Green Partnerships – WP3 Joint approach for more efficient implementation of local energy strategies Expert Working Groups Public Lighting www.greenpartnerships.eu CONTENTS 1. Introduction – Importance of efficient public lighting ............................................................................ 3 2. General Definitions ................................................................................................................................. 3 3. 2.1. Human vision ................................................................................................................. 3 2.2. Lighting .......................................................................................................................... 4 2.3. Electrotechnology ......................................................................................................... 6 2.4. Maintenance ................................................................................................................. 6 Classification of roads ............................................................................................................................. 7 3.1. Typology of roads .......................................................................................................... 7 3.2. Pedestrian urban areas ................................................................................................. 8 3.3. Semi-urban areas .......................................................................................................... 9 3.4. Conflict zones ................................................................................................................ 9 4. Main determinants of lighting in public places ..................................................................................... 11 5. Environmental implications of lighting – Light pollution ...................................................................... 15 6. Measures to improve energy efficiency ................................................................................................ 19 6.1. LED............................................................................................................................... 19 6.2. Flow regulation systems (FRS) .................................................................................... 30 6.3. Remote management systems .................................................................................... 34 7. RES for Public lighting............................................................................................................................ 37 8. Case Studies .......................................................................................................................................... 39 8.1. ILUPub – Improvement of Energy Efficiency in the Public Lighting of North Alentejo region .............. 39 8.2. Substitution of existing lighting per LED technology in a street under renovation .............................. 42 8.3. Energy upgrade of public lighting in urban space. Implementation design of the Splantzia square in Chania, Crete ................................................................................................................................. 44 9. Further Resources/References ........................................................................................................ 48 2 1. Introduction – Importance of efficient public lighting Energy consumption is the cause of 80% of greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union (EU).1 Consequently, reducing greenhouse gases emissions means less power consumption and an increase in the use of clean energy. Concept of energy efficiency: "Energy efficiency is the optimization we can make of power consumption while providing the same level of production of goods, services and comfort by adopting appropriate procedures or implementing technologies that contribute to the reduction of fuel consumption compared to current situations, as well as CO2 emissions and its associated costs." The costs of public lighting (PL) facilities are an important weight in current expenditure of the municipalities (about 40-60% of total energy costs). Therefore, it is imperative that Municipalities, as local public entities and representatives of participants consuming entities, adopt and implement measures leading to an improvement of the energy performance of PL (and consequently, to a reduction of costs). There are several options that should be considered when discussing energy efficiency in PL, particularly the main measures that can be implemented, especially in what concerns the solutions and technologies available on the market. Thus, for an energy efficient PL facility, we should take into account the different options available and verify the best solution (technology) that best fits the actual context of each situation. 2. General Definitions 2.1. Human vision Visual acuity – The visual acuity is related to the ability of spatial resolution of two points and depends on the density of receptors in the retina and the refractive power of the lenses of the optical system. In other words, the visual acuity is the ability the eye has to recognize separately, with clarity and precision, very small objects close to each other. 1 http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/pt/lvb/l27067.htm 3 There are several factors that influence visual acuity, namely: Adaptation – ability the human eye has to adjust to different levels of light intensity, through which the pupil will dilate or contract; Accommodation – it is the adjustment of the crystalline lens of the eye so that the image is permanently focused on the retina; Contrast – it is the difference in luminance between an object that is observed and its surroundings; Age – the visual ability of a person decreases with age, since, over the years, the crystalline lens hardens, and thus losing its elasticity, becoming more complicated the task of focusing images or objects. 2.2. Lighting Absorption – Ratio of luminous flux absorbed by a body ( and the flux received by it . The unit is %. Coefficient of Use – Relation between the luminous flux received by a body ( ) and the total flux emitted by a light source ( ). The unit is%. Disturbing glare – Also called threshold increment (TI), it is a measure that allows the quantification of the loss of visibility caused by glare from public lighting equipments (luminaries). In these circumstances, increasing the contrast can be a solution to allow the visibility of that object - this increase corresponds to TI. 4 Light Output Ratio (LOR) – The light output ratio (LOR) can be understood as the quotient of the total luminous flux ( ) of a luminaire (measured in specific practical conditions with its light source and auxiliary equipment) and the sum of the individual luminous fluxes ( ) of those light sources when operated outside the luminaire with the same auxiliary equipment and practical conditions. There are two concepts derived from LOR that shall be taken into account when performing an efficient PL project, namely: Upward Light Output Ratio (ULOR) – ratio between the flux emitted upwards by the lamp, with the sum of the individual luminous flux of those light sources when operating outside the luminaire; Downward Light Output Ratio (DLOR) – ratio between the flux emitted downwards by the lamp, with the sum of the individual luminous flux of those light sources when operating outside the luminaire. Surround Ratio (SR) – A primary objective of PL is to provide good lighting conditions on the surface of streets and roads so that the obstacles are easily identifiable. However, the top of the highest objects on the road and objects that are on the sides of roads (particularly in curved sections) are seen only if there is good illumination in the surroundings. Indeed, the adequate lighting of the surrounding area of the road allows the user to have a better perception of their situation, making adjustments for speed and trajectory in time. The function of the surround ratio (SR) is to ensure that the luminous flux directed to the periphery of the roads is enough to allow the clearly visualization of the existing objects. This way, it is increased, for example, the safety of pedestrians on the sidewalks. Luminous Flux – It is defined as the amount of luminous flux emitted light in all directions by a light source. The unit is lumen (lm). 5 Illuminance – The lux (lx) is the SI unit of the illuminance and, according to EN 12665 is the quotient of the luminous flux incident on an element of the surface (∂ϕ) and the area of that element (∂A). That is, the amount of luminous flux received by the unit illuminated area. Average illuminance – Arithmetic average of all points calculated illuminance on the road surface. The unit is Lux. 2.3. Electrotechnology Luminous efficiency – The luminous efficiency ( ) of a source is the ratio of the total luminous flux emitted by the source ( ) and the total power absorbed by it ( ). The SI unit is lm/W (lumens per watt). Light Source – It is defined as the physical, solid or gaseous element that, when powered by electricity, emits radiation visible to the human eye. Point of Light – It is defined as an element that allows the illumination of an area, consisting of an illumination equipment, light source and support. 2.4. Maintenance Maintenance Factor – The maintenance factor (MF) of PL facility is the ratio of the illuminance at a given time to the initial illuminance. This feature will cause a depreciation effect of the lighting quality of a particular facility. The value of the maintenance factor can significantly affect the power of the light source (lamp) to be installed, and the number of luminaires required to achieve the values of illuminance/luminance previously specified/determined. 6 3. Classification of roads 3.1. Typology of roads2 The main criterion for the classification of roads is the speed of traffic, in accordance with it roads can be classified in the next five groups: Table 1 – Classification of roads Classification A B C D E Types of roads High speed Moderate speed Cycling lanes Low speed Pedestrian roads Speed of traffic (Km/h) s > 60 30 < s ≤ 60 -5 < s ≤ 30 s≤5 For a given project situation and traffic intensity different types of lighting are selected, the class is chosen considering the complexity of the layout, traffic control, separation of different types of users and other specific parameters. In urban PL traffic routes and pedestrian pathways have to be taken into consideration simultaneously. So each area of the city with different vocations: trading, apartments, hotel, school, leisure, etc., must be endowed with an appropriate environment to its character. On the other hand, PL takes into consideration the following principles: Criteria neighbourhood between different types of roads (streets, roads, avenues), pedestrian walkways and street furniture, signs, etc. Other elements in the roads, as roads are not exclusively used by vehicles. Urban escalafactors. Because in a city roads are not the only factor to take into account, other spaces and architectural elements to consider. In addition, to meet the values shown in the next table, to reduce both direct emissions into the sky, and reflected by the illuminated surfaces, installation of the lighting shall meet the following requirements: 2 Only illuminate the surface you want to provide with light. Lighting levels shall not exceed the maximum values specified in the next table. Functional-oriented classification of street lighting road classes and performance criteria derived from CEN/TR 13201- 1 guideline and standard EN 13201-2 performance classes. 7 Table 2 – Classification of areas from light pollution Classification of areas from light pollution E1 E2 E3 E4 3.2. Description NATURE OR DARK LANDSCAPES: World-class astronomical observatories, national parks, natural areas, special protection areas (Red Natura 2000, bird protection areas, etc.), Where the roads are unlit. AREAS OF LOW LIGHT OR BRIGHTNESS: Peri-urban areas or suburbs of cities, non-development land, rural areas and sectors usually located outside urban or industrial residential areas, where roads are lit. AREAS OF MODERATE BRIGHTNESS OR LIGHT: Residential urban areas, where the roads (traffic routes and sidewalks) are illuminated. AREAS OF HIGH BRIGHTNESS OR LIGHT: Urban centres, residential areas, commercial and leisure sectors, with high activity during night times. Hemispherical flow installed ≤ 1% ≤ 5% ≤ 15% ≤ 25% Pedestrian urban areas In traffic routes of low and very low speed, bike lanes and pedestrian pathways, visual conditions differ significantly from those needed in the high and moderate road speed. In this type of road the speed of movement is less, the perception of the objects around pedestrians is more important than the views of more distant objects. Thus, the criteria of quality lighting walkways should be such as to ensure that pedestrians can distinguish texture and pavement design, setting curbs, steps, marks and signs on the road, and also increase the feeling of safety. For low traffic infrastructure and very low speed situations corresponding to C, D and E, the following types of project lighting the S series are set: S1, S2, S3 and S43, arranged from highest to lowest demand in light levels. Each class lighting S series includes the following lighting levels on the surface of the road: Average illuminance level. Minimum illuminance level. Average uniformity 3 The standard EN 13201-2 contains performance requirements in defined lighting classes (ME1..ME6, MEW1..MEW6, CE0..CE5, S1..S6, ES1 .. ES6, A1 .. A6 ). A lighting class is characterized by a set of photometric requirements aiming at the visual needs of certain road users in certain types of road areas and environment. Lighting class S (“slow traffic”) correspond to mainly urban and pedestrian areas, with illuminance requirements only (lx). 8 The conflicting sections are also given in the traffic routes of low and very low speed, bike lanes and pedestrian pathways, as is the case of underpasses, staircase areas, pedestrian walkways, etc. So they are also lighting application classes CE series. Table 3 – Lighting series in pedestrian urban areas Project situation E1 E2 3.3. Types of roads Pedestrian areas, pedestrian roads and sidewalks along roads. Bus stops with waiting areas. Pedestrian commercial areas Commercial areas with restricted access and priority use of pedestrians Lighting classes CEA1A/ CE2/ S1/ S2/ S3/ S4 CE1A /CE2/ S1/ S2/ S3/ S4 Semi-urban areas Table 4 – Lighting series in semi-urban areas Project situation D3-D4 C1 Types of roads Residential suburban roads with sidewalks along roads. Limited speed areas. Cycling lanes along the roads, between cities in open spaces and connecting urban areas. Lighting classes CE2/ S1/ S2/ S3/ S4 S1/ S2/ S3/ S4 Main access to parks or gardens, pedestrian and leisure areas, stairs, which are open to the public during the evening hours, are included in road type E. In parks and gardens only the most important areas for walking and leisure will be illuminated. In the projects, the circuits for these areas must be independent of those covered by other areas that do not have these limitations. Lighting of parks and gardens should be designed so that decorative effects and architectural details are highlighted, combining light and shadow but providing lighting levels, such as those established for pedestrian zone, resulting in sufficient light for different areas of the park or garden that in any case, guarantee the security of users. 3.4. Conflict zones Considering the specific lighting corresponding to pedestrian walkways, stairs and ramps, pedestrian underpasses, additional lighting crosswalks, parks and gardens, railway level crossings, fornix, roundabouts, tunnels and underpasses, car parks outdoors and outdoor work areas and any other material that may be likened to the above. 9 The illluminance requirements4 shall be as specified below: Lighting Pedestrian Walkways, stairways and ramps CE2 or CE1 class of lighting is required depending on the security level required. Where there are stairs and ramps, the illuminance on the vertical plane shall be not less than 50 % of the value in the horizontal plane so that a good perception of the steps is ensured. Underground Pedestrian lighting Steps The lighting class required is CE1, with an average uniformity of 0,4 . . Furthermore, assuming that the length of the pedestrian underpass so requires, there shall be a daytime lighting with a light level of 100 lux and an average uniformity of 0,4. Additional lighting in crosswalks The additional lighting in crosswalks should require a minimum illuminance on the reference plane of 40 lux. In commercial, industrial areas and residential areas crosswalks need illuminance classes of CE1 and CE2. light Sidewalk Sense of traffic circulation Road Sidewalk light Figure 1 – Example of additional lighting in crosswalks 4 Understood as the light level necessary to see persons and cars. Illuminance concept includes the illuminance average in lx (CE0-50; CE1-30; CE1A-25; CE2-20; CE3-15; CE4-10; CE5-7,5) and the uniformity of the illuminance (always 0,4), according EN 13201 classification. 10 light Sidewalk Road Sense of traffic circulation Sense of traffic circulation light Road Sidewalk Figure 2 – Example of additional lighting in crosswalks Lighting of Railway Level Crossings The lighting level on the crossover, starting at a minimum distance of 40 m before and 40 m after finishing, will be CE2, recommending CE1 class lighting. Lighting of deadlock The lighting of a road in fornix runs so as to indicate to drivers exactly the limits of the road. The reference light level will be CE2. Lighting of roundabouts In addition to the lighting of roundabouts should extend to lighting paths to it, in an appropriate length of at least 200 m in both directions. Lighting levels for roundabouts are 50% higher levels of hits or entries with the following reference values: Average horizontal illuminance Em ≥ 40 lux Average uniformity Um ≥ 0.5 Maximum glare GR ≤ 45 In urban areas or roads equipped with lighting, the lighting level of the roundabouts will be at least one degree higher than the stretch that flows with higher levels of illumination. 4. Main determinants of lighting in public places When designing energy efficient public lighting projects or renovating an existing installation there are some critical factors that need to be considered to ensure the proper implementation and operation of the project and minimize energy losses. 11 A suitable design of public lighting can minimize energy consumption and reduce the energy costs paid off by the citizens. The lighting design process is outlined in the stages specified below. The local authorities together with the lighting designer should consider the overall energy requirements of public lighting installation in the final design. The design should limit obtrusive light and comply with the appropriate lighting design standards. Operational requirements should be considered in the electrical distribution design and energy efficient equipment utilization should be ensured. Table 5 – Lighting design process5 5 Stage Requirement Stage Name 1 Essential Statement of client needs/ operational statement 2 Essential Site survey 3 Essential Critical viewpoints 4 Desirable Existing lighting conditions 5 Desirable Baseline conditions 6 Essential Task analysis 7 Essential Establishment environmental setting 8 Essential Lighting design objectives 9 Desirable Lighting design methodology 10 Essential Calculated predictions 11 Essential Obtrusive light calculation 12 Essential Comparing design with baseline values 13 Desirable Designer's critique 14 Desirable Viewpoint visualization 15 Desirable Virtual Walkthrough 16 Desirable Surface color schedule 17 Essential Luminaire schedule 18 Essential Energy usage 19 Essential Schedule of luminaire profiles 20 Essential Layout plan www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/170172/0047520.pdf, accessed 03/2014 12 The environmental zone to be specified in stage 7 of the lighting design process (Table 6) can either refer to the local authority’s lighting policy or defined according to the environmental zones specified below. Table 6 – Environmental zones Description Typical topographical areas E1 Intrinsically dark areas National scenic areas E2 Areas of low district brightness Rural or small village locations E3 Areas of medium district brightness Urban or small town locations E4 Areas of high district brightness Large town or city centre with high levels of night time activity The luminaire schedule of stage 17 of the lighting design process (Table 6) is a very important step that will facilitate the construction stage of the development. This schedule should contain the following information: Luminaire light distribution type and bowl type Lamp type and wattage Mounting height Orientation direction (from 0 to 359 relatively to a declared point in the plan) Luminaire tilt (from 0 to 90, the greater this angle, the greater the potential for producing obtrusive light) Lamp position Type of control gear A number of energy efficiency measures that should be taken into consideration when designing public lighting are listed below: Use of modern and efficient luminaires Use of luminaires that distribute light efficiently, correct optic and lamp position for the required design Consideration of electronic lamp control equipment Use of specified capacitor to maximize power factor correction Electrical design that allows sections of light that are not necessary to be switched off or dimmed. 13 Use of LED technology where possible6 Table 7 – Benefits of better lighting design7 Benefits of proper design and selection of luminaires improved visual performance for the given task reduced rate of accidents protection of the dark sky improved quality of life reduced crime and fear of crime increased pedestrian activity contribution to a better sustainable development (energy savings, limitation of sky glow) Appropriate lighting design means to provide the right amount and quality of light where and when it is needed with the minimum use of energy and maintenance cost. The European Committee for Standardisation (CEN) and the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) give values for the majority of outdoor lighting applications. Control of the distribution of light and glare reduction improve visual performance on a given task. In rams of public lighting a functional design will ensure the security of persons and property and allow visual accuracy.8 6 www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/170172/0047520.pdf, accessed 03/2014 www.celma.org/archives/temp/First_edition_Celma_Guide_on_obtrusive_light.pdf 8 www.celma.org/archives/temp/First_edition_Celma_Guide_on_obtrusive_light.pdf 7 14 5. Environmental implications of lighting – Light pollution The main environmental impact that derives from public lighting is energy consumption and the related greenhouse gas emissions. In the table below the key environmental impacts and solutions are listed. Table 8 – Key environmental impacts and solutions9 Key Environmental Impacts Solution Energy consumption in all phases and especially the use phase, greenhouse gas emissions Use of lamps with high energy efficiency High energy consumption from the use of incandescent bulbs Promote the purchase of lighting systems with a low energy consumption for the light provided Use of natural resources and materials and generation of waste Use of efficient ballasts Potential pollution of air, land and water due to the use of hazardous materials, such as mercury Promote the use of LEDs in traffic signals Light pollution from street lighting Promote the use of luminaires that limit light emitted above the horizon Promote lamps with a lower mercury content Encourage the use of dimmable ballasts Obtrusive light is the part of the light from a lighting installation that does not illuminate the area to be lit and goes elsewhere causing light pollution and energy losses. Light pollution (also referred as obtrusive light) can cause both physiological (sleeping disorders, depression and ecological problems (problems with adjusting to seasonal variations, behavioral change of animals). Types of obtrusive light: 9 Sky glow, the brightening of the sky Glare, the uncomfortable brightness of light against a darker background Light intrusion, the spilling of light outside the area to be illuminated10 ec.europa.eu/environment/gpp/pdf/criteria/street_lighting.pdf, accessed 03/2014 www.theilp.org.uk/documents/obtrusive-light/, accessed 03/2014 10 15 Figure 3 – Types of obtrusive light5 Sky glow appears in two different types. Sky luminance takes place when direct upward light reacts with clouds, mist and airborne particles. Site aura is caused by indirect light reflection and it creates a dome of light in the illuminated area.11 Figure 4 – Sky luminance6 Figure 5 – Site aura6 Figure 6 – Glare6 Figure 7 – Light intrusion 6 11 www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/170172/0047520.pdf, accessed 03/2014 16 Problems might be caused by obtrusive light: Disturbance to users on ground and building levels It influences potentially the natural environment (plant and animals) Sky glow can disturb astronomical observations It is a waste of energy There are three parameters to be investigated in order to reduce light pollution. Regarding the light source it is lumens output that is related to the problem of light pollution. For nighttime public lighting light within the visual spectrum is recommended. Regarding the choice of luminaires, they have to be carefully selected to minimize the upward spread of light near to and above the horizontal. Figure 8 – General classification of aim luminaires 12 The installation of luminaires in most cases should be made as high as possible, to provide a good level of visual comfort to the user. The location and height of poles and luminaires should be selected so that the optimum amount of light will reach the surface. The correct aiming of the beam of light from the luminaires contributes to the reduction of spill light. In order to minimize glare, the main beam angle of light should be no more than 70̊. Higher mounting heights allow lower main beam angles, which can assist in reducing glare.12 12 www.theilp.org.uk/documents/obtrusive-light/, accessed 03/2014 17 Figure 9 – Luminaire aiming angles13 Lighting control, which mean switching off or dimming lighting when it is needed, can be planned from the responsible local authority. Downward lighting should be implemented where possible. Upward lighting with well designed floodlights should be used only where it is absolutely required. Appropriate devices like shield, baffles and louvers help to minimize the unwanted scattered light around and above the item to be illuminated. Figure 10 – Facade illumination13 Figure 11 – Effect of cutoff and non cutoff luminaires13 Although energy-efficient compact fluorescent lamps consume less energy and have a longer life, they contain mercury, which is a high toxic hazardous element. The promotion of use of low mercury fluorescent lamps as well as the controlled use and disposal of lamps at the end of their life can minimize the harmful impacts of this technology.14 13 14 www.e-streetlight.com/Documents/WP%20FINAL/WP%20D2.1%20Market%20review.pdf, accessed 03/2014 ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/opinions_layman/mercury-in-cfl/en/mercury-cfl/, accessed 03/2014 18 6. Measures to improve energy efficiency 6.1. LED Lighting accounts for 19% of global electricity consumption and 14% of the EU. In Europe, this is gradually eliminated by replacing incandescent bulbs with new technologies, ecological lighting and low power consumption, called "Solid State Lighting" (SSL). This technology comprises the illumination LED (Light-emitting diode) and OLED3, and based on semiconductor materials electricity becomes emitted light. For many municipalities, public lighting energy consumption means values up to around 50% or 60 % of the total energy consumption. For this reason, the need for rational energy use in public lighting installations is highlighted, without undermining the urban environment. Some municipalities that have optimized the efficiency of the service, have reached savings up to 40 % in electricity bills. One of the saving and energy efficiency measures with respect to the external lighting installations involves the replacement of high pressure mercury vapor lamps with high pressure vapor sodium (HPS) and LED’s. A proper selection of types of light sources, in order to get good lighting conditions with the lowest cost energy, is the basis of designing a good public lighting. Currently, almost all new outdoor lighting installations are designed with vapor lamps high pressure sodium or LED’s. From the energy point of view, high pressure sodium and LED’s are much higher than high pressure mercury vapor lamps, because their energy efficiency, although it varies with the power of the lamp, is almost double. 6.1.1. What is LED technology? The LED lamps and luminaires integrated point sources of high brightness light. This technology produces white light of different colours and variations (from warm white to cool white). Is a revolutionary technology in several aspects: Energy efficiency: the new SSL products offer the same energy efficiency as their topequivalents (fluorescent or halogen lamps). Quality of lighting and visual comfort: the SSL technology provides high quality lighting and a great visual comfort in terms of colour rendering (saturated vivid colours of illuminated objects) and dynamic control (light spectrum, instantaneous switching 19 and intensity variation). The SSL lamps have a long life, do not contain mercury and maintenance costs are lower. In addition, intensity and colour are easily controllable, allowing adjusting the illumination to the needs of the application or user requirements. The light that LEDs produces comes from surplus electrons that race energetically towards quantum holes across the border in a sandwich of two different semi-conductor materials. One material is an N (negative) semiconductor, usually silicon, which has too many electrons due to the makeup of a special impurity in its lattice. The other is a P (positive) semiconductor that has too few electrons due to the special makeup of a different impurity, thus creating “holes” in its lattice. At the P-N junction where the two semiconductors meet— a diode—the free electrons on one side of the junction are attracted to the holes on the other side. When the electrons settle into their new found holes, they resume their normal energy state, giving up excess energy in the form of photons. The diode glows as a result. Figure 12 – How LEDs produce light at the P-N junction LED technology is in an advanced stage of development, it can be advisable to be implemented in some cases, especially in new facilities. When it comes to renovation works that seek investment returns, LED technology is optimum but also the initial cost of this investment has to be considered. Moreover, LED technology is still developing and especially with its progressive implementation the production cost can be reduced. Therefore, it is possible that in the near future the current studies advising its implementation would tend to reduce return periods for the investment costs in LED technology. 20 Advantages of LED street lights Low energy consumption: the much lower energy usage of LED lighting can dramatically reduce operating costs. Long and predictable lifetime: the lifetime of LED street lights is usually 10 to 15 years, three times the life of current technologies adopted. The much less frequent need to service or replace LEDs means lower maintenance cost. More accurate colour rendering: the colour rendering index is the ability of a light source to correctly reproduce the colours of the objects in comparison to an ideal light source. Improved colour rendering makes it easier for drivers to recognize potential road hazards. Quick turn on and off: unlike fluorescent lamps, which take time to heat up once switched on, LEDs come on with full brightness instantly. Unlike mercury vapour, metal halide and sodium vapour lamps (commonly used in street lighting), LEDs do not have a problem restarting immediately (hot ignition) following a brief power failure or inadvertent turn off. RoHS compliance: LEDs don't contain mercury or lead, and don't release poisonous gases if damaged. Less attractive to nocturnal insects: nocturnal insects are attracted to ultraviolet, blue and green light emitted by conventional light sources. Fewer electrical losses: all other types of lighting (except incandescent) require ballasts, additional electronic and/or electromagnetic components, in which some power is consumed. Optically efficient lighting equipment: other types of street lights use a reflector to capture the light emitted upwards from the lamp. Even under the best of conditions, the reflector absorbs some of the light. Also for fluorescent lamps and other lamps with phosphor coated bulbs, the bulb itself absorbs some of the light directed back down by the reflector. The glass cover, called a refractor, helps project the light down on the street in a desired pattern but some light is wasted by being directed up to the sky (light pollution). LED lamp assemblies (panels) do not require reflectors and can be designed to provide the desired coverage without a refractor. Reduced glare: directing the light downward onto the roadway reduces the amount of light that is directed into driver's eyes. 21 Higher light output even at low temperatures: while fluorescent lights are comparably energy efficient, on average they tend to have less light output at winter temperatures. Disadvantages of LED street lights There is a main risk from glare. A French Government report published in 2013 agreed that a luminance level higher than 10.000 cd/m2 causes visual discomfort whatever the position of the lighting unit in the field of vision. The initial cost of LED street lighting is high and as a consequence it takes several years for the cost difference to effect cheaper energy bills. The high cost derives in part from the material used since LED’s are often made on sapphire or other expensive substrates. LED street lights may make light pollution significantly worse in some areas as they are brighter than the lights that are being replaced and thus are increasing light pollution. According to one American study also should be considered the known and possible unknown effects of light pollution on human health. The replacement of HPS street lighting with LED street lighting is leading to a major change in the colour of the urban sky glow. The higher blue content in LED lighting is likely to increase sky glow considerably affecting bird migration and disrupting diurnal animals. There is progressive wear of layers of phosphor in white LEDs that with time lead to devices being moved from one photobiological risk group to a higher one. Recommendations for the use of LED luminaires Be available photometry (array of light intensities and photometric curves) referenced to 1.000 lm, determined the total flux emitted by the luminaire and the upper hemispherical flow installed. System adopted by the optical LED luminaire, its scope and light dispersion will be detailed. Regarding the performance and life of the luminaire in a functional road lighting, it is recommended that for a lifetime of 50.000 hours luminous flux does not fall below 85% of the initial flow, with a maximum failure rate of 10% LED at ambient operating temperature of 25 °C, i.e. L85 B10 50,000 hours tq =25°C. 22 Rated power and the total consumption of system LED luminaire will be implemented, including the auxiliary equipment (driver). The luminous efficiency of the whole LED luminaire shall be in all cases greater than 70 lm / W. Efficiencies must be accounted inferior to that value in special cases (e.g. LED lighting monochromatic light amber in protected areas observatories night). Regarding the sealing of the LED luminaire IP 66 is recommended to be, requiring as IP 65 minimum. However, as a benchmark indication, the degree of tightness of the luminaire shall be as provided in section 3.1 of Annex VII of the EC No 245/2009, Regulation of 18 March. In the lighting to make the sizing calculations lighting installations, may constitute a maximum maintenance factor of 0.85. Any value greater than 0.85 of that factor must be adequately justified. Providing data on lumen depreciation during the life of the luminaire. Adaptation of conventional luminaires to LED luminaires It is possible to adapt or modify luminaires for discharge lamps high intensity to LED luminaires. However, the author of such adaptation or modification shall conduct new assessment procedure established in conformity CE marking directives apply, with the corresponding declaration of conformity and other requirements under those directives. In any case, the original manufacturer of the lamp luminaire, designed for high intensity discharge and then adapted or modified to LED, shall be released from any liability due to the modification of the luminaire. Figure 13 – Conventional luminaires vs LED luminaire: main design differences 23 6.1.2. Colour temperature LED colour temperature measures the colour of a LED light bulb. It defines the amount of pure white, yellow, red and blue in a light. Another way to think of the colour temperature is how “warm” or “cool” is the white LED light bulb. Colour temperature is measured in degrees Kelvin and is a measure of the part of the colour spectrum that is found in light. To simplify the selection of LED light bulb colour temperatures it is possible to use the following definitions for various colour temperatures: Warm White: typically from 2600 Kto 3500 K Natural White: typically from 4000 K to 4500 K Daylight White: typically from 5000 K to 5500 K Commercial or Cool White: typically above 6000 K Figure 14 – Basic LED reference colour temperature LED correlated colour temperature (CCT) ranged from 4800 K to 5900 K compared to 2000 K for high pressure sodium. Digital photographs showed that LED streetlights rendered colours better than high pressure sodium. All three of the LEDs had significantly higher correlated colour temperatures (CCT) than the high pressure sodium – much closer to daylight conditions. This helps explain improved colour rendering of the LED luminaires versus the high-pressure sodium luminaire. 24 The colour temperature of the LED system in the luminaire range between 2700 K and 5800 K colour temperatures should be justified outside that range. 6.1.3. Colour rendering index This is a measure of the ability of a light source to reproduce the colours of various objects being lit by the source. It is a method devised by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE). The best possible rendition of colours is specified by a CRI of one hundred, while the very poorest rendition is specified by a CRI of zero. For a source like a low-pressure sodium vapour lamp, which is monochromatic, the CRI is nearly zero, but for a source like an incandescent light bulb, which emits essentially black body radiation, it is nearly one hundred. The CRI is measured by comparing the colour rendering of the test source to that of a "perfect" source which is generally a black body radiator, except for sources with colour temperatures above 5000 K, in which case a simulated daylight (e.g. D65) is used. For example, a standard "cool white" fluorescent lamp will have a CRI near 63. Newer "triphosphor" fluorescent lamps often claim a CRI of 80 to 90. CRI is a quantitative measurable index, not a subjective one. The colour rendering index LED IRC to be at least Ra> 70 a. Each LED luminaire to have a system able to manage independently the luminous flux emitted, reducing it to at least 20% of the nominal value. 6.1.4. Sizing For many Municipalities LED street lights would reduce the public lighting costs by 30-50%. Social co-benefits beyond efficiency savings, such as improved public safety or aesthetic advantages, can be of immense value. Where possible, LED projects should be structured so that energy savings are explicitly used to cover project costs over time. This can help to show how a LED project that appears to be high cost can in fact pay for itself. Finally, when procuring LEDs, the tender issuer should be careful to include recently published standards, computerized photometric analysis, clear warranty conditions, and assess compatibility with future smart control upgrades. The first step for converting an existing street lighting system to LEDs is to evaluate the actual quantity, type, operation cots, maintenance, and performance data of its existing street 25 lighting system. You can then draw on the experiences of other communities and tap the expertise of an industry expert to design a comprehensive street lighting plan catered to your needs. Another important step is to understand the technology associated with LED lighting and how it is defined. A key decision-making criteria about the substitution of existing lighting systems per LED light, is calculating correctly the long-term costs, considering installation lifetime, usually projected between 25 and 30 years and in some cases even more. The maintenance and renovation operations needed by this technology are lower in frequency than is necessary for discharge lamps (High Pressure Sodium lamps), but at the present the initial investment is much more expensive. As an example we can mention that while a discharge lamp is associated a lifetime of about 4 years, a LED light source is 3 times more. But while an existing luminaire element is considered to have a useful life of thirty years, a LED luminaire is associated a life that hardly reach 15 years. Find below the main steps followed by Granollers City Council in sizing and in the procurement process of a new public lighting service with LED technology (direct substitution of luminaires or new installations with LED): 1. Audit of the existing public lighting: to know in depth the current state of the facilities, in order to define the future model, plan and prioritize the actions needed within the financial availability of city council, assess and calculate potential savings and the return period of the investment. 2. Realize the “Actuation Plan” that includes only the equipments addressed to lluminate roads: a totally of 7.677 luminaires and 8.043 lamps. 3. Define, as an aggrupation criterion, the transformer station or connections with the aim of developing energy efficiency actuations in small groups, and requesting the changes in electricity contracting to reach the maximum level of savings. 4. Classify the transformer stations where there will be: changes of electronic equipment and lamps, changes of luminaires, and massive changes. Level 1: Changes of electronic equipment and lamps (maximum energy savings) 1.0 Transformer stations with 100% points of light affected and with flux regulation. 26 1.1 Transformer stations with 100% points of light without flux regulation. 1.2 Transformer stations with 60% of points of light affected with or without regulation flux. 1.3 Transformer stations with less than 60% of points of light affected with or without regulation flux. Level 2: Changes of luminaires (less energy savings than level 1) 2.0 Transformer stations with 100% points of light affected. 2.1 Transformer stations with more than 60% of points of light affected. 2.2 Transformer stations with more than 40% of points of light affected. Level 3: Actuations without power reduction (minimum energy savings) 3.0 Transformer stations with 100% points of light affected (electronic equipment, lamps and luminaires) without power reduction. 3.1 Transformer stations with less than 100% of points of light affected (electronic equipment, lamps and luminaires) without power reduction 1.1 Transformer stations with 100% points of light without flux regulation. Level 4. Actuations that do not generate energy savings 5. Once we know the desired parameters of the new public lighting, and sized the actions to do, it has also created a list of prices of energy efficiency actions and massive changes, using the price list bid awarded maintenance. The combination of the price list with sizing gives us an estimation of the investment required. So, from the step 4, it is possible to obtain the needed investment, energy saving rates and ROI (return on investment), to begin with actuations that generates the more cost-effective savings. Next, it is shown an example of classification of transformer stations, sizing of actions to do, and the expected budget of energy efficiency measures proposed by the audit of public lighting, done by Granollers City Council in 2013. 27 Table 9 – Classification of transformer stations Level Transformer stations Luminaires Lamps 1.0 5 121 121 1.1 12 582 582 1.2 48 2.673 2.720 1.3 11 677 727 2.0 3 71 71 2.1 10 648 709 2.2 27 1.490 1.571 3.0 4 66 66 3.1 8 535 644 4.0 9 457 503 4.1 33 2.213 2.748 4.2 15 1.022 1.096 Total 185 10.555 11.558 Table 10 – Sizing of actions to do Action Number of Lamps Investment (€) Change of lamp and electric equipment 2.939 200.774,30 Change of lamp and luminaires 1.671 149.761,51 Change of luminaires Number of Luminaires 1.212 Change to electronic equipment No intervention in energy efficiency 1.333 449.788,85 546 52.513,34 1.519 0 28 Figure 15 – Expected budget of energy efficiency measures, from list of prices and sizing Although many local governments lack budgets for capital investment in comprehensive renovation projects, sometimes purchasing options through accredited Energy Services Companies (ESCOs) enable energy-efficiency projects with no upfront costs, and include guaranteed payback and results. By tapping an experienced manufacturer with service capabilities or an accredited ESCO, municipalities can simplify a street lighting modernization project from planning stages to installation and maintenance over the life of the system, and complete projects in as little as 12 months from product introduction. Moreover, today some instruments are available to help cities financing gradual substitution of existing lighting per SSL technologies, such as Technical Assistance ELENA and the European Fund for Energy Efficiency (EFEE). 29 6.2. Flow regulation systems (FRS) The FRS, in general, allows a new way to manage PL in Municipalities. At night, during the minor road and pedestrian circulation, and without any apparent loss of functional abilities and security of PL systems, this technology allows the achievement of lower levels of illumination (depending on pre-defined reduction schedules and levels), allowing thus, a decrease of energy consumption, increasing the break between replacement of consumables (lamps, ballasts and capacitors), stabilizing the supply voltage to minimize premature aging of the luminaires and their components and their consequent reduction in maintenance break. 6.2.1. Operation FLS are electronic devices that, through specific settings, allow the control of the levels of the supply voltage and current supplied to IP circuits. When the voltage and flow are reduced, the power consumption will also decrease, thus resulting in a reduction of the luminous flux of each of the light sources. Figure 16 – Example of FRS working schedule The graph demonstrates the ability of such systems to regulate the luminous flux (in %) according to properly programmed and pre-established levels. The red line corresponds to regular operation of the PL network and the blue line includes the installation of an FRS in the same PL network. 30 6.2.2. Equipment types There are currently on the market different types of FRS: installation at the "head" of PL circuits – dimmable power controllers – or for installation at each point of light – dimmable electronic ballasts. The most advantageous solution depends fundamentally on the characteristics of the PL network where it will be installed. On the other hand, the benefits of the solution to be installed, either technical or economic, are directly dependent on the characteristics and types of existing equipments, including the type and power of the light source (lamp) and the type of use and facility in analysis. The dimmable power controllers allow the control of the voltage circulating in a specific PL circuit or in all PL network. To achieve a high consumption reduction ratio, this device is dimensioned and "tuned" taking into account the type and wattage of lamps installed in the network, the voltage level at the beginning and end of the respective circuits of PL as well as the lighting needs of each site. The rate of voltage drop associated with each PL circuit is a key factor in ensuring the proper function of this technology. By stabilizing the voltage, the power controller protects the lamps against any stress resulting from overvoltage, especially in all those facilities placed near a transformer, where supply voltage in night hours may achieve values well over the rated ones. Dimming the voltage will result in a significant decrease of heat produced, thus making it possible to increase lamp life to a considerable extent. These power controllers stabilize operating voltages by using a fully digital system, without moving parts, ensuring the absence of overvoltage. The control of the voltage is obtained through the injection of a variable voltage to the load, generated by a booster transformer. 31 Figure 17 – Example of a dimmable power control On the other hand, the dimmable electronic ballasts, which enable an individual lamp control (one equipment for each lamp), their voltage drop on the PL circuit do not have an important role, although their acquisition is usually more expensive. Figure 18 – Example of dimmable electronic ballast 32 However, a significant drop in voltage, regardless of the technology to be installed, negatively influences the consumption reduction rate. However, High Pressure Sodium lamps operate with a minimum voltage of 190 V – downwards they shut down or work poorly. This is essential for choosing the best solution for the facility analyzed. 6.2.3. i. Sizing Choosing the PL facilities to be considered (identification of the consumption and annual costs through billing analysis); ii. Coordinate with the local energy distributor the measurements to be made in each of the transformer stations, taking into account (see example in the table below): a. Initial voltage (Vi) b. Voltage at the last point of light for each circuit (Vf) c. Starting current (Ii) d. Number of lamps by PL circuit e. Type and wattage of lamps installed in the PL circuit Figure 19 – Illustrative image of a network of PL 33 Table 11 – Measurements made in one transformer station Ii Vi Vf Phase R 40 233 Phase S 16 Phase T 57 iii. MV HPS kVA 50 W 80 W 125 W 70 W 100 W 150 W 250 W 227 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 4,0 233 230 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 1,9 233 225 0 2 0 0 0 51 0 7,5 Sizing the power controller according to the maximum starting current. To the previous example, the equipment to be installed should have the following characteristics: a. 3x14, 1 kVA and 68 A per phase iv. Identify the estimated reduction of consumption, taking into account the most significant voltage drop. In this example, the minimum consumption reduction is 22%; v. Identify the necessary investment and calculate the payback taking into account the operating costs of the PL facility that were identified in step i). In this example, the total investment is about 8.500 euros; vi. If the voltage drop does not allow consumption reductions that result in an attractive payback period, it should be considered the installation of electronic ballasts, with ballast for each lamp identified in step ii). Taking into account the previous example, the main results that can be achieved with the installation of the power controller are: Table 12 – Main results with the installation of the power controller Main Data/Results 6.3. Reduction in energy consumption (22%) 14.500 kWh Reduction in energy costs (22%) 2.200 Euros Reduction in CO2 emissions (ton) 7 ton Initial investment 8.500 Euros The payback period (without any financing) 5 years Remote management systems A remote management lighting system is a network that gathers information and exercise control in every luminaire integrated in the system. It has the ability to react automatically to external parameters like traffic density, remaining daylight or weather condition. With today’s technology a significant operating and energy cost savings can be achieved while improving 34 both the outdoor lighting reliability and the quality of public lighting systems. In a single infrastructure many applications, such as monitoring, control, metering and diagnostic applications, can be integrated in order to manage the public lighting system effectively. A remote management system can also provide a time and cost efficient maintenance for public lighting as it can be used to monitor failed lamps and track their location. 6.3.1. Operation A remote management system can have several functions depending on user’s needs and location. However, the basic functions to achieve optimal energy savings are outlined below. Each individual light point can be switched on/off or dimmed at any time. Dimming of light depending on external parameters such as traffic volume, ambient brightness and weather conditions is an essential function that enhances visual comfort and reduces unneeded energy consumption. The dimming of light must be made smoothly in order to avoid rapid changes and give time for adaptation. Suitable sensors must be installed to monitor locally the external parameters and influence the lighting level of luminaires. Precipitation, slipperiness and fog sensors are some examples of the existing technology. Dimming to compensate depreciation factor. When designing a new lighting installation a maintenance factor is taken into account to compensate for the reduction in flux during the lifetime of the lamp. Therefore, a new lamp can produce up to 20% excess light than needed. With the use of a remote system this effect can be reduced for the first hours of operation of each lamp and prevent unnecessary energy loss. The constant lumen output (CLO) function compensates the deprecation of light output of the installation and eliminates overlighting. Operating state, energy consumption and failures can be reported and stored in a database together with the corresponding time and location.15 6.3.2. Equipment typologies The remote management system consists of 3 main parts: Outdoor Luminaire Controller (OLC). Each luminaire is equipped with switching and dimming capabilities and lamp failure detection. The basic set-up is a lamp, a dimmable ballast and the 15 www.e-streetlight.com-Documents-WP FINAL-WP D2.1 Market review.pdf, accessed 03/2014 35 controller of the ballast. This controller is the link between the lamp and the dynamic lighting system. Segment controller (SC). The segment controller is the main part of a public lighting installation. It collects data from the OLCs and transmits it over the internet to the central management system (web server). This basic element consists of an intelligent controller that handles different actions like scheduling, control, data logging and alarm handling. Central management system. It is used to control the segments and manage the incoming data from the SCs. Its function is very important especially as the segments number increases. 6.3.3. Sizing A remote management system can be applied in every public lighting project without any restriction in the size of it. Big installations are divided in segments for easier and more efficient management. There are several steps that need to be followed in order to implement a remote management system in a public lighting facility. The alternatives in the field of remote management range widely. From a simple on/off switch and dimming control to the more complicated sensing weather conditions and traffic, 36 communicating through the grid, reporting failure and scheduling maintenance. The suitable equipment should be determined by making an equipment survey. The needs and the special characteristic of every location will identify the appropriate equipment. Field measurements are necessary in case of existing lighting in the area, in order to avoid higher lighting levels that lead to light pollution and energy losses. After identifying the equipment and completing the lighting design, an estimation of the investment is possible. The reduction in energy consumption and maintenance costs compensates for the initial investment needed. 7. RES for Public lighting Solar lighting consists, basically, in luminaires that are incorporated into photovoltaic panels that capture energy from the sun and transform it into electric energy, storing it later in rechargeable batteries. This option is quite advantageous for remote or difficult to access areas. This type of technology also prevents the high investments required for the construction of new distribution networks. Through a photo-sensor, a light source lights up automatically in the evening and off in the morning. The use of LEDs as a light source, will allow a maximum use of these devices, since LEDs consume 60-80% less energy than HPS lamps. With these characteristics, the facility and maintenance of the point of light become quick and simplify operations, in addition to the photovoltaic panels that have a lifetime of over 25 years, and the LED lamps about 50,000 working hours. This type of technology is commonly used in various applications including: Lighting for gardens Lighting of public roads Outdoor lighting Lighting of natural parks and camping This technology has the following advantages and disadvantages: Advantages: 37 Solar lights are powered by energy from the sun Do not pollute the environment Do not require connection to the grid, allowing a considerable saving in construction of electrical infrastructures They are fully autonomous and have easy installation devices They have low installation costs, because they need only a ground support Disadvantages The biggest disadvantage of solar lighting is that, for the production of electricity, photovoltaic panels require a minimum amount of light. Therefore, situations may arise where the sky is cloudy for a few days, not allowing solar lamps to operate at 100%. 38 8. Case Studies 8.1. ILUPub – Improvement of Energy Efficiency in the Public Lighting of North Alentejo region Country Portugal Entities CIMAA – Comunidade Intermunicipal do Alto Alentejo AREANATejo – Regional Energy and Environment Agency from North Alentejo Portalegre Portugal Location Alto Alentejo Region (Portugal) – 15 Municipalities Identification of the Best Practice ILUPub – Improvement of Energy Efficiency in the Public Lighting of North Alentejo region Main area Public Lighting Summary ILUPub aims to improve PL energy efficiency in North Alentejo, specifically, with the following main objectives: identification of PL energy consumption; characterization of PL network; installation of energy efficiency equipments and/or technologies; implementation of PL management systems; reduction of electricity consumption and associated CO 2 emissions; reduction of energy and maintenance costs; promotion and dissemination of a good and transferable environmental practice. Target Group ILUPub has as target groups the Municipalities belonging to CIMAA’s intervention area (15 municipalities of Alto Alentejo region, Portugal) interested in reducing the energy bill in terms of public lighting. Description Lighting facilities represent 30-50% of current electricity expenditures of Municipalities of Alto Alentejo region. Thus, the implementation of energetic efficiency measures that contribute to the reduction of energy consumption and associated costs. The ILUPub Project started in 2009 as a project of excellence with regard to improving energy efficiency in public lighting. The identification of the installations with bigger energy consumption, consequently, have more significant charges comes as the first step to consider the definition of implementing measures to consider. The identification of the best solution for each analyzed installation is made by developing, individually, an exhaustive study of technical-economic that maximizes the energy reductions to obtain, getting a very attractive pay-back. The ILUPub account with the direct collaboration of municipal technicians who properly follow all stages of the project, these being the point of contact with local decision-makers (Mayors). Nevertheless, the pioneering ILUPub has potentiated the replication of the methodology at various points in Portugal. Date From 2009 to 2014 Technical Aspects ILUPub project focused in two main technologies that have been implemented in Alto 39 Alentejo region: flow regulation systems and LED luminaries. ILUPub project covered about 15.000 luminaries of Alto Alentejo region (30% of total installed equipments, representing 70% of public light energy consumption). Implementation approach followed ILUPub was structured in the following complementary phases: 1. Annual energy consumptions’ identification and accounting of North Alentejo PL energy consumption (based on invoices) – 25.5 GWh (approx. 2.600.000 Euros). 2. Characterization of PL network, using digital mapping, including an individualized characterization of urban areas’ PL network (scale 1:2000) covering over 6.000 km 2 and an estimation of approx. 50.000 PL spots (lamps). This register method and procedure (prepared by AREANATejo in close cooperation with EDP – Portuguese Energy Utility) include, among other information, the characterization of PL transformer stations, the identification and characterization of the electrical circuits, the equipments’ type and characteristics (pole, lamp, ballast) as well as their function (decorative, public street) in every PL spot. 3. Identification of Energy Efficiency Measures such as more efficient light systems, flow regulation systems, light optimizing technologies. 4. Implementation of Energy Efficiency Measures. Flow regulation systems and LED luminaries covering about 15.000 luminaries. Economic aspects ILUPub had a total budget of around € 2 million, funded by ERDF by 85%. Given the level of funding, the simple payback period of all proposed measures is less than one (1) year. The technologies considered have a warranty period of six years, which safeguard all maintenance procedures. Results Within the implementation of the a.m. energy efficiency measures it is expected that ILUPub reaches a goal of 10% energy reduction of Alto Alentejo region by 2015 (about 2.5 GWh and 1.100 tons of CO2) covering a total of 15.000 luminaries. Risks/Difficulties At this time there are no risks that could endanger the implementation of the ILUPub project. However, there are some aspects that should be taken into account, namely: (1) the maintenance issues of the PL network that could damage the equipment installed or put them out of operation, (2) the difficulties investment of Municipalities. Photos 40 Photo 1 – Flow regulation systems Photo 2 – LED luminaries Links www.cimaa.pt www.areanatejo.pt Contact Person Professor Carlos Nogueiro – carlos.nogueiro@cimaa.pt 00351 245 301 449 Mr. Tiago Gaio – tiago.gaio@areanatejo.pt Mr. Hugo Saldanha – hugo.saldanha@areanatejo.pt 00351 245 309 084 41 8.2. Substitution of existing lighting per LED technology in a street under renovation Country Spain Entity Granollers City Council Location Granollers, Barcelona area Identification of the Best Practice Substitution of existing lighting per LED technology in a street under renovation Main area Public Lighting Summary Girona Street in Granollers had a model lighting based on columns of type "Granollers" with 250 W HPS lamp by the road, and with two fluorescent tubes of 36 W for the pedestrian sidewalk. Total installed power = 13.410 W Total annual energy consumption (4.000 hours of performance) = 53.640 Kwh. Total annual costs (considering average cost of 0,1529 euros/KWh = 8.201,56 euros. With the renovation works of the street, taking into account the evolution of LED technology in recent years, and with the aim of increasing the light output of the lighting of the street and its reliability, city council has raised the substitution of the existing lighting for LED technology. The initial investment costs were less than conventional systems. Target Group Description Date Implementation approach followed Economic aspects Pedestrians, drivers and neigbors in general (in terms of better level of illumination, comfort and security) Granollers City Council (in terms of saving energy, reducing% GHE and the costs of energy supply public lighting). The new lighting is based on LED technology for maximum power of 130 W, dual lamp: 100 W for a road located 10 m tall, and another for the pedestrian sidewalk located at 30 W. 4 m high. This proposal achieves a level roadway lighting of Em= 28 lux and in sidewalk of Em=14 lux. LED technology has been applied without columns and replace wiring, so the initial investment relates entirely to the acquisition cost of the lamps 2013 a) Steps: analysing technological possibilities to substitute the existing lighting to LED technology; realize the lighting project, search the best cost-effective option in market and select the one that ajust better to the project. b) Stakeholders involved: City Council project officer, company in charge of running the renovation of the street, LED lighting suppliers, lighting maintenance public service. Initial investment = 46.682,22 euros Total installed power (new LED lighting) = 6.361 W Total energy consumption (4.000 hours of performance) = 25.444 Kwh/year. Total costs (considering average cost of 0,1529 euros/KWh = 3.890,39 euros/years. Total savings = 4.311,17 euros/year. 42 ROI = 10,83 years* * Probably it will be shortest because it not be consider the substitution cost of lamps every 2 years (no necessary with LED technology), and the increasing cost of KWh in Spain. Total electricity savings = 28.196 KWh/year Total GHG emissions savings = 17,39 16,21 tCO2eq/year* Results * Own calculation from the GHG emission calculator of Catalan Office for Climate Change, 2012. This performance has been achieved two objectives: • Street lighting with white light and less light pollution in space, as it is very directional ground with less dispersion, which gives the street look nicer. • Reduction of installed capacity and therefore energy consumption by approximately 50% compared to the previous lighting. In this sense we have calculated a saving of about 28,000 kW-h per year. Risks/Difficulties It remains to be seen, to date, the duration of these teams as well as their maintenance costs, in the sense that, once finished its useful life to 35,000 or 40,000 hours of theory must replace all luminaire, unlike a conventional computer can change and / or if the light bulb is still in good condition. These conditions can only be evaluated with experience and time. LED technology is evolving very quickly, which may imply that existing equipment can quickly become obsolete, and that the installation currently is efficient can it be stopped even before its useful life. Although technology is constantly improving and changing and, therefore, to disregard its limits, for both technological and cost savings, etc. Photos Add photos (maximum of two) Contact Person Xavier Acosta, Head of “Works and Projects” department of the Granollers City Council. 43 8.3. Energy upgrade of public lighting in urban space. Implementation design of the Splantzia square in Chania, Crete Country Greece Entity Municipality of Chania, Crete Location Chania, latitude/longitude: 35°30'59.0"N 24°01'17.1"E Identification of the Best Practice Energy upgrade of public lighting in urban space. Implementation design of the Splantzia square in Chania, Crete Main area Public lighting The project has as objective to improve the visual comfort conditions in the square at night and to reduce the energy consumption and CO2 emissions. The actual needs for lighting in complete dark conditions were calculated and the lighting levels were determined according to the standard EN 13201/2004 ELOT. Summary According to the specified needs two different lighting levels were determined and the average illuminance of the project was defined to 3-10lx. A light calculation program (RELUX) was used to calculate and graphically present the illuminance for different lighting sorts and arrangement with use of real luminaires and bulbs. Target Group Citizens, business owners and visitors of the town The Splantzia square is located in the east part of the old town of Chania. It is surrounded from important landmarks: two churches, an underground fountain and an old plane tree. The square hosts a lot of visitors, especially in the summer, due to cafes and bars situated there. The existing lighting involves 8 identical luminaires that were situated without any provision for the landmarks that should be appropriate lightened and the diffused light from already existing luminaires. With a proper lighting design the landmarks will be highlighted and attract visitors’ attention. Description The current design plan proposes the use of different types of luminaires regarding the lighting needs. 9 different types of luminaires were used. An important aspect of the design is the reduction in energy consumption; this will be accomplished with the use of LED technology. For the full coverage of the square, the luminaires are situated around the square in a cross arrangement. The facades of the churches will be lit with target head lamps, while the tubular elements (plane tree, minaret) with ground mounted lamps that will highlight the cylindrical volume. For pedestrians bollard fixtures will be used and the underground fountain will be lit with wall mounted cylindrical LED lamps. The graphical presentation of the lighting design provides evidence that the project’s scope was fulfilled. The glare effect was eliminated, the transition from areas with less illumination to those of intense illumination is gradient and smooth and the four landmarks are adequate highlighted. Date Lighting study concluded at summer 2013. 44 existing condition design plan GENERAL Total luminous flux (lumen) Total capacity (W) Total capacity per sq.meter (W/m2) (Total surface 3.315,1m2) ILLUMINANCE Average illuminance (lux) 207.700,00 105.286,00 3.875,00 1.472,50 1,17 0,44 17,00 4,70 Minimum illuminance (lux) 0,00 0,80 Maximum illuminance (lux) 154,00 23,00 The nine types of luminaires proposed are: a. Siteco, TEKTUS MAXI (5LA26322KA26) Luminaire data 34.7 lm/W 46 W Luminaire efficacy System power b. Tulux, PIER (9024W-4LE4) Technical Aspects Luminaire efficacy System power c. Luminaire data 45.53 lm/W 6.15 W Selux, Notch (SX 755 22-9) Luminaire efficacy System power d. ERCO, Cylinder Facade luminaires 85102.000 Luminaire efficacy System power e. Luminaire data 38.21 lm/W 14 W Luminaire data 67.3 lm/W 18 W Targetti Poulsen, NANO PYROS LED SP 45 Luminaire efficacy System power f. Luminaire data 54.97 lm/W 22 W Targetti Poulsen,HOCKEY WALL VWFL (1E2280) Luminaire efficacy System power g. iGuzzini, Light Up Light (BB41) Luminaire efficacy System power h. Luminaire data 68.08 lm/W 12 W Luminaire data 41.36 lm/W 7.15 W BEL LIGHTING, Zaxor Mini Luminaire efficacy System power i. TRILUX, 8521RMS (8521RMS/35HIT ) Luminaire efficacy System power Implementation approach followed Luminaire data 21.43 lm/W 7W c) Luminaire data 54.72 lm/W 35 W Implementation steps that were necessary for the provision of the concept: 1. Existing situation, visit on site, graphical representation of the existing situation with RELUX software 46 2. Calculation of the lighting levels required for the existing uses of the square according to national and European standards 3. Conceptual design of the installation 4. Choice of different type of luminaires for different purposes 5. Graphical presentation of the proposed situation 6. Calculation of the costs, energy savings and environmental impacts involved d) Stakeholders involved to the development: I. Municipality of Chania II. 28th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities III. ReSEL/ TUC – technical advisor Economic aspects Results Risks/Difficulties Photos Operation costs at current situation 1.260,67€/a After the implementation of the proposed solution 479,06€/a Financial savings per year Energy savings per year Annual reduction of GHG emissions (kgCΟ2eq/a) Reduction of total luminous flax/ light pollution 782€ or 62% 9.646 kWh or 62% 7.823 102.414 lm or 49% Goals that may be at risk by the replication of the Best Practice: Public lighting is a major consumer of energy for municipalities. A proper lighting design takes into consideration the uses of the space, the current and the desired illumination levels according the legislation and the use and up to date energy efficient lighting technologies. These aspects need to be taken under consideration when replicating the Best Practice. Figure 1: Aerial photo of Splantzia square 47 Figure 2: Simulation of the current situation and the proposed design Contact Person Panos Tsinaris Architect M.Sc. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Systems Lab - Technical University of Crete Email: theocharis.tsoutsos@enveng.tuc.gr, panostsinaris@gmail.com 9. Further Resources/References www.cie.co.at/cie/ www.cen.eu/Pages/default.aspx www.e-streetlight.com/ www.efficiencyvermont.com/docs/for_my_business/lighting_programs/StreetLightingGui de.pdf 48 www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/170172/0047520.pdf ec.europa.eu/energy/lumen/overview/howtodispose/index_en.htm ec.europa.eu/information_society/newsroom/cf/dae/document.cfm?doc_id=2303 www.covenantofmayors.eu/actions/benchmarks-of-excellence_en.html http://www.energycities.eu/cities/case_studies.php?id_keyword=002002003&id_country=&id_city=&id_po p=&id_lang Lighting the Cities. Accelerating the Deployment of Innovative lightning in European Cities. Report of European Commission Directorate-General Communications Networks, 2013. Guías Técnicas para la aplicación práctica de las previsiones del Reglamento de Eficiéncia Energética en Instalaciones de Alumbrado Exterior y sus Instrucciones Técnicas Complementarias. Ministerio de Industria, Energía, Comercio y Turismo, 2013. o Instrucción Técnica Complementaria EA-01 Eficiencia Energética o Instrucción Técnica Complementaria EA-02 Niveles de iluminación o Instrucción Técnica Complementaria EA-04 Componentes de las instalaciones o Anexo I: Ejemplos de aplicación del reglamento de eficiencia energética en alumbrado exterior. o Anexo II: Criterios generales para la redacción de un proyecto de alumbrado Public Lighting Audit of Granollers City Council, 2013. Guía de gestión energética en el alumbrado público. Dirección General de Industria, Energía y Minas de la Comunidad de Madrid, 2012. GREEN PAPER: Lighting the Future. Accelerating the deployment of innovative lighting tecnologies. EUROPEAN COMMISSION, 15.12.2011 LED Street Lighting. Final Report Prepared in support of the City of Sunnyvale. De Anza College Environmental Studies Department, Carbon Print Zero, Martin Labs International. 2009. Protocolo de auditoría energética de las instalaciones de alumbrado público exterior. Comité Español de Iluminación-IDAE, 2008. “Guía Técnica de Eficiencia Energética en Iluminación. Alumbrado Público”. IDAE, 2001. 49