Green Partnerships – WP3 Joint approach for more efficient
implementation of local energy strategies
Expert Working Groups
Public Lighting
www.greenpartnerships.eu
CONTENTS
1.
Introduction – Importance of efficient public lighting ............................................................................ 3
2.
General Definitions ................................................................................................................................. 3
3.
2.1.
Human vision ................................................................................................................. 3
2.2.
Lighting .......................................................................................................................... 4
2.3.
Electrotechnology ......................................................................................................... 6
2.4.
Maintenance ................................................................................................................. 6
Classification of roads ............................................................................................................................. 7
3.1.
Typology of roads .......................................................................................................... 7
3.2.
Pedestrian urban areas ................................................................................................. 8
3.3.
Semi-urban areas .......................................................................................................... 9
3.4.
Conflict zones ................................................................................................................ 9
4.
Main determinants of lighting in public places ..................................................................................... 11
5.
Environmental implications of lighting – Light pollution ...................................................................... 15
6.
Measures to improve energy efficiency ................................................................................................ 19
6.1.
LED............................................................................................................................... 19
6.2.
Flow regulation systems (FRS) .................................................................................... 30
6.3.
Remote management systems .................................................................................... 34
7.
RES for Public lighting............................................................................................................................ 37
8.
Case Studies .......................................................................................................................................... 39
8.1. ILUPub – Improvement of Energy Efficiency in the Public Lighting of North Alentejo region .............. 39
8.2. Substitution of existing lighting per LED technology in a street under renovation .............................. 42
8.3. Energy upgrade of public lighting in urban space. Implementation design of the Splantzia
square in Chania, Crete ................................................................................................................................. 44
9.
Further Resources/References ........................................................................................................ 48
2
1. Introduction – Importance of efficient public lighting
Energy consumption is the cause of 80% of greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union
(EU).1
Consequently, reducing greenhouse gases emissions means less power consumption and an
increase in the use of clean energy.
Concept of energy efficiency:
"Energy efficiency is the optimization we can make of power consumption while
providing the same level of production of goods, services and comfort by adopting
appropriate procedures or implementing technologies that contribute to the reduction
of fuel consumption compared to current situations, as well as CO2 emissions and its
associated costs."
The costs of public lighting (PL) facilities are an important weight in current expenditure of the
municipalities (about 40-60% of total energy costs). Therefore, it is imperative that
Municipalities, as local public entities and representatives of participants consuming entities,
adopt and implement measures leading to an improvement of the energy performance of PL
(and consequently, to a reduction of costs).
There are several options that should be considered when discussing energy efficiency in PL,
particularly the main measures that can be implemented, especially in what concerns the
solutions and technologies available on the market.
Thus, for an energy efficient PL facility, we should take into account the different options
available and verify the best solution (technology) that best fits the actual context of each
situation.
2. General Definitions
2.1.
Human vision
Visual acuity – The visual acuity is related to the ability of spatial resolution of two points and
depends on the density of receptors in the retina and the refractive power of the lenses of the
optical system. In other words, the visual acuity is the ability the eye has to recognize
separately, with clarity and precision, very small objects close to each other.
1
http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/pt/lvb/l27067.htm
3
There are several factors that influence visual acuity, namely:
Adaptation – ability the human eye has to adjust to different levels of light intensity, through
which the pupil will dilate or contract;
Accommodation – it is the adjustment of the crystalline lens of the eye so that the image is
permanently focused on the retina;
Contrast – it is the difference in luminance between an object that is observed and its
surroundings;
Age – the visual ability of a person decreases with age, since, over the years, the crystalline
lens hardens, and thus losing its elasticity, becoming more complicated the task of focusing
images or objects.
2.2.
Lighting
Absorption – Ratio of luminous flux absorbed by a body (
and the flux received by it . The
unit is %.
Coefficient of Use – Relation between the luminous flux received by a body ( ) and the total
flux emitted by a light source (
). The unit is%.
Disturbing glare – Also called threshold increment (TI), it is a measure that allows the
quantification of the loss of visibility caused by glare from public lighting equipments
(luminaries).
In these circumstances, increasing the contrast can be a solution to allow the visibility of that
object - this increase corresponds to TI.
4
Light Output Ratio (LOR) – The light output ratio (LOR) can be understood as the quotient of
the total luminous flux ( ) of a luminaire (measured in specific practical conditions with its
light source and auxiliary equipment) and the sum of the individual luminous fluxes (
) of
those light sources when operated outside the luminaire with the same auxiliary equipment
and practical conditions.
There are two concepts derived from LOR that shall be taken into account when performing an
efficient PL project, namely:

Upward Light Output Ratio (ULOR) – ratio between the flux emitted upwards by the
lamp, with the sum of the individual luminous flux of those light sources when
operating outside the luminaire;

Downward Light Output Ratio (DLOR) – ratio between the flux emitted downwards by
the lamp, with the sum of the individual luminous flux of those light sources when
operating outside the luminaire.
Surround Ratio (SR) – A primary objective of PL is to provide good lighting conditions on the
surface of streets and roads so that the obstacles are easily identifiable. However, the top of
the highest objects on the road and objects that are on the sides of roads (particularly in
curved sections) are seen only if there is good illumination in the surroundings. Indeed, the
adequate lighting of the surrounding area of the road allows the user to have a better
perception of their situation, making adjustments for speed and trajectory in time. The
function of the surround ratio (SR) is to ensure that the luminous flux directed to the periphery
of the roads is enough to allow the clearly visualization of the existing objects. This way, it is
increased, for example, the safety of pedestrians on the sidewalks.
Luminous Flux – It is defined as the amount of luminous flux emitted light in all directions by a
light source. The unit is lumen (lm).
5
Illuminance – The lux (lx) is the SI unit of the illuminance and, according to EN 12665 is the
quotient of the luminous flux incident on an element of the surface (∂ϕ) and the area of that
element (∂A). That is, the amount of luminous flux received by the unit illuminated area.
Average illuminance – Arithmetic average of all points calculated illuminance on the road
surface. The unit is Lux.
2.3.
Electrotechnology
Luminous efficiency – The luminous efficiency ( ) of a source is the ratio of the total luminous
flux emitted by the source ( ) and the total power absorbed by it ( ). The SI unit is lm/W
(lumens per watt).
Light Source – It is defined as the physical, solid or gaseous element that, when powered by
electricity, emits radiation visible to the human eye.
Point of Light – It is defined as an element that allows the illumination of an area, consisting of
an illumination equipment, light source and support.
2.4.
Maintenance
Maintenance Factor – The maintenance factor (MF) of PL facility is the ratio of the illuminance
at a given time to the initial illuminance. This feature will cause a depreciation effect of the
lighting quality of a particular facility.
The value of the maintenance factor can significantly affect the power of the light source
(lamp) to be installed, and the number of luminaires required to achieve the values of
illuminance/luminance previously specified/determined.
6
3. Classification of roads
3.1.
Typology of roads2
The main criterion for the classification of roads is the speed of traffic, in accordance with it
roads can be classified in the next five groups:
Table 1 – Classification of roads
Classification
A
B
C
D
E
Types of roads
High speed
Moderate speed
Cycling lanes
Low speed
Pedestrian roads
Speed of traffic (Km/h)
s > 60
30 < s ≤ 60
-5 < s ≤ 30
s≤5
For a given project situation and traffic intensity different types of lighting are selected, the
class is chosen considering the complexity of the layout, traffic control, separation of different
types of users and other specific parameters.
In urban PL traffic routes and pedestrian pathways have to be taken into consideration
simultaneously. So each area of the city with different vocations: trading, apartments, hotel,
school, leisure, etc., must be endowed with an appropriate environment to its character.
On the other hand, PL takes into consideration the following principles:

Criteria neighbourhood between different types of roads (streets, roads, avenues),
pedestrian walkways and street furniture, signs, etc.

Other elements in the roads, as roads are not exclusively used by vehicles.

Urban escalafactors. Because in a city roads are not the only factor to take into
account, other spaces and architectural elements to consider.
In addition, to meet the values shown in the next table, to reduce both direct emissions into
the sky, and reflected by the illuminated surfaces, installation of the lighting shall meet the
following requirements:
2

Only illuminate the surface you want to provide with light.

Lighting levels shall not exceed the maximum values specified in the next table.
Functional-oriented classification of street lighting road classes and performance criteria derived from CEN/TR 13201-
1 guideline and standard EN 13201-2 performance classes.
7
Table 2 – Classification of areas from light pollution
Classification of
areas from light
pollution
E1
E2
E3
E4
3.2.
Description
NATURE OR DARK LANDSCAPES:
World-class astronomical observatories, national parks, natural areas, special
protection areas (Red Natura 2000, bird protection areas, etc.), Where the
roads are unlit.
AREAS OF LOW LIGHT OR BRIGHTNESS:
Peri-urban areas or suburbs of cities, non-development land, rural areas and
sectors usually located outside urban or industrial residential areas, where
roads are lit.
AREAS OF MODERATE BRIGHTNESS OR LIGHT:
Residential urban areas, where the roads (traffic routes and sidewalks) are
illuminated.
AREAS OF HIGH BRIGHTNESS OR LIGHT:
Urban centres, residential areas, commercial and leisure sectors, with high
activity during night times.
Hemispherical
flow installed
≤ 1%
≤ 5%
≤ 15%
≤ 25%
Pedestrian urban areas
In traffic routes of low and very low speed, bike lanes and pedestrian pathways, visual
conditions differ significantly from those needed in the high and moderate road speed. In this
type of road the speed of movement is less, the perception of the objects around pedestrians
is more important than the views of more distant objects. Thus, the criteria of quality lighting
walkways should be such as to ensure that pedestrians can distinguish texture and pavement
design, setting curbs, steps, marks and signs on the road, and also increase the feeling of
safety.
For low traffic infrastructure and very low speed situations corresponding to C, D and E, the
following types of project lighting the S series are set: S1, S2, S3 and S43, arranged from highest
to lowest demand in light levels. Each class lighting S series includes the following lighting
levels on the surface of the road:

Average illuminance level.

Minimum illuminance level.

Average uniformity
3 The standard EN 13201-2 contains performance requirements in defined lighting classes (ME1..ME6, MEW1..MEW6,
CE0..CE5, S1..S6, ES1 .. ES6, A1 .. A6 ). A lighting class is characterized by a set of photometric requirements aiming
at the visual needs of certain road users in certain types of road areas and environment. Lighting class S (“slow traffic”)
correspond to mainly urban and pedestrian areas, with illuminance requirements only (lx).
8
The conflicting sections are also given in the traffic routes of low and very low speed, bike
lanes and pedestrian pathways, as is the case of underpasses, staircase areas, pedestrian
walkways, etc. So they are also lighting application classes CE series.
Table 3 – Lighting series in pedestrian urban areas
Project situation
E1
E2
3.3.
Types of roads
Pedestrian areas, pedestrian roads and sidewalks along roads.
Bus stops with waiting areas.
Pedestrian commercial areas
Commercial areas with restricted access and priority use of
pedestrians
Lighting classes
CEA1A/ CE2/ S1/
S2/ S3/ S4
CE1A /CE2/ S1/
S2/ S3/ S4
Semi-urban areas
Table 4 – Lighting series in semi-urban areas
Project situation
D3-D4
C1
Types of roads
Residential suburban roads with sidewalks along roads.
Limited speed areas.
Cycling lanes along the roads, between cities in open spaces
and connecting urban areas.
Lighting classes
CE2/ S1/ S2/ S3/
S4
S1/ S2/ S3/ S4
Main access to parks or gardens, pedestrian and leisure areas, stairs, which are open to the
public during the evening hours, are included in road type E.
In parks and gardens only the most important areas for walking and leisure will be illuminated.
In the projects, the circuits for these areas must be independent of those covered by other
areas that do not have these limitations.
Lighting of parks and gardens should be designed so that decorative effects and architectural
details are highlighted, combining light and shadow but providing lighting levels, such as those
established for pedestrian zone, resulting in sufficient light for different areas of the park or
garden that in any case, guarantee the security of users.
3.4.
Conflict zones
Considering the specific lighting corresponding to pedestrian walkways, stairs and ramps,
pedestrian underpasses, additional lighting crosswalks, parks and gardens, railway level
crossings, fornix, roundabouts, tunnels and underpasses, car parks outdoors and outdoor work
areas and any other material that may be likened to the above.
9
The illluminance requirements4 shall be as specified below:
Lighting Pedestrian Walkways, stairways and ramps
CE2 or CE1 class of lighting is required depending on the security level required. Where there
are stairs and ramps, the illuminance on the vertical plane shall be not less than 50 % of the
value in the horizontal plane so that a good perception of the steps is ensured.
Underground Pedestrian lighting Steps
The lighting class required is CE1, with an average uniformity of 0,4 . . Furthermore, assuming
that the length of the pedestrian underpass so requires, there shall be a daytime lighting with
a light level of 100 lux and an average uniformity of 0,4.
Additional lighting in crosswalks
The additional lighting in crosswalks should require a minimum illuminance on the reference
plane of 40 lux. In commercial, industrial areas and residential areas crosswalks need
illuminance classes of CE1 and CE2.
light
Sidewalk
Sense of traffic circulation
Road
Sidewalk
light
Figure 1 – Example of additional lighting in crosswalks
4
Understood as the light level necessary to see persons and cars. Illuminance concept includes the illuminance
average in lx (CE0-50; CE1-30; CE1A-25; CE2-20; CE3-15; CE4-10; CE5-7,5) and the uniformity of the illuminance
(always 0,4), according EN 13201 classification.
10
light
Sidewalk
Road
Sense of traffic circulation
Sense of traffic circulation
light
Road
Sidewalk
Figure 2 – Example of additional lighting in crosswalks
Lighting of Railway Level Crossings
The lighting level on the crossover, starting at a minimum distance of 40 m before and 40 m
after finishing, will be CE2, recommending CE1 class lighting.
Lighting of deadlock
The lighting of a road in fornix runs so as to indicate to drivers exactly the limits of the road.
The reference light level will be CE2.
Lighting of roundabouts
In addition to the lighting of roundabouts should extend to lighting paths to it, in an
appropriate length of at least 200 m in both directions. Lighting levels for roundabouts are 50%
higher levels of hits or entries with the following reference values:

Average horizontal illuminance Em ≥ 40 lux

Average uniformity Um ≥ 0.5

Maximum glare GR ≤ 45
In urban areas or roads equipped with lighting, the lighting level of the roundabouts will be at
least one degree higher than the stretch that flows with higher levels of illumination.
4. Main determinants of lighting in public places
When designing energy efficient public lighting projects or renovating an existing installation
there are some critical factors that need to be considered to ensure the proper
implementation and operation of the project and minimize energy losses.
11
A suitable design of public lighting can minimize energy consumption and reduce the energy
costs paid off by the citizens. The lighting design process is outlined in the stages specified
below. The local authorities together with the lighting designer should consider the overall
energy requirements of public lighting installation in the final design. The design should limit
obtrusive light and comply with the appropriate lighting design standards. Operational
requirements should be considered in the electrical distribution design and energy efficient
equipment utilization should be ensured.
Table 5 – Lighting design process5
5
Stage
Requirement
Stage Name
1
Essential
Statement of client needs/ operational statement
2
Essential
Site survey
3
Essential
Critical viewpoints
4
Desirable
Existing lighting conditions
5
Desirable
Baseline conditions
6
Essential
Task analysis
7
Essential
Establishment environmental setting
8
Essential
Lighting design objectives
9
Desirable
Lighting design methodology
10
Essential
Calculated predictions
11
Essential
Obtrusive light calculation
12
Essential
Comparing design with baseline values
13
Desirable
Designer's critique
14
Desirable
Viewpoint visualization
15
Desirable
Virtual Walkthrough
16
Desirable
Surface color schedule
17
Essential
Luminaire schedule
18
Essential
Energy usage
19
Essential
Schedule of luminaire profiles
20
Essential
Layout plan
www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/170172/0047520.pdf, accessed 03/2014
12
The environmental zone to be specified in stage 7 of the lighting design process (Table 6) can
either refer to the local authority’s lighting policy or defined according to the environmental
zones specified below.
Table 6 – Environmental zones
Description
Typical topographical areas
E1
Intrinsically dark areas
National scenic areas
E2
Areas of low district brightness
Rural or small village locations
E3
Areas of medium district
brightness
Urban or small town locations
E4
Areas of high district brightness
Large town or city centre with high
levels of night time activity
The luminaire schedule of stage 17 of the lighting design process (Table 6) is a very important
step that will facilitate the construction stage of the development. This schedule should
contain the following information:

Luminaire light distribution type and bowl type

Lamp type and wattage

Mounting height

Orientation direction (from 0 to 359 relatively to a declared point in the plan)

Luminaire tilt (from 0 to 90, the greater this angle, the greater the potential for
producing obtrusive light)

Lamp position

Type of control gear
A number of energy efficiency measures that should be taken into consideration when
designing public lighting are listed below:

Use of modern and efficient luminaires

Use of luminaires that distribute light efficiently, correct optic and lamp position for
the required design

Consideration of electronic lamp control equipment

Use of specified capacitor to maximize power factor correction

Electrical design that allows sections of light that are not necessary to be switched off
or dimmed.
13

Use of LED technology where possible6
Table 7 – Benefits of better lighting design7
Benefits of proper design and selection of luminaires
improved visual performance for the given task
reduced rate of accidents
protection of the dark sky
improved quality of life
reduced crime and fear of crime
increased pedestrian activity
contribution to a better sustainable development (energy savings, limitation of sky
glow)
Appropriate lighting design means to provide the right amount and quality of light where and
when it is needed with the minimum use of energy and maintenance cost. The European
Committee for Standardisation (CEN) and the International Commission on Illumination (CIE)
give values for the majority of outdoor lighting applications.
Control of the distribution of light and glare reduction improve visual performance on a given
task. In rams of public lighting a functional design will ensure the security of persons and
property and allow visual accuracy.8
6
www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/170172/0047520.pdf, accessed 03/2014
www.celma.org/archives/temp/First_edition_Celma_Guide_on_obtrusive_light.pdf
8 www.celma.org/archives/temp/First_edition_Celma_Guide_on_obtrusive_light.pdf
7
14
5. Environmental implications of lighting – Light pollution
The main environmental impact that derives from public lighting is energy consumption and
the related greenhouse gas emissions. In the table below the key environmental impacts and
solutions are listed.
Table 8 – Key environmental impacts and solutions9
Key Environmental Impacts
Solution
Energy consumption in all phases and
especially the use phase, greenhouse gas
emissions
Use of lamps with high energy efficiency
High energy consumption from the use of
incandescent bulbs
Promote the purchase of lighting systems with a low
energy consumption for the light provided
Use of natural resources and materials and
generation of waste
Use of efficient ballasts
Potential pollution of air, land and water
due to the use of hazardous materials, such
as mercury
Promote the use of LEDs in traffic signals
Light pollution from street lighting
Promote the use of luminaires that limit light emitted
above the horizon
Promote lamps with a lower mercury content
Encourage the use of dimmable ballasts
Obtrusive light is the part of the light from a lighting installation that does not illuminate the
area to be lit and goes elsewhere causing light pollution and energy losses. Light pollution
(also referred as obtrusive light) can cause both physiological (sleeping disorders, depression
and ecological problems (problems with adjusting to seasonal variations, behavioral change of
animals).
Types of obtrusive light:
9

Sky glow, the brightening of the sky

Glare, the uncomfortable brightness of light against a darker background

Light intrusion, the spilling of light outside the area to be illuminated10
ec.europa.eu/environment/gpp/pdf/criteria/street_lighting.pdf, accessed 03/2014
www.theilp.org.uk/documents/obtrusive-light/, accessed 03/2014
10
15
Figure 3 – Types of obtrusive light5
Sky glow appears in two different types. Sky luminance takes place when direct upward light
reacts with clouds, mist and airborne particles. Site aura is caused by indirect light reflection
and it creates a dome of light in the illuminated area.11
Figure 4 – Sky luminance6
Figure 5 – Site aura6
Figure 6 – Glare6
Figure 7 – Light intrusion 6
11
www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/170172/0047520.pdf, accessed 03/2014
16
Problems might be caused by obtrusive light:

Disturbance to users on ground and building levels

It influences potentially the natural environment (plant and animals)

Sky glow can disturb astronomical observations

It is a waste of energy
There are three parameters to be investigated in order to reduce light pollution.
Regarding the light source it is lumens output that is related to the problem of light pollution.
For nighttime public lighting light within the visual spectrum is recommended. Regarding the
choice of luminaires, they have to be carefully selected to minimize the upward spread of light
near to and above the horizontal.
Figure 8 – General classification of aim luminaires 12
The installation of luminaires in most cases should be made as high as possible, to provide a
good level of visual comfort to the user. The location and height of poles and luminaires should
be selected so that the optimum amount of light will reach the surface. The correct aiming of
the beam of light from the luminaires contributes to the reduction of spill light. In order to
minimize glare, the main beam angle of light should be no more than 70̊. Higher mounting
heights allow lower main beam angles, which can assist in reducing glare.12
12
www.theilp.org.uk/documents/obtrusive-light/, accessed 03/2014
17
Figure 9 – Luminaire aiming angles13
Lighting control, which mean switching off or dimming lighting when it is needed, can be
planned from the responsible local authority.
Downward lighting should be implemented where possible. Upward lighting with well
designed floodlights should be used only where it is absolutely required. Appropriate devices
like shield, baffles and louvers help to minimize the unwanted scattered light around and
above the item to be illuminated.
Figure 10 – Facade illumination13
Figure 11 – Effect of cutoff and non cutoff luminaires13
Although energy-efficient compact fluorescent lamps consume less energy and have a longer
life, they contain mercury, which is a high toxic hazardous element. The promotion of use of
low mercury fluorescent lamps as well as the controlled use and disposal of lamps at the end
of their life can minimize the harmful impacts of this technology.14
13
14
www.e-streetlight.com/Documents/WP%20FINAL/WP%20D2.1%20Market%20review.pdf, accessed 03/2014
ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/opinions_layman/mercury-in-cfl/en/mercury-cfl/, accessed 03/2014
18
6. Measures to improve energy efficiency
6.1.
LED
Lighting accounts for 19% of global electricity consumption and 14% of the EU. In Europe, this
is gradually eliminated by replacing incandescent bulbs with new technologies, ecological
lighting and low power consumption, called "Solid State Lighting" (SSL). This technology
comprises the illumination LED (Light-emitting diode) and OLED3, and based on semiconductor
materials electricity becomes emitted light.
For many municipalities, public lighting energy consumption means values up to around 50%
or 60 % of the total energy consumption. For this reason, the need for rational energy use in
public lighting installations is highlighted, without undermining the urban environment. Some
municipalities that have optimized the efficiency of the service, have reached savings up to 40
% in electricity bills.
One of the saving and energy efficiency measures with respect to the external lighting
installations involves the replacement of high pressure mercury vapor lamps with high
pressure vapor sodium (HPS) and LED’s. A proper selection of types of light sources, in order to
get good lighting conditions with the lowest cost energy, is the basis of designing a good public
lighting. Currently, almost all new outdoor lighting installations are designed with vapor lamps
high pressure sodium or LED’s. From the energy point of view, high pressure sodium and LED’s
are much higher than high pressure mercury vapor lamps, because their energy efficiency,
although it varies with the power of the lamp, is almost double.
6.1.1.
What is LED technology?
The LED lamps and luminaires integrated point sources of high brightness light. This
technology produces white light of different colours and variations (from warm white to cool
white). Is a revolutionary technology in several aspects:

Energy efficiency: the new SSL products offer the same energy efficiency as their topequivalents (fluorescent or halogen lamps).

Quality of lighting and visual comfort: the SSL technology provides high quality
lighting and a great visual comfort in terms of colour rendering (saturated vivid colours
of illuminated objects) and dynamic control (light spectrum, instantaneous switching
19
and intensity variation). The SSL lamps have a long life, do not contain mercury and
maintenance costs are lower. In addition, intensity and colour are easily controllable,
allowing adjusting the illumination to the needs of the application or user
requirements.
The light that LEDs produces comes from surplus electrons that race energetically towards
quantum holes across the border in a sandwich of two different semi-conductor materials. One
material is an N (negative) semiconductor, usually silicon, which has too many electrons due to
the makeup of a special impurity in its lattice. The other is a P (positive) semiconductor that
has too few electrons due to the special makeup of a different impurity, thus creating “holes”
in its lattice. At the P-N junction where the two semiconductors meet— a diode—the free
electrons on one side of the junction are attracted to the holes on the other side. When the
electrons settle into their new found holes, they resume their normal energy state, giving up
excess energy in the form of photons. The diode glows as a result.
Figure 12 – How LEDs produce light at the P-N junction
LED technology is in an advanced stage of development, it can be advisable to be implemented
in some cases, especially in new facilities. When it comes to renovation works that seek
investment returns, LED technology is optimum but also the initial cost of this investment has
to be considered. Moreover, LED technology is still developing and especially with its
progressive implementation the production cost can be reduced. Therefore, it is possible that
in the near future the current studies advising its implementation would tend to reduce return
periods for the investment costs in LED technology.
20
Advantages of LED street lights

Low energy consumption: the much lower energy usage of LED lighting can
dramatically reduce operating costs.

Long and predictable lifetime: the lifetime of LED street lights is usually 10 to 15 years,
three times the life of current technologies adopted. The much less frequent need to
service or replace LEDs means lower maintenance cost.

More accurate colour rendering: the colour rendering index is the ability of a light
source to correctly reproduce the colours of the objects in comparison to an ideal light
source. Improved colour rendering makes it easier for drivers to recognize potential
road hazards.

Quick turn on and off: unlike fluorescent lamps, which take time to heat up once
switched on, LEDs come on with full brightness instantly. Unlike mercury vapour, metal
halide and sodium vapour lamps (commonly used in street lighting), LEDs do not have
a problem restarting immediately (hot ignition) following a brief power failure or
inadvertent turn off.

RoHS compliance: LEDs don't contain mercury or lead, and don't release poisonous
gases if damaged.

Less attractive to nocturnal insects: nocturnal insects are attracted to ultraviolet, blue
and green light emitted by conventional light sources.

Fewer electrical losses: all other types of lighting (except incandescent) require
ballasts, additional electronic and/or electromagnetic components, in which some
power is consumed.

Optically efficient lighting equipment: other types of street lights use a reflector to
capture the light emitted upwards from the lamp. Even under the best of conditions,
the reflector absorbs some of the light. Also for fluorescent lamps and other lamps
with phosphor coated bulbs, the bulb itself absorbs some of the light directed back
down by the reflector. The glass cover, called a refractor, helps project the light down
on the street in a desired pattern but some light is wasted by being directed up to the
sky (light pollution). LED lamp assemblies (panels) do not require reflectors and can be
designed to provide the desired coverage without a refractor.

Reduced glare: directing the light downward onto the roadway reduces the amount of
light that is directed into driver's eyes.
21

Higher light output even at low temperatures: while fluorescent lights are comparably
energy efficient, on average they tend to have less light output at winter
temperatures.
Disadvantages of LED street lights

There is a main risk from glare. A French Government report published in 2013 agreed
that a luminance level higher than 10.000 cd/m2 causes visual discomfort whatever the
position of the lighting unit in the field of vision.

The initial cost of LED street lighting is high and as a consequence it takes several years
for the cost difference to effect cheaper energy bills. The high cost derives in part from
the material used since LED’s are often made on sapphire or other expensive
substrates.

LED street lights may make light pollution significantly worse in some areas as they are
brighter than the lights that are being replaced and thus are increasing light pollution.
According to one American study also should be considered the known and possible
unknown effects of light pollution on human health.

The replacement of HPS street lighting with LED street lighting is leading to a major
change in the colour of the urban sky glow. The higher blue content in LED lighting is
likely to increase sky glow considerably affecting bird migration and disrupting diurnal
animals.

There is progressive wear of layers of phosphor in white LEDs that with time lead to
devices being moved from one photobiological risk group to a higher one.
Recommendations for the use of LED luminaires

Be available photometry (array of light intensities and photometric curves) referenced
to 1.000 lm, determined the total flux emitted by the luminaire and the upper
hemispherical flow installed.

System adopted by the optical LED luminaire, its scope and light dispersion will be
detailed.

Regarding the performance and life of the luminaire in a functional road lighting, it is
recommended that for a lifetime of 50.000 hours luminous flux does not fall below
85% of the initial flow, with a maximum failure rate of 10% LED at ambient operating
temperature of 25 °C, i.e. L85 B10 50,000 hours tq =25°C.
22

Rated power and the total consumption of system LED luminaire will be implemented,
including the auxiliary equipment (driver).

The luminous efficiency of the whole LED luminaire shall be in all cases greater than 70
lm / W.

Efficiencies must be accounted inferior to that value in special cases (e.g. LED lighting
monochromatic light amber in protected areas observatories night).

Regarding the sealing of the LED luminaire IP 66 is recommended to be, requiring as IP
65 minimum. However, as a benchmark indication, the degree of tightness of the
luminaire shall be as provided in section 3.1 of Annex VII of the EC No 245/2009,
Regulation of 18 March.

In the lighting to make the sizing calculations lighting installations, may constitute a
maximum maintenance factor of 0.85. Any value greater than 0.85 of that factor must
be adequately justified.

Providing data on lumen depreciation during the life of the luminaire.
Adaptation of conventional luminaires to LED luminaires
It is possible to adapt or modify luminaires for discharge lamps high intensity to LED
luminaires. However, the author of such adaptation or modification shall conduct new
assessment procedure established in conformity CE marking directives apply, with the
corresponding declaration of conformity and other requirements under those directives. In
any case, the original manufacturer of the lamp luminaire, designed for high intensity
discharge and then adapted or modified to LED, shall be released from any liability due to the
modification of the luminaire.
Figure 13 – Conventional luminaires vs LED luminaire: main design differences
23
6.1.2.
Colour temperature
LED colour temperature measures the colour of a LED light bulb. It defines the amount of pure
white, yellow, red and blue in a light. Another way to think of the colour temperature is how
“warm” or “cool” is the white LED light bulb.
Colour temperature is measured in degrees Kelvin and is a measure of the part of the colour
spectrum that is found in light.
To simplify the selection of LED light bulb colour temperatures it is possible to use the
following definitions for various colour temperatures:

Warm White: typically from 2600 Kto 3500 K

Natural White: typically from 4000 K to 4500 K

Daylight White: typically from 5000 K to 5500 K

Commercial or Cool White: typically above 6000 K
Figure 14 – Basic LED reference colour temperature
LED correlated colour temperature (CCT) ranged from 4800 K to 5900 K compared to 2000 K
for high pressure sodium. Digital photographs showed that LED streetlights rendered colours
better than high pressure sodium. All three of the LEDs had significantly higher correlated
colour temperatures (CCT) than the high pressure sodium – much closer to daylight conditions.
This helps explain improved colour rendering of the LED luminaires versus the high-pressure
sodium luminaire.
24
The colour temperature of the LED system in the luminaire range between 2700 K and 5800 K
colour temperatures should be justified outside that range.
6.1.3.
Colour rendering index
This is a measure of the ability of a light source to reproduce the colours of various objects
being lit by the source. It is a method devised by the International Commission on Illumination
(CIE). The best possible rendition of colours is specified by a CRI of one hundred, while the very
poorest rendition is specified by a CRI of zero.
For a source like a low-pressure sodium vapour lamp, which is monochromatic, the CRI is
nearly zero, but for a source like an incandescent light bulb, which emits essentially black body
radiation, it is nearly one hundred. The CRI is measured by comparing the colour rendering of
the test source to that of a "perfect" source which is generally a black body radiator, except for
sources with colour temperatures above 5000 K, in which case a simulated daylight (e.g. D65)
is used. For example, a standard "cool white" fluorescent lamp will have a CRI near 63. Newer
"triphosphor" fluorescent lamps often claim a CRI of 80 to 90. CRI is a quantitative measurable
index, not a subjective one.
The colour rendering index LED IRC to be at least Ra> 70 a. Each LED luminaire to have a
system able to manage independently the luminous flux emitted, reducing it to at least 20% of
the nominal value.
6.1.4.
Sizing
For many Municipalities LED street lights would reduce the public lighting costs by 30-50%.
Social co-benefits beyond efficiency savings, such as improved public safety or aesthetic
advantages, can be of immense value.
Where possible, LED projects should be structured so that energy savings are explicitly used to
cover project costs over time. This can help to show how a LED project that appears to be high
cost can in fact pay for itself. Finally, when procuring LEDs, the tender issuer should be careful
to include recently published standards, computerized photometric analysis, clear warranty
conditions, and assess compatibility with future smart control upgrades.
The first step for converting an existing street lighting system to LEDs is to evaluate the actual
quantity, type, operation cots, maintenance, and performance data of its existing street
25
lighting system. You can then draw on the experiences of other communities and tap the
expertise of an industry expert to design a comprehensive street lighting plan catered to your
needs. Another important step is to understand the technology associated with LED lighting
and how it is defined.
A key decision-making criteria about the substitution of existing lighting systems per LED light,
is calculating correctly the long-term costs, considering installation lifetime, usually projected
between 25 and 30 years and in some cases even more. The maintenance and renovation
operations needed by this technology are lower in frequency than is necessary for discharge
lamps (High Pressure Sodium lamps), but at the present the initial investment is much more
expensive. As an example we can mention that while a discharge lamp is associated a lifetime
of about 4 years, a LED light source is 3 times more. But while an existing luminaire element is
considered to have a useful life of thirty years, a LED luminaire is associated a life that hardly
reach 15 years.
Find below the main steps followed by Granollers City Council in sizing and in the procurement
process of a new public lighting service with LED technology (direct substitution of luminaires
or new installations with LED):
1. Audit of the existing public lighting: to know in depth the current state of the
facilities, in order to define the future model, plan and prioritize the actions needed
within the financial availability of city council, assess and calculate potential savings
and the return period of the investment.
2. Realize the “Actuation Plan” that includes only the equipments addressed to lluminate
roads: a totally of 7.677 luminaires and 8.043 lamps.
3. Define, as an aggrupation criterion, the transformer station or connections with the
aim of developing energy efficiency actuations in small groups, and requesting the
changes in electricity contracting to reach the maximum level of savings.
4. Classify the transformer stations where there will be: changes of electronic equipment
and lamps, changes of luminaires, and massive changes.

Level 1: Changes of electronic equipment and lamps (maximum energy
savings)
1.0 Transformer stations with 100% points of light affected and with flux
regulation.
26
1.1 Transformer stations with 100% points of light without flux regulation.
1.2 Transformer stations with 60% of points of light affected with or without
regulation flux.
1.3 Transformer stations with less than 60% of points of light affected with or
without regulation flux.

Level 2: Changes of luminaires (less energy savings than level 1)
2.0 Transformer stations with 100% points of light affected.
2.1 Transformer stations with more than 60% of points of light affected.
2.2 Transformer stations with more than 40% of points of light affected.

Level 3: Actuations without power reduction (minimum energy savings)
3.0 Transformer stations with 100% points of light affected (electronic
equipment, lamps and luminaires) without power reduction.
3.1 Transformer stations with less than 100% of points of light affected
(electronic equipment, lamps and luminaires) without power reduction 1.1
Transformer stations with 100% points of light without flux regulation.

Level 4. Actuations that do not generate energy savings
5. Once we know the desired parameters of the new public lighting, and sized the actions
to do, it has also created a list of prices of energy efficiency actions and massive
changes, using the price list bid awarded maintenance. The combination of the price
list with sizing gives us an estimation of the investment required. So, from the step 4, it
is possible to obtain the needed investment, energy saving rates and ROI (return on
investment), to begin with actuations that generates the more cost-effective savings.
Next, it is shown an example of classification of transformer stations, sizing of actions to do,
and the expected budget of energy efficiency measures proposed by the audit of public
lighting, done by Granollers City Council in 2013.
27
Table 9 – Classification of transformer stations
Level
Transformer stations
Luminaires
Lamps
1.0
5
121
121
1.1
12
582
582
1.2
48
2.673
2.720
1.3
11
677
727
2.0
3
71
71
2.1
10
648
709
2.2
27
1.490
1.571
3.0
4
66
66
3.1
8
535
644
4.0
9
457
503
4.1
33
2.213
2.748
4.2
15
1.022
1.096
Total
185
10.555
11.558
Table 10 – Sizing of actions to do
Action
Number of
Lamps
Investment (€)
Change of lamp and electric
equipment
2.939
200.774,30
Change of lamp and luminaires
1.671
149.761,51
Change of luminaires
Number of
Luminaires
1.212
Change to electronic equipment
No intervention in energy efficiency
1.333
449.788,85
546
52.513,34
1.519
0
28
Figure 15 – Expected budget of energy efficiency measures, from list of prices and sizing
Although many local governments lack budgets for capital investment in comprehensive
renovation projects, sometimes purchasing options through accredited Energy Services
Companies (ESCOs) enable energy-efficiency projects with no upfront costs, and include
guaranteed payback and results. By tapping an experienced manufacturer with service
capabilities or an accredited ESCO, municipalities can simplify a street lighting modernization
project from planning stages to installation and maintenance over the life of the system, and
complete projects in as little as 12 months from product introduction.
Moreover, today some instruments are available to help cities financing gradual substitution
of existing lighting per SSL technologies, such as Technical Assistance ELENA and the European
Fund for Energy Efficiency (EFEE).
29
6.2.
Flow regulation systems (FRS)
The FRS, in general, allows a new way to manage PL in Municipalities.
At night, during the minor road and pedestrian circulation, and without any apparent loss of
functional abilities and security of PL systems, this technology allows the achievement of lower
levels of illumination (depending on pre-defined reduction schedules and levels), allowing
thus, a decrease of energy consumption, increasing the break between replacement of
consumables (lamps, ballasts and capacitors), stabilizing the supply voltage to minimize
premature aging of the luminaires and their components and their consequent reduction in
maintenance break.
6.2.1.
Operation
FLS are electronic devices that, through specific settings, allow the control of the levels of the
supply voltage and current supplied to IP circuits. When the voltage and flow are reduced, the
power consumption will also decrease, thus resulting in a reduction of the luminous flux of
each of the light sources.
Figure 16 – Example of FRS working schedule
The graph demonstrates the ability of such systems to regulate the luminous flux (in %)
according to properly programmed and pre-established levels. The red line corresponds to
regular operation of the PL network and the blue line includes the installation of an FRS in the
same PL network.
30
6.2.2.
Equipment types
There are currently on the market different types of FRS: installation at the "head" of PL
circuits – dimmable power controllers – or for installation at each point of light – dimmable
electronic ballasts.
The most advantageous solution depends fundamentally on the characteristics of the PL
network where it will be installed. On the other hand, the benefits of the solution to be
installed, either technical or economic, are directly dependent on the characteristics and types
of existing equipments, including the type and power of the light source (lamp) and the type of
use and facility in analysis.
The dimmable power controllers allow the control of the voltage circulating in a specific PL
circuit or in all PL network. To achieve a high consumption reduction ratio, this device is
dimensioned and "tuned" taking into account the type and wattage of lamps installed in the
network, the voltage level at the beginning and end of the respective circuits of PL as well as
the lighting needs of each site.
The rate of voltage drop associated with each PL circuit is a key factor in ensuring the proper
function of this technology.
By stabilizing the voltage, the power controller protects the lamps against any stress resulting
from overvoltage, especially in all those facilities placed near a transformer, where supply
voltage in night hours may achieve values well over the rated ones. Dimming the voltage will
result in a significant decrease of heat produced, thus making it possible to increase lamp life
to a considerable extent.
These power controllers stabilize operating voltages by using a fully digital system, without
moving parts, ensuring the absence of overvoltage. The control of the voltage is obtained
through the injection of a variable voltage to the load, generated by a booster transformer.
31
Figure 17 – Example of a dimmable power control
On the other hand, the dimmable electronic ballasts, which enable an individual lamp control
(one equipment for each lamp), their voltage drop on the PL circuit do not have an important
role, although their acquisition is usually more expensive.
Figure 18 – Example of dimmable electronic ballast
32
However, a significant drop in voltage, regardless of the technology to be installed, negatively
influences the consumption reduction rate. However, High Pressure Sodium lamps operate
with a minimum voltage of 190 V – downwards they shut down or work poorly.
This is essential for choosing the best solution for the facility analyzed.
6.2.3.
i.
Sizing
Choosing the PL facilities to be considered (identification of the consumption and
annual costs through billing analysis);
ii.
Coordinate with the local energy distributor the measurements to be made in each of
the transformer stations, taking into account (see example in the table below):
a. Initial voltage (Vi)
b. Voltage at the last point of light for each circuit (Vf)
c. Starting current (Ii)
d. Number of lamps by PL circuit
e. Type and wattage of lamps installed in the PL circuit
Figure 19 – Illustrative image of a network of PL
33
Table 11 – Measurements made in one transformer station
Ii
Vi
Vf
Phase R
40
233
Phase S
16
Phase T
57
iii.
MV
HPS
kVA
50 W
80 W
125 W
70 W
100 W
150 W
250 W
227
0
0
0
0
0
28
0
4,0
233
230
0
0
0
0
0
13
0
1,9
233
225
0
2
0
0
0
51
0
7,5
Sizing the power controller according to the maximum starting current. To the
previous example, the equipment to be installed should have the following
characteristics:
a. 3x14, 1 kVA and 68 A per phase
iv.
Identify the estimated reduction of consumption, taking into account the most
significant voltage drop. In this example, the minimum consumption reduction is 22%;
v.
Identify the necessary investment and calculate the payback taking into account the
operating costs of the PL facility that were identified in step i). In this example, the
total investment is about 8.500 euros;
vi.
If the voltage drop does not allow consumption reductions that result in an attractive
payback period, it should be considered the installation of electronic ballasts, with
ballast for each lamp identified in step ii).
Taking into account the previous example, the main results that can be achieved with the
installation of the power controller are:
Table 12 – Main results with the installation of the power controller
Main Data/Results
6.3.
Reduction in energy consumption (22%)
14.500 kWh
Reduction in energy costs (22%)
2.200 Euros
Reduction in CO2 emissions (ton)
7 ton
Initial investment
8.500 Euros
The payback period (without any financing)
5 years
Remote management systems
A remote management lighting system is a network that gathers information and exercise
control in every luminaire integrated in the system. It has the ability to react automatically to
external parameters like traffic density, remaining daylight or weather condition. With today’s
technology a significant operating and energy cost savings can be achieved while improving
34
both the outdoor lighting reliability and the quality of public lighting systems. In a single
infrastructure many applications, such as monitoring, control, metering and diagnostic
applications, can be integrated in order to manage the public lighting system effectively.
A remote management system can also provide a time and cost efficient maintenance for
public lighting as it can be used to monitor failed lamps and track their location.
6.3.1.
Operation
A remote management system can have several functions depending on user’s needs and
location. However, the basic functions to achieve optimal energy savings are outlined below.
Each individual light point can be switched on/off or dimmed at any time.
Dimming of light depending on external parameters such as traffic volume, ambient
brightness and weather conditions is an essential function that enhances visual comfort and
reduces unneeded energy consumption. The dimming of light must be made smoothly in order
to avoid rapid changes and give time for adaptation. Suitable sensors must be installed to
monitor locally the external parameters and influence the lighting level of luminaires.
Precipitation, slipperiness and fog sensors are some examples of the existing technology.
Dimming to compensate depreciation factor. When designing a new lighting installation a
maintenance factor is taken into account to compensate for the reduction in flux during the
lifetime of the lamp. Therefore, a new lamp can produce up to 20% excess light than needed.
With the use of a remote system this effect can be reduced for the first hours of operation of
each lamp and prevent unnecessary energy loss. The constant lumen output (CLO) function
compensates the deprecation of light output of the installation and eliminates overlighting.
Operating state, energy consumption and failures can be reported and stored in a database
together with the corresponding time and location.15
6.3.2.
Equipment typologies
The remote management system consists of 3 main parts:
Outdoor Luminaire Controller (OLC). Each luminaire is equipped with switching and dimming
capabilities and lamp failure detection. The basic set-up is a lamp, a dimmable ballast and the
15
www.e-streetlight.com-Documents-WP FINAL-WP D2.1 Market review.pdf, accessed 03/2014
35
controller of the ballast. This controller is the link between the lamp and the dynamic lighting
system.
Segment controller (SC). The segment controller is the main part of a public lighting
installation. It collects data from the OLCs and transmits it over the internet to the central
management system (web server). This basic element consists of an intelligent controller that
handles different actions like scheduling, control, data logging and alarm handling.
Central management system. It is used to control the segments and manage the incoming
data from the SCs. Its function is very important especially as the segments number increases.
6.3.3.
Sizing
A remote management system can be applied in every public lighting project without any
restriction in the size of it. Big installations are divided in segments for easier and more
efficient management. There are several steps that need to be followed in order to implement
a remote management system in a public lighting facility.
The alternatives in the field of remote management range widely. From a simple on/off switch
and dimming control to the more complicated sensing weather conditions and traffic,
36
communicating through the grid, reporting failure and scheduling maintenance. The suitable
equipment should be determined by making an equipment survey. The needs and the special
characteristic of every location will identify the appropriate equipment.
Field measurements are necessary in case of existing lighting in the area, in order to avoid
higher lighting levels that lead to light pollution and energy losses. After identifying the
equipment and completing the lighting design, an estimation of the investment is possible.
The reduction in energy consumption and maintenance costs compensates for the initial
investment needed.
7. RES for Public lighting
Solar lighting consists, basically, in luminaires that are incorporated into photovoltaic panels
that capture energy from the sun and transform it into electric energy, storing it later in
rechargeable batteries. This option is quite advantageous for remote or difficult to access
areas. This type of technology also prevents the high investments required for the construction
of new distribution networks.
Through a photo-sensor, a light source lights up automatically in the evening and off in the
morning.
The use of LEDs as a light source, will allow a maximum use of these devices, since LEDs
consume 60-80% less energy than HPS lamps.
With these characteristics, the facility and maintenance of the point of light become quick and
simplify operations, in addition to the photovoltaic panels that have a lifetime of over 25 years,
and the LED lamps about 50,000 working hours.
This type of technology is commonly used in various applications including:

Lighting for gardens

Lighting of public roads

Outdoor lighting

Lighting of natural parks and camping
This technology has the following advantages and disadvantages:
Advantages:
37

Solar lights are powered by energy from the sun

Do not pollute the environment

Do not require connection to the grid, allowing a considerable saving in construction of
electrical infrastructures

They are fully autonomous and have easy installation devices

They have low installation costs, because they need only a ground support
Disadvantages

The biggest disadvantage of solar lighting is that, for the production of electricity,
photovoltaic panels require a minimum amount of light. Therefore, situations may
arise where the sky is cloudy for a few days, not allowing solar lamps to operate at
100%.
38
8. Case Studies
8.1.
ILUPub – Improvement of Energy Efficiency in the
Public Lighting of North Alentejo region
Country
Portugal
Entities
CIMAA – Comunidade Intermunicipal do Alto Alentejo
AREANATejo – Regional Energy and Environment Agency from North Alentejo
Portalegre
Portugal
Location
Alto Alentejo Region (Portugal) – 15 Municipalities
Identification of the
Best Practice
ILUPub – Improvement of Energy Efficiency in the Public Lighting of North Alentejo region
Main area
Public Lighting
Summary
ILUPub aims to improve PL energy efficiency in North Alentejo, specifically, with the
following main objectives: identification of PL energy consumption; characterization of PL
network; installation of energy efficiency equipments and/or technologies; implementation
of PL management systems; reduction of electricity consumption and associated CO 2
emissions; reduction of energy and maintenance costs; promotion and dissemination of a
good and transferable environmental practice.
Target Group
ILUPub has as target groups the Municipalities belonging to CIMAA’s intervention area (15
municipalities of Alto Alentejo region, Portugal) interested in reducing the energy bill in
terms of public lighting.
Description
Lighting facilities represent 30-50% of current electricity expenditures of Municipalities of
Alto Alentejo region. Thus, the implementation of energetic efficiency measures that
contribute to the reduction of energy consumption and associated costs.
The ILUPub Project started in 2009 as a project of excellence with regard to improving
energy efficiency in public lighting. The identification of the installations with bigger energy
consumption, consequently, have more significant charges comes as the first step to
consider the definition of implementing measures to consider.
The identification of the best solution for each analyzed installation is made by developing,
individually, an exhaustive study of technical-economic that maximizes the energy
reductions to obtain, getting a very attractive pay-back.
The ILUPub account with the direct collaboration of municipal technicians who properly
follow all stages of the project, these being the point of contact with local decision-makers
(Mayors).
Nevertheless, the pioneering ILUPub has potentiated the replication of the methodology at
various points in Portugal.
Date
From 2009 to 2014
Technical Aspects
ILUPub project focused in two main technologies that have been implemented in Alto
39
Alentejo region: flow regulation systems and LED luminaries.
ILUPub project covered about 15.000 luminaries of Alto Alentejo region (30% of total
installed equipments, representing 70% of public light energy consumption).
Implementation
approach followed
ILUPub was structured in the following complementary phases:
1. Annual energy consumptions’ identification and accounting of North Alentejo PL energy
consumption (based on invoices) – 25.5 GWh (approx. 2.600.000 Euros).
2. Characterization of PL network, using digital mapping, including an individualized
characterization of urban areas’ PL network (scale 1:2000) covering over 6.000 km 2 and an
estimation of approx. 50.000 PL spots (lamps). This register method and procedure
(prepared by AREANATejo in close cooperation with EDP – Portuguese Energy Utility)
include, among other information, the characterization of PL transformer stations, the
identification and characterization of the electrical circuits, the equipments’ type and
characteristics (pole, lamp, ballast) as well as their function (decorative, public street) in
every PL spot.
3. Identification of Energy Efficiency Measures such as more efficient light systems, flow
regulation systems, light optimizing technologies.
4. Implementation of Energy Efficiency Measures. Flow regulation systems and LED
luminaries covering about 15.000 luminaries.
Economic aspects
ILUPub had a total budget of around € 2 million, funded by ERDF by 85%. Given the level of
funding, the simple payback period of all proposed measures is less than one (1) year.
The technologies considered have a warranty period of six years, which safeguard all
maintenance procedures.
Results
Within the implementation of the a.m. energy efficiency measures it is expected that ILUPub
reaches a goal of 10% energy reduction of Alto Alentejo region by 2015 (about 2.5 GWh and
1.100 tons of CO2) covering a total of 15.000 luminaries.
Risks/Difficulties
At this time there are no risks that could endanger the implementation of the ILUPub
project. However, there are some aspects that should be taken into account, namely: (1) the
maintenance issues of the PL network that could damage the equipment installed or put
them out of operation, (2) the difficulties investment of Municipalities.
Photos
40
Photo 1 – Flow regulation systems
Photo 2 – LED luminaries
Links
www.cimaa.pt
www.areanatejo.pt
Contact Person
Professor Carlos Nogueiro – carlos.nogueiro@cimaa.pt
00351 245 301 449
Mr. Tiago Gaio – tiago.gaio@areanatejo.pt
Mr. Hugo Saldanha – hugo.saldanha@areanatejo.pt
00351 245 309 084
41
8.2.
Substitution of existing lighting per LED technology
in a street under renovation
Country
Spain
Entity
Granollers City Council
Location
Granollers, Barcelona area
Identification of the
Best Practice
Substitution of existing lighting per LED technology in a street under renovation
Main area
Public Lighting
Summary
Girona Street in Granollers had a model lighting based on columns of type "Granollers" with
250 W HPS lamp by the road, and with two fluorescent tubes of 36 W for the pedestrian
sidewalk.
Total installed power = 13.410 W
Total annual energy consumption (4.000 hours of performance) = 53.640 Kwh.
Total annual costs (considering average cost of 0,1529 euros/KWh = 8.201,56 euros.
With the renovation works of the street, taking into account the evolution of LED technology
in recent years, and with the aim of increasing the light output of the lighting of the street
and its reliability, city council has raised the substitution of the existing lighting for LED
technology. The initial investment costs were less than conventional systems.
Target Group
Description
Date
Implementation
approach followed
Economic aspects
Pedestrians, drivers and neigbors in general (in terms of better level of illumination, comfort
and security)
Granollers City Council (in terms of saving energy, reducing% GHE and the costs of energy
supply public lighting).
The new lighting is based on LED technology for maximum power of 130 W, dual lamp: 100
W for a road located 10 m tall, and another for the pedestrian sidewalk located at 30 W. 4 m
high. This proposal achieves a level roadway lighting of Em= 28 lux and in sidewalk of Em=14
lux. LED technology has been applied without columns and replace wiring, so the initial
investment relates entirely to the acquisition cost of the lamps
2013
a) Steps: analysing technological possibilities to substitute the existing lighting to LED
technology; realize the lighting project, search the best cost-effective option in
market and select the one that ajust better to the project.
b) Stakeholders involved: City Council project officer, company in charge of running
the renovation of the street, LED lighting suppliers, lighting maintenance public
service.
Initial investment = 46.682,22 euros
Total installed power (new LED lighting) = 6.361 W
Total energy consumption (4.000 hours of performance) = 25.444 Kwh/year.
Total costs (considering average cost of 0,1529 euros/KWh = 3.890,39 euros/years.
Total savings = 4.311,17 euros/year.
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ROI = 10,83 years*
* Probably it will be shortest because it not be consider the substitution cost of lamps every
2 years (no necessary with LED technology), and the increasing cost of KWh in Spain.
Total electricity savings = 28.196 KWh/year
Total GHG emissions savings = 17,39 16,21 tCO2eq/year*
Results
* Own calculation from the GHG emission calculator of Catalan Office for Climate
Change, 2012.
This performance has been achieved two objectives:
• Street lighting with white light and less light pollution in space, as it is very directional
ground with less dispersion, which gives the street look nicer.
• Reduction of installed capacity and therefore energy consumption by approximately 50%
compared to the previous lighting. In this sense we have calculated a saving of about 28,000
kW-h per year.
Risks/Difficulties
It remains to be seen, to date, the duration of these teams as well as their maintenance
costs, in the sense that, once finished its useful life to 35,000 or 40,000 hours of theory must
replace all luminaire, unlike a conventional computer can change and / or if the light bulb is
still in good condition. These conditions can only be evaluated with experience and time.
LED technology is evolving very quickly, which may imply that existing equipment can quickly
become obsolete, and that the installation currently is efficient can it be stopped even before
its useful life.
Although technology is constantly improving and changing and, therefore, to disregard its
limits, for both technological and cost savings, etc.
Photos
Add photos (maximum of two)
Contact Person
Xavier Acosta, Head of “Works and Projects” department of the Granollers City Council.
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8.3.
Energy upgrade of public lighting in urban space.
Implementation design of the Splantzia square in Chania,
Crete
Country
Greece
Entity
Municipality of Chania, Crete
Location
Chania, latitude/longitude: 35°30'59.0"N 24°01'17.1"E
Identification of
the Best Practice
Energy upgrade of public lighting in urban space. Implementation design of the Splantzia square in
Chania, Crete
Main area
Public lighting
The project has as objective to improve the visual comfort conditions in the square at night and to
reduce the energy consumption and CO2 emissions.
The actual needs for lighting in complete dark conditions were calculated and the lighting levels were
determined according to the standard EN 13201/2004 ELOT.
Summary
According to the specified needs two different lighting levels were determined and the average
illuminance of the project was defined to 3-10lx.
A light calculation program (RELUX) was used to calculate and graphically present the illuminance for
different lighting sorts and arrangement with use of real luminaires and bulbs.
Target Group
Citizens, business owners and visitors of the town
The Splantzia square is located in the east part of the old town of Chania. It is surrounded from
important landmarks: two churches, an underground fountain and an old plane tree. The square hosts
a lot of visitors, especially in the summer, due to cafes and bars situated there. The existing lighting
involves 8 identical luminaires that were situated without any provision for the landmarks that should
be appropriate lightened and the diffused light from already existing luminaires. With a proper
lighting design the landmarks will be highlighted and attract visitors’ attention.
Description
The current design plan proposes the use of different types of luminaires regarding the lighting needs.
9 different types of luminaires were used. An important aspect of the design is the reduction in energy
consumption; this will be accomplished with the use of LED technology. For the full coverage of the
square, the luminaires are situated around the square in a cross arrangement. The facades of the
churches will be lit with target head lamps, while the tubular elements (plane tree, minaret) with
ground mounted lamps that will highlight the cylindrical volume. For pedestrians bollard fixtures will
be used and the underground fountain will be lit with wall mounted cylindrical LED lamps.
The graphical presentation of the lighting design provides evidence that the project’s scope was
fulfilled. The glare effect was eliminated, the transition from areas with less illumination to those of
intense illumination is gradient and smooth and the four landmarks are adequate highlighted.
Date
Lighting study concluded at summer 2013.
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existing condition
design plan
GENERAL
Total luminous flux (lumen)
Total capacity (W)
Total capacity per sq.meter
(W/m2) (Total surface 3.315,1m2)
ILLUMINANCE
Average illuminance (lux)
207.700,00
105.286,00
3.875,00
1.472,50
1,17
0,44
17,00
4,70
Minimum illuminance (lux)
0,00
0,80
Maximum illuminance (lux)
154,00
23,00
The nine types of luminaires proposed are:
a.
Siteco, TEKTUS MAXI (5LA26322KA26)
Luminaire data
34.7 lm/W
46 W
Luminaire efficacy
System power
b.
Tulux, PIER (9024W-4LE4)
Technical Aspects
Luminaire efficacy
System power
c.
Luminaire data
45.53 lm/W
6.15 W
Selux, Notch (SX 755 22-9)
Luminaire efficacy
System power
d.
ERCO, Cylinder Facade luminaires 85102.000
Luminaire efficacy
System power
e.
Luminaire data
38.21 lm/W
14 W
Luminaire data
67.3 lm/W
18 W
Targetti Poulsen, NANO PYROS LED SP
45
Luminaire efficacy
System power
f.
Luminaire data
54.97 lm/W
22 W
Targetti Poulsen,HOCKEY WALL VWFL (1E2280)
Luminaire efficacy
System power
g.
iGuzzini, Light Up Light (BB41)
Luminaire efficacy
System power
h.
Luminaire data
68.08 lm/W
12 W
Luminaire data
41.36 lm/W
7.15 W
BEL LIGHTING, Zaxor Mini
Luminaire efficacy
System power
i.
TRILUX, 8521RMS (8521RMS/35HIT )
Luminaire efficacy
System power
Implementation
approach followed
Luminaire data
21.43 lm/W
7W
c)
Luminaire data
54.72 lm/W
35 W
Implementation steps that were necessary for the provision of the concept:
1. Existing situation, visit on site, graphical representation of the existing situation with
RELUX software
46
2. Calculation of the lighting levels required for the existing uses of the square
according to national and European standards
3. Conceptual design of the installation
4. Choice of different type of luminaires for different purposes
5. Graphical presentation of the proposed situation
6. Calculation of the costs, energy savings and environmental impacts involved
d) Stakeholders involved to the development:
I.
Municipality of Chania
II.
28th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities
III.
ReSEL/ TUC – technical advisor
Economic aspects
Results
Risks/Difficulties
Photos
Operation costs at current situation 1.260,67€/a
After the implementation of the proposed solution 479,06€/a
Financial savings per year
Energy savings per year
Annual reduction of
GHG emissions
(kgCΟ2eq/a)
Reduction of total
luminous flax/ light
pollution
782€ or 62%
9.646 kWh or 62%
7.823
102.414 lm or 49%
Goals that may be at risk by the replication of the Best Practice:
Public lighting is a major consumer of energy for municipalities. A proper lighting design takes into
consideration the uses of the space, the current and the desired illumination levels according the
legislation and the use and up to date energy efficient lighting technologies. These aspects need to be
taken under consideration when replicating the Best Practice.
Figure 1: Aerial photo of Splantzia square
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Figure 2: Simulation of the current situation and the proposed design
Contact Person
Panos Tsinaris
Architect M.Sc.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Systems Lab - Technical University of Crete
Email: theocharis.tsoutsos@enveng.tuc.gr, panostsinaris@gmail.com
9. Further Resources/References

www.cie.co.at/cie/

www.cen.eu/Pages/default.aspx

www.e-streetlight.com/

www.efficiencyvermont.com/docs/for_my_business/lighting_programs/StreetLightingGui
de.pdf
48

www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/170172/0047520.pdf

ec.europa.eu/energy/lumen/overview/howtodispose/index_en.htm

ec.europa.eu/information_society/newsroom/cf/dae/document.cfm?doc_id=2303

www.covenantofmayors.eu/actions/benchmarks-of-excellence_en.html

http://www.energycities.eu/cities/case_studies.php?id_keyword=002002003&id_country=&id_city=&id_po
p=&id_lang

Lighting the Cities. Accelerating the Deployment of Innovative lightning in European
Cities. Report of European Commission Directorate-General Communications
Networks, 2013.

Guías Técnicas para la aplicación práctica de las previsiones del Reglamento de
Eficiéncia Energética en Instalaciones de Alumbrado Exterior y sus Instrucciones
Técnicas Complementarias. Ministerio de Industria, Energía, Comercio y Turismo,
2013.
o Instrucción Técnica Complementaria EA-01 Eficiencia Energética
o Instrucción Técnica Complementaria EA-02 Niveles de iluminación
o Instrucción Técnica Complementaria EA-04 Componentes de las instalaciones
o Anexo I: Ejemplos de aplicación del reglamento de eficiencia energética en
alumbrado exterior.
o Anexo II: Criterios generales para la redacción de un proyecto de alumbrado

Public Lighting Audit of Granollers City Council, 2013.

Guía de gestión energética en el alumbrado público. Dirección General de Industria,
Energía y Minas de la Comunidad de Madrid, 2012.

GREEN PAPER: Lighting the Future. Accelerating the deployment of innovative lighting
tecnologies. EUROPEAN COMMISSION, 15.12.2011

LED Street Lighting. Final Report Prepared in support of the City of Sunnyvale. De Anza
College Environmental Studies Department, Carbon Print Zero, Martin Labs
International. 2009.

Protocolo de auditoría energética de las instalaciones de alumbrado público exterior.
Comité Español de Iluminación-IDAE, 2008.

“Guía Técnica de Eficiencia Energética en Iluminación. Alumbrado Público”. IDAE, 2001.
49