Marcus Reid
Virtual particles
in electromagnetism
What roles do virtual particles and broken symmetries
play in common electrical systems?
A journey to an emission-free energy age by extracting
limitless energy from the quantum vacuum.
Welcome to the next industrial revolution!
Marcus Reid
Virtual particles in electromagnetism
Marcus Albert Reid was born in 1968 in Cape Town,
South Africa, and moved to Munich, Germany, in 1978.
A self-taught inventor and researcher, Marcus has been working
since 1998 in the field of ‘Asymmetric Electric Systems’.
He has originated several new ideas relating to energy
conversion and propulsion. Marcus has also participated in
developing a new schematic, theoretical approach that relates
to the foundations of electromagnetism. His goal is to create
an emission-free energy conversion technology that uses the
energy within space-time as an external source of energy.
Marcus Reid
Virtual particles
in electromagnetism
What roles do virtual particles and broken symmetries
play in common electrical systems?
A journey to an emission-free energy age by extracting
limitless energy from the quantum vacuum.
Welcome to the next industrial revolution!
Contents
Published by
Foreword XI
IntroductionXIII
Quantum Power Munich GmbH, Germany
Chapter 1 − Virtual particles in electromagnetism Text © Marcus Reid 2014−2015, Germany
Illustrations © Matt Tweed 2014, UK
Funded by Charles Louis Strieber, USA
First edition 2014
Co-produced by Charles Fraser, The Foundation For Common Good, UK
Second edition 2016
Co-produced by Quantum Power Munich GmbH, Germany
Edited by Marc Cuthbert, UK
Post-edited by Typefactory, Germany
Marcus Reid has asserted his right to be identified as the author
of this work in accordance with the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988.
www.vakuumenergie.de
All rights reserved. For permission to reproduce any part of this book
in any form whatsoever, please contact the publisher.
ISBN 978-3-00-047216-9
VIII
1
Chapter 2 − Energy conversion in electromagnetic systems 21
Chapter 3 − Classes of self-symmetrising power systems, SS1 and SS2 51
Chapter 4 − Asymmetric electromagnetic systems 63
Chapter 5 − Non-self-symmetrising resonance
between two SS2-Power Systems 75
Chapter 6 − Experimental examples 79
Chapter 7 − Defining forces and energies in the phenomenon of time 97
Chapter 8 − What is vacuum energy? 113
Chapter 9 − Implications 117
Appendix 1 −Measurement data from the Reid-Cell 123
Appendix 2 −Experimental approaches to an asymmetric electromagnetic system
133
Appendix 3 −Some thoughts on the significance of the broken symmetries in biological systems
143
Acknowledgements 157
References 161
IX
The blue planet
Foreword
It does not belong to us – we are only to borrow it for a while.
Nowadays, the scientific community has the opinion that there is no such thing
as a ‘free lunch’. This terminology is used in relation to the law of conservation of
energy, which states that energy can neither be created out of nothing, nor can it
be lost. The problem with this view is that the energy that exists in the universe
must have come into being from nothing during the big bang, since nothing
existed before that time. This can only mean that it is possible, that ‘Something’
is created from ‘Nothing’, or that there is no such thing as a ‘Nothing’ domain
in the sense of being no-thing at all.
Mankind’s energy needs drain resources and pollute the environment. The
energy-related ecological destruction of the planet has increased dramatically
over the past 100 years. This cannot go on forever. We need to move to an
emission-free and consumption-free source of energy. Solar, wind, hydroelectric
or geothermic energy conversion methods can only be partial solutions, as they
are either inconstant or not attainable.
There is, however, a powerful energy existent within seemingly empty
space-time that is accessible anywhere. It is constant, unlimited and 100%
environmentally friendly. To gain a true understanding of this energy, we need
to challenge some of the most fundamental assumptions of physics.
This civilisation is on the cusp of a quantum leap in its evolution that
comes with a paradigm shift in our perception of what energy is, and how we
can access it. It will solve not only the global ecological crisis but also enable the
developing countries to regain true sovereignty and complete self-sufficiency. It
will supersede wars on oil, gas and water. It will save the planet.
It is our all responsibility to face this reality and communicate it to our
families, friends, colleagues, politicians, entrepreneurs and engineers alike. Lets
build a new world. The future is now.
For example, in quantum theories the nothingness of seemingly empty
space-time is not considered to be an energy- and identity-free domain. According
to these theories, space-time is filled with an unlimited and never-ending form
of energy (virtual phenomena that are called virtual particles) that exists in every
conceivable point in space.
A practical concept that has developed from this view is that material
objects themselves are made up from this space-time energy, and are directly
connected with it. As the energy density of seemingly empty space-time is
practically infinite, the notion came about that visible particles, such as atoms,
exist as an energetic pressure difference of infinite energy densities.
If this idea is applied to an empty car battery, for example, then there
is an infinitely large electromagnetic field at the negative and the positive pole.
If, however, one measures the voltage, then the display on the voltmeter will
show 0 V. This is due to the infinitely high electrical fields at the negative and at
the positive pole exactly cancelling each other out. If the battery is now charged,
and subsequently a voltage of 12 V is measured, then an energy difference of
12 V has been created, describing an energetic pressure difference within the
infinite energy density of space-time. Hence the electric voltage is a measure
of the degree of an energetic pressure difference (broken symmetry) within the
uniformly distributed infinite energy density of space-time.
Quantum theories show that it makes sense to assume that all forces and
energies presuppose such an energy difference (asymmetrisation) of space-time.
This means that all energy we deal with is derived from seemingly empty spacetime in the first place. Subsequently, all systems that we know of are energetically
open systems (quantum open systems), which exchange energy between the
material aspect of, say, an electric system and space-time.
X
XI
At the same time, however, it is clear that the observable energy
components are conserved. Therefore, it looks as though all known electromagnetic
systems are in relation to the energetic exchange with space-time closed systems.
This can only mean that although these systems are in reality energetically open,
they just behave like closed systems.
The Research Laboratory for Vacuum Energy (RLV) has participated
in developing a new schematic theory on electromagnetism using an idea which
comes from quantum electrodynamics theory (QED), where the so-called virtual
particle transfers and creates the electromagnetic interaction. This new model
explains why electromagnetic systems behave like closed systems, meaning that
it defines the mechanism that leads to the conservation of energy.
Leading on from this, a new theoretical and practical concept was
developed showing how an electromagnetic system can be built, which also
behaves like an energetically open system in relation to the energy contained
within space-time. The result is an energy conversion system that extracts energy
from space-time, and converts it into a useful form of energy.
Therefore, these new so-called ‘Asymmetric Electromagnetic Energy
Conversion Systems’ are already showing that a kind of ‘free lunch’ does exist.
Now, just imagine that such a technology was to be introduced into the market.
We would have unlimited access to a form of emission-free energy at low cost,
everywhere and at any time.
Many everyday goods could be manufactured significantly more cheaply.
Even the basis for greed per se could be removed, at least partially.
Impossible you say? Well, the belief that there is no ‘(quantum-)free
lunch’ will not persist in the 21st century.
XII
Introduction
Whenever a new electrical system is built, Maxwell’s equations are used in order
to manage the flow of electromagnetic energy. However, these equations, which
were first presented to the public in their original version back in the 1860s,
are no longer up to date because they do not harmonise with modern scientific
findings. Modern theories such as the QED theory show that the electromagnetic
field may be seen as a broken symmetry of space-time and that the virtual particle
transfers and creates the electromagnetic interaction. These ideas are simply not
considered in the Maxwellian approach.
Virtual particles generate all electromagnetic forces and energies. As
virtual particles simply pop into existence from seemingly empty space-time, one
may conclude that space-time itself is the primary energy-carrying medium. This
approach has far-reaching consequences regarding the entire energy conversion
process in electromagnetic systems (as well as chemical and mechanical systems),
and leads to a new understanding about where the energy that we deal with on
a daily basis comes from in the first place.
The challenge with this view is to shift the point of perspective from the
material aspect of the electromagnetic system into space-time. The entire spacetime surrounding us is not empty, but filled by an invisible form of energy. And
at those places where a volume of space-time is occupied by a mass, this invisible
energy obtains a ‘visible’ or, in other words, a ‘mass-like’ characteristic.
Empty space-time can be seen like something that is filled with
transparent water that is invisible to the eye. A mass existing within this spacetime can be compared with an iceberg floating in this invisible sea of water
where all that we can see is the iceberg. Both the iceberg and the water are
made up of H2O, and the only difference between the non-observable liquid
water and the observable solid iceberg is the differing state. This is similar to the
transparent energy within space-time and the visible mass. Space-time energy
exists everywhere, and where there is a mass, this space-time energy manifests or
freezes into a visible (observable) form. Therefore, mass is a quality of space-time
energy.
Applying this view to a common electrical circuit opens up the possibility
of viewing the entire energy conversion process from the space-time point
of view. Consequently, all electromagnetic systems are energetically open systems,
with respect to the energy within space-time. However, they behave like closed
systems and if one follows today’s established theory of how electromagnetic
XIII
systems function (Maxwell’s equations), then one must also view them as systems
that are energetically closed with respect to the energy within space-time. It is
the aim of this book to turn the tables and present a model that is based on a
different point of view, that is, with space-time as the primary energy-carrying
domain and the starting point of our perspective.
‘The first principles of things will never be adequately known. Science is
an open-ended endeavour that can never be closed. We engage in science without
knowing the first principles. It does in fact not start from first principles, nor from
the end principles, but from the middle. We not only change theories, but also
the concepts and entities themselves, and what questions to ask. The foundations
of science must be continuously examined and modified; it will always be full
of mysteries and surprises.’ 1
– A.O. Barut
Hmm,
fascinating, a totally
new construction …
Established physical theories are like a gigantic castle built by numerous
scientists who have accomplished truly masterful achievements. This castle, like
any other building, has been built upon a foundation.
Due to the complexity of physics, the RLV did not want to attach another
theory to this castle, and therefore decided to build something completely new.
At present this may be just a little hut to start with, but it is at least standing on
its own foundation.
The RLV is aiming for a fundamentally new approach that explains
the energy conversion process in an electromagnetic system from the virtual
particle (space-time) point of view. As soon as this is understood, it becomes
clear that there exists an additional and new class of electromagnetic systems.
It will also be shown that it is possible to utilise space-time as a source of energy
in such a way that more real (observable) energy is output from the system than
was previously input in an observable form. The missing energy comes from the
virtual particles emanating from space-time. Independent tests prove that these
experiments are a reality.
In this book a schematic model is presented that shows the energy
conversion process in common electromagnetic systems from the virtual particle
and broken symmetry point of view. In addition, it describes both a theoretical
and practical approach to the extraction of an excess amount of observable energy
from space-time. In this respect new terms and concepts have been developed.
Note: In this book, terminology is used which may already have a certain
meaning in physics. For linguistic reasons, some of these terms have been used to
express other meanings, which will become clear from the context.
Time energy as a
source of observable
energy
E = mc 2
XIV
co Phy
m si
m cs
un
ity
Enjoy the read.
Marcus Reid
Munich, 2016
XV
Chapter 1
Virtual particles
in electromagnetism
XVI
1
Chapter 1
Virtual particles in electromagnetism
James Clerk Maxwell
In 1864, when James Clerk Maxwell presented his equations to the Royal Society
in London, he united electricity and magnetism and assumed that there had to be
an electric ether that exists everywhere in space. This ether would be the carrier
for electromagnetic waves and energy, connecting electrical and magnetic sources.
‘Whatever difficulties we may have in forming a consistent idea of the
constitution of the ether, there can be no doubt that the interplanetary and
interstellar spaces are not empty, but are occupied by a material substance or
body, which is certainly the largest, and probably the most uniform body of
which we have any knowledge.’ 2
– Professor James Clerk Maxwell
Maxwell spoke of a ‘material’ substance. His statement about a material
ether has lead to a peculiar situation. If the ether had a material characteristic,
this would have important consequences, for example, in respect to the energy
conversion process in electromagnetic systems.
Let us imagine a simple, ideal electric motor. In this motor the
electromagnet is placed on the outside of the casing and the permanent magnet
is connected to the rotating axis. As soon as electrical energy is supplied into
the electromagnet, the electrical energy is converted into a magnetic field and,
subsequently, this magnetic field exerts a force onto the permanent magnet
and the axis begins to turn.
Let us now look at what happens in the air gap between the electromagnet
and the permanent magnet with reference to Maxwell. Maxwell applied the notion
of a material ether, so the electrical input energy is assumed to be directly
converted into a mechanical form of energy.
Here is a comparison.
If the ether is meant to have a material characteristic, one could also
insert a piece of material such as a sheet of rubber into the air gap. The rubber
would then convert the electrical energy directly into a mechanical form of
energy. When examining the behaviour of an electric motor, this idea of a
material ether seems to be consistent with reality. What goes in at the front
comes out at the back. Furthermore, the energy is conserved, since in an ideal
system the mechanical energy exactly matches the amount of electromagnetic
energy that has been put into the system. Hence, this seems to confirm the
idea that the electrical energy put into the system is directly converted into a
mechanical form of energy.
Of course, this also
complies with the conservation of
energy, which says that energy is only
converted from one form to another and it is
neither lost nor does it simply originate
from nothing. This is very clear
– and 100% proven!
Really? Do you
truly believe this is
the case?
This is
exactly the way
I know it; this
makes sense.
Squeezed piece
of rubber
Following Maxwell, the electric input energy is converted
directly into mechanical energy.
Static force field between permanent magnet and electromagnet
2
3
Chapter 1
Virtual particles in electromagnetism
However, there is a problem with this approach. There is neither a piece
of rubber nor any other material object between the electromagnet and the
permanent magnet. This situation has motivated a number of physicists to find
out whether such a thing as a ‘material ether’ really exists. One such example
was seen in 1887, when Michelson and Morley tried to find a material ether by
conducting the famous ‘Michelson-Morley experiment’ – but without success.
Yes, it
is amazing. But
if there is no material
ether, what else could
there be in empty
space?
Interesting,
right?
However, a completely ether-free world brought some diverse problems
with it, because in fact there is an interaction between the material object
and space-time. A few years after publishing the Special Theory of Relativity,
Einstein introduced the General Theory of Relativity, which had a requirement
for ‘metric ether’.
Wow, this Einstein,
an incredibly brilliant idea but
somehow also quite abstract.
But how can space-time be bent
when it is absolutely empty?
Something would have
to be there, right?
Michelson-Morley experiment showing there is no material ether.
Albert Einstein
Just a few years later when Einstein published his Special Theory of Relativity in
1905 and this theory did not require the presence of an ‘ether’, some physicists
got the impression that one could do without it completely. Initially, Einstein
assumed that space was totally empty. Soon after this, space became space-time,
and the time flow of objects that moved through this space-time in a fast way was
altered. The greater the speed and/or acceleration, the slower the time flows in the
moving object. The slowing down of the time flow was said to be a characteristic
of the space-time curvature, which impacts on the material object.
A curved space-time has an influence
upon the time flow of observable particles.
‘Space-time does not claim existence on its own, but only as a structural
quality of the field.’ 3
– Professor Albert Einstein
4
5
Chapter 1
Virtual particles in electromagnetism
‘We may say that according to the general theory of relativity, space
is endowed with physical qualities; in this sense, therefore, there exists an
aether. According to the general theory of relativity, space without an aether is
unthinkable; for in such a space there not only would be no propagation of light,
but also no possibility for the existence for standards of space and time (measuringrods and clocks), nor any space and time-wise distances in a physical sense.
But this aether may not be thought of as endowed with the quality characteristic
of ponderable media, as consisting of particles which may be tracked through
time. The idea of motion may not be applied to it.’ 4 – Professor Albert Einstein
Quantum theory
In fact a world without an ether does not make much sense, as information
and electromagnetic energy move through space-time and interact with it. This
implies that there must be a medium that carries these waves and energy through
space-time. As scientists try to get a better understanding of what this carrier
medium may consist of, they decided to divide the field in space-time into units;
in other words, the field in space-time was quantised. The quantum field theories
emerged from this idea.
To divide
space-time into units is a
good idea. One can also imagine
how these units interact with
material objects.
According to quantum field theories, space-time is not empty but
completely filled with so-called virtual particles, which just emerge into existence
from ‘nothing’ and shortly thereafter disappear back into nothing. The concept
behind the quantum field theories is that all forces and energies are created
from the interaction between virtual and observable particles. Even matter itself
receives its mass through an interaction with virtual particles (Higgs Boson).
‘The meaning of quantum fluctuations is that even empty space-time is
filled with virtual particle pairs. These virtual particle pairs emerge from spacetime, then the two charges move a little bit from each other and then again come
together. After that they annihilate each other. One partner of the virtual particle
pair has positive energy, while the other partner has negative energy.’ 5
– Professor Stephen Hawking
Look,
polar virtual particles
are just emerging from nothing?
Does this also mean that all forces and
real energies are created by an energy
which is created from nothing? That is
really mad. How can one reconcile
this with the conservation
of energy?
Just
wait for it.
I agree.
Space-time can be quantised into discrete units –
each unit is a virtual particle.
6
Virtual particles in space-time with a positive and negative charge
7
Chapter 1
Virtual particles in electromagnetism
Virtual energy
Quantum vacuum
Remarkably, virtual particles possess a special form of energy. This energy has a
quality, which exists only in a virtual form. Virtual means that this energy does
not really (in an observable sense) exist unless a virtual particle is created directly
at or within a real particle, such as an electron. In this case the ‘virtual energy’, as
I call it, is transferred from the virtual particle to the electron. The electron can
then be accelerated, and thereby the virtual energy converts into an observable
form of energy (joule).
In relation to the quantum field theories, the medium carrying the energy in
space-time was given a new name: ‘the quantum vacuum’. The quantum vacuum
(or simply the vacuum) is the modern-day ether that does not have material
characteristics. In this book, for simplicity, I will use the terms ‘quantum vacuum’
and ‘space-time’ interchangeably. Using these terms, I do not only refer to
Einstein’s space-time but simply to what the words ‘space’ and ‘time’ generally
mean. With reference to Einstein’s space-time, one could say that it is a component
belonging to the quantum vacuum. One can visualise the quantum vacuum as a
multi-dimensional domain in which the less dimensional Einsteinian space-time
is included.
Virtual particle
for gravity
Electron
Virtual particle
for the strong
interaction
So only
when the virtual
particle makes contact
with a real particle is a force
created on the electron,
and when it is accelerated,
real energy is created
from nothing.
Correct,
and when the virtual particle
emerges in empty space-time at a
certain distance from a mass, this form of
virtual energy simply dissolves into
nothing as if nothing had happened.
So in an observable sense there
is no energy in empty
space-time.
Ok, so now
there are two kinds of energy:
a virtual form of energy and
an observable form
of energy.
Yes, that’s exactly
how I see it.
This is
really marvellous.
In empty space,
in the quantum vacuum,
everything you can
imagine already exists but
only in a virtual form,
so therefore you
cannot see it.
Virtual particle for
electromagnetism
Virtual particle
for the weak
interaction
Quarks
Neutron
Proton
Correct!
To our eyes, a quantum
vacuum is empty, but in reality
it’s all happening in there.
Virtual particles are influenced by the presence of, for example, an electron.
In space-time there exist two complimentary forms of energy: a virtual energy
form and an observable energy form.
The quantum vacuum is like a multi-dimensional domain
that includes everything one can imagine.
8
9
Chapter 1
Virtual particles in electromagnetism
‘One can imagine the vacuum as an energy reservoir – virtual particles
are those that emerge from the vacuum and momentarily borrow some of its
energy. Their existence is fleeting and they disappear again into the vacuum
taking the borrowed energy with them. Maybe this energy returns to its source
or maybe it is transferred to particles at a different place … Hence virtual particles
function as transmitters which influence the interaction of more durable, stable
particles.’ 6
– Professor Lisa Randall
Quantum electrodynamics (QED)
The quantum electrodynamics theory (QED) was developed in the middle of
the 20th century and it describes for the first time the physical mechanism of
how the electromagnetic and weak interaction works. In QED the virtual particle
transfers and creates the electromagnetic interaction.
‘The quantum electrodynamics theory attributes the electromagnetic
interaction to the exchange with a particle, which is the photon. This process
works in such a way, that an electron produces a photon, which then travels to
another electron and thereafter disappears again into the vacuum.
During this process the photon produces an electromagnetic force…
The exchanged photon which has caused the classic electromagnetic force is in
reality a virtual photon.’ 7
– Professor Lisa Randall
As with all theories, the QED is a theory thought up by people. Therefore,
a theory never really describes how the world truly is but rather how we see it.
Because of this fact it is important that experiments are carried out in order to
confirm that theories are as good as possible. And since the QED theory has
been well validated, it is thought to be one of the best theories in physics.
Electromagnetic field
A virtual particle transmits and creates the electromagnetic interaction.
At first we only observe a single electron in an area of ‘empty’ space-time.
This electron is surrounded by an innumerable swarm of virtual particles that
continuously emerge from space-time, and shortly afterwards vanish again. Now,
the electron does something to these virtual particles. The virtual particles have
polarity, meaning they possess a positively and a negatively charged side. In my
view, these polar virtual particles, which come into being directly at an electron,
are rotated and aligned by the electromagnetic charge of the electron. The
positive side of the virtual particle gets turned in the direction of the negatively
charged electron, and consequently the negative side of the virtual particle is
rotated away from the electron. Hence, when we measure an electron to see if
it exists, we never in fact measure the electron itself, but merely the negatively
charged sides of the virtual particles that surround the electron. Hence, all mass
is surrounded by virtual energy or, it may be said, somehow isolated by it.
When a material object is examined with conventional methods, we
may measure its mass or its electromagnetic field. The electromagnetic field of
an electron can be conceived as an alignment process of locally appearing virtual
particles progressing at the speed of light.
During this alignment process there is hardly any change to the position
of a single virtual particle. All that moves is the alignment process itself, and
not the virtual particles. The positioning of a virtual particle can be imagined
10
11
Really?!
It has been proven
that the entire electromagnetic
energy surrounding us comes
from nothing? And I was
looking forward to a
relaxed book!
Well, I am sorry.
but this was only the
warm up round …
Chapter 1
Virtual particles in electromagnetism
to be positioned within a ‘frame’. This frame can be seen as a matrix from
where the virtual particles emerge. A certain length and volume of a virtual
particle alignment process in space-time can be considered as a classical photon.
To visualise such a real photon as a doughnut-like alignment process, which is
made up of many virtual particles, seems to be a good idea.
A photon is made
up of several aligned
virtual photons
‘The connection between the field and its source charge has always been,
and still is, the most difficult problem in classical and quantum electrodynamics.’ 8
– Professor D.K. Sen
As soon as a virtual particle manifests at an electron, it is rotated and
aligned. The negative side of the first virtual particle will rotate the next virtual
particle in a way that the positive side of the second virtual particle rotates to
the negative side of the first virtual particle, and so on. This orientation process
moves through space-time and as soon as a few virtual particles are aligned, the
first virtual particle at the electron has disappeared again. This ongoing virtual
particle alignment process represents the steady radiation of the electromagnetic
field. Once the electromagnetic field has moved away from the source charge (for
example, an electron) it exists independently from that charge as a function of
space-time. The amount of aligned virtual particles decreases with the distance
squared. This is also the reason why the electromagnetic force decreases with
distance squared.
So, when I look at a flower,
I don’t actually see the material of
which the flower consists, but only the
energy of the quantum vacuum, which
surrounds the flower’s atoms.
So, you cannot
actually see the object
itself but rather the virtual
particles around it?
That’s exactly it!
Indeed,
the real particles are,
in a way, shielded by the
virtual particles.
The electron acts as a trigger that brings order
to the virtual particles in space-time.
Virtual particles surround and isolate the observable particles.
12
13
Chapter 1
Virtual particles in electromagnetism
In empty space-time, where there are no source charges and fields,
quantum fluctuations (virtual particles) emerge in a completely chaotic and
evenly distributed way. I call this steady, ongoing process ‘virtual entropy’.
‘Chaotically distributed’ means that the orientation of the virtual particle’s
charges point in a random direction. If you now place an electron into this
empty space-time, it will start to align some of the virtual particles (order out of
chaos). So one can view the electromagnetic field as a steady, virtual, counterentropic process of space-time, proceeding at the speed of light, which decreases
with the distance squared.
Ok, so this is
how the electromagnetic potential
flow moves through space-time. This view
makes sense because one can easily imagine why
the strength of the electromagnetic interaction
decreases with distance and why it moves
through space-time at a particular
speed – the speed of light.
Correct.
This seems to be how fast
the virtual particles can be
turned and aligned.
Virtual particles create force upon electrons.
14
I see.
Close to the electron
many more virtual particles
are aligned than at some
distance from it.
Yes,
and due to the point-like
radiation, the e.m. interaction
decreases with distance
squared.
The density of alignment events of virtual particles decreases
with distance squared. For this reason, the electromagnetic interaction
decreases with distance squared as well.
15
Chapter 1
Virtual particles in electromagnetism
If now a second electron is positioned near another electron, the aligned
virtual particles, emerging directly in and at the second electron, will exert a force.
With this picture in mind we observe another remarkable effect in relation to the
virtual particle alignment process.
in experiments is the same for many decimal places, and it is known to be one
of the most precise confirmations of a theory. Hence, it seems that the hypothesis
that the electromagnetic interaction is transferred and created by virtual particles
matches reality pretty well.
Like charges repel
I like this a lot.
The electromagnetic force is created
by more virtual particles pointing in one
direction than virtual particles
pointing randomly.
Yes, indeed,
that is why I see the cause for the
creation of this force in a phenomenon,
which could be described as an
energetic pressure difference
within space-time.
An observable force occurs due to an energy difference
between two unlimited virtual energy densities.
Very interesting.
Sometimes an alignment
process gets stuck and that’s why
the electromagnetic field’s energy
literally gets lost to
space-time.
What impresses me
is the precise confirmation of
this field energy loss through the
experiment. There really seems to
be something to these
virtual particles.
The virtual particle alignment process does not proceed
through space-time in a perfect way.
There is a special property in relation to the electromagnetic field, which is
radiated from source charges. The electromagnetic field does not only decrease
with distance squared, but there is an additional decrease. The quantum
vacuum itself swallows a little bit of the electromagnetic field’s virtual energy.
The mathematical description of this decrease compared to what is measured
‘Not only the photon, but all bosons which are able to transfer an
interaction do interact on their way to their destination with the vacuum.
Pairs of virtual particles – the particle and its anti particle – are created and
absorbed spontaneously from the vacuum. This process influences the net force
of the interaction. Virtual particles have an influence on the boson and change
the force of interaction. Calculations show that the force of the weak interaction
and the interaction of the electromagnetic force, decline with distance.’ 9
– Professor Lisa Randall
16
17
The quantum vacuum swallows energy
Chapter 1
Virtual particles in electromagnetism
Energy conservation?
This leads to an interesting thought. If we look at an ideal electric motor, when
taking into account all losses through friction – heat and so on – the coefficient
of performance is not exactly at 100%. Why is that? The magnetic field,
which is located in the air-gap between the electromagnet and the permanent
magnet, loses a little bit of its energy when moving through space-time. This
decrease in energy has to be added to the regular decrease occurring due to
the ‘distance squared’ rule, so some of the energy is literally lost to space-time.
The consequence of this is hugely significant, as it suggests that the conservation
of energy does not apply to any known electromagnetic, chemical or mechanical
system. Even if the difference from the 100% mark is only very small and not of
relevance in our daily life, it is an important issue in order to better understand
where the energy that surrounds us actually comes from.
Air-gap within
electric motor
‘The fun only begins once you know the rules. Currently we are still
busy reading the instruction manual of the universe.’ 10
– Professor Richard Feynman
Maxwell’s equations, which are still in use today, do not take into
account modern findings from QED, nor do they consider the fact that there
is no material ether. Having this in mind one may ask whether the Maxwellian
equations still describe the energy conversion process in common electrical
systems in a comprehensive way? When using the hypothesis of a non-material
ether – as suggested by QED – a new possibility arises of how to describe the
energy conversion process in an electromagnetic system.
Let’s do
something new. Maxwell’s stuff
from the 1860s is really dated. If an
electrical engineer today builds a new nuclear
power plant, he uses the Maxwellian equations.
Why not use the most advanced theory
(QED) when it comes to common electric
systems? A fresh approach
is overdue.
Right,
back then they didn’t
even know about the electron.
Electromagnetic energy was just a
kind of electrical fluid. And they
were using a material ether …
It’s time for a change.
Indeed it is!
Small electromagnetic energy loss
to space-time due to faulty rotation
events of virtual particles
Amazing!
I thought that energy was
always conserved 100% in
an ideal system.
Yes, one can
look at it in one way or another.
Basic physics rules are not absolute; they have
to be constantly renewed in line with the evolving state
of our consciousness. However, when taking into account
the virtual energy within the quantum vacuum, there is no
issue with the first law of thermodynamics, since we are
dealing with an energetically open system. Here one
has to approach the subject of energy from
a different point of perspective.
The quantum vacuum swallows energy.
Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetism needs an update!
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19
Chapter 2
Energy conversion
in electromagnetic systems
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21
Chapter 2
Energy conversion in electromagnetic systems
Energy transfer
If space-time itself is the primary energy-carrying medium and a source charge,
such as an electron, is just the initiator of an alignment process of virtual
particles, then a first electron, which repels a second electron, has no immediate
effect on the creation of energy at the second electron. The first electron is only
the initiator of a causality chain that creates an environmental condition that
later on enables the local creation of energy at the second electron. The energy
accelerating the second electron does not derive from the first electron but rather
emerges from the volume of space-time that is occupied by the second electron.
Thus, it is the locally emerging virtual particles in and around the second electron
that deliver the energy to accelerate it. So the electron only accelerates in relation
to the local frame.
‘… in dealing with force the tacit assumption is always made that the
force is equal to zero unless some physical body is present … One of the most
important characteristics of force is that it has a material origin …’ 12
– Professor Richard Feynman
Electron (A) does not directly repel electron (B) and vice-versa;
it is the virtual particle acting at and within the said electron.
The fact that a radiating electron permanently emits an electromagnetic
potential flow poses a problem for physicists. This problem is sometimes called
‘the source charge problem’. As this steady potential flow can be transformed again
into an observable energy at another source charge, one must ask the following
question: why are the observable energy components (joules) conserved, despite
the fact that the potential flows are not?
During the first decade of the 21st century some physicists came up
with the following solution to that question. The idea is that if the impact
of a force and energy at a second electron comes from the locally appearing
virtual particles from space-time occupied by that electron, then this energy is
balanced with the mass of the first (radiating) electron. In order not to violate
the law of conservation of energy, a mathematical approach was developed that
balances the created energy at a second electron with the mass of the first electron. 13
The equation works and the law of the conservation of energy applies, although
the electromagnetic energy is created consistently from space-time (nothing)
itself. This approach works because the electrons are finally in an energetic
equilibrium in relation to the energetic exchange towards space-time.
This procedure not only makes sense mathematically, but also complies
with what we observe – that the observable energy components are conserved in
almost all known energy systems.
However, using this method, I feel that there exists another class of
electromagnetic systems that is in disequilibrium in relation to the energetic
exchange towards space-time.
If the space-time energy at a second electron is used without balancing
it with the mass of the first (radiating) electron, then the system could create
negentropy and an excess amount of observable energy. The reason why this
procedure is legitimate is that the energy-radiating and -receiving electrons
exist at different places in space and time, meaning that they may be seen as
independent entities.
So what I suggest is, that the energy in space-time can be used in such a
way that it is possible to create an electromagnetic system that is in disequilibrium
in relation to its energetic exchange towards the quantum vacuum.
22
23
‘The existence of the positive charge, in some sense, distorts, or creates a
“condition” in space, so that when we put the negative charge in, it feels a force.
This potentiality for producing a force is called an electric field.’ 11
– Professor Richard Feynman
A
Haha,
that’s funny. So I can
throw a rock at your head and
say ‘it wasn’t me but the rock
and the local quantum
vacuum’.
B
Not quite.
You’re still responsible for
the bump on my head as you initiate the
process, but you’re right in a way. Energetically,
you don’t create the bump. The energy in your
muscles accelerating the rock would have nothing
to do with the energy causing my bump, as
that is due to local virtual particles
interacting with the rock as
it hits my head.
Chapter 2
Energy conversion in electromagnetic systems
Such an ‘asymmetric electromagnetic system’ would behave towards
the energy within space-time like an energetically open system, also called a
‘quantum open system’.
Energy flows indirectly
Observable energy only exists where a
virtual particle interacts with an observable
charge (mass)
Hand−eye
potential flow
Sun−hand
potential flow
Strictly speaking, one could say that the sun does not actually emit energy in
an observable sense. (I am currently ignoring the real particle emission from
the sun and only taking into account the radiation.) In an observable sense, the
observable energy (light and heat) is ‘lost’ at the sun’s surface. This energy now
exists only in a potential form or, in other words, in a virtual form. Subsequently,
the potential flow moves at the speed of light into space-time and a few minutes
later it reaches earth. On earth, the sunlight hits my hand. On my hand, the
sunlight is converted into heat and ‘hand’ light. Then, the ‘hand’ light proceeds
to my eye.
What we see are merely those places where one potential flow is
converted into another potential flow; in other words, where light and heat
coming from the sun are transformed into sunlight (on the sun’s surface) and,
subsequently, the sunlight is transformed into ‘hand’ light (on the hand). All that
we can see is the sun and the hand. So what happens on the sun and on the hand?
What we can see are those places where one potential flow is converted into
another potential flow or, in other words, the potentials obtain an observable
energy characteristic only in that moment when they are converted from one
virtual form into another virtual form. This brings us one step closer to the
definition of what ‘energy’ is. Energy is potential flow conversion or asymmetry
conversion. More on that later.
In the model presented in this book, there exists no observable energy
in space-time; for example, travelling from the sun to the earth. Each kind of
field energy in space-time exists always in a virtual form before the interaction
with an observable particle. Only in that moment when the field interacts with a
real particle is the virtual energy from the vacuum converted into an observable
force and/or energy.
This means that an observable photon is only created in that moment
when a certain number of virtual particles do the same thing at the same time,
such as exert a force onto an electron. Once a certain number of equally aligned
virtual particles press upon an electron, a threshold is reached where an observable
effect is created, say, when an electron is lifted to a higher shell.
Why is observable energy conserved, despite the fact that the potential flows are not?
24
25
So the entire
world only consists of initiators
of causality chains? This would mean
that there is no longer a transmission
of observable energy through space-time,
but merely flows of information, which
arrive at a destination, and then the
information transforms the virtual energy
into real energy – in other words,
creates energy from nothing.
Fascinating!
Well,
it’s like I said –
the action is in
space-time!
Observable energy only exists where a virtual particle interacts
with an observable charge (mass).
Photon
The radiation of a virtual
energy flow from the electron
is permanent. The creation
of virtual energy flows is not
conserved.
The force and acceleration of the
electron caused by the virtual
particles creates observable
energy. In contrast to the virtual
energy flows, observable energy
is always conserved.
Oh my goodness,
I am beginning to
see that this point of view
poses a few fundamental
questions.
Chapter 2
Energy conversion in electromagnetic systems
A new way of looking at reality
A charged particle like an electron is a perpetual emitter of an electromagnetic
potential flow and is therefore a permanent creator, or rather a consistent initiator
of a virtual flow of energy. After all, the virtual flow of energy in space-time
is disconnected from the electron as soon as the field has left it, and then it
only exists as a property of space-time itself. So one can see the electromagnetic
potential flow (electromagnetic field) as a ‘pre’-stage, or like a raw material for
the creation of an observable energy. And, since the electromagnetic potential
flow can be transformed again into an observable form of energy at another
source charge, I would like to revisit the question: why are the observable energy
components (joules) conserved, despite the fact that the potential flows are not?
This question shows that we can describe the cause for the conservation
of energy in a completely different way. In order to answer this and other related
questions, a fundamental shift in our perspective is required. Only when we
change our point of view will we be able to see things that could not have been
seen before. For example, the curvature of planet earth cannot be seen when
standing on earth’s surface.
In order to see the curvature of the earth, we have to shift our perspective
and move away from the earth’s surface (a very difficult task). It is the same with
the quantum vacuum’s energy topic. If we want to gain a better understanding
about where the energy is coming from (of which literally everything is made
up), we have to move our perspective from the observable mass aspect into the
space-time domain. We have to try to understand that the material world we see
is just an effect of the quantum vacuum’s energy. An atom’s energy does not come
from the observable aspect of the atom itself, but from the virtual particles of the
volume of space-time occupied by the atom.
Some physicists say: ‘You cannot understand the essence of the quantum
theories.’ Well, if we cannot get any further with the usual way of thinking, then
let’s completely change our point of perspective and try again.
Yes, indeed.
Finally I can see the
curvature – earth seems to
be a banana!
No,
it’s not a banana, you have
to change your perspective
even more …
What kind
of nonsense are they
talking about? The earth is
flat – you only have to open
your eyes to see this!
Ah, ok. But
how in hell am I supposed
to do that?
Yes, you’re
absolutely right. What I
see is the truth!
Well,
I never said it was going
to be easy.
How reality appears depends on our point of perspective.
Shifting one’s point of perspective is sometimes a very difficult task.
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Chapter 2
Energy conversion in electromagnetic systems
‘We cannot solve our problems with the same way of thinking that
created them.’ 14
– Professor Albert Einstein
‘The asymmetry between opposite signs of electric charge is sometimes
called particle − antiparticle asymmetry.’ 15
– Professor T. D. Lee
We need to shift our perspective from the observable mass aspect into
non-observable space-time. Hence, we can imagine that there is a never-ending
amount of energy everywhere in a virtual form and that matter itself consists of
this virtual energy only. In this case everything we see is a result of an interaction
between the energy in space-time and the observable material world. Matter is
just a possible manifestation of virtual energy or, in other words, it is an energetic
pattern consisting of virtual particles.
A broken symmetry in space-time represents an unbalanced distribution
of the charges of the virtual particles. Since there are more virtual particles aligned
closer to the electron than at some distance from it, the intensity of the force,
which decreases with distance squared, declines in a smooth way. This means
that directly at the electron, a constant number of alignment events take place,
while at, say, a millimetre away from it, there is also a steady but smaller number
of alignment events. Therefore, the declining distribution of a broken symmetry
that is coming from an electron does not change. This can be compared to the
‘static’ aspect of the electromagnetic field. The dynamic aspect of the field results
from the broken symmetry being made up of permanently and newly emerging
virtual particles. Therefore, the electrostatic field has both a static and a dynamic
aspect.
Broken symmetry
The electromagnetic field, which is emitted by an electron, can be seen as an
alignment process of virtual particles. If several aligned virtual particles are looked
at in a volume of space-time, we speak of a broken symmetry of space-time.
This looks like
Einstein’s curved
space-time. The more
virtual particles that are
aligned near an electron,
the more space-time
is curved.
Correct – one can
transfer the idea of a curved
space-time to electromagnetism and
other forces; in other words, all fields
may be seen as a form of
space-time curvature.
On the question of a static field actually being made of finer parts in
continuous motion, in the words of Tom Van Flandern: ‘To retain causality,
we must distinguish two distinct meanings of the term “static”. One meaning
is unchanging in the sense of no moving parts. The other meaning is sameness
from moment to moment by continual replacement of all moving parts. We can
visualize this difference by thinking of a waterfall. A frozen waterfall is static
in the first sense, and a flowing waterfall is static in the second sense. Both are
essentially the same at every moment, yet the latter has moving parts capable
of transferring momentum, and is made of entities that propagate. … So, are
fields for a rigid, stationary source frozen, or are they continually regenerated?
Causality seems to require the latter.’ 16
– Dr Tom Van Flandern
Broken symmetry = energetic pressure difference
of space-time
Many virtual particles that are aligned in the same direction can be
compared to a more intensely curved space-time.
The concept of a broken symmetry can be explained with the following example.
Imagine a diver who is ten metres underwater. At ten metres underwater there
is great pressure: ten tons per square metre. Thus, a weight of several tons is on
the diver’s body. But the diver feels no pain; he does not even experience the
pressure at all. Why is that? This is due to the balanced distribution (symmetrical
28
29
Chapter 2
Energy conversion in electromagnetic systems
distribution) of the water pressure around his body, meaning that the water
presses onto the diver’s body with the same intensity from all sides. If the diver
now wants to make the water pressure visible, then he can only do that with the
help of a pressure gauge. Within the pressure gauge, a pressure difference exists.
This pressure difference is the key to converting the invisible (non-observable)
water pressure into a visible or observable phenomenon. The pressure difference
within the pressure gauge is comparable to the concept of a broken symmetry
in space-time, which exists within a sea of an unlimited virtual energy density.
Several tons of water on
my body …? Wow, so why
doesn’t it hurt me?
It doesn’t
hurt you because the
water is pressing onto your body
from all sides with the same intensity.
Pain is an observable effect and it would
only be created when a pressure
difference exists.
‘Since non observables imply symmetry, any discovery of asymmetry
must imply some observable.’ 17
– Professor T. D. Lee
The balanced distribution of a pressure can be compared
to a symmetrical situation.
Your pressure
gauge shows the
difference of the pressures
inside the gauge and
around it.
Precisely.
Pressure difference
= broken symmetry
Low air pressure
So,
if I had a normal air
pressure in front of my hand,
like the air pressure that I have
on the beach, then my hand
would probably be
ripped off?
Oh no …
let’s surface
again quickly!
Membrane
A broken symmetry is the key to transforming the non-observable or
virtual form of energy within the quantum vacuum into a visible or observable
form of energy. The broken symmetry in space-time represents a potential flow,
which can create a real force and acceleration upon a real particle. Thus, a real
force and energy only emerge when a broken symmetry interacts with a real
particle. Just as the differences in water pressure inside and outside the pressure
gauge cause the dial to move, the broken symmetry in space-time causes a source
charge to move. So a virtual particle’s virtual energy receives an observable energy
characteristic only when it interacts with an observable particle. That is how
every atom receives its energy from the volume of space-time occupied by that
atom.
Quantum-Vacuum and quantum vacuum
The unbalanced distribution of pressure can be compared
to a broken symmetry.
According to the usual interpretation of the quantum vacuum, the term describes
a condition of lowest (observable) energy in space-time. However, that does not
mean that there is no energy within the quantum vacuum. On the contrary, the
quantum vacuum has an unlimited virtual energy density at each infinitesimally
small point, and there is a simple reason why we cannot see this energy. This
energy is invisible because it is completely evenly – symmetrically – distributed.
Thus, the quantum vacuum describes a state of lowest (observable) energy
because there is a state of maximum symmetry and, therefore, maximum virtual
entropy. Meaning the charges of the virtual particles are orientated into any
direction randomly.
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31
High water
pressure
Chapter 2
Energy conversion in electromagnetic systems
If an observable energy is to emerge from a virtual form of energy, then
the quantum vacuum must be asymmetrised first. The asymmetrised quantum
vacuum has the potential to create a real force and real energy in connection
with a source charge (e.g, an electron). Therefore, symmetrical and asymmetrical
quantum vacuums have very different characteristics. For this reason, I have decided
to introduce an additional term: ‘Quantum-Vacuum’ (spelt with a hyphen).
An asymmetric Quantum-Vacuum is able to create any imaginable force and
observable energy upon a source charge (depending on the degree of broken
symmetry).
‘An atom’s entire energy depends on the raw mass and the raw charge of
an electron. The mass and charge appear in theoretic equations before thoughts
turn to emission and absorption. Free electrons and electrons within atoms,
however, constantly emit and absorb photons, which impact on the electron’s
naked mass and electric charge, and thus, the measured raw mass and charge
do not have the same value as given in the elementary particle table. In order to
be able to determine the size of the observed values of the electron’s mass and
charge (which are of course finite), we have to take into account the raw mass
and charge (which are infinite). The entire energy of an atom is the sum of two
terms which are both infinite: the raw energy is infinite because it is dependent
on the infinite mass and charge and the shifting of energy … this too is infinite
because it receives an energy contribution from virtual particles which possess an
infinite amount of energy.’ 18
– Professor Steven Weinberg
Matter is made up of virtual particles
A real particle, such as an electron, exists as a broken symmetry of space-time.
Thus, the atom itself only consists of virtual particles. That is why a mass
represents a pressure difference of opposing and unlimited virtual energy densities.
One could also say that a mass and observable energy is like a condensation of
virtual energy.
Common quantum vacuum,
symmetric space-time
Quantum-Vacuum,
asymmetric space-time
Right, so
this is where it all
happens, because here is
a difference in vacuum
energy pressures that
could occur in connection
with an electron,
for example.
Here is the
symmetric quantum
vacuum, and there is the
asymmetric QuantumVacuum.
‘Matter is built on flaky foundations. Physicists have now confirmed
that the apparently substantial stuff is actually no more than fluctuations in the
quantum vacuum.’ 19
– New Scientist, 20 November 2008
‘As we have seen, the Quantum Theory’s Uncertainty Principle means
that even fields in apparently empty space are constantly subject to fluctuations,
which possess an infinite energy density. Consequently, we have to subtract an
infinite value in order to obtain the finite energy density observed in space-time.’ 20
– Professor Stephen Hawking
The symmetrical and asymmetrical Quantum-Vacuum
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Chapter 2
Energy conversion in electromagnetic systems
Broken symmetry and the Casimir effect
So my body
consists of virtual
particles only?
That’s right. Earth,
all stars and the tiramisu in your
fridge are made up of nothing more than
virtual energy, which manifests itself
in an observable form.
As all forces and observable energies are created by virtual particles, every mass
and observable energy is nothing but a pure quantum vacuum energy effect.
An electrical engineer who usually uses a different (mechanistic) approach to this
topic will most likely have a different view. This ‘established’ view suggests that
energy only exists where there is a mass, and that a mysterious form of energy
that is detached from the mass exists in empty space-time, and only plays a role
in certain situations.
To measure this mysterious form of energy, the well-known Casimir
effect can be used to make this space-time or vacuum energy visible. The Casimir
experiment consists of two smooth uncharged plates arranged in parallel to each
other. Just before they touch, the plates experience an attracting force. This
attraction is created by a difference of energy densities, which exist between the
inner and outer sides of the plates.
Plates far apart
Symmetrical space-time
No force
Plates close together
Asymmetrical space-time
Creation of an attractive force
Mass seen as a toroidal alignment process of virtual particles
If a real observable particle is made up solely of virtual particles, and
is the result of a broken symmetry, then this means that matter exists only as a
structural quality of the field itself. What we really see when we observe an atom
is not the ‘energy’ itself (since virtual energy always stays invisible), but only the
characteristic of one virtual energy form converting into another. Visibility is
only the quality of the virtual energy conversion process itself. Thus, in order to
make the virtual energy conversion process visible, the alignment process of the
virtual particles has to move forward in a recursive and toroidal way. Or, to put
it another way: in the moment that virtual energy (information) is integrated in
a recursive way, information receives an observable energy characteristic.
Right,
so all forces are created
through these broken
symmetries.
Correct
– the stronger the
broken symmetry, the
greater the force.
‘Atoms and elementary particles are not real. They form, rather, a world
of tendencies and possibilities instead of things and facts.’ 21
– Professor Werner Heisenberg
The Casimir plates break the symmetry of the quantum vacuum.
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Chapter 2
Energy conversion in electromagnetic systems
In the absence of atoms and fields, the geometrical structure of spacetime is almost completely symmetrical. Hence there is a maximum of virtual
entropy. However, if you position two smooth plates in space-time, then these
plates break up this symmetry in a small way and the quantum vacuum’s virtual
entropy is reduced a little. This small distortion in symmetry channels a tiny
amount of energy from this now asymmetrised Quantum-Vacuum (i.e. the
difference between two unlimited energy densities) and transforms it into an
observable form of energy, namely the ‘vacuum energy’.
A common point of misunderstanding is that the vacuum energy is
seen as something mysterious that is only of relevance in certain situations (as,
for example, in the Casimir experiment). In my view it is, however, important
to understand that the energy within the quantum vacuum is not mysterious at
all, and that it does not only play a role in certain situations, but the fact of the
matter is that the quantum vacuum energy is actually all that exists. Every force
– observable energy and mass itself – is made up of quantum vacuum energy.
Casimir plates
Passively broken symmetry
Small force
Electric field
Actively broken symmetry
Stronger force
Passively and actively broken symmetry
One possible method to extract more energy from the Quantum-Vacuum other
than by the Casimir effect (passive break of symmetry), would be to actively
break the symmetry of the Quantum-Vacuum. A common electromagnetic
field represents such an active break of symmetry; we can say that the ‘potential
difference’ of the electric field (volts) is a measure of the degree of a broken
symmetry. It is the same with the intensity of magnetic fields (Tesla) and does
not depend on whether they are emitted by an electromagnet or a permanent
magnet. The intensity of the magnetic field strength is also a measure for the
degree of the Quantum-Vacuum’s broken symmetry.
‘... the discoveries made in 1957 (parity violation) established not only
right-left asymmetry, but also the asymmetry between the positive and negative
– Dr Thomas Bearden
signs of electric charge.’ 22
The energy conversion process in a mechanical spring
Passively and actively broken symmetry
The following example shows that the virtual energy in the Quantum-Vacuum
plays a fundamental role in all mechanical systems. A mechanical spring consists
of atoms and molecules that are held together by electromagnetic binding forces.
As the forces of the source charges (electrons and protons) upon each other are
effects of broken symmetries, the mechanical stability of a material is based on
the energetic interaction between the material aspect (atoms) and the QuantumVacuum.
In a mechanical spring, that is not under tension, the molecules are
arranged in an ordered and ‘comfortable’ way. The molecules behave like many
small permanent magnets that are in a row from the north pole to the south pole,
then to the north pole and so on. If permanent magnets are arranged one after
the other in a closed manner, then the individual magnetic fields ‘disappear’ and
behave like one large magnet with one polarity at its ends.
As soon as the mechanical spring is put under tension, the molecules
of the spring’s material are stretched apart a little, creating many small broken
symmetries (open dipoles) in space-time between the molecules. These broken
symmetries, which are made up of virtual particles, now create the mechanical
tension of the spring in time. So the static mechanical tension is maintained by the
36
37
Exactly
– the higher the electric
field, the stronger the broken
symmetry. The voltage is a
measure of the intensity of the
broken symmetry, or, similarly, a
measure for a steady virtual
structuring process of the
Quantum-Vacuum.
Sure,
a battery breaks the
symmetry of space-time
even more strongly than
two plates next to
each other.
Chapter 2
Energy conversion in electromagnetic systems
constantly and newly created virtual particles. This picture clearly shows that a
static force requires a steady virtual energy flow within the Quantum-Vacuum.
When putting the spring under tension, the observable chemical energy
in our muscles, which help us to pull the spring apart, only serves to create
a dipolarity (asymmetry) in space-time. That is all. Thereby, the law of the
conservation of energy is violated in a negative sense. The observable chemical
input energy in the muscles is ‘lost’ to space-time in an observable sense, and, in
return, a broken symmetry is ‘obtained’.
Later, when the mechanical tension of the spring is released, some work
is being done. Thereby, the virtual energy from the Quantum-Vacuum transforms
into an observable form of energy. This means that the Quantum-Vacuum’s
consistent structuring process (virtual negentropisation process) is transformed
into a limited amount of observable work. During the relaxing process of the
spring, the asymmetries between the molecules ‘disappear’ and the spring’s
tension declines steadily. Once the tension on the spring is completely relieved,
the asymmetries between the molecules no longer exist. Now the conservation of
energy is violated in a positive sense, as a certain amount of energy was literally
created from the Quantum-Vacuum. The law of the conservation of energy can
therefore only be applied in retrospect.
The material
of the spring is held
together exclusively by
electromagnetic binding forces
– in other words, by a steady
alignment process of
virtual particles.
‘According to relativity, events that are simultaneous but occurring
at different locations to one observer, may not be simultaneous to another.
Hence the simultaneous disappearance and appearance of energy as seen by one
observer will not be simultaneous for all. For some observers, energy would have
disappeared at one location first and only some time later would it reappear at
the other location, thus violating the law of conservation of energy during the
time interval separating the two events.’ 23
– Professor Dilip Kondepudi and Professor Ilya Prigogine
It now becomes clear that the observable energy from the muscles that
was responsible for putting the spring under tension has nothing to do with the
created observable energy that came into being during the relaxation process of
the spring. The observable input energy is not the cause of the output energy in
an energetic sense. The energy that was put into the spring is just the creator of
a broken symmetry, and is therefore only the initiator of a causality chain that
later transforms the virtual energy within the Quantum-Vacuum again into an
observable form of energy.
That’s right.
The energy from your arm has
been passed on to space-time and has,
in an observable sense, been lost. In return,
you have bought a broken symmetry and
therefore a steady potential flow that
keeps the tension of the spring
upright in time.
Closed
magnetic fields
Ok,
the energy from
your arm, which pulls the
spring apart, is, in an energetic
sense, not stored in the spring.
It’s just used to asymmetrise
the spring.
Open
magnetic fields
Okidoki.
Mechanical spring not under tension
Mechanical spring under tension
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Chapter 2
Energy conversion in electromagnetic systems
The energy conversion process in a simple electric circuit
Let’s imagine a simple electric direct current circuit with a battery, two wires
and a light bulb. The general opinion is that the battery supplies energy to the
light bulb. The following thought experiment will show that this is in fact not
the case. A battery, just like any power station, is not a supplier of observable
energy, but rather a creator of a broken symmetry and a provider of electrons.
That is all!
‘This has led to one of the greatest ironies in history: All the hydrocarbons ever burned, all the steam turbines that ever turned the shaft of a
generator, all the rivers ever dammed, all the nuclear fuel rods ever consumed, all
the windmills and waterwheels, all the solar cells, and all the chemistry in all the
batteries ever produced, have not directly delivered a single watt into the external
circuit’s load. All that incredible fuel consumption and energy extracted from
the environment has only been used to continually restore the source dipole that
our own closed current loop circuits are deliberately designed to destroy faster
than the load is powered.’ 24
– Dr Thomas Bearden
the circuit are precisely those virtual particles that emerge directly in and around
each electron. This means that the energy pushing each electron in the circuit
comes from that volume of space-time occupied by the said electron, and not
from the battery.
Electric field
(voltage)
The electrochemical potential difference in the battery breaks the
symmetry of the quantum vacuum. This asymmetrised Quantum-Vacuum
leads to a steady structuring process of virtual particles or, in other words, to a
reduction in virtual entropy, which is expressed by the electric field. The higher
the electric field, the greater the broken symmetry, and hence the greater the
energetic pressure exerted by the virtual particles upon the electrons. The electric
field in the example shown is like a wind that consistently exerts a pressure on
the electrons (shown as sail boats).
‘A source of electrical energy does not increase the number of free
electrons in a circuit; it merely produces a concerted pressure on any aimlessly
moving electrons.’ 25
– Robert L. Shrader
The battery only breaks
the symmetry of space-time.
The energy that accelerates the
electron does not come from the
battery, but from the aligned
virtual particles and, therefore,
from local space-time.
Ah, I can
sail, too. The stronger
the wind, the faster the
boat will move.
That’s right,
and it’s similar for the electrons.
If the voltage (wind) is higher, then
the electrons (current) move in a
more effective way through
the wires.
As long as the electrical circuit is not closed, the electric wind will steadily
blow on the electrons, which are located at the electrodes. The strength of the
electric wind (voltage) determines the force on the sailing boats (electrons).
In the moment that the electrical circuit is closed, the electrons will start to move
through the circuit. The aligned virtual particles pushing the electrons through
Open electrical circuit
40
41
Chapter 2
Energy conversion in electromagnetic systems
‘The charges on the surface of the wire provide two types of electric field.
The charges provide the field inside the wire that drives the conduction current
according to Ohm’s law. Simultaneously the charges provide a field outside the
wire that creates a Poynting flux. By means of this latter field, the charges enable
the wire to be a guide (in the sense of a railroad track) for electromagnetic energy
flowing in the space around the wire. Intuitively one might prefer the notion that
electromagnetic energy is transported by the current, inside the wires. It takes
some effort to convince oneself (and one’s students) that this is not the case and
that in fact the energy flows in the space outside the wire.’ 26
– Professor Mark A. Heald
Light
Heat
‘Just how it is that the connections (of a conductor) to the energy source,
say a battery, are at the ends of the wire, yet energy flows in through the sides
(of the conductor), should be pondered by the reader.’ 27
– W. M. Schwarz
Let us for a moment consider electron flow through a circuit. As soon
as the electrons move from the thicker wire into the thinner wire (the filament
of the light bulb), they find themselves in a medium that has a greater resistance.
A greater resistance is comparable to a narrower passage. Now a large number
of electrons need to squeeze through this narrow passage, which creates greater
vibrations within the filament. These vibrations cause a back and forth movement
of the electrons on their atomic shells and lead to the emission of light and heat.
During this process, the ‘electric wind’ is therefore transformed into light and
heat. The emission of light and heat from the light bulb is symbolised by the
splash of water from the bow of the sailing boat.
Voltage
Just as
the sailing boat transforms
wind into waves, the electron
converts the electric field into light and heat.
Since the electric field, the radiated light and the
heat all exist as broken symmetries of space-time,
one could say that the electron converts one broken
symmetry into another broken symmetry. Since
you only see an observable energy at the exact
point where the filament is, you could say:
observable energy is the result
of an asymmetry conversion
process.
Filament
of the light bulb
You can’t exactly
compare the electric wind at an electron with
the wind that consists of air molecules. With an ordinary
wind, one molecule presses onto the next and they all move like
a solid unit through space-time. With the electric wind, however, the
virtual particles don’t move as a unit like air molecules; they actually
do not move at all. All that moves is the virtual particle alignment
process. Hence, the energy for the acceleration of an electron
is always ‘created’ precisely from the virtual particle
that appears out of local space-time exactly
at the electron.
Voltage
Light
Heat
Wow, now I understand.
Energy is always created out of
Nothing, at the exact point where an
observable particle is.
Current
The electron within the filament converts the electric field into light and heat.
An electron converts the electric field into light and heat.
42
43
Chapter 2
Energy conversion in electromagnetic systems
With this picture it becomes clear that the energy emitted from the
filament does not come from the battery, but from the locally aligned virtual
particles that are created and impacting at the said electron. As the virtual
particles emerge from that volume of space-time where the relevant electron
is located, the energy also emerges from precisely this location in space-time.
In simple terms one could say: the energy emitted from a light bulb comes from
the light bulb and not from the power station. Within the thicker wire that is
located before and after the filament, the electrons only create small waves. These
small waves symbolise the minimal warming of the wire and are representative of
the typical losses within an electrical circuit.
As mentioned above, a battery does not supply energy to the light bulb
but merely opens the door through which the space-time energy can flow. Strictly
speaking, the current (electrons in motion) does not supply energy either; it only
acts as a mediator that enables the conversion of the electric field into light and
heat. The example of the sailing boat (electron) makes this easier to understand.
It is not the sailing boat itself that supplies the energy in the first instance;
it is the wind. Just as the sailing boat only helps to convert the wind energy
into wave energy, the electron helps to convert the electric potential flow into
another potential flow (light and heat). During this potential flow (asymmetry)
conversion process, the potentials obtain an observable energy characteristic.
This is what we see and consider as observable energy. Energy (joule) is asymmetry
conversion!
The electrons flowing out of the battery at the negative pole and
flowing back in at the positive pole generate a flow of ions and cause a chemical
reaction. Unfortunately, the chemical reaction destroys the broken symmetry
(electrochemical potential difference or input dipole) within the battery.
The input dipole is destroyed once the chemical reactants have been depleted.
During this process, the observable energy from the chemical reactants is passed
on to the Quantum-Vacuum and is lost in an observable sense. The loss of the
observable energy is expressed by a negative violation of the conservation of energy.
The energy lost through the chemical reaction within the battery – minus
the conventional losses – reflects precisely that amount of energy which
is created again within the filament of the light bulb and in the wires.
As there is a positive violation of the conservation of energy within the filament
and wires, the observable energy components are conserved.
In this thought experiment, the flow of electrons is not a result of the
chemical reaction but rather the chemical reaction is caused by the electron flow.
And since the flow of electrons is powered by the (voltage) energy from the
Quantum-Vacuum, one could say that this energy is both the supplier of energy
to the light bulb, and the energy supplier that creates the chemical reaction.
The balanced distribution of electrons in the filament and in the battery
is the reason why the observable energy components are conserved. If, let’s say,
ten electrons travel in and out of the filament, an observable energy is created
from the Quantum-Vacuum with the help of ten electrons. Simultaneously,
ten electrons travel out of the battery at the negative pole and in again at the
positive pole. This movement of electrons causes a chemical reaction, which
de-asymmetrises the broken symmetry within the battery by ten electrons.
The balanced distribution of electrons in the filament and in the battery enforces
the conservation of the observable energies involved.
44
45
Wire (waterway)
Ion flow creates chemical
reaction which destroys
the broken symmetry.
Electron
(sailboat)
Electric wind
(voltage) =
external energy
input
The chemical
reaction destroys
the broken symmetry
Chemical reactants keep up
the broken symmetry as long
as possible.
Electric wind (voltage) from the
Quantum-Vacuum channelled by
the broken symmetry.
Chapter 2
Energy conversion in electromagnetic systems
‘Ere many generations pass, our machinery will be driven by a power
obtainable at any point in the universe. This idea is not novel … We find it
in the delightful myth of Antheus, who derives power from the earth; we find
it among the subtle speculations of one of your splendid mathematicians …
Throughout space there is energy. Is this energy static or kinetic? If static our
hopes are in vain; if kinetic – and this we know it is, for certain – then it is a mere
question of time when men will succeed in attaching their machinery to the very
wheelwork of nature.’ 28
– Nikola Tesla
The number of electrons
used to convert the virtual
energy into an observable
energy in the light bulb
is equal to the number of
electrons used to destroy
the broken symmetry
in the battery.
The electron motion in
and out of the battery
creates an ion flow
which destroys the
broken symmetry
(input dipole) within
the battery.
Full battery
Separator
Now
I understand why energy is
conserved in this example. The number of
electrons is automatically evenly distributed within
the light bulb and in the battery. The electrons destroy
the input dipole within the battery, and the electrons extract
energy from local space-time in the light bulb. Thus, the energy
from the lamp is derived from within the lamp. However, what
would happen if the flow of electrons were directed in such a
way that more electrons flow through the light bulb than
travel in and out of the battery? Wouldn’t it mean that
more observable energy would be created within
the load than was lost before in
the power station?
Well observed.
I see that you can tell where
this is leading to.
One can view the broken symmetry within a battery as an open door
through which the energy from the Quantum-Vacuum flows in. As soon as the
broken symmetry within the battery is symmetrised again, the electric voltage
vanishes too. No wind, no sailing; no voltage, no current.
When a battery gets recharged, the electrons are simply moved in
the opposite direction to when it was discharged, hence restoring the broken
symmetry or dipolarity in the battery. Strictly speaking, during the charging
process no (observable) energy is fed into the battery, since the number of the
charge carriers (electrons) does not increase. The only thing that happens is that
the charges are separated. This asymmetrising process happens within the battery
by pushing the negative charges to the negative electrode and the positive charges
to the positive electrode, without changing the number of the positive and
negative charge carriers.
Now it’s
clear to me that the electric
field is the true and primary supplier of
energy, not the electron! The electron merely
helps transform the electric potential flow into another
flow of light and heat. If the electric potential flow has a
permanent characteristic, and nature basically gifts us
with such a steady virtual energy flow, then it may be
possible to utilise this energy so that the light bulb
Yes, it’s a brilliant
keeps on glowing without destroying the
idea. In this case the Quantumbroken symmetry in the battery at
Vacuum would permanently furnish
the same time.
energy to the light bulb and there
would hardly be a chemical reaction
in the battery. Such a technology
Randomly orientated
could start another industrial
virtual particles do not
revolution.
create an electric field.
No voltage, no current;
no wind, no sailing.
Broken symmetry
in battery
has vanished.
Empty battery
Separator
Energy conservation due to balanced distribution of electrons
in the battery and in the load.
In every voltage source, the electric field is the primary energy supplier
that enables the flow of current.
46
47
Chapter 2
From the Quantum-Vacuum point of view, a car battery, for example,
cannot be charged or discharged in an energetic sense. A completely ‘empty’
battery still has, in reality, two infinitely large electric fields at the negative and
positive poles. However, as these infinitely large electric fields exactly cancel
each other out the voltmeter will show zero volts. When recharging the battery,
the evenly distributed charges within the electrolyte are simply separated again,
and a difference is thereby created between two infinitely large electrical fields.
It is this difference that is shown by the voltmeter. Hence, the number of volts is
a measure of the degree of broken symmetry, and represents a difference of two
infinite energy densities.
This example shows that due to the interaction with the QuantumVacuum, all electromagnetic systems are energetically open. They just appear to
behave like closed systems due to the balanced distribution of energy towards
the Quantum-Vacuum resulting in the conservation of the observable energy
components.
48