10 September 2014
Regional Innovation Monitor Plus
Thematic Paper 2
Policies and Perspectives of Advanced Manufacturing across EU Regions
To the European Commission
Enterprise and Industry Directorate-General
Directorate B – Sustainable Growth and EU 2020
www.technopolis-group.com
Regional Innovation Monitor Plus
Policies and Perspectives of Advanced Manufacturing across EU
Regions
technopolis |group| in cooperation with
Jacek Walendowski and Lorena Rivera León, Technopolis Group Belgium
www.technopolis-group.com
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
4
2. Overview of EU Regions Industrial Performance and Policy Focus
7 2.1 Technologically advanced regions with a strong focus on industrial activities
8 2.2 Low-tech regions with a strong focus on industrial activities
9 3. Regional Policy measures in support of Advanced Manufacturing
10 3.1 Resource efficient and sustainable manufacturing industry
10 3.2 Materials for advanced manufacturing processes
12 3.3 Industrial automation systems, robotics and manufacturing equipment
14 3.4 Innovation capacity upgrading and competitiveness
17 4. Recent Developments and Future Plans
19 4.1 National level
19 4.2 Regional level
20 4.3 Joint regional initiatives
22 5. Contributing to the Industrial Rebound and Development of Modern Industries
25 5.1 Guiding principles
25 5.2 Tailoring policies in response to region specific challenges and potential
25 5.3 Finding typologies of initiatives in support of advanced manufacturing
26 Appendix A Bibliography
29 Appendix B Statistical data
32 RIM Plus: Regional Innovation Monitor Plus
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Preface
The research for this report was undertaken by Technopolis Group Belgium in the
framework of the Directorate-General for Enterprise and Industry project ‘Regional
Innovation Monitor Plus’ (Contract No. SI2.640327).
The RIM Plus aims to help regions to improve their innovation policies based on
better and harmonised policy intelligence. It aims to contribute to the development of
more effective regional innovation policies and promote policy learning.
Building upon the experience gained and results obtained during the implementation
of the RIM in the period 2010-2012, the RIM Plus has evolved towards providing
practical guidance to regions on how to use the collected information, establishing a
network of regional experts with thematic specialisation and organising specialised
workshops, taking into account the relevance and potential interest among the
regional innovation policy makers.
The RIM Plus covers some 200 regions across EU-20 Member States: Austria,
Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Spain,
Sweden and the United Kingdom.
For further information about the RIM Plus and access to the full range of information
on regional innovation policies, please visit the following website:
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/regional-innovation/
monitor
The main aim of the RIM Plus thematic reports is to conduct cross-cutting analysis
and identify good practices in specific innovation policy-related topics, which are
determined in consultation with the RIM Plus Steering Group Members and the
Commission services. The thematic reports draw upon the broad base of information
and expertise within the RIM network and seek for synergies with other activities to
promote policy learning.
This report has served as an input to feed the debate and provide background to the
RIM Plus workshop “Regions, Industry and Advanced Manufacturing” which took
place in Brussels on 18 March 2014. It builds upon the analysis of RIM plus repository
and regional innovation reports prepared in the framework of this assignment, in
addition to other external reports and materials. It also takes into account the
information provided by the regional network of RIM Plus correspondents and further
contributions sent by the regional stakeholders following the workshop.
The report was prepared by Jacek Walendowski (jacek.walendowski@technopolisgroup.com) and Lorena Rivera León (lorena.rivera.leon@technopolis-group.com).
Disclaimer
This project has been commissioned by DG Enterprise and Industry of the European
Commission.
© European Communities, 2014.
The contents and views expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect the opinions
or policies of the Regions, Member States or the European Commission. Copyright of
the document belongs to the European Commission. Neither the European
Commission, nor any person acting on its behalf, may be held responsible for the use
to which information contained in this document may be put, or for any errors which,
despite careful preparation and checking, may appear.
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1. Introduction
When it comes to advanced manufacturing, it is important to begin with explaining
what this concept actually means. Advanced manufacturing is defined as production
activities able to improve production speed, productivity, energy and materials
consumption, operating precision, waste, pollution management and enabling
resource-efficient and low emission production1.
Consequently, this definition implies that advanced manufacturing is not linked to any
particular industrial sector. Also, advanced manufacturing should not be regarded as a
synonym of high-tech industries, precisely because non-technological aspects,
including fostering the creativity and design play an important role in modernising
industry across EU regions.
It is clear that the decline of manufacturing activities is a global and not an EU specific
challenge. In the United States, the 2013 MIT report ‘Production in the Innovation
Economy’ pointed to “large holes” in the industrial ecosystem which are in other
words “market failures” or absence of “complementary capabilities” that companies
could drawn on when developing novel ideas and solutions. Among the main
identified causes of that situation was the disappearance of large numbers of suppliers
under pressure from global competition as well as local capabilities once provided by
large corporations.
Comparatively, the environment is viewed to be different from that of the German
manufacturers interviewed in the framework of the MIT study who are found to be
embedded in dense networks of trade associations, suppliers, technical schools and
applied research centres.
Announced in the State of the Union Address on 28 January, there are six new
manufacturing innovation institutes which will be launched in 2014, a co-investment
by the private sector and federal agencies, led by the Departments of Defence and
Energy2. It is planned that such partnerships will increase to eight in total by the end
of 2014. The vision is to triple that number, creating the National Network of 45
Manufacturing and Innovation institutes.
One of the two institutes to be given such status is the Digital Manufacturing and
Design Innovation (DMDI) Institute. Realising the visions of the factory of the future
(referred to also as advanced manufacturing enterprise, intelligent manufacturing
systems, smart manufacturing, industrial internet, etc.), the Institute will be focused
on the use of digital thread for applications in manufacturing and design of electromechanical assemblies and systems. This is of significant interest not only to the
defence industry but also to most commercial industrial sectors (including aerospace,
transportation and energy) due to increasing levels of complexity, integration and cost.
To engage the manufacturing community, a series of regional forums are planned. The
first regional Advanced Manufacturing Partnership 2.0 forum held at the Georgia
Institute of Technology in Atlanta in February 2014 focused on rebuilding the US
manufacturing ecosystem by identifying challenges and solutions for bringing small
and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) into advanced manufacturing3.
In Australia, two known car manufacturers have recently announced their closures,
leaving no car manufacturer in the country. The two states affected by the planned exit
in 2017 are South Australia and Victoria, putting tens of thousands of jobs at risk.
1 See: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/amt/mission-scope/index_en.htm
2 See: http://www.manufacturing.gov/news_013014.html
3 See: http://advancedmanufacturing.gatech.edu
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Policy makers are now seeking answers what can be done both in short-term as well as
for the distant future in order to create better jobs.
During the recent years following the economic and financial crisis, a number of
assignments have been carried out. For example, the 2010 URBACT study “Cities and
the Economic Crisis” analysed the impact of the crisis and responses of cities4. Prior to
this, Eurocities, the CEMR and the Committee of the Regions had all carried out
surveys with the aim of capturing the impact of the crisis on cities and regions. Among
the major recently completed research in the area is the ESPON project on Economic
Crisis: Resilience of Regions, known also as the ECR25.
A central concern that emerges from these surveys and studies is not only finding
short-term solutions to the recession but above all the development and
implementation of effective long-term policy responses. From a wide array of
measures that can be adopted by the regions, innovation policies constitute such longterm responses to support business activities. It is also important to note that one of
the key factors contributing to the success of policies has been a very strong
partnership and approval of instruments needed to mitigate the effects of the crisis
and to make the regions more resilient in the long-run.
As background information, more than one in six persons in the EU28 is employed in
industry. According to the latest available Eurostat data, the Gross Value Added (GVA)
generated by industry (without construction) accounted for 19%. Yet there are
significant differences across EU regions. The share of employment in industry ranges
from 36% in West Romania to 4.5% in the 'Greater London' region. Whilst Groningen,
one of the 12 Dutch provinces, recorded the highest share (53%) of total GVA by
industry sectors, the GVA by industry in the region of Ionia Nisia (GR), was the lowest
and accounted for less than 4%.
Hence, it is obvious that the extent of challenge and potential of developing advanced
manufacturing activities vary significantly from one region to another. Even when the
group of regions share similar characteristics, in practice there are also significant
differences.
Given the overall importance of the manufacturing sector in the EU, the development
of effective support and framework conditions conducive for the development of
modern industries has been placed high on the policy agenda. This is reflected in the
recent Communication “For a European Industrial Renaissance”, adopted on 22
January 2014.6 One of the priorities outlined in this Communication is to facilitate
investments into new technologies and innovation, focusing in particular on a selected
number of priority areas identified in the 2012 Industrial Policy Communication. In
detail, the following priorities will be pursued in the area of advanced manufacturing:
•
Implementing the Knowledge and Innovation Community on value-added
manufacturing;
•
Establishing a Public Private Partnership on Sustainable Process Industry through
Resource and Energy Efficiency, Factories of the Future, Photonics and Robotics;
•
Upgrading innovation capacity and competitiveness of Europe's manufacturing
sector; and
•
Integrating digital technologies in the manufacturing process.
4 See: http://urbact.eu/fileadmin/general_library/Survey_CitiesandCrisis_01.pdf
5 See: http://www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_AppliedResearch/ECR2.html
6 See: http://ec.europa.eu/DocsRoom/documents/4108/attachments/1/translations/en/renditions/native
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Building on the Communication of the European Commission “For a European
Industrial Renaissance”, the March 2014 European Council focused on
competitiveness and industrial policy at the highest political level with the view of
giving the necessary impetus for decisions to be taken on concrete proposals at the
start of the new European programming period 2014-2020.
There are several reasons why this has attracted attention among policy makers.
Firstly, industry is incontestably important from a socio-economic perspective.
Secondly, European industries face competition from emerging economies, famously
coined as the BRICS countries – Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, but also
South-East Asia. Thirdly, the closures of manufacturing plants across EU regions often
make the news headlines, precisely because such decisions significantly affect the
labour market but also have a negative impact on the prospects of economic
development in the long term. Fourthly, for many regions in the most recent EU
member states, industrial activity is particularly important. It is also known that the
Cohesion Policy and the European Structural and Investment Fund interventions for
2014-2020 will be also concentrated in this group of regions. Therefore, the challenge
is to put in place the most effective policy responses that account for this remarkable
diversity in challenges.
In summary, the key questions that this report aims to address are the following:
•
How can we classify and find typologies of industrial regions/initiatives in support
of advanced manufacturing that are workable in practice for policy analysis?
•
Between the past and existing measures, which ones can be considered as the most
relevant / interesting initiatives in support of advanced manufacturing?
•
What are the key lessons that we can draw from the implementation of such
policies?
•
What are the most recent developments in support of advanced manufacturing?
•
What kind of measures in support of modern industries should be developed and
implemented in different types of regions to better exploit their potential?
Hence, this thematic report aims to raise the awareness on advanced manufacturing in
EU regions by mapping out the regional initiatives in support of the modernisation of
industry, providing a picture of what has been done so far and outlining the main
lessons learned. It will also shed light on recent developments in support of modern
industries and advance concrete suggestions with regard to the potential focus and
strategic orientations of future policy responses in regions.
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2. Overview of EU Regions Industrial Performance and Policy
Focus
Primarily, it is important to provide a short overview of industrial performance and
innovation policy focus across EU regions. This exercise will help to understand in
more detail the varying degree of potential for the development of advanced
manufacturing activities in Europe and the marked differences in the existing policy
responses.
The analysis focuses on regions with a strong focus on industry-related activities and
employment, which registered for GVA by industry more than 25% and/or
employment in industry 20% of total and above7. Altogether there are 73 EU regions
with these characteristics. We divide these regions into three sub-categories according
to their R&D intensity, notably high, moderate and low R&D intensive regions. We
classify the first two sub-categories as ‘Technology advanced regions’, and the latter as
‘Low tech regions’.
Figure 2-1: Mapping of EU Industrial Regions
High
High R&D intensity
Intensity of R&D investments
in percentage of GDP
Technology
Advanced Regions
Innovative-business &
public-research-oriented
(BERD > 1.25%;
GOVERD > 1% GDP)
No. of Regions: 16
Moderate R&D intensity
(BERD < 1.25; > 0.6% GDP)
No. of Regions: 16
Low R&D intensity
Low-Tech
Regions
(BERD < 0.6% GDP)
No. of Regions: 41
Low
Public
Public / Private
Private
Structure of R&D investments according to sources of funding
Source: Own figure based on the Eurostat data.
7 The regions that meet the GVA criterion but have accounted for significantly low industry employment
have not been taken into account.
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2.1 Technologically advanced regions with a strong focus on industrial
activities
In the group of ‘Technologically advanced regions’, we distinguish the following three
different structural configurations with regard to regional R&D expenditures:
•
Regions where public and private expenditures for R&D are high. Business
expenditure in R&D (BERD) activities in these regions account for above 1.25% of
GDP and public R&D investment (GERD) for more than 1% of GDP. Only three
regions have these characteristics: Styria (AT), Baden-Württemberg (DE) and East
Middle Sweden.
•
Innovative-business-oriented regions. These regions account for a relatively
higher BERD (above 1.25% of GDP) and lower GERD (below 1% of GDP) and
include Upper Austria, Lower Saxony (DE), the Basque Country (ES), Navarra
(ES), West Finland and Piedmont (IT), among others.
•
Regions where public and private expenditures for R&D are moderate. These
regions are characterised for having moderate BERD levels (in a range between
1.25% and 0.6% of GDP) and GERD below 1% of GDP. This includes regions such
as Central Bohemia (CZ), Alsace (FR), Haute-Normandy (FR), Lombardy (IT),
Emilia-Romagna (IT), Småland (SE) and Region Norte (PT).
Apart from the varying intensity of R&D investments, these technologically advanced
regions have a number of distinctive characteristics. For example, there are regions
that can be considered as one of the most competitive industrial EU regions. There are
also regions, which have undergone successful structural changes in recent decades
and even have regained international visibility in specific industrial sectors, while
others have been affected by the recent economic crisis. With regard to the structure of
the economy, there are also a number of regions where large firms and SMEs coexist
forming strong value chains. The industrial sector in other regions is characterised by
either a relatively higher importance of SMEs or large companies.
In regions with moderate business R&D expenditures there are those that are
vulnerable to external shocks and deindustrialisation processes, due to the
liberalisation of global markets and the competition arising from emerging economies.
Particularly, the recent financial crisis has affected companies and sectors that are less
export-oriented. On the other hand, regions from the most recent Member States
(EU13) account for an important inflow of FDI investment and SMEs have
increasingly played a significant role in economic development.
Regarding innovation support measures in this type of regions, since the mid-1990s,
regional authorities have implemented notably cluster support programmes with a
number of successful initiatives. The creation of competence centres has been also a
key element of support with a more horizontal and research-driven approach. Overall
innovation policy covers a broad range of aspects, including both horizontal measures
as well as more targeted initiatives. There is also evidence of initiatives aimed at
opening up regional support measures with the view to promote transnational
research and development projects in the field of manufacturing.
Strategies and policy responses are often developed in partnership with the
involvement of relevant stakeholders. Another common observable trend in this group
of regions are efforts aimed at improving and consolidating past initiatives that are
considered particularly relevant and effective. This ensures the continuity of policies,
which is particularly important from a private sector perspective for enabling longterm investments. In addition, it also allows achieving a greater effectiveness of public
interventions.
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Comparatively, in regions with moderate R&D intensity there are examples of
measures aimed at the development of a more effective innovation system within the
focus area. There has been also a clear focus on cooperation between companies,
research institutions and public support through cluster and network initiatives, in
addition to support in the form of direct funding to business R&D and innovation.
There are regions that have been at the forefront of innovation policy experimentation
throughout the past decades but also others that have relatively shorter traditions in
developing and implementing innovation policy support measures. As a consequence,
there are regions that have been gradually rationalising their regional innovation
policy support measures, whereas others are in the process of designing a
comprehensive policy mix notably with the assistance of EU Structural Funds.
2.2 Low-tech regions with a strong focus on industrial activities
In the group of ‘Low-tech regions’, the most important underlying difference is that
their R&D investment intensity, both from private and public sources, is among the
lowest in Europe. The majority of regions in this typology are from the EU13, in
addition to regions from Southern European countries and structurally weaker federal
states of Germany.
Other regions in this group could be considered transition economies with high FDI
inflows. On the other hand, there are regions, which have been severely affected by the
recent financial and economic crisis and increasingly face the challenges related to the
need for restructuring of the economy towards higher value added activities.
Particularly, in some regions reduced demand, increased taxation and noncompetitive production costs have had a negative effect on their industrial activities.
The innovation support measures show significant heterogeneity within this group of
regions. Policy responses range from a general lack of instruments in support of
innovation activities available at the regional level to policies aimed at supporting the
whole process along the innovation chain. The more inclusive policy responses provide
support for basic and applied research at higher education and non-university
research institutes, university spin-offs, innovative start-ups, including consulting,
qualification and the promotion of R&D.
Notably, innovation support measures implemented during the 2007-2013
programming period aimed at improving the public research infrastructures and
supporting the creation of start-ups and spin-offs in technology and knowledge
intensive economic sectors. Other important priorities included the promotion of
technology transfer and collaboration networks between science and industry, the
support of the participation of regional firms in bilateral or multilateral R&D projects
and of the establishment of collaborative knowledge intensive clusters.
For these regions innovation policy encompasses a wide range of support measures
and policy analysts have suggested that it is necessary to establish a greater degree of
prioritisation by for instance putting more focus and building on competence fields in
research and lead markets.
There are also examples of regions with policies overly focused on improving the
competitiveness of enterprises through traditional business investment grants and
instruments aimed at developing the business eco-system. For the latter, funding has
been typically provided for the development of industrial, science and technology
parks, incubators, intermediary innovation/business institutions, loans and guarantee
schemes and R&D infrastructure investments.
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3. Regional Policy
Manufacturing
measures
in
support
of
Advanced
Drawing upon the RIM Plus repository, regional visits, regional in-depth reports and a
short online enquiry conducted among RIM Plus regional correspondents in February
2014, this section of the report presents a mapping exercise of existing initiatives and
policy support measures in the field of advanced manufacturing. Public authorities
have at their disposal various instruments that can be used in support of innovation
activities. The RIM Plus policy repository categorises innovation support measures in
six broad categories:
•
Business R&D and innovation activities (i.e. from direct funding to business
R&D and innovation to support for design-related activities);
•
Competitive funding to foster public research (e.g. from funding of
research to support for research infrastructure);
•
Innovation climate and business eco-system (i.e. from cluster development,
science-technology parks, to support to VC funding);
•
Science-industry cooperation (i.e. from R&D cooperation projects between
academia and industry to demonstration projects, proto-types and proofs of
concepts);
•
Human Resources for Science, Technology and Innovation (i.e. from
mobility of researchers to training and life-long learning of researchers and any
other personnel involved in innovation);
•
Demand-side innovation policies (i.e. from user-driven innovation activities
to public procurement of innovation); and
•
Other forms of support (i.e. public sector innovation, social innovation to
support for international R&D programmes).
The measures are presented in different sub-sections of what we have identified as
broad priority areas related to advanced manufacturing. These areas should not be
interpreted as categorisations of policy measures, but should be seen as different
approaches that regions are using to tackle the challenge of Advanced Manufacturing
according to their needs. Each of these approaches fits within the RIM Plus broad
categorisation of support measures as such and will be discussed in detail below.
3.1 Resource efficient and sustainable manufacturing industry
The EU definition of Advanced Manufacturing has a strong connotation on
sustainability and resource efficiency. Manufacturing activities and production
processes are aimed to improve energy efficiency and materials consumption, waste,
pollution management and enabling resource-efficient and low emission production.
This entails the application of sustainability to the manufacturing sector.
Several factors have contributed to increase the role of sustainability in
manufacturing, being the most important cost-effectiveness given increasing costs in
materials and energy for production processes. For instance, a scoping exercise of the
American trends in Advanced Manufacturing (Shipp et al., 2012) identified IT-based
solutions for reducing waste and resource use growing in popularity and representing
one convergence of trends in manufacturing.
Within the RIM Plus network, we have identified a series of initiatives that recognise
explicitly the link to sustainability in manufacturing.
The Autocluster ACstyria is a regional cluster initiative for the automotive industry
in Styria (AT) that in the last years has been giving priority to the development of
intelligent processes for eco-design and Smart Production. The ACstyria cluster has
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been studied largely in the cluster literature in recent years and regarded as a success
case. A key success factor of the cluster as a whole is the information and
communication mechanisms in place, through for example the organisation of
workshops in various specialised fields in order to arise interest in as many companies
as possible and to raise their sensibility for future challenges in the Automobile
industry. The cluster has developed a sustained ability to adapt to strategic priorities
and to respond to these priorities in a coordinated way. In practice, companies
themselves contribute to the subjects and contents of the thematic workshops in most
cases. In other words, the initiatives and priority areas are demand-driven.
Box
3-1
Regional
Policy
Measures
Sustainability in Manufacturing
Focusing
on
Resource
Efficiency
and
One of the three key strategic areas of the automotive cluster ACstyria, which is located around Graz (AT)
concerns “ECO-Design & Smart Production”. Established in 1995, the number of partner companies has
grown in the last 20 years to more than 180 component suppliers. In the area of eco-design and intelligent
production, the key objective is to turn Styria into the most cost-efficient site for automotive production and
engineering in Europe, where superior knowledge and intelligent processes are used to achieve results,
helping to save even more energy and resources. The largest shareholder of ACstyria is the Styrian Business
Promotion Agency (SFG). As of January 2014, one of the most research-intensive industrial enterprises in
Austria and a steel-based technology group Voestalpine AG acquired a stake in ACstyria. With Voestalpine
AG on board, ACstyria has a new strategic partner for the automotive, aviation, and railway technology
sectors.
The forthcoming Innovative Cities programme 2014-2020 (INKA) of Western Finland represents a
step away from cluster-based regional development towards thematic ecosystems. The objective of the
programme is to support the creation in Finland of internationally attractive innovation clusters. Three cityregions from Western Finland have been selected for the INKA programme one of which is ‘Smart City and
Renewable Industry’ led by Tampere in cooperation with Lahti, Oulu, Capital region and Turku. INKA will
be coordinated by Tekes and implemented by cities.
Building upon the past initiatives that are considered as particularly effective such as for example the
Regional Innovation Poles and the Regional Technology Platforms, the region of Piedmont foresees the
development of other platform to support manufacturing activities. One of key priorities of RTDI efforts is
the development of a Smart & Clean Manufacturing Platform with the focus on the optimisation of
manufacturing processes, advanced robotics, prototyping, etc.
Niedersachsen Aviation is the network for the promotion of the aviation and aerospace industry in
Northern Germany that groups more than 250 companies from all parts of the aerospace supply chain, R&D
facilities, highly qualified engineers and modern universities and training centres with the objective of
strengthening the position of its members and their products in the international market. The goal is to
strengthen and enhance the national and international competitiveness of Niedersachsen. The network has
helped in putting together innovative research projects, often with international partners and co-funded by
external sources. These R&D projects usually propose transformative initiatives for the aviation sector, as is
the case of the MAAT project funded by FP7 of the EU, which is exploring propositions for a high altitude
passenger and freight carrying airship based on the future concept and realisation of a green hydrogen
economy. Another concrete example of a project undertaken by some partner companies and organisations
is MORE-AERO, funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, the aim of which is to develop a
mobile recycling unit, which will be able to disassemble aircrafts worldwide and deliver them into the
recycling process.
The Energy Technology Programme (ETP) in Upper Austria supports R&D projects in the field of
energy. Local firms are eligible for funding, as well as universities, research institutions or other
organisations. The ETP supports projects in accordance with the energy policy objectives set by the state
government. Those targets, first specified in 1994, were fixed as "ENERGY 21" in the year 2000: an increase
of energy efficiency by 10% of the total use of energy by 2010; a decrease of the use of energy for heating and
hot water by another 20%; a 10% increase of the specific energy efficiency by 2010; the establishment of 30
new firms in the field of renewable technologies and energy efficiency by 2010, and increase of related
employment by 1,500; and the launch of an annual average of 15 R&D projects in the field of energy.
Sources: http://www.acstyria.com; Innovative Cities programme INKA; RIM Plus regional profile
(Piedmont); http://www.niedersachsen-aviation.com; Energy Technology Programme (Upper Austria).
The mission of the INKA Innovative Cities Programme 2014-2020 in Western
Finland is to accelerate new innovation-based businesses by promoting development
platforms and lead market initiatives. The thematic priorities of INKA for achieving
critical mass in research, applications and markets include Future Health, the
Bioeconomy, Smart city and the renewal of industries, Sustainable energy solutions,
and cyber safety.
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The Programme just started this year, but the city of Vaasa focusing on Sustainable
Energy solutions has a clear vision of becoming the leading energy technology centre
in Europe in 2030. Expected outcomes of the initiative are to double the export value
of Vaasa’s energy ecosystem from 2010 to 2020 and support the future
internationalisation of service companies of the ecosystem. Requirements to making
this a success include enabling strong collaboration between universities, availability
of public funds for kick-starting innovation references, and the development of new
business models for supporting the growth and internationalisation of SMEs.
It is also important to mention the Strategic Centres for Science, Technology and
Innovation (known also as ‘SHOK)’ which are responsible for implementing a longterm research plan drawn up jointly by businesses and research institutes. In
Ostrobothnia, the centres are active in the following areas: energy and the
environment (CLEEN Oy), Metal products and mechanical engineering (FIMECC Oy),
Bioeconomy (Fibic Oy), ICT technologies and services (Digile Oy).
3.2 Materials for advanced manufacturing processes
Advances in science and technology, usually occurring as a consequence of academic
and industrial research are the main driver of advanced manufacturing. In its purely
technological sense, advanced manufacturing encompasses the use of science,
engineering, and information technologies to improve existing or create new
materials, products and processes. In addition, advanced materials and applications
have received significant public investments in manufacturing-related R&D with a
notable focus on photovoltaics, materials research for green manufacturing, fuel-cell
technology, materials modelling and simulation and nanomaterials and applications.
Support to KETs has usually horizontal cross-sectoral broader effects, not only in
relation to the production and deployment of the actual technology, but also indirectly
through the introduction of new products in other large industrial sectors.
However, as pointed out in the Flander’s Plan for a Strategic Research Centre for the
Manufacturing Industry in Flanders, known also as the ‘SOC Smart Manufacturing’
published in December 2013 material development is not sufficient. Particularly, the
development of smart and lightweight products requires a profound knowledge of the
interaction between materials, construction, functions, functional principles,
production processes, modular design and costs.
The following Figure shows an overview of initiatives and support measures focusing
on the development of materials for advanced manufacturing processes as identified
within the RIM Plus network.
Figure 3-1 Overview of Initiatives and Support Measures Focusing on Materials for
Advanced Manufacturing Processes
Initiative/support measure, region
Key technological focus/Industry focus
Technology Gateway Programme, (IE)
Applied Polymer Technologies
TechnoCampus EMC2, Nantes (FR)
Composite Technologies
Chemelot Campus, Limburg (NL)
Chemical industry, materials for the chemical industry
National Composite Centre in Bristol (UK)
Composite design and manufacture, rapid accurate
deposition of composite materials of complex geometries
and architectures, thermoplastic processing, full material
testing, advanced 3D composite modelling and analysis.
Enterprise Ireland in partnership with the Irish Institute of Technology has
established a nationwide network of 12 Technology Gateaways in order to deliver
technology solutions through collaboration projects. The Applied Polymer
Technologies (APT) Gateaways is based on the Atholne IT campus and provides
solutions for companies using plastic materials across the medical, composite,
recycling and pharmaceutical sectors. Launched in mid-2013, there is not yet evidence
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of outcomes of the APT. However, it is expected that it will increase the global
competitiveness of Irish-based plastics and polymer companies, increase export
opportunities as well as revenues and employment in key industry sectors such as
MedTech and GreenTech. In relation to outcomes and results, the Materials Research
Institute (MRI), managers of the APT Ireland, has generated about €6.5m in research
income. The research funded included about 800 industry projects, carried out for
some 160 Irish industry partners. Moreover, the MRI is the best-equipped polymer
R&D facility in Ireland, which includes a €2.5m Research Hub and unique, large-scale
polymer processing equipment in-house in a new €36m Engineering and Informatics
Building.
Governance structures are also a factor for the success of the TechnoCampus
EMC2. It has implemented a specific governance model based on one hand on a
Public Interest Group between the state, territorial collectivities and academic
organisations and on the other hand on an Economic Interest Group between EADS
Innovation Works, Airbus and CETIM. In addition, the research and technology
platform has been able to leverage funds at different territorial levels, ERDF funds,
national funds, regional funds (Pays de la Loire and Conseil Général de Loire
Atlantique), city level funds (Nantes Métropole) and even at the level of the urban area
(La CARENE). This exemplifies the emergence of new forms of funding mechanisms
and instruments in support of ADMA.
There are also other regional support measures that, even if not targeting specific
technologies, they are targeting the development of new technologies through R&D
and innovation. In some cases, the measures support the establishment of excellence
centres with a specific thematic, technological or sectoral focus as in case of the
Chemelot Campus. Located in the Province of Limburg (NL) the campus puts
together the regional government, the private sector (DSM Nederland B.V.) and
Maastricht University for the development of chemical materials. Since its inception
stages in 2010, the parties involved had as a clear vision for the future to develop the
campus into Europe’s leading chemical materials site, by boasting a unique position in
Material Sciences and related Life Sciences.
Box 3-2 Regional Policy Measures Focusing on Materials for Advanced Manufacturing
Processes
The Technology Gateway Programme in Ireland (formerly Applied Research Enhancement – ARE
programme) provides for the establishment and operation of applied research centres in the Institutes of
Technology allowing the Institutes to assist companies in the region to develop new products, services and
market opportunities through research and innovation. A concrete example of intervention concerned the
development of the Applied Polymer Technologies (APT Ireland) Technology Gateway which is a national
technology centre focused on all aspects of polymer research funded by Enterprise Ireland.
The TechnoCampus EMC2 is a research and technology platform for Composite Technologies in the city
of Nantes, in the Pays de la Loire region (FR), serving the aerospace, automotive and other industrial
sectors. It focuses its work on high performance composite materials for large-scale parts. The site includes
300 individuals, a CETIM (Technical Centre for Mechanical Industries) centre of expertise on composites,
industrial facilities providing means of manufacturing, and an area dedicated to training. The infrastructure
allows for full-scale testing of parts and the production of functioning prototypes. This platform for
innovation meets the needs of the industrial sectors, the centres of innovation (the EMC2 Centre, the Civil
Eco-Construction Engineering Centre, the Prestige Automobile Centre, etc.) and R&D pre-industrialisation
projects in borrowing skills and equipment.
Sources: www.technologygateway.ie; RIM Plus repository (BMW/Technology Gateway Programme).
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Box 3-3 (cont.) Regional Policy Measures Focusing on Materials for Advanced Manufacturing
Processes
The focus of the Chemelot Campus is on open innovation, and also provides support services to its
members. The recently accelerated growth of the campus can be largely attributed to the structures set for
collaboration among the members of the park. The collaboration between government, the academic system
and industry is unique in the Dutch context.
Located in Bristol the National Composite Centre is one the High Value Manufacturing Catapult Centres
that is specialised in the development of new technologies for the design and rapid manufacture of highquality composite products. The initial investment of the National Composites Centre was about €31m
supported by the European Regional Development Fund, the South West Regional Development Agency,
and the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. The activities undertaken by the Centre are of
industry relevance, such as for example in the next generation of aero structures, auto industry composites,
marine, renewable structures and environmental structures.
Sources: http://www.chemelot.nl/?taal=en; http://www.nccuk.com.
3.3 Industrial automation systems, robotics and manufacturing equipment
Industrial automation provides solutions for factory automation, helping companies to
realise their manufacturing goals across a broad industry spectrum. In order to survive
in the global economy, companies must remain competitive. Particularly, this is the
biggest challenge for the manufacturing activities in more advanced EU regions where
average labour costs are high. However, it is also necessary for regions with lower
labour and production costs to set out new pathways of regional development by
shifting from traditional manufacturing activities to more innovative and advanced
forms of production because it is inevitable that wages would increase in the long-run.
Some of the identified initiatives focus on putting together mechanisms to enable
matching supply and demand of skill sets produced in the academic sector and
research centres and the business sector (i.e. the High Technology Network). Others
(i.e. the Innovation Pole for Advanced Mechanic and Mechatronics) give greater
importance to dialogue by promoting communication across sectors and between
companies.
Proper networking is required to facilitate collaboration between different sectors and
disciplines involved and allow for true optimisation of materials, products and process
for advanced manufacturing. Some support measures are focused precisely on
promoting the necessary communication channels between industrial partners, and
between industry and science in order to create and reinforce communities of
stakeholders in particular sectors. In general, these measures support the
establishment of framework conditions for innovation and the construction of
favourable business ecosystems for innovation. Cluster policies and business networks
are the most common type of examples, aiming at supporting the dissemination of
knowledge.
We have identified the following initiatives that provide support for the development
and uptake of technologies designed to modernise and simplify industrial production
processes.
Figure 3-2 Overview of Initiatives and Support Measures Focusing on Industrial
Automation Systems, Robotics and Manufacturing Equipment
Initiative/support measure, region
Key technological focus/Industry focus
The High-Tech Network, Emilia-Romagna
(IT)
PRODUTECH Cluster, Porto (PT)
Mechanics and Materials
Production NRW (DE)
Mechanical Engineering Production Technologies
Innovation Pole for Advanced Mechanic
and Mechatronics, Umbria (IT)
Advanced Mechanics and Mechatronics
Production Technologies, Manufacturing Technologies
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Initiative/support measure, region
MEchatronics and Systems for Advanced Production (MESAP) in
Piedmont
Dresden Fab Automation, Saxony (DE)
Key technological
focus/Industry focus
Mechatronics
and
Advanced
Production Systems
Automation
DITENAVE, Friuli Venezia Giulia (IT)
Shipbuilding and yachting
Centres of Competence, Saxony-Anhalt (DE)
Automation
engineering,
automation systems
Miniaturisation
and
microtechniques and technologies
Robotics
Regional Innovation Fund, Franche Comté (FR)
Robot Valley, Västra Mälardalen (SE)
The Emilia-Romagna regional administration created the High-Tech Network
under the strategic guidelines of the Regional Programme for Industrial Research,
Innovation and Technology Transfer (PRRIITT). Initially, the regional administration
created thirty-four industrial research laboratories and eleven innovation centres
operating in six different thematic areas one of which is the Mechanics & Material
Platform. It is open to all enterprises - not only to those belonging to the mechanics
sector - with industrial research needs in relation to product and process optimisation,
development and characterisation of high performing materials and, more generally,
to efficiency and productivity augmentation. Successively the implementation of the
regional network involved the creation of ten Technopoles. The Technopoles host
some of the regional laboratories and are specialised in two or more of the six thematic
areas.
One of the overall success factors of the network is its governance system. ASTER, a
consortium among the Emilia-Romagna regional government, the six universities, the
National Research Centres located in the region, the Regional Union of Chambers of
Commerce and the regional Entrepreneurial Associations – acts as network
coordinators. ASTER provides support services for the Platform governance and
ensures that research priorities are equally represented next to business priorities. It
also provides support services to enable self-reinforcing positive mechanisms
including marketing and promotion, product integration, Technology Scenarios
development, Industrial Research training and Web Tools Management.
The PRODUTECH – Production Technologies Cluster in Porto (PT) is an
initiative promoted by the Portuguese Industry of Manufacturing Technologies. The
cluster comprises companies that are able to address competitiveness and
sustainability challenges. The cluster promotes initiatives and actions fostering the
international competitiveness of the Portuguese economy, and enables cooperation
between companies and other relevant stakeholders in a structured way.
In terms of lessons learned and good practices, the PRODUTECH Cluster has been
successful in integrating EU, national and regional programmes to secure funding.
PRODUTECH works closely with Portuguese authorities and funding agencies to
promote the complementarities and alignment between the European and the
National and Regional policies and programmes. They have been able to define
funding programmes that support complementary research activities as well as other
steps of the innovation process (development, technology adaptation and integration,
industrial test, validation and demonstration, etc.). The cluster is also responsible for
defining the relevant topics/themes for funding, which in practice allows aligning
them also to European priorities.
The cluster policy of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia promotes cooperation
between companies, research institutions and public support along value chains, in 16
industries and technology fields. These 16 clusters have a particularly strong potential
for growth and are of great importance for the economic development of the state.
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Box 3-4 Regional Policy Measures on Industrial Automation Systems, Robotics and
Manufacturing Equipment
The Cluster ProductionNRW deserves special mention. Its vision is to make North Rhine-Westphalia
the most important location for machine and plant construction in Germany. It is giving high importance to
the subjects of efficient production, efficient products and the concept of Industry 4.0. Thanks to bottom-up
private sector collaboration as a key factor of success, the cluster is able rapidly propose innovative systems
for efficient production and products. With the concept of Industry 4.0, the strategic focus of the cluster is
moving towards finding innovative solutions in the fields of self-optimisation, man-machine interaction,
intelligent networking, and energy-efficiency and systems engineering.
The Innovation Pole for Advanced Mechanic and Mechatronics in Umbria (IT) is designed to
facilitate innovation activities and to empower companies. The pole operates in four main areas:
automotive, aerospace, advanced mechanics and societal technologies. The pole was constituted in February
2011 with 47 founding members. The pole’s activities include the organisation of meetings to foster systemic
relationships and ongoing partnerships; benchmarking and competitive intelligence services and analysis
and promotion of best practices; and organisation of seminars and workshops. It is also important to
mention the Mechatronics and Systems for Advanced Production (MESAP) in Piedmont (IT),
which is the regional innovation cluster co-financed with the Regional Operational Programme, 2007-2013.
The Dresden Fab Automation Cluster (DFAC) in Saxony (DE), founded by Roth & Rau - Ortner GmbH,
AIS GmbH, HAP GmbH and SYSTEMA GmbH in 2004 is a concrete example of new platforms that have
emerged bottom-up by industry leaders, featuring the latest developments in automation. In addition,
Saxony hosts a number of industry-oriented network initiatives. The Association “Silicon Saxony e.V. with
about 275 partner members is considered as a successful example of research-driven cluster.
The Naval and Nautical Technology District of DITENAVE in Friuli Venezia Giulia (IT) promotes the
realisation of industrial research projects with high systemic impact on the strengthening of innovation
networks. Through this measure the regions intend to increase the competitiveness of enterprises and
support the development of the scientific and technological industrial base. In 2013, a new tender was
launched to finance industrial research projects submitted in relation to the naval technological district.
Within the framework of Saxony-Anhalt's (DE) excellence initiative, the Competence Network for
Applied and Transfer-Oriented Research, known also as KAT was launched as a transfer network of
the regional higher education sector with a specific focus on providing solutions for regional businesses.
One of the four Centres of Competence Information and Communication Technologies, Tourism and
Services at the Hochschule Harz (FH) has recently completed the EVAS – Automation systems project in
cooperation with the ifak system and the Institute for Automation Engineering of Otto-von-GuerickeUniversität in Magdeburg, which aimed at the development process of complex automation systems.
The Regional Innovation Fund in Franche-Comté (FR) was created in March 2006 within the
framework of an agreement between OSEO Regional Office (now BPIfrance) and the Regional Council of
Franche-Comté. The Regional Innovation Fund aims to support individual or collaborative innovation
projects at all stages of development. Between 2006 and 2013, the Regional Innovation Fund supported 70
collaborative projects (197 companies and around 60 research laboratories), and 89 company projects, for a
total amount of about €29.6 million. The recent past has been marked by the development of miniaturised
products. In this shift towards miniaturisation and integrating more functions into objects, the FrancheComté region plays a key role through the activities undertaken by the Regional Pole of
Competitiveness “Pôle des microtechniques – TEMIS INNOVATION”.
The Robot Valley is a regionally prioritised development initiative in Västra Mälardalen (SE), partly
financed and supported by the Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems (Vinnova)
programme on regional innovation, Vinnväxt. Robot Valley extends across Västmanland, Örebro and
Södermanland and aims to develop an effective innovation system focusing on and promoting innovation
within robotics. The focus of activities is mainly on solutions for the industry, heavy autonomous
vehicles and technology for independent life. New ideas are supported from prototype to the end product.
Sources: Production NRW; Innovation Pole for Advanced Mechanic and Mechatronics;
http://mesapiemonte.it/en/cluster.html; http://www.automation-dresden.de; http://www.ditenave.it;
https://www.hs-harz.de/; http://www.polemicrotechniques.fr; RIM Plus repository (Franche-Compté);
http://www.robotdalen.se.
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3.4 Innovation capacity upgrading and competitiveness
Finally, we have identified a set of regional initiatives where the focus is broader, in
the sense that they target capacity upgrading and competitiveness as a whole, in some
cases with a sectoral perspective (i.e. the Triple Steelix industrial region, the Metal
Cluster Metalika), and in some others with a broader regional perspective across
different sectors (i.e. Incentives for Innovation activities). In some cases target
beneficiaries are SMEs (i.e. GRAINE aid scheme). Many of this type of measures are
found in low-technology regions, where there is still demand for instruments
providing the funding for modernisation of assembly lines as well as the acquisition of
machinery and equipment.
The Triple Steelix Industrial Region is a prioritised development initiative, partly
financed and supported by the Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems
(Vinnova) programme on regional innovation systems, Vinnväxt. The Region Dalarna,
Region Gävleborg and the county councils in Västmanland, Dalarna and Gävleborg are
involved in the initiative. It is intended to further strengthen the already successful
steel industry in Bergslagen through effective collaboration between the business
sector, the local community and academia.
The work and focus of the Triple Steelix initiative in North Middle Sweden have
evolved over the years. Its current vision is to become the leading innovative region in
Europe for advanced steel, steel products, industrial services and processing. Initial
efforts focused on gaining stronger support for the initiative among the main
participants of the cluster: the industry’s leading companies, regional universities,
municipalities and regional community organisations. These efforts gave the initiative
the mandate and legitimacy to achieve its mission in the industrial region.
The second phase focused on designing structures, approaches and practices that
enhanced the ability of the innovation system to contribute to the competitiveness and
innovation within the industry – and thus to the sustainable development of the
industry, as well as to the attractiveness of the region. The main features of this
development phase were formulated in the 2008-2011 Action Plan.
The plan for the years 2011–2014 has been formulated to address the central
development tasks that emerged from the experience and outcomes of previous years.
Collaboration and cooperation between industry, universities and the public sector are
seen as the main success factors of the initiative. Members of the Steelix are involved
in about 100 projects focusing on service development to strengthen the industry’s
subcontractors, manufacturing wind turbine components, and developing new
technologies for the ski industry. The value added of the initiative to its participants is
the increased opportunities for project collaboration and networking.
One of the main principles of the Triple Steelix is that all development and
cooperation projects between industry and universities are directly linked to concrete
needs arising ‘bottom-up’ among companies. Triple Steelix has also contributed to the
development of advanced steel industry by giving the companies access to the right
contact network, developing the world’s first test equipment, offering financial support
to small companies to develop collaborative projects, setting up a Masters course in
Forming and Surface Technology as well as local technical colleges where the
municipalities, schools and companies collaborate to provide vocational training.
According to the recently undertaken visit to the region in the framework of RIM Plus,
Triple Steelix has submitted an application for another two-year funding period to
VINNOVA (with an opportunity to apply for another two and then five-year period). It
is expected that a decision by VINNOVA will be taken in September 2014. In
preparation for the application, Triple Steelix has become more focused on increasing
the specialisation of the firms and on integration of value chains, cooperation between
SMEs and larger companies. It was also noted during the regional visits that Triple
Steelix has an important function in this regard as a neutral partner supporting the
digitalisation of value chains, which is identified as its current challenge.
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In sectors where the structure of the industry is characterised by the dominance of
SMEs, the support to business networks and poles give small enterprises the
opportunity to access research infrastructures and facilities to make them more
competitive. An example of this is the Automotive Innovation Pole in Abruzzo
(IT). This pole is a group of independent enterprises (SMEs, large enterprises,
research institutions and innovative start-ups) that are active in the automotive
productive sector in the region. There are at present eight Innovation Poles in Abruzzo
involving around 700 firms.
The pole’s mission is to foster interaction among the companies in the pole through
sharing facilities, knowledge exchange, information and experience for technology
transfer and networking. The Innovation Pole provides system actions (marketing
service for attracting new businesses, management of infrastructures and facilities,
providing training programmes and organisation of conferences, etc.); and specialised
services for its business members (technology and market monitoring, training of
human resources and technology transfer). Given the size of the automotive sector and
the initiatives already undertaken, the region organised an International Training
School on mechanical systems ‘Made in Italy’ in September 2011.
Box 3-5 Regional policy measures approaching Advanced Manufacturing through support to
capacity upgrading and competitiveness
The GRAINE aid scheme of the Alsace region (FR) was developed in 2007 in order to address the lack of
private R&D investments in SMEs (especially SMEs with high growth potential). It aims at supporting the
creation of technological based companies in the region. It consists of three different funding instruments,
notably the Regional Initial Financing Fund, which provides support for innovative projects within young
regional SMEs (<250 employments); the Regional Innovation Fund targeted at larger companies (<2000
employment) and the call for proposals for R&D projects between enterprises and public research
laboratories.
The Incentives for Innovation activities in the region of Norte (PT) are provided in support of business
strategies based on innovation and through the production of new goods/services and new processes that
strengthen their integration and position in international markets. The measure has been in high demand by
both new and long-established companies. The scheme is typically supporting projects with relatively high
budgets as it supports investments such as purchase of industrial machinery and company creation.
The support for innovation business clusters in La Rioja (ES) is a consequence of the regional R&D
Plan 2013-2016, where the need has been detected to promote business clusters that reinforce the
innovation capability of their members through cooperative R&D projects and joint initiatives. The main
success factor of this measure is the creation and promotion of innovative clusters. It has helped to
consolidate in the region two important innovative business clusters in the automotive auxiliary and shoe
sectors.
Established in March 2011, the Metal Cluster – Metalika, brings together enterprises from the metal
sector and related industries from three regions in Poland, namely Westernpomerania, Pomerania and
Wielkopolskie. Recently, the shipyard industry has undergone significant transformation, which has led to
the restructuring of the metal companies. In the Voivodeship of Westernpomerania, the companies from the
metal processing sector are concentrated in the southeastern part of Westernpomerania around the town of
Wałcz. The total employment of cluster members is estimated at some 1,600 employees. The members of the
cluster are companies specialised in the production of industrial and offshore construction, containers,
elevation systems, agriculture machinery, and specialised equipment.
Sources: http://www.region-alsace.eu/aide/gamme-graine-fonds-regional-de-linnovation-fri;
http://www.novonorte.qren.pt; RIM Plus repository (Norte/Incentives for Innovation Activities - SI
Inovação); RIM Plus repository (Rioja/Cluster); http://www.polskieklastry.org/en
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4. Recent Developments and Future Plans
This section presents the recent developments and future plans in support of advanced
manufacturing at national and regional level, in addition to cross regional cooperation.
While not exhaustive, the presented examples of initiatives indicate the progress made
so far and outline next steps in support of advanced manufacturing.
4.1 National level
4.1.1 High Value Manufacturing Catapult - the United Kingdom
Established in 2011, the High Value Manufacturing Catapult8 is a strategic UK
initiative that aims to revitalise the manufacturing industry. The HVM Catapult’s
network consists of seven technology and innovation centres, overseen by the
Technology Strategy Board, with over €250m (£200m) of government investment.
Catapults are not-for-profit, independent physical centres, which connect businesses
with the UK’s research and academic communities. The HVM Catapult's long-term
goal is to stimulate growth in the manufacturing sector and more than double the
sector's contribution to UK’s GDP.
The centres support innovation across all high value manufacturing areas, from raw
materials and high-integrity product assembly processes to scaling-up and provingout processes and supply chain networks. During the past 12 months, the HVM
Catapult has engaged with over 1,600 SMEs, worked with over 1,000 industrial clients
and delivered over 850 innovation projects.
Recently, the government has announced new funding for the development of new
high-tech aerospace technology at the Manufacturing Technology Centre (MTC) in
Coventry. The plan is that the government will provide €38m (£30m) in funding,
which will be matched by industry. It is also important to note that encouraging and
enabling Welsh organisation to form productive relationships with the newly
established network of Catapult Centres is foreseen by the Welsh RIS3 Strategy
(2013)9.
4.1.2 The Smart Industry Agenda – the Netherlands
The recently published Smart Industry Agenda10 has set out the following two strategic
objectives, to ensure that production is more efficient, more flexible, higher quality
and tailor-made; and to accelerate the development and co-creation of new business
(models), products, services and production technology throughout the industry.
Keeping up with the global economic trends and the fast growing manufacturing
industries, especially in the Asian countries and undertaking actions by the Dutch
industry to sustain its competitiveness has been defined as one of the biggest
challenges. The Strategy notes that value chains must be more broadly included, with
the service sector and the creative industry playing a role going beyond the top sectors
of Hightech (including ICTs), Chemicals, Agrofood and Logistics.
With regard to financial allocations, it seems necessary to ascertain whether existing
resources (national, regional government and Horizon 2020) can contribute to making
its current agenda possible.
8 See: https://hvm.catapult.org.uk
9 See: http://wales.gov.uk/docs/det/publications/140313innovationstrategyen.pdf
10 See: http://www.fme.nl/Over_FME/FME_Association?lang=en
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4.2 Regional level
4.2.1 2013-2016 Industrialisation Plan and the 2020 Advanced Manufacturing
Strategy – Basque Country
Recently, the Basque Government has launched the 2013-2016 Industrialisation Plan
with the view to encourage industrial companies in their adaptation to a changing
global context. For this, the Department of Economic Development and
Competitiveness of the Basque Government has been implementing the 2020
Advanced Manufacturing Strategy (AMS) through SPRI, its Business Development
Agency.
In summary, the Strategy defines some R&D and innovation priority areas, such as
eco-efficient and competitive manufacturing, new materials and complex structures,
smart and safe machines and robots, smart, collaborative and distributed
manufacturing as well as new business models and high value-added services.
Based on public-private collaboration, the Basque Government has recently launched
a new Advanced Manufacturing Centre for wind power. It is the application-oriented
research centre for mechatronics, production technologies and micro-technologies
IK4-Tekniker and the Energy Cluster association that represents many wind powerrelated manufacturers ranging from small SMEs to large companies11.
4.2.2 Factory of the Future – Region of Aquitaine
The Region of Aquitaine has initiated an ambitious action plan for strengthening
productivity of its industrial fabric. In a nutshell, this plan aims at improving the
companies’ productivity by undertaking actions in three areas: the tool of production
(modernisation, equipment, automation, integration of information technology and
communication) industrial organisation (productivity, quality and flexibility) staff
training and improved working conditions (versatility, ergonomics, employee
engagement and management). This plan is aimed at improving the productivity and
will be complemented by a series of joint research programmes, which is a signal of
commitment for moving the concept of factory of the future into practice.
Launched end of January 2014 by the regional authorities, the call for tenders is
addressed to companies interested in improving their industrial performance. The two
types of actions eligible for funding include short-term investment (1-5 years) focused
on industrial performance and medium-term joint research programmes (5-7 years)
aimed at developing the factory of the future12.
Building upon the experience in supporting the modernisation of production, the
region sets out an ambitious plan to improve the performance of industrial
manufacturing companies, promote better working conditions as well as address
environmental aspects.
4.2.3 Advanced Manufacturing – Pays de la Loire
Pays de la Loire has clearly identified the topic of Advanced Manufacturing in its smart
specialisation strategy. Advanced manufacturing is one of four key industrial
specialisation fields in the region (together with maritime industries, therapies of
tomorrow and nutrition and health). The regional specialisation on advanced
production technologies focuses on two major areas: the factory of the future and the
products and processes of advanced manufacturing13. The concept is underpinned by a
11 Business Development Agency SPRI (2014) Draft Scoping Paper on Advanced Manufacturing for the
Basque Country.
12 See: Region Aquitaine – Factory of the Future
13 See: http://www.paysdelaloire.fr/uploads/tx_oxcsnewsfiles/SRISI_20_12.pdf
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systemic approach from design to production to recycling, common to academic and
industrial players. It is an intrinsically crosscutting specialisation, and crossfertilisation with other specialisations and sectors will be encouraged.
Recently, the IRT Jules Verne (Technological Research Institute)14 has been
commissioned the project ‘FabMake – les Fabulous Makers de l’Advanced
Manufacturing’ by the Ministry of Industrial Renewal, submitted in partnership with
the EMC2 (Pole of Competitiveness specialised in innovation in the manufacturing
technologies), Technocampus and cooperation with Fabshop. Inspired by the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Fab Labs, the FabMake will take the form of a
digital manufacturing workshop of 300 squared metres, with over 20 workstations
within the Technocampus EMC ² platform.
4.2.4 Advanced Manufacturing – Baden-Württemberg
Boosting advanced manufacturing to deep convergence of mechanical and electrical
engineering with information technology is one of the priorities of the State Ministry
for Finance and Economic Affairs of Baden-Württemberg. According to the recently
undertaken visit to the region in the framework of RIM Plus, an online competence
map (known also as ‘Kompetenzatlas Industrie 4.0’)15 is currently being established.
The interviews confirm that while large firms have already realised the relevance of the
topic for their business, small and medium sized manufacturing firms are hardly
aware of the need to combine their competences with IT and other technologies. For
this purpose, intermediary organisations at local level like the Chambers of Industry
and Commerce may offer events to provide information and boost networking
activities, according to the RIM Plus regional correspondent.
4.2.5 Advanced Manufacturing – Wallonia
Wallonia supports advanced manufacturing mainly in the framework of its
competitiveness poles programme. The poles are active in the areas of mechanical
engineering (Mecatech), aeronautics and space (Skywin), life sciences (Biowin),
sustainable chemistry and materials (Greenwin), logistics (Logistics in Wallonia) and
agro-food (Wagralim).
According to the recently undertaken regional visit in the framework of RIM Plus, the
key Walloon priorities in the field of advanced manufacturing and contributions to the
Vanguard Initiative relate to additive manufacturing/3D printing, surface engineering,
recycling and reverse metallurgy.
Moreover, Wallonia has been involved in different EU initiatives such as SPIRE, the
European Technology Platform (ETP) ManuFuture and Manunet, where Wallonia is
on the management board. The region is also involved in INTERREG IV projects
related to advanced manufacturing in the Euroregio Meuse-Rhine and “Grande
Region”: the TTC Top-Technology Cluster16 which regroups 19 partners in advanced
materials; and the INTERMAT GR17 with nine partners -notably three cluster
organisations- working on materials engineering.
14 See: http://www.irt-jules-verne.fr
15 See: http://mfw.baden-wuerttemberg.de/de/mensch-wirtschaft/industrie-und-innovation/
schluesseltechnologien/industrie-40/kompetenzatlas-industrie-40/
15 See: http://www.ttc-innovation.eu
16 See: http://intermat-gr.eu/en/welcome
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4.2.6 Advanced Manufacturing – Eastern and Northern Finland
According to the recently undertaken regional visit in the framework of RIM Plus, a
range of specific centres (Centre for Internet Excellence, Centre for Health
Technology, Centre for Energy and the Environment) have been established in Eastern
and Northern Finland to boost R&D activities in related fields.
Significant investments have been also made in Keski-Pohjanmaa in relation to
organic chemistry. New competences have been and will be built around the
manufacturing and use of lithium (e.g. batteries, laptops, electric cars).
Machinery and energy technology, biofuels and other bio-based products represent the
key areas for innovation in the recent regional development programme of the
Pohjois-Savo region (2014-2017). The basic resources (e.g. skilled labour,
infrastructure, connections) of machinery and metal processing companies need to be
secured to ensure future growth. In the absence of a technical university, Savonia
University of Applied Sciences is seen as the focal point for development and the
coordinator of various networks. Vocational colleges and regional development
companies will be also involved in this process.
4.3 Joint regional initiatives
The following subsections present the most relevant identified joint regional initiatives
that are specifically tackling Advanced Manufacturing for growth and competitiveness.
There are bottom-up initiatives, such as the Vanguard Initiative, aiming to ‘lead by
example’ coming from the regions interested in using advanced manufacturing as a
tool for joint regional development and strategic planning and prioritisation. Others
are European-launched initiatives, such as the MANUNET ERA-NET and the
MANUFUTURE European Technology Platform; while others have a PPP model and a
specific thematic focus, such as the SPIRE initiative.
4.3.1 The ‘Vanguard Initiative for New Growth through Smart Specialisation’
The Vanguard Initiative ‘New Growth through Smart Specialisation’ is a political
initiative of EU regions that are committed to play an active role in multi-level
governance for the renaissance of industry. The initiative joins the following regions:
Asturias, Baden-Württemberg, the Basque Country, Lombardy, Malopolska,
Nordrhein-Westfalen, Region Norte, Upper Austria, Rhône-Alpes, Region Skåne,
Scotland, Tampere Region, Flanders, Wallonia, and the Region South Holland
(Limburg, North-Brabant and Zeeland).
In a nutshell, the Vanguard Initiative seeks to better position and embed the smart
specialisation agenda within relevant EU policy frameworks through the following
activities:
•
Matching strategic roadmaps between regional, national and European policy
levels in support of European priority areas for the future of industry, in particular
those that are identified in the Industrial Policy Communication of October 2012.
Vanguard Initiative regions are committed to developing joint roadmaps for
building critical mass and complementary specialisations in these emerging
industries.
•
Aligning strategic investments, arising from these roadmaps, in order to open new
industrial pathways via flagship projects such as demonstrators and pilots
identified in the European priority areas. Vanguard Initiative regions are
committed to combining their resources with European investments in these focus
areas.
•
Upgrading regional partnerships and clusters with global potential, which are
identified in smart specialisation strategies, to European world-class clusters that
can compete globally. The regions are committed to internationalising their
cluster initiatives in cross-border and interregional-networked European clusters
and partnerships. RIM Plus: Regional Innovation Monitor Plus
22
The political leaders of the 15 European industrial regions gathered on 30 January
2014 in Brussels to engage in a joint effort for the industrial future of Europe. Their
commitment was formalised in a Letter to the European Council and endorsed by the
European Commission. This regional engagement coincided with the debate on
competitiveness and industrial policy in the European Council, prepared by the
Communication of the European Commission of 22 January 2014 ‘For a European
Industrial Renaissance’.
The regions working together in the Vanguard Initiative held a first meeting in March
2014 in order to establish an action-oriented discussion and process to develop a
Smart Specialisation Platform for Advanced Manufacturing. They plan to generate,
agree and commit to a series of actions to establish a roadmap and propose ways to set
up the platform.
4.3.2 The MANUNET ERA-NET
MANUNET18 is a network (ERA-NET) funded by the European Commission under the
Sixth and Seventh Framework Programmes. Since 2006, MANUNET has been
working with the objective to promote and fund transnational research and
development projects in the field of manufacturing by supporting the funding of
manufacturing research projects performed by SMEs, large companies, research
centres and universities. The consortium includes 25 partners: 10 regions and 15
countries. Together, regional and national agencies use their own funding
programmes to finance manufacturing research and development projects.
The application for funding is a two-stage process. In the first stage (mandatory for all
applicants), the coordinator of the project has to submit an on-line pre-proposal in
English through the MANUNET website. A Transnational Coordination Team (TCT) is
in charge of the evaluation of pre-proposals, which then recommends or not the
submission of full proposals. For the submission of full proposals during the second
stage, the coordinator has to submit on-line the full proposal in English. At the same
time, every partner in the project must comply with the specific local application
rules/requirements of each regional / national funding programme.
Up to the end of its phase 1 (FP6 funded), the leverage effect of the EU support was
substantial: supported under FP6 with €2.7m, it has generated more than 125 research
projects with SME participation of around 70% that are funded out of national and
regional programmes with €73m, mobilising an overall budget for research of more
than €135m. Concrete outcomes of its first phase include the creation of 47 new jobs,
16 patent applications, 45 new products and more than 70 new processes as
immediate results of the collaboration. In the period 2007-2013, it held yearly calls for
proposals open to all fields in manufacturing. About 800 proposals were received with
high involvement of SMEs (more than 2,000) and over 180 research projects funded
totalling €190m invested/leveraged of public and private funds, and €100m public
funds requested.
4.3.3 The MANUFUTURE European Technology Platform
The European Technology Platform (ETP) MANUFUTURE was launched in 2004 by
the European Commission to propose, develop and implement a strategy based on
research and innovation capable of speeding-up the rate of industrial transformation
to high-added value products, processes and services. The platform brings together
industrial, research and academic representatives. The MANUFUTURE research
agenda (SRA) foresees research topics and advocates the use of science-based
solutions to make European industry competitive in terms of high-added value. The
measures are structured in priority pillars, including new, high added-value products
and services; new business models; new manufacturing engineering; emerging
18 See: http://www.manunet.net
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manufacturing science and technologies; and transformation of existing research and
educational infrastructures to support world-class manufacturing, fostering researcher
mobility, multi-disciplinary and lifelong learning.
The platform has more than 1,700 registered members, including 1,300 SMEs, 230
large companies, 120 research institutes, 20 associations and 30 governmental bodies.
The basic activity of the platform concerns the development of Strategic Intelligence.
This includes the MANUFUTURE Vision 2020, the SRA, the MANUFUTURE
reference model, roadmaps and the Competitive Sustainable Manufacturing (CSM)
paradigm. These results contributed to the FP7 yearly work programmes as well as to
EUREKA initiatives. Public and private stakeholders are adopting the MANUFTURE
CSM paradigm.
The MANUFUTURE strategic activities led to:
•
The market-oriented “Factories of the Future” (FoF) initiative, worth €1.2b,
launched within the European Economic Recovery Plan promoted by the EC. It is
based on a public-private-partnership (PPP) model. The initiative is financed
jointly by industry and the EC under FP7. It aims to achieve ‘re-industrialisation’,
a more environment-friendly and competitive manufacturing, and research and
innovation to integrate and demonstrate manufacturing technologies in adaptive
and smart manufacturing equipment, 3D printing, increased production
performance, and collaborative and mobile enterprises.
•
The European Factory of the Future Research Association (EFFRA), established by
MANUFUTURE as an industry-led organisation that acts as the European
Community’s partner for PPP representing the private sector.
MANUFUTURE has started a second cycle and its prospect activities include:
developing a vision 2030; enhancing the implementation framework of the
MANUFUTURE National/Regional Technological Platforms (NRTPs) and
contributing to Smart Specialisation strategies; more structured cooperation with
ETPs close to manufacturing; and closer cooperation with the potential Knowledge
and Innovation Communities (KIC) on Added-Value Manufacturing (an initiative of
the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT).
4.3.4 Sustainable Process Industry through Resource and Energy Efficiency –
SPIRE
SPIRE is an international non-profit association formed to represent the private sector
as a partner in the Sustainable Process Industry through Resource and Energy
Efficiency Public-Private Partnership (PPP), launched as part of the Horizon 2020
framework programme. The association represents more than 90 industrial and
research process industry stakeholders from more than 12 countries. The association
focuses on 8 industry sectors: chemical, steel, engineering, minerals, non-ferrous
metals, cements, ceramics and water. The ultimate goal of SPIRE is to promote the
deployment of innovative technologies and solutions required to reach long-term
sustainability for Europe and its process industries.
SPIRE has developed a research and innovation roadmap as a pathway to the process
industry to achieve increased competitiveness and optimal impact in the period 20142020. The roadmap combines the joint efforts and consultation of European key
actors across the different sectors related to the process industry around two priorities
for the Green Economy: energy efficiency and non-energy resources efficiency (i.e.
materials, water, waste, etc.). The SPIRE PPP roadmap envisages two clear impact
goals from the environmental and sustainability perspective: a reduction in fossil
energy intensity of up to 30% from current levels; and up to 20% reduction in nonrenewable, primary raw material intensity versus current levels by increasing chemical
and physical transformation yields.
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5. Contributing to the Industrial Rebound and Development of
Modern Industries
5.1 Guiding principles
We consider there are three main guiding principles that should be followed by all
regions seeking to prioritise Advanced Manufacturing in their agendas in order to
avoid making fundamental mistakes by simply following new concepts and best
practices implemented in other regions.
The first, and hardest, is to align the innovation policy support measures with
the industry lifecycle because of dynamic changes taking place in the economy.
Policy responses will ought to be different in regions which have successfully
undergone the process of structural changes in recent decades and occupy the position
of ‘world-class’ leading regions in specific areas than in regions in the intermittent
stage of restructuring their industries, which face the challenges of delocalisation and
have been significantly affected by the recent economic and financial crisis. It is also
logical that transition economies and those regions faced by difficult socio-economic
situations will have to deploy different strategies.
The second is to take into account the structure of industry. For instance, different
strategies and activities ought to be undertaken in regions where large firms and SMEs
coexist forming strong value chains, than in those regions where industrial
employment is largely dependent on a few large companies, or in those regions
characterised by a high importance of small and medium-sized enterprises. Options of
regional actions are the development of global linkages, brokering activities between
large companies and their sub-contractors, promotion of entrepreneurship or
acquisition of new strategic investors.
The third and critical principle is that regions should ensure the continuity of
their innovation policies, which is viewed especially important from the private
sector perspective, requiring stable and predictable systems favouring long-term
investments over several years. Since innovation is a long-term investment, regional
authorities need to be patient but cannot be in any way complacent. Too frequent
changes, or the lack of them when these are required, would lead eventually to less
effective policy responses.
5.2 Tailoring policies in response to region specific challenges and potential
Overall it is recommended in the group of regions where public and private
expenditures for R&D are high to continue activities, which have already proved
to work well. There is also an opportunity for the development of new innovative
actions, in order to foster more radical innovations. The innovation policy in regions
with a dynamic private and scientific sector should aim at excelling the ongoing
cooperation, so they continue playing the role of international leaders in specific areas.
In the group of so called innovative-business regions, policies should be primarily
focused on promoting the cooperation between companies. Also joint cooperation
between industry, universities and research institutes should be leveraged in order to
gain from collaboration spillovers.
Comparatively, fostering science-industry cooperation should play a more important
role in moderate R&D intensive regions. If successful measures are implemented,
they could indeed contribute to achieving the necessary critical mass for generating
new ideas and implementing innovative solutions. Taking into account that this group
of regions is more vulnerable to external shocks, delocalisation of industry and has
been affected by the recent financial and economic crisis, a special focus should be
geared towards the rationalisation of existing support measures. This process has been
underway in some regions for quite sometime now, however, there are still certain
regions with too broadly defined horizontal support measures. This, however, does not
RIM Plus: Regional Innovation Monitor Plus
25
mean that horizontal policies are less important than prioritised initiatives within the
focus area.
The existing evidence also suggests the need for more market-pull instruments
oriented to companies’ needs. Finally, there is a strong rationale for undertaking joint
actions with the view to promote transnational projects.
In regions where both the level of public and private R&D investment is
low, the emphasis of support measures should be placed on finding and delivering
solutions to specific regional problems. Also, the private sector should be increasingly
considered as a direct beneficiary purchasing concrete results from scientific research
organisations.
Many regions in this group are facing the challenge of developing a comprehensive
innovation policy mix. Particularly in regions of the EU13 there is a general lack of
dedicated instruments in support of innovation activities. In these regions where
everything seems to be a priority, it is important to avoid developing all-inclusive
policies, spreading the available regional funds across too many priorities. In addition
to the lack of available funds to develop innovation policy support measures, there is a
need for better-prioritised regional development initiatives. For example, some
innovative programmes in specific areas could be more successfully implemented in
metropolitan areas, which are characterised by having comparatively higher scientific
research and innovation potential. Thus, opening up regional support measures with
the view to promote transnational cooperation should be given even more importance
than in other groups of regions.
To conclude, policy support measures should take into account the specific context of
the region as well as both the existing and future innovation potential. One of the most
important lessons from the experience of other regions is that traditional measures
are not enough and more regional engagement is needed to promote
changes in industry.
The so-far existing evidence presented in this report confirms the increased interest
among regions in the concept of advanced manufacturing. This report has showed that
advanced manufacturing is not a synonym of high-tech industries nor an
‘all-inclusive’ concept. Rather than adopting a narrow or broad definition,
it is necessary to take a more functional perspective to the concept of
Advanced Manufacturing.
The recent Dutch Smart Industry Agenda defines smart industries as “industries that
have a high degree of flexibility in production, in terms of product needs
(specifications, quality, design), volume (what is needed), timing (when it is needed),
resource efficiency and costs (what is required) being able to (fine-)tune to customer
needs and make use of the entire supply chain for value creation. It is enabled by a
network-centric approach, making use of the value of information, driven by ICTs and
the latest available proven manufacturing techniques”.
To strengthen the competitiveness of manufacturing industry, regions need to
develop integrated approaches creating innovative value chains.
Advanced forms of policy are necessary to turn this into reality. There are
already some interesting examples of regional initiatives in support of advanced
manufacturing that offer opportunities for policy learning. However, efforts need to be
continued and stepped up in the future.
5.3 Finding typologies of initiatives in support of advanced manufacturing
Altogether there are four areas which have been identified as priorities of regional
initiatives in support of advanced manufacturing, including:
•
Resource efficiency and sustainability;
•
Materials for advanced manufacturing processes;
•
Industrial automation systems, robotics and manufacturing equipment; and
RIM Plus: Regional Innovation Monitor Plus
26
•
Initiatives with a broader focus targeted at upgrading innovation capacity and
competitiveness of industry.
In the scope of the analysis of the main regional platforms/clusters/partnerships in
the domain of advanced manufacturing in the 17 Vanguard Initiative regions, it was
noted that making a clear distinction between sectors (sub-sectors, niche, clusters),
technology development areas, e.g. robotics, mechatronics, sensors and technology
application areas, e.g. textile machinery, 3D printing is rather difficult. Recently, the
Vanguard regions have chosen the topics of high performance production, 3D printing
and offshore oil/gas and renewable energy applications as possible areas for EU
interregional collaboration by the Vanguard Initiative.
As for the future, the RIM Plus could continue playing a supportive and
complementary role to the existing benchmarking platforms and service network.
Apart from providing support by tailoring the upcoming RIM Plus workshops and
events on themes relevant to advanced manufacturing, the collection of good
practices within the four identified areas in this report could be foreseen.
Particularly, Regional Authorities should be encouraged to provide information on
particularly successful and interesting initiatives in support of advanced
manufacturing activities and organisations. This would be subsequently promoted in
the RIM Plus website. The choice of thematic areas should not be rigidly defined and
new ideas of specific topics other than those identified in this report should be taken in
consideration to meet the needs and expectations of the Regional Innovation
Community.
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Appendix A Bibliography
Documents
1.
AGORIA in cooperation with FMTC, Flanders’ Drive, SIRRIS and five Flemish
Universities (2013) A Strategic Research Centre for the Manufacturing Industry in
Flanders.
2. Business Development Agency of the Basque Government – SPRI (2014) Scoping
Paper in Advanced Manufacturing for the Basque Country.
3. European Commission (2014) Communication “For a European Industrial
Renaissance”,
COM(2014)
14/2
http://ec.europa.eu/DocsRoom/documents/4108/attachments/1/translations/en
/renditions/native
4. European Commission (2014) Staff Working Paper: State of the industry, sectorial
overview and implementation of the EU industrial policy, SWD(2014) 14/3
http://ec.europa.eu/DocsRoom/documents/4109/attachments/1/translations/en
/renditions/native
5.
FME-CWM in cooperation with Chamber of Commerce, Ministry of Economic
Affairs, TNO and VNO-NCW (2014) Smart Industry: Dutch industry fit for the
future
http://www.fme.nl/dsresource?type=pdf&objectid=default:56674&versionid=&su
bobjectname=
6. Ferreira A. (2014) Regional Innovation Report Norte.
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/regionalinnovation/monitor/report/innovation/regional-innovation-report-norte
7.
Kroll H. and Meyborg M. (f2014) Regional Innovation Report North RhineWestphalia.
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/regionalinnovation/monitor/report/innovation/regional-innovation-report-north-rhinewestphalia
8. Lahtinen H. (forthcoming) Regional Innovation Report West Finland.
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/regionalinnovation/monitor/report/innovation/regional-innovation-report-westernfinland
9. Leo H. and Philipp S. (2011) Regional Innovation Report
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/regionalinnovation/monitor/index.cfm?q=p.reportDetails&id=15496
Styria,
10. Lindqvist M. (2012) Regional Innovation Report Northern Central Sweden,
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/regionalinnovation/monitor/index.cfm?q=p.reportDetails&id=15610
11. MIT Taskforce (2013) Innovation and Production.
http://web.mit.edu/press/images/documents/pie-report.pdf
Available
at:
12. Muscio A. (2014) Regional Innovation Report Emilia-Romagna.
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/regionalinnovation/monitor/report/innovation/regional-innovation-report-emiliaromagna
13. Nioras
A.
(2012)
Regional
Innovation
Report
Sterea
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/regionalinnovation/monitor/index.cfm?q=p.reportDetails&id=15614
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Ellada,
29
14. Reid A. and Miedzinski M. (2014) Scoping Paper on A smart specialisation
platform for advanced manufacturing
15. Shipp S.S., Gupta N., Lal B., Scott J.A., Weber C.L., Finnin M.S., Blake M.,
Newsome S., Thomas S. (2012), Emerging Global Trends in Advanced
Manufacturing, Institute for Defense Analyses, IDA Paper P-4603, Virginia.
16. Stahlecker T. (2012) Regional Innovation Report Upper
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/regionalinnovation/monitor/index.cfm?q=p.reportDetails&id=15615
Austria.,
17. Walendowski J. (forthcoming) Regional Innovation Report Lower Silesia.
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/regionalinnovation/monitor/report/innovation/regional-innovation-report-lower-silesia
18. Welsh Government (2013) Innovation Wales
http://wales.gov.uk/docs/det/publications/140313innovationstrategyen.pdf
19. Zenker A. and Kroll H. (2014) Regional Innovation Report Saxony-Anhalt.
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/regionalinnovation/monitor/report/innovation/regional-innovation-report-saxony-anhalt
Web sources:
1.
ACstyria Autocluster GmbH
http://www.acstyria.com
2. Automation Region
http://www.automationregion.com
3. Chemelot Campus – Limburg
http://www.chemelot.nl/?taal=en
4. DITENAVE – The Naval and Nautical Technology District of Friuli Venezia Giulia
http://www.ditenave.it
5.
Dresden Fab Automation
http://www.automation-dresden.de
6. Energy Technology Programme – Upper Austria
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/regionalinnovation/monitor/support-measure/energy-technology-programme-etp-upperaustria
7.
ExcellenceNRW – Cluster
http://www.exzellenz.nrw.de
8. Factory of the Future – Region of Aquitaine
http://aquitaine.fr/actions/innovation-et-developpementeconomique/economie/usine-du-futur-l-appel-a-manifestation-d-interet .UvtSwl4YToz
9. Hochschule Harz
https://www.hs-harz.de/
10. Innovative Cities Programme INKA
http://www.tem.fi/innovaatiot/innovaatiokeskittymat/innovatiiviset_kaupungit_
%28inka%29
11. Innovation Pole for Advanced Mechanic and Mechatronics – Umbria
http://www.umbriainnovazione.it/index.php?module=loadContenuto&nome=168
&Padre=128
12. IRT Jules Verne (Technological Research Institute)
http://www.irt-jules-verne.fr
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13. Manufacturing Advances Through Training Engineering Researchers (MATTER)
http://www.swansea.ac.uk/engineering/research/centres-and-projects/matter
14. MANUNET
http://www.manunet.net
15. MEchatronics and Systems for Advanced Production (MESAP) – Piedmont
http://mesapiemonte.it/en/cluster.html
16. Metal Cluster – Metalika
http://www.polskieklastry.org/en
17. Niedersachsen Aviation
http://www.niedersachsen-aviation.com
18. Pôle des Microtechniques
http://www.polemicrotechniques.fr
19. Regional Innovation Fund – GRAINE
http://www.region-alsace.eu/aide/gamme-graine-fonds-regional-de-linnovationfri
20. Regional Innovation Monitor Plus Repository
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/regionalinnovation/monitor/index.cfm?q=p.regionSelect
21. Robotdalen
http://www.robotdalen.se
22. Technology Gateway Programme - Ireland
www.technologygateway.ie
23. TTC - Top technology clusters in the Euregio Meuse Rhine (Advanced materials)
http://www.ttc-innovation.eu/technology-fields/advanced-materials.html
24. Triple Steelix
http://www.triplesteelix.se
25. The Automotive Innovation Pole
http://www.innovazioneautomotive.eu
26. The Interreg Project intermatGR
http://intermat-gr.eu/
27. The National Composites Centre, Bristol
http://www.nccuk.com
28. The High Value Manufacturing Catapult
https://hvm.catapult.org.uk
29. The US Advanced Manufacturing Portal
http://www.manufacturing.gov
30. The Virtual Dimension Centre (VDC)
http://www.vdc-fellbach.de
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Appendix B Statistical data
NUTS
Regions
Percentage of Industry GVA
(B-E) in Total GVA (all NACE
activities), 2010
Percentage of Industry Employment
(B-E) in Total Employment (all NACE
activities), 2012
Business Enterprise Sector R&D
Expenditure as PC of GDP, 2009
or most recent
AT11
19,78%
15,20%
0,7
AT12
23,74%
16,63%
1,19
Public and Higher Education
Sector R&D Expenditure as PC
of GDP, 2009
:
0,15
AT13
12,83%
8,13%
2,17
AT21
23,01%
17,28%
2,17
AT22
26,09%
20,89%
2,63
1,25
AT31
31,52%
23,80%
2,18
0,27
AT32
19,00%
15,55%
0,7
0,51
AT33
20,16%
15,19%
1,57
:
AT34
31,24%
26,08%
1,46
:
7,27%
7,12%
0,79
BE2
19,46%
16,67%
1,39
0,71
BE3
18,28%
12,61%
1,68
0,54
BG31
29,02%
28,77%
0,04
BG32
27,64%
29,06%
0,05
0,07
BG33
20,57%
19,03%
0,06
0,21
BG34
31,97%
28,54%
0,09
:
BE1
1,73
:
0,71
:
BG41
15,97%
19,19%
0,25
:
BG42
30,58%
28,42%
0,08
:
CZ01
10,86%
10,61%
0,79
1,39
CZ02
38,51%
27,06%
1,15
0,27
CZ03
33,71%
31,85%
0,6
0,39
CZ04
37,42%
31,97%
0,18
0,04
CZ05
36,89%
35,18%
0,88
0,22
CZ06
30,66%
30,42%
0,97
0,65
CZ07
37,31%
35,13%
0,67
0,24
CZ08
40,36%
35,25%
0,63
0,19
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NUTS
Regions
Percentage of Industry GVA
(B-E) in Total GVA (all NACE
activities), 2010
Percentage of Industry Employment
(B-E) in Total Employment (all NACE
activities), 2012
Business Enterprise Sector R&D
Expenditure as PC of GDP, 2009
or most recent
Public and Higher Education
Sector R&D Expenditure as PC
of GDP, 2009
DE1
32,37%
29,25%
3,86
1
DE2
26,92%
24,57%
2,43
0,71
DE3
13,13%
9,29%
1,42
2,05
DE4
20,67%
15,14%
0,36
1,08
DE5
22,66%
15,07%
0,98
1,66
DE6
12,92%
11,31%
1,22
0,97
DE7
19,61%
19,99%
2,42
0,62
DE8
13,89%
14,08%
0,58
1,26
DE9
25,35%
20,19%
1,8
0,93
DEA
24,87%
21,86%
1,22
0,79
DEB
28,75%
21,53%
1,51
0,56
DEC
29,30%
23,98%
0,52
0,76
DED
23,49%
20,75%
1,22
1,55
DEE
26,05%
18,07%
0,44
0,93
DEF
17,97%
14,75%
0,59
0,71
DEG
25,74%
23,52%
1,07
1,14
DK01
11,81%
9,18%
3,81
1,47
DK02
15,37%
12,98%
3,49
0,62
DK03
17,79%
17,69%
0,22
0,53
DK04
15,58%
16,50%
0,29
0,91
DK05
16,76%
15,98%
2,46
0,81
EL11
15,54%
9,37%
0,01
:
EL12
15,65%
11,87%
0,1
:
EL13
46,73%
20,31%
0
:
EL14
16,64%
10,85%
0
:
EL21
11,24%
9,63%
0,02
:
EL22
3,71%
6,65%
0
:
EL23
12,30%
7,76%
0,15
:
EL24
33,00%
19,52%
0,05
:
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NUTS
Regions
Percentage of Industry GVA
(B-E) in Total GVA (all NACE
activities), 2010
Percentage of Industry Employment
(B-E) in Total Employment (all NACE
activities), 2012
Business Enterprise Sector R&D
Expenditure as PC of GDP, 2009
or most recent
Public and Higher Education
Sector R&D Expenditure as PC
of GDP, 2009
EL25
20,36%
9,29%
0
:
EL30
10,14%
11,70%
0,31
:
EL41
5,94%
8,99%
0
:
EL42
5,35%
9,60%
0
:
EL43
9,38%
7,42%
0,04
:
ES11
18,46%
15,76%
0,42
0,52
ES12
20,15%
14,78%
0,42
0,59
ES13
19,88%
16,36%
0,42
0,73
ES21
25,82%
20,96%
1,64
0,49
ES22
29,17%
25,49%
1,51
0,69
ES23
26,11%
24,18%
0,59
0,48
ES24
21,36%
18,14%
0,64
0,48
ES30
10,20%
9,59%
1,12
0,92
ES41
20,17%
16,02%
0,61
0,54
ES42
18,98%
16,56%
0,32
0,31
ES43
11,73%
11,48%
0,12
0,79
ES51
20,03%
18,63%
0,99
0,71
ES52
16,34%
17,17%
0,45
0,66
ES53
8,23%
7,25%
0,06
0,32
ES61
11,43%
8,97%
0,35
0,75
ES62
15,29%
13,06%
0,34
0,53
ES63
4,41%
:
0
0,16
ES64
4,84%
:
0,01
0,28
ES70
8,18%
5,29%
0,12
0,47
EU27
19,05%
17,38%
1,24
0,75
FI19
28,14%
20,32%
3,11
0,95
FI1B
16,92%
10,52%
3
1,35
FI1C
23,27%
17,58%
1,9
0,87
FI1D
21,50%
16,18%
3,08
1,16
RIM Plus: Regional Innovation Monitor Plus
34
NUTS
Regions
Percentage of Industry GVA
(B-E) in Total GVA (all NACE
activities), 2010
Percentage of Industry Employment
(B-E) in Total Employment (all NACE
activities), 2012
Business Enterprise Sector R&D
Expenditure as PC of GDP, 2009
or most recent
Public and Higher Education
Sector R&D Expenditure as PC
of GDP, 2009
FI20
9,02%
0,1
0,08
FR10
7,89%
:
8,97%
1,97
1,02
FR21
18,74%
18,86%
0,57
0,23
FR22
17,87%
17,25%
1
0,24
FR23
21,24%
20,35%
1,2
0,26
FR24
17,54%
17,29%
1,22
0,43
FR25
15,24%
15,52%
0,72
0,39
FR26
16,07%
16,06%
0,68
0,35
FR30
15,71%
16,86%
0,4
0,41
FR41
17,23%
17,32%
0,55
0,75
FR42
19,74%
21,23%
0,89
0,78
FR43
21,60%
26,72%
2,57
0,36
FR51
16,20%
18,77%
0,83
0,4
FR52
13,26%
14,84%
1,16
0,71
FR53
13,95%
18,02%
0,51
0,39
FR61
12,34%
11,08%
1,01
0,54
FR62
13,47%
13,58%
3,19
1,21
FR63
13,55%
14,03%
0,58
0,38
FR71
17,51%
16,63%
1,83
0,96
FR72
16,64%
17,88%
1,51
0,53
FR81
8,23%
9,35%
0,91
1,86
FR82
9,49%
9,86%
1,08
0,97
FR83
5,45%
14,90%
0,08
0,22
FR91
5,89%
6,98%
:
:
FR92
7,97%
5,56%
:
:
FR93
8,03%
6,67%
:
:
:
FR94
7,45%
6,69%
HU10
18,98%
14,43%
0,91
0,62
HU21
43,64%
34,03%
0,4
0,3
RIM Plus: Regional Innovation Monitor Plus
:
35
NUTS
Regions
Percentage of Industry GVA
(B-E) in Total GVA (all NACE
activities), 2010
Percentage of Industry Employment
(B-E) in Total Employment (all NACE
activities), 2012
Business Enterprise Sector R&D
Expenditure as PC of GDP, 2009
or most recent
HU22
43,02%
32,47%
0,38
0,21
HU23
23,84%
24,17%
0,19
0,24
HU31
34,36%
30,06%
0,41
0,21
HU32
27,48%
24,10%
0,73
0,45
HU33
24,64%
23,71%
0,43
0,58
IE01
25,58%
15,16%
1,26
0,4
IE02
24,35%
11,92%
1,14
0,57
ITC1
22,63%
25,41%
1,42
0,4
ITC2
11,33%
10,70%
0,5
0,14
ITC3
12,65%
11,86%
0,73
0,62
ITC4
24,86%
26,50%
0,86
0,3
ITF1
22,32%
22,15%
0,4
0,55
ITF2
18,16%
17,82%
0,08
0,43
ITF3
10,84%
13,93%
0,51
0,75
ITF4
13,83%
15,66%
0,21
0,53
ITF5
15,32%
17,41%
0,17
0,49
ITF6
8,20%
8,74%
0,05
0,42
ITG1
9,36%
9,15%
0,24
0,62
ITG2
10,46%
9,09%
0,07
0,6
ITH1
14,30%
13,46%
1,02
0,13
ITH2
17,40%
18,34%
0,41
0,92
ITH3
26,36%
28,20%
0,69
0,37
ITH4
21,44%
26,63%
0,83
0,63
ITH5
24,87%
26,46%
0,93
ITI1
18,07%
18,53%
0,54
0,69
ITI2
17,72%
21,41%
0,24
0,75
ITI3
25,22%
29,49%
0,36
ITI4
9,23%
9,93%
0,65
NL11
52,55%
8,88%
0,29
RIM Plus: Regional Innovation Monitor Plus
Public and Higher Education
Sector R&D Expenditure as PC
of GDP, 2009
:
:
1,12
:
36
NUTS
Regions
Percentage of Industry GVA
(B-E) in Total GVA (all NACE
activities), 2010
Percentage of Industry Employment
(B-E) in Total Employment (all NACE
activities), 2012
Business Enterprise Sector R&D
Expenditure as PC of GDP, 2009
or most recent
Public and Higher Education
Sector R&D Expenditure as PC
of GDP, 2009
NL12
19,84%
8,12%
0,75
:
NL13
22,53%
8,85%
0,32
:
NL21
20,94%
9,90%
0,86
:
NL22
15,44%
7,79%
0,82
:
NL23
14,09%
6,62%
0,61
:
NL31
9,41%
4,89%
0,41
:
NL32
9,69%
5,50%
0,63
:
NL33
14,78%
6,21%
0,74
:
NL34
33,20%
10,81%
0,55
:
NL41
22,89%
9,95%
1,95
:
:
NL42
24,78%
9,95%
1,04
PL11
28,53%
25,51%
0,09
0,52
PL12
15,26%
14,81%
0,33
0,86
PL21
22,22%
21,64%
0,23
0,69
PL22
33,99%
30,99%
0,28
0,26
PL31
19,02%
14,54%
0,09
PL32
27,02%
22,71%
0,22
:
PL33
26,15%
19,56%
0,17
:
PL34
19,47%
16,23%
0,05
:
PL41
27,17%
25,98%
0,13
PL42
18,44%
20,44%
0,03
:
:
0,48
0,54
PL43
30,15%
25,81%
0,03
PL51
35,44%
26,49%
0,12
PL52
28,96%
27,51%
0,1
:
0,41
PL61
25,62%
22,77%
0,08
:
PL62
24,03%
23,49%
0,02
:
PL63
23,96%
20,37%
0,25
0,27
PT11
24,58%
26,20%
0,62
0,68
PT15
5,86%
5,20%
0,07
0,38
RIM Plus: Regional Innovation Monitor Plus
37
NUTS
Regions
Percentage of Industry GVA
(B-E) in Total GVA (all NACE
activities), 2010
Percentage of Industry Employment
(B-E) in Total Employment (all NACE
activities), 2012
Business Enterprise Sector R&D
Expenditure as PC of GDP, 2009
or most recent
Public and Higher Education
Sector R&D Expenditure as PC
of GDP, 2009
PT16
24,44%
18,12%
0,48
0,67
PT17
10,93%
10,90%
1,32
0,88
PT18
22,57%
14,57%
0,25
0,52
PT20
9,98%
7,63%
0,12
0,61
PT30
6,43%
6,76%
0,03
0,25
RO11
33,71%
25,34%
0,1
0,24
RO12
36,46%
31,24%
0,24
0,06
RO21
27,76%
13,19%
0,06
0,23
RO22
32,82%
21,29%
0,1
0,08
RO31
39,80%
22,34%
0,31
0,03
RO32
22,07%
11,28%
0,34
0,75
RO41
35,81%
17,00%
0,05
0,14
RO42
38,80%
35,99%
0,05
0,13
SE11
12,49%
5,42%
2,77
1,07
SE12
26,97%
14,42%
2,94
1,7
SE21
28,13%
21,07%
1,07
0,28
SE22
18,60%
11,90%
3,49
1,21
SE23
24,15%
14,87%
3,33
0,95
SE31
28,85%
17,63%
1,1
0,29
SE32
25,33%
11,61%
0,59
0,31
SE33
35,38%
14,18%
0,66
2,1
SK01
15,60%
15,02%
0,19
0,7
SK02
37,08%
32,59%
0,27
0,07
SK03
25,51%
28,23%
0,16
0,14
SK04
25,42%
25,29%
0,13
UKC
19,60%
12,93%
0,74
UKD
18,26%
12,71%
1,65
0,59
UKE
18,75%
14,15%
0,49
0,58
UKF
20,87%
15,89%
1,2
0,51
RIM Plus: Regional Innovation Monitor Plus
0,2
:
38
NUTS
Regions
Percentage of Industry GVA
(B-E) in Total GVA (all NACE
activities), 2010
Percentage of Industry Employment
(B-E) in Total Employment (all NACE
activities), 2012
Business Enterprise Sector R&D
Expenditure as PC of GDP, 2009
or most recent
Public and Higher Education
Sector R&D Expenditure as PC
of GDP, 2009
UKG
18,24%
14,87%
0,91
0,35
UKH
14,89%
11,82%
3,42
0,88
UKI
4,35%
4,46%
0,32
0,72
UKJ
12,67%
10,03%
1,88
0,83
UKK
16,32%
12,24%
1,25
0,65
UKL
20,79%
13,02%
0,68
0,67
UKM
19,19%
11,82%
0,59
1,07
UKN
18,02%
13,06%
1
0,59
Sources: Technopolis Based on Eurostat Data (indicators: nama_r_e3vab95r2, lfst_r_lfe2en2 and rd_e_gerdreg).
RIM Plus: Regional Innovation Monitor Plus
39
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