers are
properly sealed or epoxied, they are
not damageable.
Of course, we always recommend
that fibers be polished or ground
flush to the surface for designs with
raised fiberglass steps or level concrete sidewalks. This increases
safety and allows for better light
A child’s face is filled with wonder upon entering the treehouse of the
Children’s Castle in Orlando, FL. Twinkling stars and winking lights are
created with fiber optic points that add a magical and mysterious effect.
6
LD+A/August 1999
output. In addition, care has to be
taken not to bend the fibers at right
angles during the installation
process or light output could be decreased or cut off.
My company routinely installs
fiber optics in everything from terrazzo tiles to glass block pavers,
and the application and longevity of
the lighting effect is superb. Clients
welcome not having to change inaccessible lamps or those located
directly in the path of customers or
visitors. This is one of the greatest
benefits of fiber optic lighting: the
desired effect is achieved for an
application that would not be safe
or efficient if conventional lighting
were used.
As for the results of the project,
the smiles on the children’s faces
as they play in the tree house say it
all. There is no amount that Henri
could have paid us that would equal
the value of the children’s joy and
the pride that we feel in our contribution to this project.
This year, Henri is expanding the
children’s village by adding 20 more
villas for visiting families. Super
Vision is proud to have contributed
the fiber optic landscape and paver
lighting for this project. We are also
proud to have the opportunity to
work with leaders in the lighting
industry, such as Chip Israel of
Lighting Design Alliance, who has
contributed his time and skills for
the benefit of these special kids.
Henri’s passion and his dream
have been contagious. When Hayward Pool Products’ (Super Vision’s
fiber optic pool lighting distributor)
President and Chairman Jim Krugman and Oscar Davis, respectively,
heard about the project, they not
only contributed fiber optic components for the pool, but all of the
pumps, filters, heaters, and skimming equipment as well.
It gave me a great feeling to see
not just my company, but the entire
industry work together to make a
difference. It is also impressive that
the entire castle and children’s village were constructed without a
single contract. Everyone, from the
masons’ and electricians’ unions to
the dry wall, lighting, and concrete
suppliers, contributed their time
and materials to make this dream
rise from Henri’s plot of land and fertile imagination.
hy is the deregulation of
the utility industry so important to the lighting
community? Because in the near
future, changes in utility rate structures will affect the cost of electricity, and daytime lighting will become a much larger component of
electric bills, unless we take corrective action.
What is “deregulation”? In his
keynote speech at the 1998 IESNA Annual Technical Conference,
William Taber Jr., Chairman of Princeton Development Corp., explained
W
ENERGY
CONCERNS
Willard L.
Warren,
PE, LC, FIESNA
8
LD+A/August 1999
that “deregulation” is a misnomer.
He suggested that a better term for
this phenomenon would be “unbundling,” because deregulation has
essentially “unbundled” the way in
which utility companies generate,
transmit, and distribute power to
the public.
Under deregulation, the same
local utility company will read our
meter and deliver power to our
homes and business, but our electric
bills will come from the company we
have chosen to generate our power.
When all utility companies were
vertical monopolies, state governments regulated what they could
charge, and a utility company’s
revenue was based on its investment in power generation, transmission, and distribution systems.
When the public demanded more
power, utility companies expanded
their power generation, transmission, and distribution systems, and
issued bonds to pay for the expansion, thereby increasing their revenue and helping our economy grow.
By deregulating power generation, the government sought to introduce competition into the marketplace by doing away with franchised
monopolies in the hope of saving
everyone money.
Well, judging from the early
returns, it may not be so simple.
Utility companies may now be
prevented from remaining the exclusive power supplier in their fran-
chised areas, but they are not precluded from generating power on an
unregulated basis in other areas of
the country.
Faced with the prospect of losing
revenue under deregulation, many
utility companies have started
merging and investing in unregulated power generation in order to
compete with independent suppliers
outside their franchised areas.
Mergers aside, however, the benefits of deregulation are numerous. On the home front, local utility
companies have begun to reexamine their rate structures to determine how they can operate more efficiently and increase their revenue.
The best way to accomplish this
goal, they have found, is to even
out demand. Many companies have
done this by imposing charges that
punish customers for using too
much power during peak hours.
Some companies have even
implemented rebate programs designed to decrease peak load by
offering incentives to customers
who use energy-efficient products,
such as lamps and ballasts with
occupancy sensors. Commonwealth Edison, for example, offers
incentives to Chicago-area customers who use dimming ballasts.
Another benefit (at least for utility
companies) of deregulation is the
advent of a new hourly rate schedule called “real-time” or “time-ofuse” billing. Here’s how it will work:
Companies that generate power will
be invited to bid on the right to supply power into a “pool” on an hourly
basis, and local utility companies
will notify customers in advance—by phone, fax, or the Internet—-as
to what electricity will cost at any
given time. Although customers will
typically be given rate notification
a day in advance, notification time
may dwindle to as little as 90 minutes if a substantial increase in
demand or a severe reduction in
power availability is anticipated.
Under time-of-use billing, then,
half of a customer’s electricity bill
might amount to the cost of four
or five hours of power usage during
a peak time of day, such as a
weekday afternoon, and nighttime
rates will provide the greatest
potential for savings.
In general, however, lighting cannot be deferred until nighttime. And
that is why deregulation is so important to the lighting community.
In order to save money under
time-of-use billing, we, as leaders of
the lighting industry, need to devise
ways to curtail energy used for
daytime lighting.
How have we done this so far,
and what are the prospects for the
future?
Already, many successful daylighting installations are in place
across the country. Wal-Mart made
a prescient move when it implemented an Eco-smart store design
that saves between 40 to 50 percent of power used during the day.
This design incorporates skylights into one-half of the roof area,
and lighting output is controlled by
electronic dimming ballasts that
are automatically dimmed by daylight sensors, energy controllers,
and an energy management system. The application’s effect is so
subtle that, when automatic dimming of the fluorescent fixtures
occurs, it is imperceptible to occupants of the store.
Wal-Mart began to use the Ecosmart design before time-of-use
billing was a speck on the horizon.
Under the new billing system, the
design will help the company to
realize even greater savings than it
anticipated.
Just a reminder: all economic
analyses that do not take time-ofuse billing into account will only
be valid for the next couple of
years, because a building that’s
expected to be in use for 25 years
will be operating for more than 20
of those years under time-of-use
billing.
Another energy-efficient technique is being employed in the hotel
industry. There are no longer many
incandescent lamps being used in
hotel guest rooms, where a lot of
lights are typically left on during
the day.
Lawrence Berkeley Labs recently
did a study of a California motel in
which it monitored electricity usage
in ten guest rooms. The study
revealed that when CFLs are used
to replace incandescents in table
lamps, the payback is less than two
years.
But surprisingly, the study also
found that most energy is usually
wasted in hotel bathrooms. A bath-
room lighting fixture with four 60 W
incandescent lights is typically left
on for 8 hours during the midday at
a cost of $5.00 per month. Under
time-of-use billing, the cost of such
usage would double.
Under the old billing method, the
use of linear fluorescent lighting
would cut this cost in half. Under
time-of-use billing, however, all midday rates will double, meaning any
savings realized from linear fluorescent lighting under the old billing
method will be lost.
The researchers determined that
a lot of energy could be saved by
installing occupancy sensors in hotel
bathrooms. The sensors don’t turn
lights off, they simply dim them
down when no one is detected in
the bathroom for a predetermined
length of time.
Another study on the use of manually controlled lighting dimmers in
offices was conducted last year by
the Lighting Research Center. The
study found that it is very important
to office dwellers to have direct control of lighting in their environments.
Even though some offices have
occupancy sensors that restore
lighting when people enter the
room, most people would still like to
be able to shut off or dim down
office lighting at their discretion.
Also, because they spend part of
the day in front of a computer and
the remainder of the day engaged in
other activities, most workers, if given the option, will choose different
lighting for different tasks.
To date, no definitive study has
determined the exact increase in
productivity that occurs when a
worker feels comfortable in his or
her environment, but even if such an
increase were only 1 percent, the
use of occupant-controlled dimming
would be justified.
On a personal note, I started writing this column in the hope of starting a dialogue with you, my colleagues, that would lead us to a
better understanding of the importance energy usage plays in our
lives. I would be delighted if some
of you would respond with examples from your own experiences
that illustrate ways to save our
environment by using less power.
We must adapt to change. Let’s
share our experiences.
“Vision is therefore, first and foremost, an information-processing
task.”—-David Marr 1
“...forget about the big picture and
consider what lighting can do for
a particular object.”—-Christopher
Cuttle 2
n his Figure 1 (from “Cuttle on
Calculations,” LD+A, February
1999), Cuttle evaluates the basic
contributions of four types of lighting: three-color, black and white
(B/W) luminance distribution, B/W
illuminance distribution, and B/W
planar luminance.2 These are charted against “aspects of object
appearance,” which are listed as
color appearance, glare, specular
reflections, cast shadows, shading, texture, and diffuse reflections.
The American Society for Testing
and Materials (ASTM) defines
appearance as “the aspect of visual experience by which things are
recognized.”3 This goes beyond
using light to make an object visible and enters the realm of employing light to communicate the identity and meaning of an object.
Cuttle’s Figure 1 traces the loss
of subjective appraisal (information) that occurs when lighting
ignores color; consists of luminance or illuminance in three
dimensions; or consists of planar
illuminance.
In the transition from color to
luminance, Cuttle observes that the
first step loses all color. The next
step, reduction from luminance to
illuminance, involves “a significant
loss of information” (three elements
of design information), and the final
step from distributed illuminance
to planar illuminance provides minimal information limited to a single
factor—-diffuse reflections.
It is immediately evident that
I
color plays a significant role, since
all units of “lighting design information” are affected by it. It should
also be noted that “planar illuminance,” as normally specified by illuminating engineers, provides the
least amount of information.
Two important issues are raised
here: (1) the importance of color, a
physical property of surfaces con-
VIEWS ON THE
VISUAL
ENVIRONMENT
sidered by Dr. Richard Corth to be
a higher form of reflection, and (2)
the poverty of information provided
by diffuse reflection, which is all too
often the result of illuminance on a
horizontal working surface.4
Illuminating engineers often dismiss reflectance as unknown at the
time a lighting design is made. But
reflectance and color are essential
visual information.
Most significant detail arises
from the pattern of brightness and
color in a scene. This dilemma raises a question: Would designs be
better served by training architectural and interior designers in the
application of light, since they
presently provide colors and object
arrangement? Or should we continue to hope that electrical engineers will become competent in
architectural design?
In his book Human Factors in
Lighting, Peter Boyce recites details of a different, but closely related, problem—to find a given number “from a display of 100 items,
which could vary in size, shape,
color, and the information they con-
Louis
Erhardt
Table 4.3—Mean time to find target
Specification
Number only
Number and shape
Number and size
Number, size, and shape
Number and color
Number, color, and shape
Number, color, size, and shape
Number, color, and size
Mean time (seconds)
22.8
20.7
16.4
15.9
7.6
7.1
6.4
6.1
LD+A/August 1999
9
tained.”5 In Boyce’s example, each
item contained a two-digit number,
and the number of factors presented to each viewer varied. The outcome was tabulated in Boyce’s
Table 4.3 (see below).
Here, too, the importance of
color in the transfer of information
is strikingly evident, since search
time is reduced by more than 50
percent. Therefore, color not only
adds to clarity of object appearance, it also increases a viewer’s
ability to identify and select.
The aspect of vision that provides
an evaluation of most of these
factors is adaptation.6 Adaptation
is the eye’s automatic adjustment
to brightness and color in its field of
view. It relates objective factors—Boyce’s size, shape, and color—-to
a viewer’s mental appraisal of those
factors.
These objective factors are seen
by a viewer in terms of brightness
and color as well as size, shape, and
placement. They are seen primarily by
reflections, which also reveal color.
Color elicits a viewer’s immediate
attention and speeds recognition,
as we have just seen in Boyce’s
Table.
Illuminance has a single dimension: amount of light per unit of
area. Reflectance in photometric
measure reveals ten Munsell shades of gray from black to white.
Although more than ten shades can
be distinguished by experts using
side-by-side comparisons, the average viewer cannot identify even
Munsell’s ten without a comparison chart.
Color has many separately recognizable divisions: chromatic and
achromatic, warm and cool, tints
and shades, vivid and grayed, as
well as many named combinations
of these properties. On a TV screen,
one can distinguish about 7000 randomly placed colors. Most of these
colors do not have names, but the
mind assigns descriptive phrases to
them to give them order and store
them in memory.
actually applying lighting in order to
achieve a desired result. The computer can then return any technical
detail employed.
Light must be closely coordinated with the objects and spaces it
Conclusions
Color is essential. If possible,
design on a computer that has modern programs that necessitate
illuminates. If possible, this should
all be done by the same person. A
designer trained in lighting design
or an illuminating engineer who is
proficient in interior design is preferred.
Lighting design must encompass
three dimensions and take the
colors of a scene into full account.
Remember, planar lighting provides
the least amount of visual information.
Always heed Cuttle’s admonition,
“...forget about the big picture and
consider what lighting can do for a
particular object.”
Finally, incorporate everything
into the big picture.
Illuminance
has a single
dimension:
amount of
light per unit
of area.
References
1. Marr, D. 1980. Vision. San
Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman and
Company.
2. Cuttle, C. 1999. Cuttle on calculations. LD+A 29(no.2): 10-11.
3. American Society for Testing
and Materials. 1995. Standard
Terminology of Appearance. Philadelphia, PA: ASTM; E 284-95a.
4. Corth, R. 1987. Human visual
perception. LD+A 17(no.7): 20.
5. Boyce P.R. 1981. Human
Factors in Lighting. New York:
Macmillan.
6. Erhardt, L. 1998. Views on the
visual environment. LD+A 28(no. 7):
9-10.
s we stand on the brink of a new century, we find
that popular outdoor lighting applications have
become inefficient and counterproductive, often
working against the laws of human vision and common sense. Glare and light pollution rule the night,
and indiscriminate light usage is becoming more of
a challenge to the human experience than a benefit.
The goal of this essay is to take another look at conventional exterior lighting. The long overdue “Renai-
A
ESSAY
BY INVITATION
ssance” of outdoor lighting will bring about new
approaches to lighting design and application— approaches designed to better aid vision, promote efficiency,
and help us coexist responsibly with the natural night
environment.
Bob
Crelin
commonplace, the streetlight market exploded. New
lamps burned longer and brighter, while many fixture
designs became less discreet. Where it once was dark,
there was light. And that was considered progress.
Addicted to light and conditioned to glare
In outdoor lighting applications today, function lags
behind flamboyance and fear. Once installers began
flooding outdoor areas with illumination, the results—
glare, light trespass, and light pollution—became
grudgingly accepted side effects of modern life.
Because most people are now accustomed to
glare and excessive brightness during the night,
appropriate nightlighting may appear inadequate to
them. By pandering to this misconception, outdoor
lighting has become commonly measured by sheer
quantity, not quality.
Back to square one
In popular outdoor lighting, we commonly overlook
some basic, unchangeable facts about ourselves and
the world around us. The science of lighting application
What is the problem?
Outdoor lighting is researched by many and understood by few, yet it is freely employed by all. Conventional outdoor lighting wisdom appears to amount to
little more than, “Got a dark area? Put a light up—the
brighter, the better.”
Although research has established a greater understanding of outdoor lighting, the cavernous gap between
those who research and those who install couldn’t be
wider. Lack of awareness has allowed poor lighting to
proliferate. As a result, visual perception, safety, and
quality of life are increasingly compromised.
Since the
discovery of fire,
we have embraced
the presence of light
during the night.
How did we get to where we are today?
Since the discovery of fire, we have embraced the
presence of light during the night. As electric lighting
became widespread, film and television helped to mold
the public’s fear of the night, using darkness as a foreboding backdrop to terror. As automobiles became
has become increasingly complicated. In order to grasp
the basics, we must take a few steps back and ask: Is
the application of outdoor lighting optimized for vision
and safety at night? Should we be concerned that
indiscriminate lighting is gradually eliminating the
natural night environment?
Battling Mother Nature
The human eye was not designed to contend with
artificial light at night. While the eye is an extremely
complex organ, its ability to address different levels of
visible light is fairly basic. Over millions of years, the
eye’s ability to adapt from the uniform light of day to the
darkness of night has evolved.
Because of its design, the eye can only adjust to one
light level at a time—which is determined by the
brightest level—so it cannot see in bright and dark
areas concurrently. That is why we have difficulty seeing peripherally when we experience contrasting brightness against a nighttime scene. Our peripheral vision is
critical to navigation, so to compromise peripheral
vision is to compromise safety.
Glare from this high-wattage floodlight at a car dealership
hinders surveillance and annoys passersby at night.
12
LD+A/August 1999
Glare
Glare goes a step beyond extreme contrast by dimi-
may offer some perceptible illumination, the driver’s
vision will be compromised until adequate adaption has
taken place.
Billboards lit from the bottom use only a small portion
of their illumination. The rest is directed skyward.
Tick, tock—internal clock
One of the most unexplored aspects of artificial light
is its long-term effect on the Earth’s creatures.
Physiologically speaking, life forms on Earth are not
meant to experience artificial light at night.
Throughout evolution, our planet’s regular cycles of
natural light have become integral to biological
rhythms. In humans, exposure to light affects many
physiological variables, such as daily patterns of core
body temperature, levels of melatonin, urine production, cortex activity, and alertness.2
In plants and animals today, we can witness shortterm confusion of daily and seasonal patterns caused
by artificial light. For example, in climates that experience winter, trees and plants near outdoor lighting
applications display noticeable retardation during
foliage change and, sometimes, a delayed loss of
leaves. Birds can sometimes be seen encircling bright
uplighting or heard serenading the false dawn in the
middle of the night.3
A Science News magazine story, “Does Light Have
a Dark Side?” details research suggesting a possible
link between chronic artificial light exposure at night
and elevated cancer risk.4 Although this research is still
in its beginning stages, evidence suggests that expo-
nishing vision within the eye itself. Most of us have
experienced the sudden blindness, disorientation, and
pain of extreme glare caused by a flashlight aimed into
our faces at night, or the dazzle of oncoming headlights
when we drive.
Varying degrees of direct glare are commonplace in
outdoor lighting today. Modern light sources are at an
all-time high in lumen output, and, thanks to many
common fixture designs, our eyes are often forced to
directly experience the full-on wrath of their disabling
power. When strong glare is present in one’s line of
sight, a “veiling” effect degrades the eye’s ability to
discern anything but the brightest objects in its field of
view, further compromising vision and safety.
Adaption
Everyone recognizes that time is needed for the eye
to adjust to dark areas after exposure to bright light.
This process can take anywhere from several seconds
to several minutes.
In the competitive world of fast food restaurants,
gas/service stations, and car dealerships, marketing
trends have dragged outdoor lighting into the marketplace battlefield, and “lumen wars” have erupted
across the country.
When a patron visits one of these establishments,
the levels of extreme illumination force his or her eye
into a daytime range. After pumping gas, chomping
burgers, or car shopping, the patron gets behind the
wheel of his or her vehicle and reenters the night
world, not yet fully adjusted to the darker roadway.
The hazard is clear. The driver will be driving blind for
some seconds.1 Although headlights and streetlights
®
sure to illumination at night can disrupt normal physiological operations in humans as well.
Efficient energy use
There are few electrically powered devices today that
waste as much of their generated product as many
common outdoor lighting fixtures. The night sky over
most communities is aglow with wasted illumination
from misdirected or overdone lighting.
More often than not, lighting is generously applied
to an area or subject, with little attention paid to containing light within the task area. The resulting light
intrusion into areas outside task areas has created
modern-day afflictions called Light Pollution and Light
Trespass.
Security lighting or insecurity lighting?
Lighting is often installed to deter or prevent crime.
For site security, “maximum coverage” fixtures are typically used like dusk-to-dawn floodlights and unshielded
wallpacks. The glare from such lighting causes extreme
contrast and promotes low peripheral visibility, thereby
defeating its purpose.
Although static, dusk-to-dawn lighting “feels” like a
protective measure, it can actually assist criminals
more than it deters them. Major studies of the ability of
security lighting to deter crime are, at best, inconclusive.5
What are the solutions?
Many of the problems associated with outdoor lighting can be solved by using a little common sense.
•The physiology of the human eye must be taken into
account when designing outdoor lighting. To best facilitate peripheral vision at night, “contrast” between
light sources, lit areas, and dark surroundings must be
reduced. Softer, more transitional light levels, which are
as consistent as possible from area to area, should be
employed. (Recommended levels set by the IESNA
should not be exceeded). Also, fully shielded/recessed
light sources or “full cutoff” type (FCO) fixtures should
be the prevailing choice in all outside installations.
Well–designed lighting plans, using full color fixtures and
proper illumination levels, create excellent visual environments
while staying discretely within property boundaries.
14
LD+A/August 1999
Such fixtures and light sources are available from most
manufacturers.
•There is no excuse for glare, and it should be avoided in all applications. This is easily achieved by specifying fully shielded/recessed light sources or FCO type
fixtures. Any fixture that presents a viewable light
source as part of its functional appearance is going to
affect visual perception at night by varying degrees.
•Epitomizing the problem of outdoor glare is floodlighting. No matter how it is aimed, floodlighting
always produces glare, even from extremely off-axis
angles. The wide broadcast of light produced by floodlighting regularly affects neighboring areas, roadways,
and the night sky—even across large distances. Given
its lack of redeeming qualities, floodlighting should
ultimately become obsolete.
•Unnecessary and hazardous overlighting, as in commercial “lumen wars,” can be avoided by responsibly
following guidelines for the maintained illumination
levels and uniformity ratios recommended by the
IESNA. Again, glare from these sites can be avoided by
specifying fully shielded/recessed light sources or FCO
type fixtures.
•Simply put, efficient use of energy in lighting is
that which (1) applies all or most of its generated light to
the task at hand, and (2) uses no more light or energy
than is necessary for safety in the task area.
•In the security industry today, professionals will
attest that motion or infrared–sensored lighting is more
effective than static floodlighting in preventing theft.
Since motion or infrared–sensored lighting creates an
alerting “change of environment,” it draws attention to
any activity at a site.
•We must increase awareness. The way to achieve
better outdoor lighting is through education. To ignore
these many problems and continue pandering to society’s “perception” of good lighting is irresponsible.
In summary
At this juncture, we must look at where we are and
learn from our mistakes. Our goal for the future must be
to balance the functional needs of lighting with the
unchangeable givens of nature’s design. Five hundred
years ago, a Renaissance challenged convention and
illuminated the world. In the next millennium, our challenge is to illuminate it wisely.
References
1. Clanton, N. and Benya, J. 1997. Outdoor Parking
Lot Lighting: An E Source Report. Boulder, CO: E
Source, Inc.
2. Boyce, P. 1997. Light, sight, and photobiology.
Lighting Futures: vol. 2 (no.3).
3. Upgren, A. 1996. Night blindness. Amicus
Journal: Winter 1996. vol 17 (no.4): 22.
4. Raloff, J. 1998. Does light have a dark side?
Science News: 10/17.
5. The National Institute of Justice. 1998. Preventing
Crime, What Works, What Doesn’t, What’s Promising:
A Report to the United States Congress. Washington,
D.C.: The National Institute of Justice.
Tien, J. 1977. Study of Streetlighting and Crime.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Justice.
LIGHTFAIR
INTERNATIONAL 1999
Excelled In
San Francisco
LIGHTFAIR INTERNATIONAL 1999
exceeded attendance expectations in
San Francisco when it hosted almost
14,000 architectural, engineering, and
design professionals at the Moscone
Convention Center from May 10-–13.
LIGHTFAIR INTERNATIONAL 1999
featured more than 357 commercial
and architectural lighting manufacturers, occupying 900 booths, as exhibitors for the 1999 event.
A record-breaking number of tickets
were sold for Workshops, Seminars,
and the New Product Showcase &
Awards Presentation, providing worldclass architectural and commercial
lighting education to architectural,
engineering, and design professionals.
Manufacturers utilize LIGHTFAIR
INTERNATIONAL to introduce new
products developed during the previous
year by participating in one of the most
well-attended presentations, The New
Product Showcase & Awards Presentation.
A panel of judges selected the following award-winning products. The Best
New Product of the Year Award was presented to the Phos by Prescolite. The
ILLUMINATING
ENGINEERING
SOCIETY
NEWS
VOLUME 29, NUMBER 8
AUGUST 1999
IESNA
Calendar of Events
August 9–11
IESNA Annual Conference
Sheraton New Orleans Hotel
New Orleans, LA
Contact: Valerie Landers
(212) 248-5000
Technical Innovation Award was presented to the MultiNeon ColorChanger
September 17–18
by Lowel-Light Mfg., Inc. The Design
North Central
Excellence Award was presented to
Regional Conference
the Symphony by Tech Lighting. The
Chicago, IL
Energy Award was presented to the
Hyatt Regions Hotel
Airflow Tolerant Sensor by Novitas, Inc.
Contact: Peter Hugh
(708) 445-0995
The 1999 event also featured two new
awards. The first annual Roeder Award
October 4–7
was presented to Color Kinetics for
70th Annual Aviation
its Color Cove. Also, the first annual
Lighting Fall Seminar
Judges Citation Award was presented
New Orleans, LA
to Lightolier for its Metallics-Track
Embassy Suites Hotel
Lighting.
(425) 450-2512
The fourth annual Best Booth Awards
were presented to exhibitors in four
categories. The 1999 winners were:
100 to 200 ft2—-Idaho Wood; 300 to IESNA Sections to be
400 ft2—-Elux; 400 to 600 ft2–Sterner
spotlighted in LD+A
Lighting; and 600 ft2 and larger—IESNA Sections with exceptional
Philips Lighting Company.
programs will soon be featured in
The first annual Image Awards
LD+A, not only to give Sections and
recognized exhibiting manufacturers
their members and officers the attenfor excellence in pre-event marketing
tion they deserve, but to inspire other
continued on following page
Sections with their own programs.
A nomination can be made by anyone
with knowledge of an activity. Nominations will be classified by one of five
categories—-IIDA, Program, Education, Member Services, and Other
(holiday lighting programs, liaison with
other local organizations, etc.).
Only a minimum amount of information needs to be provided to IESNA
headquarters. Once it has been determined that an activity warrants further
attention, one of LD+A’s editorial
staffers will contact the Section for
more details. If the additional information obtained warrants publicity, a
short article will appear in LD+A.
Nominations will have an 18–month
“shelf life” during which they will remain
continued on page 17
LD+A/August 1999
15
LIGHTFAIR Excelled
continued from previous page
campaigns promoting their participation in LIGHTFAIR. The 1999 Image
Awards were presented to Color Kinetics, Basic Source, and Leviton Manufacturing.
The LIGHTFAIR INTERNATIONAL
1999 Conference Program featured 36
seminars and four day-long Workshops,
all offering AIA, ASID, IIDA, and IESNA
accreditation, and providing NCQLP
Lighting Education Units. Over 7658
individual seminar tickets were purchased within five defined tracks.
Brian Stacy, a Lighting Designer at
Ove Arup & Partners, said “The Professional Development Track has been a
wonderful addition for the lighting
design professional—-a huge growth in
a great conference for an emerging
industry.” John Camp, President of Light
Lines, Inc., added, “It has been refreshing to attend seminars where the
speakers are genuine in their interest
to contribute their professional knowledge to the lighting industry.”
Those attending the Trade Show
and Conference Program came from a
variety of disciplines within the industry, representing a broad cross-section
of specifiers interested in lighting.
They included: lighting designers (14.8
percent of attendees); electrical distributors (8.5 percent); architects (7.4
percent); electrical engineers (7 percent); electrical contractors (5.5 percent); interior designers (4.3 percent);
lighting retailers (3.9 percent); facility
managers/owners (3.4 percent); and
representatives (15.8 percent).
The balance was made up of general contractors, non-exhibiting manufacturers, educators, retail end-users,
visual merchandisers/store planners,
general contractors, utility executives,
government employees, landscape
architects, and students.
Geographical representation was
international. As expected, the majority of attendees (45 percent) came
from California. There were also large
delegations from New York, New Jersey,
Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania (15 percent); and the Midwestern states, including Illinois and
continued on following page
16
LD+A/August 1999
SUSTAINING
MEMBERS
The following companies
have elected to support the
Society as Sustaining Members
which allows the IESNA to fund programs
that benefit all segments
of the membership and pursue
new endeavors, including education
projects, lighting research, and
recommended practices.
The level of support is classified
by the amount of annual dues,
based on a company’s
annual lighting revenues:
Silver: $1,000 annual dues
Lighting revenues to $10 million
Gold: $2,500 annual dues
Lighting revenues to $50 million
Platinum: $5,000 annual dues
Lighting revenues to $200 million
Emerald: $10,000 annual dues
Lighting revenues to $500 million
Diamond: $15,000 annual dues
Lighting revenues over $500 million
DIAMOND
Cooper Lighting
GE Lighting
Lithonia Lighting
OSRAM SYLVANIA Inc.
Philips Ligthing Co.
EMERALD
Holophane Corporation
PLATINUM
Day-Brite/Capri/Omega
Georgia Power Company
Lightolier
Lutron Electronics Co., Inc.
GOLD
A.L.P. Lighting Components Co., Inc.
The Bodine Company
Detroit Edison
Duke Power Company
Duro-Test Corp.
Edison Price Lighting
Finelite Inc.
Indy Lighting, Inc.
The Kirlin Company
Kurt Versen Co.
LexaLite International Corp.
Lightron of Cornwall, Inc.
Lighting Services Inc.
MagneTek
Martin Professional Inc.
Matsushita Electric Works Ltd.
Musco Corporation
Philips Mexicana SA de CV
Prudential Lighting Corp.
Robertson Worldwide
San Diego Gas & Electric
SIMKAR
SPI Lighting Inc.
Thomas Lighting Outdoor Division
Visa Lighting
IESSUSTAINING
MEMBERS
SILVER
Alabama Power Co.
American Illuminetics Inc.
American Louver Co.
ANG Associates
Ardron-Mackie Limited
Associated Lighting Representatives, Inc.
Bartco Lighting, Inc.
BJB Electric Corporation
Canlyte, Inc.
Cinergy PSI Energy
City of Calgary Electric System
City of San Francisco
Bureau of Light & Power
Con Edison Co. of New York
Con–Tech Lighting
Custom Lighting Services, LLC
Custom Lights, Inc.
Day Lite Maintenance Co.
Earth Protection Services
Energy Savings Inc.
Elf Atochem North America, Inc.
Enterprise Lighting Sales Corp.
Exelon Infrastructure Services
Eye Lighting Industries
Eye Lighting Int’l of NA
ERCO Leuchten GmbH
Factory Sales Agency
Fiberstars Inc.
Finelite Inc.
Focal Point LLC
H.A.Williams & Assoc.
H.E.Williams Inc.
High End Systems Inc.
Hinkley Lighting Inc.
Hubbell Lighting Inc.
Imexcom Light & Power Inc.
Kansas City Power & Light Co.
Kenall Manufacturing Co.
King Luminaire Co.
Kirby Risk Supply Company, Inc.
Ledalite Architectural Products
Lee Filters
Legion Lighting
Leviton/Macro Lighting
Control Division
Linear Lighting
Litecontrol Corp.
Litetronics Int’l Inc.
LSI Lighting Systems, Inc.
LUXO Corporation
Multi Electric Manufacturing Inc.
Optical Research Associates
Optima Engineering PA
Paramount Industries, Inc.
PECO Energy
Peerless Lighting Corp.
Philips Electronics, Ltd.
Portland General Electric
Poulsen Lighting Inc.
Power Lighting Products Inc.
Prescolite•Moldcast
R.A. Manning Company
Ralph Smith Engineering
Ruud Lighting Inc.
Sharper Lighting
Sierra Pacific Power
Southern California Edison
Stage Front Lighting
Sterner Lighting Systems, Inc.
Strand Lighting Inc.
TIR Systems Ltd.
TU Electric
United Illuminating Co.
Vossloh-Schwabe
WAC Lighting Co.
West Philadelphia Electric
Wiko Ltd.
Winnepeg Hydro
Wisconsin Public Service Corp.
Zumtobel Staff Lighting Inc.
As of July 1999
LIGHTFAIR Excelled continued from previous page
Ohio (13.2 percent). All 50 states were represented, as
was Puerto Rico.
The 1999 event drew a healthy number of international
attendees (9 percent), and international exhibitors (35).
Altogether, 60 foreign countries from North America,
Europe, Asia, Australia, Central America, South America,
and the Islands were represented. Canada and Mexico
were best represented among international attendees,
along with large Asian (China, Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong,
South Korea) and European (Germany, United Kingdom,
France) representation.
The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting
Profession (NCQLP) held its annual Lighting Certified (LC)
Luncheon, which featured Mark Ginsberg, Deputy Secretary of the Office of Building Technologies—U.S.
Department of Energy as the keynote speaker. More than
150 LCs and others in the lighting industry heard his presentation and comments about the DOE’s interest in lighting technologies and the lighting industry. Recognition
awards were presented to past presidents Michael Neils,
PE, LC and Gary Gordon, LC, IALD.
The IIDA Luncheon Seminar was held for the second consecutive year, led by IIDA committee members Donald
Newquist, Chairperson, and Jim Zastovnik. The seminar
covered a wide range of topics, including ways to improve
IIDA submissions into the awards program, helpful tips for
submissions, and a presentation of project entries and submittal procedures for the prestigious lighting design award
program of the IESNA. The IIDA Awards Program celebrates
its 26th year in 1999.
The Lighting Industry Resource Council (LIRC) Luncheon
allowed attendees to gain more insight into the LIRC, an
IALD adjunct for manufacturers. Presentations included
updates on current activities, future plans, and a panel
discussion with members of both the IALD and LIRC on
specification integrity.
The San Francisco Bay Walk in memory of Craig A.
Roeder, sponsored by Belfer Lighting, Inc., raised over
$14,000 to benefit the Nuckolls Fund for Lighting
Education. Forty-five LIGHTFAIR attendees participated in
the walk, and 41 financial contributions were made. Due to
the tremendous success of this event, another fundraiser is
being planned for next year’s LIGHTFAIR.
During the San Francisco event, exhibitors selected booth
space for the 2000 event, which will be held at Javits
Convention Center, in New York City, May 9–11. Currently, a
strong mix of both domestic and international manufacturers has already reserved a large amount of booth space.
The 2000 event, which will encompass a Pre-Show
Conference held Monday, May 8, and three days of exhibits
and seminars, from May 9 - 11, will feature over 350 exhibiting manufacturers in nearly 1000 booths, in addition
to industry special events which annually coincide with
LIGHTFAIR INTERNATIONAL.
LIGHTFAIR INTERNATIONAL is sponsored by IESNA and
IALD, and is produced and managed by AMC, Inc.
For exhibit information, contact Libby Morley, Show
Director, at (404) 220-2215, email: libbym@lightfair.com.
For Conference Program information, contact Renee Gable,
Conference & Marketing Director at (404) 220-2217, E-mail:
reneeg@lightfair.com, or Angela Ausband at (404) 2202221, E-mail: angelaa@lightfair.com. Attendee information
and Registration Forms will be mailed in early 2000.
Visit http://www.lightfair.com for current 2000 event
updates.
IESNA Sections to be spotlighted in LD+A
continued from page 15
under consideration. Expired but unused nominations may be resubmitted. Once
published, a Section activity cannot be nominated again.
Judging will be done by the LD+A Editor, Publisher, and the IESNA Membership
Staff, with input from others as needed. Selections will be made based on any
criteria the judges feel is pertinent and timely, i.e., membership, IIDA, section
program planning, etc.
Aside from appearing in the IES News section of LD+A, selected Sections
will receive a certificate recognizing their activity.
For more information, or to make a nomination, contact Mark A. Newman,
Editor, LD+A, 120 Wall Street, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10005, Attn: Section of
the Month. Nominations can also be faxed to (212) 248-5018, or E-mailed to
mnewman@iesna.org.
Members in the News
GE Lighting presented its 1998 GE
Edison Award for excellence in lighting
to Francesca Bettridge. Bettridge was
selected for her work on the Santa Fe
Opera Theatre in Santa Fe, NM.
Gary J. Lehman has been appointed
President and Chief Operating Officer
of Advance Transformer Co., a division
of Philips Electronics North America
Corporation that manufactures ballasts
for fluorescent and HID lighting systems. Lehman will replace John J. Briody,
continued on following page
LD+A/August 1999
17
Honors Presented
at Annual Conference
Eleven IESNA members will receive awards at the IESNA Honors
Luncheon to be held August 9 in New Orleans.
Fellow Awards will be presented to Willard L. Warren, in
recognition of his leadership in lighting education, design,
manufacturing, and application, and Ivaldo C. Pasini, for his
Willard L. Warren
Ivaldo C. Pasini
William Brown
two decades of leadership in lighting research, development,
and education.
Distinguished Service Awards, honoring significant contributions to the IESNA, will be bestowed on William Brown (A.L.P.
Lighting Components Co. Inc.); Russell Churchill (formerly of GE
Lighting and 1992-1993 IESNA Past President); Noel S. Florence
(N. Florence Associates); Delores (Dee) Ginthner (University of
Minnesota); John Green (Holophane Corporation); and Charles
Loch (Consultant).
Howard Brandston will receive the Medal Award for his outRussell Churchill
Noel S. Florence
Delores Ginthner
standing technical, educational, and professional contributions to
the art and science of lighting. Brandston, who is president of H.M.
Brandston and Partners, a lighting design practice with more than
2500 projects worldwide, has served the Society as its first Vice
President-Design and Application, and as 1983–1984 IESNA
President.
The 1999 Taylor Technical Talent Award will go to Carol C. Jones,
JoAnne Lindsley, and Eric E. Richman for their paper “An Empirical
Data Based Method for Development of Lighting Energy Standards,”
John Green
Charles Loch
Howard Brandston
which appeared in the Summer 1999 issue of the Journal of the IES.
The paper reports on an interactive methodology, developed by the IESNA Energy Management Committee and the Lighting
Subcommittee of ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 SSPC, for determining lighting power densities for individual spaces and buildings.
The process described provides a simplified method of standards development that includes more accurate modeling of the
energy efficiency potential of quality lighting.
Members in the News
continued from page 17
who is retiring in December 1999.
Vincent Lighting Systems recently
hired three new employees. Jeffrey T.
Hoppe will join the company’s Cincinnati, OH office as an Inside Sales Representative, and Jason Potts and Beth
Reyes will assume the roles of Assistant Project Manager and Rental Administrator, respectively, at the company’s
Cleveland, OH office.
Shad Funkhouser recently joined
CDAI as a lighting designer and project engineer. CDAI, which is based in
Atlanta, GA, is a specialty engineering
firm that provides consulting and
design services in performing arts
and presentation technologies.
Wanda Barchard, who is currently
Vice President of the New England
Section of the IESNA, has joined
Einhorn Yaffee Prescott Architecture
& Engineering, P.C. as an electrical
design engineer.
Lite Touch, Inc. has appointed
Martin Meletio as its North Texas
Territory Manager. Meletio will assist
consultants in the specification of Lite
Touch products and ensure that all
projects remain trouble-free.
High End Systems was recently honored with two industry awards. The com-
pany’s Studio Spot 250 and Studio
Color 250 automated luminaires took
home the Product Innovation Award for
entertainment/architectural luminaires at LIGHTFAIR INTERNATIONAL in
May. Also in May, High End Systems
was named Lighting Manufacturer of
the Year for the third consecutive
year in the Performance Readers Poll
Awards, which honor achievement in
the international concert industry.
W.A.C. Lighting, a manufacturer and
supplier of track and recessed lighting, has named Carlos Leon as its
new sales representative in Puerto
Rico, the Dominican Republic, and
the United States Virgin Islands.
Call for Members
The IESNA Correctional Facilities Committee is beginning work on a new recommended practice (RP-34), which
will include recommendations on quantity and quality of light for prison cells, interior and exterior common areas, and
surveillance lighting needs.
The committee invites participation from interested members and non-members. If you are able to contribute, please
contact Skip Greene, chair at (801) 328-5151 or Rita Harrold at the IESNA office at (212) 248-5000, ext. 115.
18
LD+A/August 1999
IESNA Welcomes New Staff Members
The IESNA is pleased to annouce
the addition of two new employees
to the head office in New York City.
Pamela R. Weess,
CAE, joined the IESNA Marketing Department as Marketing Manager in June.
Pam has 14 years
association management experience and
is a Certified Association Executive.
Her responsibilities include advertising sales, marketing activities, and
oversight of the publications department and the IESNA Website. “Pam’s
arrival is especially fortunate as we
prepare for the publication of the 9th
New Members
IESNA announces two new
sustaining members and 95
new members (M), associate
members, and student members in June.
SUSTAINING MEMBERS
Creative Designs in Lighting,
Phoenix, AZ
NDC Energy Division, Waco, TX
INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS
Canadian Region
Michel Gagnon (M), Consultants
V.F.P. Inc., Trois-Rivieres, PQ
Michel Gamble (M), OSRAM
Sylvania Ltd., Mississauga, ON
Andrew Mackinnon, Gabriel Design,
Ottawa, ON
Angelo Miceli (M), LUMEC, Inc.,
Toronto, ON
University of Ottawa
James A. McKellar
East Central Region
Vazgen Assatourian, Alphatec PC,
Washington, DC
John J. Bordlemay Jr., Illuminations
Inc., Mechanicsburg, PA
Leonard G. Gobright, Consonance
Technologies, Inc., Reinholds, PA
Joseph F. Hunter, Cooper Lighting,
Huntingdon Valley, PA
Ryan Morrissey, Lutron Electronics,
Coopersburg, PA
Benjamin Prichard, Holophane
Corporation, Newark, OH
Claudia A. Rojas-Cedillo, Philips
Lighting, Bath, NY
Wendie Tobin, Wesco Distribution,
Bala Cynwyd, PA
Brian Ziegler, Hill & Bell
Associates, Inc., Pottstown, PA
Drexel University
Hakeem Al-Harthy, Ayelet Barak,
Patrick M. Cronin, Dean Grondin,
Kevin Jerose, Don Klitz Jr., Hazel
edition of the IESNA Lighting Handbook,” said Bill Hanley, IESNA Executive Vice President. “And that’s only
one of the challenges that I’m sure
she’ll handle extremely well.”
Sarah Neunsinger
joined the IESNA
Editorial Department
as Associate Editor
in June. A graduate
of Hamline University in St. Paul, MN,
Neunsinger most recently worked as an editorial assistant for American Theatre magazine
in New York City. As Associate Editor,
Neunsinger is responsible for the
editing of LD+A, Journal of the IES,
Ojany, Mark Orsini, Jim Park,
Angel L. Placers III, John Renzo,
Justin Ruby, Jeffrey Samala,
Robert Switala, Natasha
Thompson
Great Lakes Region
Carnegie Mellon University
Vineeta Pal
Western Michigan University
Alan Grudzinski
Intermountain Region
Gregory A. Gapen (M), Creative
Designs Lighting, Phoenix, AZ
Robin Millyard, City of Glenwood
Springs, Glenwood Springs, CO
Paul A. Torcellini (M), National
Renewable Energy Laboratory,
Golden, CO
Gus Woodman, City of Yuma, Yuma,
AZ
Midwest Region
Scott McKinley (M), Latimer,
Sommers and Associates,
Topeka, KS
Christopher Martin (M), Leviton
Manufacturing Company,
Overland Park, KS
Robert Pledge, City of Overland
Park, Overland Park, KS
University of Kansas
Adrian Franks, Anthony Johnson
North Central Region
Steven Eckstrom, Holophane
Lighting, Palatine, IL
Robert A. Groff (M), Integrated Art
Systems, Madison, WI
Timothy J. Mazies, Federal Signal
Corporation, Tinley Park, IL
Rachel Naxon, Toshiba Lighting
America Inc., Buffalo Grove, IL
Peter Schmidt, Artful Designs and
Services, Burnsville, MN
Eric Siebers, Performa, Inc.,
DePere, WI
Milwaukee School of Engineering
James Schreyer
and other IESNA materials. She also
writes “Photons,” “IES News,” and
“Light Products.”
“Sarah has already proven to be a
very valuable asset to the editorial
team,” LD+A Editor Mark Newman
said. “In the short time she has been
with us, Sarah has shown that she is
extremely capable in all aspects of her
multifaceted position. Plus, her cheerful demeanor and great attitude make
her a pleasure to work with and a welcome addition to the IESNA staff.”
Newman encourages all members
to contact Sarah with news, new products, or scheduled events, as well as
ideas for features.
Northeastern Region
Paul Babin Jr., Alderman and
MacNeish, Inc., West
Springfield, MA
Ira Levy, Levy Lighting, New York,
NY
Peter T. Moulton (M), State of
Maine Department of
Environmental Protection,
Augusta, ME
Jason Piacentino (M), Jet-Co,
Oceanside, NY
David H. Rosenburg (M), Theatre
Projects Consultants, Ridgefield,
CT
Osamu Tanahashi (M), Matsushita
Electric Works R&D Laboratory,
Woburn, MA
Fashion Institute of Technology
Jing Wu
Pacific Northwest Region
Dawn Midtbo (M), Puget Sound
Energy, Bellevue, WA
Steven Schmidt (M), HNTB,
Bellevue, WA
Robert L. Voynow (M), Abacus
Engineered Systems Inc.,
Seattle, WA
South Central Region
Robert T. Nethken (M), Baton
Rouge, LA
William J. Pantsari, Pantsari
Architecture, Birmingham, AL
Louisiana State University
Nuray Avci, Christine Barton,
Amanda Blythe, Lisbeth Habans,
Theresa Ferrer, Sherlyn Hunt,
Julie Kastler, Jessica Lambert,
Emma Plank, Jaron Stone, Beth
Tomlinson, Carrie Walker
Southeastern Region
Patrick Bolls, Martin Professional
Inc., Hollywood, FL
Noel Duncan, Martin Professional
Inc., Hollywood, FL
Annalise Laundrup, Martin
Professional Inc., Hollywood, FL
Alan Stewart (M), Stewart
Engineering Services
Corporation, Duluth, GA
South Pacific Coast Region
Jack Arslanian (M), N.A. Cohen
Group Inc., Encino, CA
David A. Auble (M), Prime Design
Group, Inc., Aptos, CA
Michael Cates (M), City of Los
Angeles—Bureau of Street
Lighting, Los Angeles, CA
Kyle Kirkes, Kirkes Electric,
Turlock, CA
Elda Peterson, Cooper Preuit
Engineers, San Jose, CA
Southwestern Region
Timothy Prefume, NDC Energy
Division, Waco, TX
Enrique Quezada (M), Malmex SA
CV, Mexico
Lucy Weaver, Parrish-Hare
Electrical Supply, Dallas, TX
ESIME
Ivan Aranda, Edgar Bravo, Oscar
Cahuantzi, Jose Guevara, Juan
Licea, Amicar Orozco, Froylan
Quiroga
Foreign
Constantin Donea, Luxten Lighting,
Bucharest, Romania
John A. Ferguson, Airport Lighting
Specialists, Victoria, Australia
Ronald R. Llanos, Extech
Instrumentacion, Caracas,
Venezuela
Jaime Spak, Industrial Mecril S.A.,
Lima, Peru
Chaitanya Sthalekar (M), Pune,
India
Hisashi Tanaka, Cybernet Systems
Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
Pedrag D. Rancic (M), Faculty of
Electronic Eng., Yugoslavia
LD+A/August 1999
19
La Copa Runneth Over
Latin pop star Ricky Martin’s performance of La Copa de la Vida
(The Cup of Life) was an exciting and festive crowd pleaser at the 41st
Annual Grammy Awards in February. Joining in the fun were SkyDancer
Hooplas, gyrating tubes of light that got into the act at the pulsating
climax of Martin’s number. Located behind the performers and in front
of lighting designer Bob Dickinson’s “wall of light,” the tubes provided
an added sense of celebration to the rollicking tune.
Created by Calabasas, California-based TubeWORKS, Inc., the tubes
were chosen not only to enhance the celebratory mood of the Latin
music, but because TubeWORKS could provide a quick turnaround.
“We received the call that the Grammys needed the equipment three
days before the event rehearsal,” said Troy Austin, coordinator of
TubeWORKS’ event division. “We then broke the land-speed record for
rapid testing, installation, and professional on-site technical support.”
The tubes are constructed out of polynex, a highly refractive, thin
optical material. In order to maximize the dancing tubes’ presence,
high-powered halogen beams were focused directly onto the tubes. The
material’s lightweight properties allowed many lighting characteristics
to be emphasized, such as randomly changing refraction and diffusion.
When light enters the interior of the semi-transparent material it refracts
and diffuses, making the entire tube appear like cavorting neon.
Since the material is not highly reflective, about half of the light diffuses through the tubes exterior and back into other lengths of tube,
creating a collective luminescence. As the tubes move about, the
angles of refraction are infinite, resulting in diffusion throughout the
entire structure.
Skydancer Hooplas, which have provided many event designers with
a trove of new design ideas, have been likened to a huge, dancing lamp
shade. Like a lamp shade, the tube is not a source, but it alters the
lighting characteristics generated by the lamp. And unlike traditional
automated fixtures, the diffuser moves while the light stands still.
But the SkyDancers weren’t dancing alone on Grammy night—Ricky Martin walked off with a Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop
Performance for his album Vuelve.
—-Mark A. Newman
P
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LD+A/August 1999
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Cabin Fever
The cruise line division of the Walt Disney Company made Disney history in July
1998 when it launched its first ship, the Disney Magic. From delicious meals in
restaurants designed with vibrant colors to a different musical theater extravaganza every night to a visit to Disney’s private island, Disney Magic passengers
are in for a decidedly different cruise ship experience from stem to stern.
After their fun-filled days draw to a close, passengers retiring to their staterooms will find that their home away from home is
a far cry from typical cruise ship accommodations. The Disney Magic’s staterooms are 25 percent larger than those found on
other ships; three-fourths have private balconies.
Designed by Susan Orsini, of Orsini Design Associates, Inc. in New York under the direction of Walt Disney Imagineering, the
staterooms were intended to give passengers the most comfortable quarters imaginable. “Our overall design goal was to create
an ambiance superior in quality and design to any cruise
ship operating today,” Orsini said. “A great deal of
research was done, especially in the suites, to incorporate period pieces that supported the design intent.”
The unique design unifies a traditional nautical motif with
Disney’s trademark style. For example, while the lamps on
the bedside tables could be considered typical, a closer
inspection of the shade reveals small silhouettes of the
Mickey Mouse logo. “Great attention to detail was paid to
ensure that, in addition to the incorporation of Disney elements, the stateroom interior and lighting designs are consistent with the overall art deco theme of the Disney
Magic,” said Bob Holland, Director of Design and Development for Walt Disney Imagineering.
The lighting for these spaces is the pinnacle of function
combined with form. A typical Disney Magic stateroom
consists of two main sections—-a living area and a bedroom. At the center of both of these spaces are 20 W
recessed compact fluorescents with frosted glass diffusers. Task lighting is provided by recessed MR16s above
the desk and in the foyer and bathrooms.
Around the desk and bathroom mirrors are T5 fluorescent sconces. The valence above the door to the balcony
contains 3000K T5 fluorescents, lighting the way to the
cabin’s personal ocean view. Orsini added that time was
also a consideration. She had to work around the schedules of the other architects and planners designing the
other parts of the ship to find the “most efficient use of
time and labor.”
The cabins are so comfortably appointed, many passengers may find themselves not wanting to leave. But once
they’re well rested, it will be hard to resist the many
entertaining activities offered aboard the Disney
Magic—-a ship that truly lives up to its name.
—-Mark A. Newman
22
LD+A/August 1999
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Caliente Kaleidoscope
Every night the capitol building in San Juan, Puerto Rico turns into a rainbow of light, adding a touch of festivity to the city’s
beautiful nightscape. This vibrant light show, which is the first permanent architectural lighting installation in the Caribbean,
was created with 36 High End Systems EC-1 architectural wash luminaires. Plans to install another 36 luminaires are currently
in the works.
Willie Cortes of Switch Lighting Performance in Levittown, PR, who was in charge of the installation, got his first glimpse of
the luminaires last December at a special showing of the installation that drew 1000 spectators. Cortes, architect Pablo
Quinones, and engineer/contractor Jose Kercado liked what they saw, but wanted to achieve a more soft-edged look to highlight
the capitol building’s historic marble facade.
The building is located on the north side of San Juan on a mountain overlooking the Atlantic Ocean, so location and weather
were primary design considerations. The fixtures had to withstand the area’s moist environment and have enough power to make
the capitol visible from far away. The team opted for the EC-1s based on their numerous capabilities and options.
The lighting program lasts 17 minutes and runs continuously for 12 hours—-from sunset to sunrise. An astronomical clock in
the Status Cue lighting console changes the start and
stop times by adjusting latitude and longitude.
HES’s Brad Schiller designed
and programmed the lighting
scheme with the aid of
Architectural Control Environment (ACE) software. The
software runs the program
without entering the cue list
or hardware. “[ACE software]
has several options to lock the
building into a specific look,
run a show, or turn fixtures on
or off,” Schiller said.
The warm Caribbean sun
may brighten San Juan during
the day, but the night comes
alive when this variegated
light show envelops Puerto
Rico’s capitol building.
—-Mark A. Newman
24
LD+A/August 1999
1999
®
INTERNATIONAL ILLUMINATION DESIGN AWARDS
The1999
International
Illumination
Design
Awards
The IIDA program recognizes individuals for
professionalism, ingenuity, and originality in
lighting design based on the individual merit of
each entry. Judges are
selected from a broad
professional spectrum
representing knowledge of lighting and
design excellence.
The judging system is entirely
based on how well the lighting
design meets the program criteria. This
program is not a competition.
The IIDAs comprise four parallel
programs. The awards for interior lighting honor the memory of fixture manufacturer Edwin F. Guth, who held 147
patents at the time of his death in 1962. The Paul Waterbury Awards for
Outdoor Lighting honor Waterbury’s achievements, including the
development of 1200 W metal halide lamps for stadium use. The Aileen
Page Cutler Memorial Award for Residential Lighting Design honors the
developer of new and creative ways to light residences. Sponsored by the
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), the Awards for Energy
Efficiency in Lighting for Commercial Buildings recognize quality lighting that demonstrates dramatic energy savings.
Each of the four awards programs comprises several levels. Section
Awards acknowledge commendable achievement in lighting design at
the local level. Regional Awards of Merit are given in recognition of
meritorious contributions to lighting design. The best of these award
recipients continue on to be judged at the international level.
There are three awards given by the panel of international judges. The
Special Citation recognizes superior elements of an outstanding lighting
design or, in some instances, the use of lighting as an art form. The
Award of Excellence is presented for an exceptional contribution to the
art and science of lighting design. The Award of Distinction honors
extraordinary achievement in lighting design. This award is optional
and is given at the discretion of the judges.
LD+A/August 1999
27
1999
®
INTERNATIONAL ILLUMINATION DESIGN AWARDS
Edwin F. Guth Memorial Award for
Interior Lighting Special Citation
GRAND CENTRAL TERMINAL
NEW YORK, NY
OWNER: Metropolitan Transportation Authority/Metro North, New York, NY
DESIGNERS: Richard Renfro, Barry Citrin, Fisher Marantz Renfro Stone, New York, NY
PHOTOGRAPHY: Peter Aaron/Esto Photographics Inc.
Paul Waterbury Award of Excellence for Outdoor Lighting
CENTRO CULTURAL DE MERIDA OLIMPO
MERIDA, YUCATAN, MEXICO
OWNER: Ayuntamiento de Merida, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
DESIGNERS: Elias Cisneros Avila, Georgina Salazar Solis,
Luis Castello Guadarrama, GA Iluminacion, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
PHOTOGRAPHER: Roberto Cardenas
28
LD+A/August 1999
LD+A/August 1999
29
Paul Waterbury Award of
Excellence for
Outdoor Lighting
MIHO MUSEUM
SHIGARAKI, JAPAN
OWNER: Miho Museum,
Shigaraki, Japan
DESIGNERS: Paul Marantz,
Hank Forrest, Alicia Kapheim,
Fisher Marantz Stone, New York, NY
PHOTOGRAPHY:
Timothy Hursley/Esto Photographics
Edwin F. Guth Memorial
Award for Interior Lighting
Special Citation
PAINT INSPECTION
(40 INSTALLATIONS WORLDWIDE)
DESIGNER: Charles Lloyd,
Visual Performance Inc.,
Morrisville, NC
PHOTOGRAPHER: Charles Lloyd
30
LD+A/August 1999
Paul Waterbury Award of Distinction
for Outdoor Lighting
FUKUOKA TOWER LIGHTING IMPROVEMENT PLAN
FUKUOKA CITY, JAPAN
DESIGNERS: Miki Matsushita, Naoki Takayama, Miki Matsushita
Lighting Design Co., Ltd, Fukuoka City, Japan
Satoshi Ono, Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd., Fukuoka City, Japan
OWNER: Fukuoka Tower Co., Ltd., Fukuoka City, Japan
PHOTOGRAPHER: Toshihisa Ishii
1999
®
INTERNATIONAL ILLUMINATION DESIGN AWARDS
1999
Edwin F. Guth Memorial Award
of Excellence for Interior Lighting
MGM GRAND GATEWAY
®
INTERNATIONAL ILLUMINATION DESIGN AWARDS
ENTERTAINMENT
LAS VEGAS, NV
OWNER: MGM Grand, Inc., Las Vegas, NV
DESIGNERS: Ross De Alessi,
Trish Connor, Andrew Pultorak,
Ross De Alessi Lighting Design, Seattle, WA
PHOTOGRAPHERS: Ross De Alessi, Cathy Woods
OF
Edwin F. Guth Memorial Award of Distinction for Interior Lighting
KUALA LUMPUR NEW INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA
DESIGNERS: Dr. Kisho Kurokawa, Hank Cheriex, Kisho Kurokawa Architects, Tokyo, Japan
Motoya Takami, Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
OWNER: Kuala Lumpur International Airport Berhad, Darul Eshan, Malaysia
PHOTOGRAPHY: Atsushi Nakamichi/Nacaga & Partners
Edwin F. Guth Memorial Award of
Excellence for Interior Lighting
NIKETOWN
MIAMI, FL
OWNER: Nike, Beaverton, OR
DESIGNERS: Megan Strawn and
Denise B. Fong, Candela, Seattle, WA
PHOTOGRAPHER: Steve Hall
32
LD+A/August 1999
LD+A/August 1999
33
1999
®
INTERNATIONAL ILLUMINATION DESIGN AWARDS
Edwin F. Guth Memorial Award for
Interior Lighting Special Citation
LONG BEACH AQUARIUM OF THE PACIFIC
LONG BEACH, CA
OWNER: Long Beach Aquarium,
Long Beach, CA
DESIGNERS: Patrick Gallegos, Karl Haas,
Aram Ebben, Gallegos Lighting Design,
Northridge, CA
PHOTOGRAPHY: Wolfgang Simon
34
LD+A/August 1999
LD+A/August 1999
35
1999
®
INTERNATIONAL ILLUMINATION DESIGN AWARDS
Paul Waterbury Award Special Citation
for Outdoor Lighting
LIGHTING OF TOWER GROVE PARK’S VICTORIAN AGE RUINS
ST. LOUIS, MO
OWNER: Tower Grove Park, St. Louis, MO
DESIGNERS: The IESNA St. Louis Section Members
PHOTOGRAPHY: Arttech
Edwin F. Guth Memorial Award of
Excellence for Interior Lighting
HAL 9000 CEMEX COMPUTER CENTRE
MONTERRAY, MEXICO
OWNER: Cemex Computer Centre,
Monterray, Mexico
DESIGNERS: Jonathan Speirs, Alan Mitchell,
James Mason, Iaian Ruxton,
Jonathan Speirs and Associates,
Edinburgh, Scotland
PHOTOGRAPHER: Yens Hillebrand
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)
Award of Excellence
36
LD+A/August 1999
STAPLES DISTRIBUTION CENTER
KILLINGLY, CT
DESIGNER: Naomi Johnson Miller,
Lighting Research Center, Watervliet, NY
OWNER: Staples, Westborough, MA
PHOTOGRAPHER: Robert Benson
LD+A/August 1999
37
1999
Edwin F. Guth Memorial Award of Excellence for
Interior Lighting
DAKOTA JACKSON SHOWROOM
LOS ANGELES, CA
OWNER: Dakota Jackson, Inc., Long Island City, NY
DESIGNERS: Barbara Horton, Stephen Lees,
Horton-Lees Lighting Design, Inc., New York, NY
PHOTOGRAPHER: John Edward Linden
®
INTERNATIONAL ILLUMINATION DESIGN AWARDS
Edwin F. Guth Memorial Award of Excellence for
Interior Lighting
OLYMPIC PARK RAIL STATION
SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA
OWNER: Olympic Coordination Authority, Sydney, Australia
DESIGNERS: Roger Hale, Connell Wagner Pty Ltd., Sydney, Australia
Rob Scowcroft, Thorn Lighting Pty Limited, Sydney, Australia
PHOTOGRAPHER: Connell Wagner
Edwin F. Guth Memorial Award of Excellence for Interior Lighting
PACIFIC SCIENCE CENTER 3D IMAX THEATER & GALLERY ADDITIONS
SEATTLE, WA
OWNER: Pacific Science Center, Seattle, WA
DESIGNERS: Denise B. Fong and Megan Strawn, Candela, Seattle, WA
PHOTOGRAPHER: Doug Scott
38
LD+A/August 1999
LD+A/August 1999
39
1999
®
INTERNATIONAL ILLUMINATION DESIGN AWARDS
1999 INTERNATIONAL JUDGES
John D. Coventry, CIE
LIGHTING SOURCE, INC.
Laurel, MD
Rochelle D. Kimball, LC
PHILIPS LIGHTING COMPANY
San Francisco, CA
Ralph W. Dobson, CEM
THE HAWAIIAN ELECTRIC COMPANY
Honolulu, HI
Michael D. Lane, LC
LIGHTING DESIGN LAB
Seattle, WA
James E. Jewell, LC
CONSULTANT IN LIGHTING
San Francisco, CA
Fred Oberkircher, III, LC
TEXAS CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY
Fort Worth, TX
1998-99 IIDA COMMITTEE
Don Newquist (Chair)
T.J. KROB CONSULTING ENGINEERS, INC.
John R. Harpest
HEAPY ENGINEERING
Zoe Taylor Paul
SVERDUP
Lawrence N. Ayers
BEVILACQUA KNIGHT INC.
Howard Kosowsky
POWER AND LIGHTING SYSTEMS
Mary Tatum
LIGHTOLIER
Robert Carlson
LIGHTING CONSULTANT
Robert McCully
RAM LIGHTING
Jerry W. White
THE ECI GROUP INC.
Renee J. Green
PRESCOLITE MOLDCAST
Jerry Mobilio
CROSSEY ENGINEERING
James S. Zastovnik
THE LIGHTING ALLIANCE
Nazzi Nazeri
LIGHTING SYSTEMS
Berkeley, CA
David J. Nelson, AIA
CLANTON AND ASSOCIATES
Boulder, CO
ADVISORY MEMBERS
William Hirons
ONTARIO, CANADA
Frank F. LaGiusa, FIES
ILLUMINATION PLUS
Mark A. Newman
ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING
SOCIETY/LD+A
Edwin F. Guth Memorial Award of Excellence for Interior Lighting
THE MARGARET
ASIAN ART
DALLAS, TX
OWNER: Crow Family Foundation, Inc., Dallas, TX
DESIGNERS: Craig A. Roeder, Craig A. Roeder Associates, Dallas, TX
George A. Balle, Roeder Design, Dallas, TX
PHOTOGRAPHER: Earl Levin
40
LD+A/August 1999
AND
TRAMMELL CROW COLLECTION
OF
Paul Waterbury Award of Excellence for Outdoor Lighting
FACADE ILLUMINATION OF TORRE COLPATRIA
BOGOTA, COLUMBIA
OWNER: Banco Colpatria, Bogota, Columbia
DESIGNER: Robert Daniels, Brilliant Lighting Design, Miami, FL
PHOTOGRAPHER: Robert Daniels
LD+A/August 1999
41
The Kuala Lumpur International Airport
was designed for the new millennium.
Kisho Kurokawa, Motoya Takami,
and Hank Cheriex came together to create
an international hub, not just for the world but for the future.
between the column capitals, and
used a conical column created by cantilevering columns from the base.
Then, to refine our ceiling design, we
integrated the details of the columns
and the roof, the column capitals, and
the rainwater drainage and air conditioning ducts.
The lighting design, which received
the 1999 IIDA Edwin F. Guth
Memorial Award of Distinction, was
revised many times to ensure that it
would contribute to the full impact of
the ceiling design. Some of the lighting design team’s initial proposals
were quite bold, like providing indirect lighting from fixtures that were
art objects themselves, and providing
daytime illumination via skylights.
Finally, it was decided that no lighting equipment would be installed in
the ceiling itself. After many consulta-
T
FUTURISTIC
FLIGHT
PLAN
he Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) in Malaysia was designed and
completed in only four years. Because of this time constraint, it was necessary to
design a flexible structure that could cope with all last-minute program and
design changes.
In the main terminal building, we were required to make the line of movement from
the arrival area to the gate lounge as short as possible. To accomplish this, we had to find
a way to reduce the distance from airside to landside (“landside” being the interior of
the main terminal building).
It was also required that the main terminal building provide visitors with numerous
amenities, including shopping, leisure and waiting areas, an airside hotel, conference
rooms, and restaurants.
We decided that the best way to accomplish all of our objectives was to create a
structure with conical columns and a hyper-parabolic (H-P) shell. We chose to create
the ceiling from H-P shell because H-P shell is made of straight-line material. With its
42
LD+A/August 1999
(above) The lighting design scheme for
the new Kuala Lumpur International Airport
utilizes both artificial and natural light.
During the day, light fills the terminal
from a series of skylights in the H-P ceiling.
single-layer pipe lattice structure and
straight-line wood panels, H-P shell
is also extremely easy to assemble.
The cross-section view of the H-P
shell’s central axis is an arch. The interior space, which we created by integrating the H-P shells, connotes a continuous Islamic dome, evoking a symbol of Malaysian culture. Horizontal
thrust is generated at the base of the
H-P shell. We placed a tension wire
(above) At night, illumination comes
from small 150 W metal halide floodlights
installed within the skylights. Luminaires
were also placed between the beams to avoid
attaching fixtures to the ceiling, further
emphasizing the unique overhead design.
(right) The 13 floodlights in each skylight
shower 200 lx onto the terminal floor. In
the event of a power failure, the three lowest
fixtures in each skylight, which contain 50 W
halogen lamps, provide 5 lx onto the floor.
LD+A/August 1999
43
(left) The main roof design evokes the palm trees that are so prevalent
in Malaysia. When viewed from the outside, the terminal roof appears
gabled, but the ceiling actually has a vast curve inside.
(opposite) The kampong-style roof structure of the contact piers is
inspired by traditional Malaysian housing.
tions, the current proposal was adopted, which provides for
lighting fixtures to be installed in the skylights. This plan was
economical and efficient, and it met all of our aesthetic
requirements.
After referring to light levels at other major international
airports, we proposed an average illuminance of 300 lx on the
floor. However, only 200 lx was approved by the airport public corporation’s project consultant. Thus, we forged ahead
and selected suitable fixtures and light sources, then created
a layout plan.
In order to make the skylight lighting fixtures inconspicuous, the designers used a number of very small fixtures. A natural consequence of this approach was an increase in the uniformity of illuminance.
Thirteen small floodlights, each containing a 150 W compact
metal halide lamp, were installed between the horizontal beams
in each skylight slit. To provide emergency lighting during a
power failure, the three lowest fixtures also contain a 12 V, 50
W tungsten halogen lamp. When the emergency lighting is
turned on, the floor receives 5 lx of illumination.
Kuala Lumpur International Airport: Designs for the Next Generation
After I was selected as the architect of the Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA), I suggested to the Malaysian government that
it formulate a regional development plan for the area between Kuala Lumpur City and the new airport. This development plan was entitled the “Eco-Media City Plan.”
My proposal called for the creation of a new, experimental city that would include logistical, informational, and ecological infrastructures between Kuala Lumpur City and the new airport. Later, a plan was formulated for the creation of an infrastructure that would also
include two expressways and one specialized high-speed railway.
A Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) plan was formulated for the information infrastructure Eco-Media City Plan. And it was decided
that, as part of the capital plan, an intelligent city (IT) and the Cyber Jaja area would be developed as a Silicon Valley type area.
The new capital plan entailed moving government offices halfway between Kuala Lumpur City and the new capital. The Prime
Minister’s residence and other structures were completed at the same time as the new airport. The ecological infrastructure—a green
corridor—is still in the planning stages.
Currently, palm and rubber trees are being cultivated around the airport as part of an experiment to artificially restore the tropical rain
forest. A miniature tropical rain forest will also be created inside the airport.
The tropical rain forest, which is representative of Malaysian topography, will help to muffle airport noise pollution and will also have
environmental benefits. The forest will aid in controlling nutrients expelled into the nearby river by guiding them to the sea, where they
will generate plankton.
The creation of an experimental, coastal fishing ground outside of the airport is a future possibility. (In Japan, this experiment has
already been launched by a fishermen’s cooperative association, which recreated a coastal fishing ground by planting a deciduous
broad-leafed forest).
Another experiment is currently being conducted involving the creation of a residential environment in which tall buildings and forest
areas have a symbiotic relationship. By planting tall trees close to buildings, buildings will have enough shade and natural ventilation
to make artificial air conditioning unnecessary.
The completion of the current phase of construction of KLIA will result in two 4000 m runways and a 334,300 m2 main terminal building, enabling the airport to handle 25 million passengers a year. By 2002, the airport will be able to accommodate 120 million passengers annually. The objective for the airport is to eventually combine four 4000 m runways with a fifth 2800 m runway for shuttle flights
to Singapore, making it one of the largest international hubs.
It is not surprising that many people seem to wonder why Malaysia, with a population of 20 million, needs such a large international
hub airport. It has been said that the world will need an entirely new, high-speed transportation system by 2025. This system will accommodate the hypersonic speed transport (HSST), which will carry 300–500 passengers at speeds of Mach 2–3.5.
The potential exists for research into a quiet, low-energy engine, and an international effort to shoulder the estimated two trillion yen
in development costs for such a project is already underway. The May 17, 1998 edition of the Nihon Keizai Shimbun reported that
Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in Japan have already started
development of an HSST engine. Demand for the HSST in Asia alone is estimated at 1000.
The HSST will make flights between New York and Tokyo in only three to four hours. After the HSST becomes the predominant aircraft in use, short routes will become obsolete. Requirements will limit international hub airports to two in North America, one in Central
and South America, one in Africa, two in Europe, one in Russia, and three in Asia.
Competition to obtain one of the three international airports is fierce among Malaysia, China, and South Korea. Those countries that
build international hub airports and infrastructures are very likely to become financial centers, as well as international information centers, tourism centers, and advanced industrial centers.
—-Kisho Kurokawa
44
LD+A/August 1999
The H-P shell forming the ceiling comprises many single
pieces, all of which run from the apex to the outdoor overhang.
The small floodlights specified for the ceiling and the overhang
are made of die-cast aluminum and are suitable for outdoor
use. Each architectural span unit is 38.4 m long and covers
1474.56 m2. Each roof unit has four skylights, and there are 52
lighting fixtures per span.
Since the ceiling is hyper-parabolic, its height varies from
about 11 to 23 m. In order to achieve a well-balanced distribution of light across the floor, the lighting design had to cope
with this variation in distance. Therefore, it was decided that
wide-angle fixtures with a rectangular light dispersal pattern
would be used.
We performed many simulations in order to determine the
correct angle at which to install each fixture. The result was an
illuminance uniformity ratio of 0.7, which demonstrated that
very good uniformity could be achieved.
Finally, we fabricated a full-scale mock-up of a skylight on
the site and actually installed the lighting fixtures. This test verified that the simulations were accurate.
The kampong-style roof structure of the contact pier and the
satellite building are inspired by traditional Malaysian housing,
and the pipe structure of the columns creates an image of trees.
Although, when viewed from the exterior, there appears to be
a gabled roof, the interior ceiling is actually curved. The ceiling’s curved surface has a point in common with the curved
surface of the H-P shell in the main terminal building.
The left and right roofs of the contact pier converge toward
the center on the airside of the main terminal building, creating a curved line parallel to the main terminal building. Then,
the left and right roofs veer together from the terminal at a 90
degree angle.
The contact pier roof was built increasingly higher on the
airside, so as to obtain platform ceiling height for the tracked
transit system that links the main terminal building and the
contact pier. The atmosphere of the interior space is similar
to that of the central garden of the tropical rain forest locat-
ed in the middle of the satellite building.
We took great pains to limit power consumption throughout
the entire airport, including the satellite buildings and the contact piers, so most of the 30,000 or more downlights use two
18 W compact fluorescent lamps.
In the main traffic lanes, where high illuminance is required,
downlights and compact metal halide lamps of the same color
temperature were used. Incandescent lamps were avoided as
light sources, except for a small number of spotlights used as
accents on the capitals, and ultra-compact downlights and
spotlights on the counters.
An international airport is an important place where overseas
visitors’ first impressions of a country are created. At night,
light shines from KLIA’s skylights, casting a pattern that is suggestive of a grove of graceful palm trees—a major characteristic of this country. This beautiful lighting design evokes an
extremely exotic atmosphere—an atmosphere which makes
visitors realize they are about to have a rare and exciting
Malaysian experience.
The designers: Kisho Kurokawa
is the principal of Kisho
Kurokawa Architect & Associates
in Tokyo, Japan. He uses the key
concepts of metabolism, recycling,
metamorphosis, and symbiosis in
his designs and has advocated a
paradigm shift from the “Age of
the Machine Principle” to the “Age of Life Principle” for 40 years. His book
Philosophy of Symbiosis was awarded the Japan Grand Prix of Literature in
1993. His many design awards include the 1986 Gold Medal, which he
received from the French Academy of Architecture, and the 1997 AIA Pacific
Rim Award. He is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Institute of British
Architects and the AIA, and is an Academician at Japan Art Academy.
Motoya Takami is Managing Lighting Designer for Matsushita Electric Works
Ltd. in Tokyo. He has worked as a lighting designer in a wide variety of projects for over 20 years. Takami also designs custom fixtures.
Hank Cheriex (not pictured) is a lighting designer with Kisho Kurokawa
Architect & Associates.
LD+A/August 1999
45
100 W incandescent halogen
lamp. Several finishes are available, as are custom laser cut patterns on the shade.
the appearance of crumbled or folded paper. Utilizing two 40 W B10
lamps, the sconces hang free from
the wall, casting an uninterrupted
halo of light.
Circle 100 on Reader Service Card.
The Sure-Lites brand of Cooper
Lighting introduces a series of diecast aluminum exit signs. The new
CX exit sign features ease of installation, durability, and the latest LED
lamp technology. The CX may be
ordered as a self-powered or AC-
LIGHT
PRODUCTS
Circle 98 on Reader Service Card.
H.E. Williams, Inc. introduces its
newest addition to direct/indirect
lighting—the dual side perf
(DSP). The DSP, which offers virtual glare-free illumination, combines a perforated diffuser element with a matte white overlay
to gain uniform light distribution.
The DSP is available in 2 x 2, 2 x 4,
and 1 x 4 ft sizes and uses T5 and
T8 linear fluorescent lamps as well
as long twin-tube lamps.
only unit. The self-powered unit
includes short circuit protection
and brown-out circuitr y. It is
equipped with NFPA 101-compliant
knockout chevrons and is also compliant with UL 924 standards. CX
stencil faces may be ordered with
red or green LEDs. Although diecast aluminum housing with a
brushed aluminum face and black
trim is standard, white and black
finishes are also available.
Circle 96 on Reader Service Card.
Hewlett Packard Company introduces high-luminous-flux red and
amber LEDS in a 3.2 x 2.8 mm surface-mount package. These LEDS
are intended primarily for automotive interior lighting—-backlighting
for telltale indicators in instrument
clusters and LCD backlighting of
status indicators, audio systems,
and air control panels. They provide
typical luminous intensities of 100
mcd at 20 mA drive currents over a
120-degree viewing angle.
Circle 95 on Reader Service Card.
46
Circle 99 on Reader Service Card.
Circle 97 on Reader Service Card.
FC Lighting’s architectural wall
sconce is targeted for use in commercial hallways, walkways, and general building interiors. The sconce
comes with a 13, 18, or 26 W
compact fluorescent and an electronic or magnetic ballast; or with a
ParkerPaper introduces a line of six
sconces using a trompe l’oeil
paper technique. The opaque sculptural forms, available in white and
tea stain, are actually a thin yet
sturdy opaque shell of reinforced
cement, that is designed to give
LD+A/August 1999
W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc. introduces the ASPEN Retrofit, which
has a proprietary 98 percent
reflective WHITESTAR Reflective
Material that doubles light output
when compared to conventional
retrofit CFL lighting. A complete
family of sizes and configurations
are available. A range of 4–9 inch
reflector diameters in various
depths can be combined with a
dimming feature for either screw-in
or hard-wire plug-in compact fluorescent lamps.
Circle 90 on Reader Service Card.
Circle 94 on Reader Service Card.
Stonco Lighting’s new series of
energy-efficient Sportslighter floodlights are designed to provide controlled, high-intensity illumination
for outdoor recreation. The luminaires are available for 400, 1000,
and 1500 W MH and 400 and
1000 W HPS mogul-based lamps.
The one-piece parabolic, heavygauge, precision-spun aluminum
reflector, with a high purity aluminum mirror finish, produces a
NEMA 2–6 beam pattern with a
tempered clear glass lens. An
optional anodized shroud protects
the reflector against vandalism,
hailstorms, and other damage.
Circle 92 on Reader Service Card.
Future Light, Inc. announces its latest product, the SwivelPar20. This
lighting fixture combines the
styling and function of a theatrical
PAR can with the simplicity of a
screw-in extension. The SwivelPar20 provides the means of converting a recessed or rigid fixture
into a focusing unit accepting a gel
frame and color filter. The fixture
screws in like a standard light bulb,
requiring no electrical connector or
cord. Additional features include a
ratcheting base with 360 degree
pan adjustment and a yoke with
tension knob that locks the 300
degree tilt adjustment. The unit
accepts 120 V R20, PAR20, and
MR16 lamps. Optional dicroic filters
for IR and UV rejection are available.
Alkco Lighting introduces the
Tableau, a contemporary, rotatable, cylindrical fluorescent fixture
that provides shadow-free lighting
for above-mirror applications. The
tableau features a pure 2-1/8 inch
diameter cylindrical housing,
which extends 3-5/8 inches from
the wall. Illumination is provided by
a single, long-life energy-efficient
T8 linear fluorescent lamp that
projects light equivalent to six 25
W incandescent lamps. The
Tableau is constructed from aluminum extrusions with die-cast
end caps. Polished chrome or
white finish may be specified.
Three fixture lengths are available:
29-3/4, 41-3/4, and 53 inches.
Circle 93 on Reader Service Card.
Lutron Electronics Co., Inc. introduces the Nova T★ 2000 W dimmer. The first thin profile dimmer
rated for a fully loaded circuit, the
Nova T★ 2000 is a new addition to
Lutron’s Nova T★ specification
series. The dimmer can handle up
to 1920 W/16 A. Wallbox controls
are appropriate for incandescent,
fluorescent, electronic low-voltage, magnetic low-voltage, and
neon/cold cathode lighting
sources. Available colors include
white, beige, ivory, gray, brown,
and black. Three metal finishes are
also available.
48
LD+A/August 1999
Circle 91 on Reader Service Card.
Circle 89 on Reader Service Card.
A new, portable “UVG-4” K Color
Checker from The EGL Company,
Inc. causes phosphor-coated neon
tubing to illuminate using ultraviolet light, allowing color to be
viewed. The compact unit measures 6-1/2 x 1-1/4 x 1-3/4 inches, weighs 8 oz., and operates on
four standard AA batteries. The
ABS housing is impact- and chemical-resistant and can be opened for
replacement of the UV lamp.
The Verticals Series specification
area luminaire, new from Lithonia
Lighting, offers four vertically
lamped optics and a selection of
horizontally lamped optics to provide maximum application flexibility. The series consists of both round
and square housing shapes with
design features such as domed
tops and accent reveals with
optional contrast striping.
Circle 86 on Reader Service Card.
Circle 88 on Reader Service Card.
Begoe introduces STREAK—-a new T5
fluorescent commercial/industrial luminaire. The STREAK is rated up to 104
lm/W (28 W lamp) or 93 lm/W (54 W
lamp) and has 1-5/8 x 2-5/8 x 48 inch
or 96 inch extruded aluminum housing
with an integral wireway/ballast compartment, and 7/8 inch KO in channel
top. Luminaire component grounding
facilitated by close-fit tolerances allow
penetration of electrostatically applied,
modified-polyester coating or optional
anodized finish. End-to-end spline connectors allow continuous row mounting
and through-wiring without endcaps:
However, two end caps with 7/8 inch
KOs are included with each fixture.
GE Lighting’s new Quartzline low pressure halogen family of single-ended
lamps are suitable for use in open fixtures. These lamps are fully dimmable
and use GE’s patented CeriTite technology to block UV rays. The lamps have a
2000-hour lamp life and are available in
a variety of wattages, including 20, 35,
50, and 75.
Circle 85 on Reader Service Card.
Unison Fiber Optic Lighting Systems’ new
Unison Track Fixture protects fiber optic
lighting systems and provides easy, precise aiming of light with an adjustable
beam. Made of tough nylon and acetal
construction, the fixture has a low profile
recessed into the track that is easily
concealed by casework. It is enclosed by
an optional transparent cover that prevents dirt and moisture from reaching fixtures and prevents unnecessary maintenance and accidental movement of
reflectors. The fixture is designed for
OptiFlex fiber optic cable in diameters of
4.8 and 7.6 mm
Circle 87 on Reader Service Card.
Labsphere introduces Lamp Measurement Systems for photometric and
spectral lamp analysis. The Lamp
Measurement Systems provide accurate
spectral or photopic lamp flux measurement for production, quality control, and
research and development. Systems are
available in integrating sphere diameters
ranging from 25 cm to 3 m, with sphere
design conforming to the recommendations of the CIE. A variety of lamp measurement systems are offered, from integrating sphere photometers to fully integrated lamp test stations.
Circle 84 on Reader Service Card.
Yamagiwa’s La Foglia, a table lamp
designed by Fumio Enomoto, carries
one 60 W incandescent and has a candelabra base. La Foglia’s shade is made
of handmade washi or mino paper. A
wall sconce with the same shade and a
40 W incandescent is also available.
Circle 83 on Reader Service Card.
Philips Lighting Company presents
another addition to its Earth Light
Collection—-the 3-way compact
fluorescent lamp (CFL). The
50/100/150 W 3-Way Earth Light
CFL is the first integrated CFL with
3-way capabilities equipped with a
medium screw-base and compatible with standard incandescent fixtures. It features an average life of
10,000 hours.
Circle 82 on Reader Service Card.
DDS Series Defect Detection Luminaires for the automotive industry
are now available from Holophane
Corporation. The new fluorescent
system is designed for paint inspection lines where detecting small
topographical defects in gloss and
semi-gloss surfaces is critical. The
narrow specular reflector behind the
lamp works in conjunction with the
lenticular lens to provide a consistent linear image. The resulting
striped pattern across the entire
field of view within the inspection
area promotes visual comfort and
greater visibility. One-lamp profile
DDS fixtures are available in nominal lengths of 2–8 ft, using energyefficient T8 fluorescent lamps and
electronic ballasts. DDS luminaires
are offered with the DS-Flex option,
a parallel/series modular wiring system that uses 15 A twist-lock plugs
to connect the fixtures together in a
daisy-chain configuration.
y “Essay by Invitation” in the
January 1999 LD+A was published without its original title: “The
Electrical Engineer and Lighting Design — Observations for the Supply
Side.” My commentary does not
presume to come from a design professional, but it does recount my
experience as a vendor. It portrays
the ambivalence felt by professionals who must perform in a design
discipline for which their engineering training has not prepared them.
The title sets the perimeter of the
essay and should have been
included.
Richard Dunlop
Chesapeake Lighting
Associates Inc.
Columbia, MD
M
The Editor responds:
LD+A has never put titles with
“Essay by Invitation,” or any of
the other columns for that matter. We appreciate Mr. Dunlop’s
thoughtful comments and are reevaluating this policy.
an Lewin has again produced a
masterly work with “Road Scholar”
in the March issue of LD+A. It was
so simplified that most of us could
grasp and appreciate its content
and importance.
The article provides an opportunity for the new Handbook Committee to make a giant step forward
and recognize that a “true assessment of lumen output of a lamp
should be based on the eye’s response to the conditions under
which the lamp is being used.” This
shifts the Society’s emphasis from
lumens (or footcandles) to the visual
response; in this instance to contrast, both as to magnitude and
speed of detection. The preeminent
“condition” is the eye’s adaptation,
against which the contrasts were
measured.
Congratulations are certainly in
order.
Lou Erhardt
Ventura, CA
I
read “The Iceberg Cometh” in the
May 1999 issue of LD+A and was
somewhat disappointed not to see
TPR Enterprises, LTD. listed as the
fiber optic lighting supplier. We
supplied a variety of fiber optic products, including our 150 W DMX
I
addressable illuminator.
The description of the illuminator
that appeared was incorrect. They
were 150 W 20 V DDL lamps, not
150 W 24 V.
Thomas Fay, President
TPR Enterprises, LTD.
Mamoroneck, NY
t was with great interest that I
read “Aurora Australis” in the May
1999 LD+A.
The Melbourne Spire is a unique
example of what can be achieved
with foresight and planning.
It was also with interest that I
noted that the 17,000+ incandescent light sources were not identified as being a product of Megabay
Lighting Enterprises of Caloundra,
Queensland, Australia. MLE is an
Australian manufacturer of extra
low voltage garden and decorative
lighting products.
Cliplite (1 W) and Wedgelite (3
W) fittings were specified by Barry
Webb & Associates and used by
Lightmoves (Melbourne) because of
the superior quality and attention to
detail they know MLE provides.
MLE is proud to be associated
with this project.
Lynley Watts
Megabay Lighting Enterprises
Caloundra, Queensland, Australia
other things, involves placing the
right quantities of light in the right
places in the real space.
No, calculations can’t do everything, as Kit reminded us. But he
has shown us that they can be an
invaluable tool for the creative lighting designer, providing an extra
I
t is only fitting that Kit Cuttle’s
final column for LD+A should be
one of his finest. He has written so
eloquently for the past four years on
what would seem such a “dry” subject—-calculations. But there was
so much more to his column than
formulas! Sometimes there were no
formulas at all.
To get at the reasons for calculations, he often explored the ways in
which we perceive light and lighted
spaces and objects. His explanations were unique and insightful, engendering mental images of spaces
without so much as a sketch, much
less a photograph.
In many of his columns, including
the last one, Kit wove together the
fraternal twin concepts of quantity
and quality of light, so often thought
to be unrelated. He showed how
some simple calculations can help
a designer determine how to bring
the perfectly lighted scene in his or
her mind into reality, which, among
I
LETTERS
TO THE EDITOR
level of “confidence that an envisioned effect will be realized.”
Thank you, Kit. Good luck and
happy days down under.
Dawn De Grazio
Dunham Associates
Minneapolis, MN
ongratulations on the excellence of LD+A. You have a fine
stable of writers, and it is clear that
they are attracted to the quality of
LD+A.
I wish LD+A were better known
among the Canadian design community. But the “Regional Voices”
columns all seem to speak with
one voice.
Ernest Wotton
Toronto, Canada
C
Don’t be
caught on
the outside
looking in.
Exterior lighting techniques
have undergone major
changes, as shown in
Chapter 21
of the 9th Edition of the
IESNA
Lighting Handbook.
To order your copy of the
new 9th Edition of the
IESNA Lighting Handbook,
call (212) 248-5000, ext. 112.
LD+A/August 1999
53