DoE Rulemaking for
Utility and Dry Transformers in the USA
Energy and Environment Impacts
David Brender
National Program Manager
Advanced Energy Conference, November 2010
Definition
What a distribution transformer is:
Primary Distribution to Secondary Distribution
• Has an input voltage of 34.5 kilovolts or less;
• Has an output voltage of 600 volts or less; and
• Is rated for operation at a frequency of 60 Hertz
Definition
What it is NOT
•
•
•
A transformer with multiple voltage taps, the highest of which equals at least 20 percent more than the lowest;
A transformer that is designed to be used in a special purpose application and is unlikely to be used in general purpose applications, such as a drive transformer, rectifier transformer, autotransformer, Uninterruptible Power System transformer, impedance transformer, regulating transformer, sealed and non‐ventilating transformer, machine tool transformer, welding transformer, grounding transformer, or testing transformer; or
Any transformer not listed that is excluded by the Secretary by rule because—
US Standard
Typical U.S. Utilization Voltages
120 V, 1‐phase
120/240 V, 1‐phase and 3‐phase
240 V, 1‐phase and 3‐phase
265/460 V ‐ Wye
277/480 V ‐ Wye
What Was Covered
•
Medium Voltage Liquid
• 10‐833 kVA 1 phase
• 15‐2500 kVA 3 phase •
Medium Voltage Dry
• 15‐833 kVA 1 phase
• 15‐2500 kVA 3 phase
Low voltage Dry must meet NEMA TP1 (1995 EPAct level)
What was mandated
1-Phase
kVA
10
15
25
37.5
50
75
100
167
250
333
500
667
833
DOE
Final
Rule
98.62%
98.76%
98.91%
99.01%
99.08%
99.17%
99.23%
99.25%
99.32%
99.36%
99.42%
99.46%
99.49%
3-Phase
kVA
DOE
Final
Rule
15
30
45
75
112.5
150
225
300
500
750
1000
1500
2000
2500
98.36%
98.62%
98.76%
98.91%
99.01%
99.08%
99.17%
99.23%
99.25%
99.32%
99.36%
99.42%
99.46%
99.49%
Liquid Filled Transformers
1 Phase & 3 phase
Efficiencies
What was mandated
Single Phase Efficiency
99.80
99.60
99.40
99.20
%
99.00
NEMA TP-1
TSL2
Final Rule
TSL4
98.80
98.60
98.40
98.20
98.00
97.80
10
15
25
37.5
50
75
100
KVA
167
250
333
500
667
833
What was mandated
Three Phase Efficiency
99.80
99.60
99.40
99.20
99.00
%
NEMA TP-1
TSL2
98.80
Final Rule
TSL4
98.60
98.40
98.20
98.00
97.80
15
30
45
75
112.5
150
225
300
KVA
500
750
1000
1500
2000
2500
Regulation Drawbacks
• Assumes low load factor (50%)
• Efficiency at TP‐1 loading occurs at system
lull
• Not difficult to meet
TP‐1 is not “pushing the envelope”
Real Value
• Forbids installation of standard grade transformers (Utilities had been buying lower than TP1 efficiency.
Many Ways to Skin the Cat
25 kVa liquid type transformer
• Size the unit correctly
TP-1
2007 avg
DOE Final
TSL-5
Source: P. Hopkinson, Hvolt, Inc.
Size of US Transformer Market
Liquid‐filled:
Mostly utility‐owned (90%)
1.1 million units (10 kVA‐2500 kVA)
64,631 MVA capacity
Dry‐Type:
Mostly non‐utility‐owned (90%)
380,000 units annually (10 kVA – 2500 kVA)
28,336 MVA capacity
1.1 million units annually (3‐5 kVA)
Source: ORNL‐6847
Summary
According to DoE:
Energy saved: 2.74 Quads (1 quad = 1015 BTU)
CO2 saved: 232 million tons
During the period 2010‐2038
Source: National Rural Electric Cooperative Association
Thank you
Copper Development Association