Project no: EIE/06/170/SI2.442662
RES2020
Monitoring and Evaluation of the RES directives implementation in
EU27 and policy recommendations for 2020
Reference Document on
Renewable Energy Sources Policy and Potential
Deliverables D.2.2 and D.2.3
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Table of Contents
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INTRODUCTION ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
AUSTRIA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
BELGIUM------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22
BULGARIA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34
CYPRUS-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42
CZECH REPUBLIC ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 52
GERMANY ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63
DENMARK ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 73
ESTONIA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 83
SPAIN ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 92
FINLAND ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------112
FRANCE-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------120
GREECE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------129
HUNGARY ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------141
IRELAND ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------150
ITALY-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------161
LITHUANIA ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------174
LUXEMBOURG----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------183
LATVIA---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------191
MALTA ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------201
NETHERLANDS---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------208
NORWAY------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------216
POLAND-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------220
PORTUGAL---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------230
ROMANIA -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------242
SWEDEN ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------249
SLOVENIA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------258
SLOVAKIA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------268
UNITED KINGDOM -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------280
REFERENCES-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------291
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
1. INTRODUCTION
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
The project RES2020 aims at analysing the present situation in the RES implementation, defining
future options for policies and measures, calculating concrete targets for the RES contribution that
can be achieved by the implementation of these options and finally examining the implications of
the achievement of these targets to the European Economy.. A number of future options for
policies and measures will be defined and they will be studied with the use of the TIMES energy
systems analysis model, in order to analyze the quantitative effects on the RES development. The
results will be combined to provide recommendations of optimal mix scenarios for policy measures,
in order to ensure the achievement of the targets.
In this context the present document is the analysis of the present situation, and an attempt to
approach the technological potential of Renewable Energy Sources in the EU27. The renewable
energy sector is changing rapidly, especially in the sector of policies and measures in the
European countries. Therefore this document will be updated continuously during the project and a
new version is expected to be published at the end of the project in the spring of 2009.
The data are presented per country in the following pages. A small introduction is given for each
country together with key figures on the existing situation. A description of policies and targets
follows. Finally a critique on the progress towards the targets is presented and the set of support
instruments that exist in the country.
The Annexes present the potential data for electricity production and the data for bioenergy
potentials that have been collected in the framework of RES2020 for each country.
The electricity potential table presents the data that have been collected
• Through EREC and its Members
• Through a revision of previous EU funded projects and reports (GreenX, OPTRES)
• Through the partners of the project
The data have been discussed in the framework of the REWG of the EnR with the country experts.
The table present an estimation of the technical potential that could be utilized as an upper bound
by 2010, 2015, 2020 and 2030. As technical potential we are considering:
• the future installed capacity of wind turbines without taking in mind financial issues at a
"reasonable" wind speed as a possible upper limit in the development of the installed
capacity over time.
• the future installed capacity of hydro considering technical issues only and a possible
upper limit in the development of the installed capacity over time.
For some technologies potential may be unlimited (e.g. photovoltaics), so we are using upper
bound limits within the relevant time frames.
The data on bioenergy potentials and costs originate from the European IEE project REFUEL. In
the REFUEL project three scenarios are considered. A reference scenario (‘baseline’) that
describes ‘most likely’ developments under current policy settings. Baseline essentially reflects
effects of ongoing trends in food consumption patterns on the one hand and technological progress
in food production on the other hand, and it assumes a continuation of current self-reliance levels
in Europe’s aggregate food and feed commodities. An extended description of the assumptions
driving the Baseline scenario can be fined in (Refuel D6, IIASA). In the other two scenarios, the
focus is more on difference in land area becoming available in the future for bio-fuel feedstock
production (scenario ‘high’ and scenario ‘low’). Agricultural production intensity, depends on
agricultural and environmental policies as well as technological progress, and may vary
significantly in different scenarios. In first instance the potentials from the Baseline scenario will be
used. Potentials of the high and low scenario can be used for the scenario analysis in
workpackage4 of the RES2020 project.
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Land availability
Competing land use requirements for Europe’s food and livestock sector as well as land use
conversion from agriculture to other uses, in particular built-up and associated land areas, will
determine future availability of land for energy crop production. Future food and feed area
requirements are the result of developments in food demand combined with changes in production
intensity and trade of agricultural products. (Refuel D6, IIASA) Moreover, areas of high nature
conservation value are excluded from the potential biofuel crop area.
Potentials
When for a region the land available for energy production is known, the potential for each crop
type can be determined. The total potential per region however, is much smaller than the sum of
the potentials since there competition of available land. This one obviously wants to take into when
taking up bio-energy crops in the energy system. When modeling potentials, one should adopt a
constraint to avoid double use of land. Assuming the potentials of the crops are homogenously
distributed over the region the following constraint should be satisfied:
U1/P1 + U2/P2 + Ui/Pi + …. ≤ 1.
Where Pi is the potential of the i-th crop and Ui is the real utilization of the i-th crop.
For example, if 30% of the woody crop potential is actually used, the homogenous distribution of
the potential implies that 30% of the land is used for woody crops and 70% is still available for the
cultivation of other energy-crop types.
However, in general potentials of crops will not be distributed homogenously within a region. Some
sub-regions will be more suitable for the growing of specific energy crops than for others, but also
the yield of a crop type will be better (and thus have a higher potential) in one sub-region than it will
be in another sub-region. So in general, the constraint (equation..) can not avoid that there will be
double use of land within a region. The impact of double counting is higher when the potential is
less homogenously distributed, which is more likely for a large region. When the region is small
enough, the error becomes acceptable. However, splitting a region (for example a country) in very
small sub-regions like 1 by 1 km will make your database much too detailed for the scope of the
RES2020 project. Therefore regions have to be defined that give an acceptable balance between
the level of detail of the model and possible unwanted double use of land.
For the REFUEL project, potentials are considered on NUTS2 level. Some (smaller) countries have
just one region (Denmark), other (large) countries are split up in a lot of NUTS2 regions (41
regions). For each NUTS2 region, the potential of a crop and average cost are given.
Costs and energy use
As written above, the costs of a crop include costs for growing, harvesting and cost for truck
transport of the energy crops to either a conversion plant or an export unit. In REFUEL, it is
assumed that the costs of crop growing and harvesting decline between 0,5% and 2,5% per year
depending on crop and year in each NUTS2 region. However, due to the aggregation of the
regions done for RES2020 it is possible that the costs on country level increase in time. This is due
to the fact that we are using weighted average costs. When the potential in a NUTS 2 region with
higher costs increases faster in time than the potential in a region with lower costs, the weighted
average cost can increase. This, will however be minimal. Costs for transport are based on
transport by truck over a average distance of 100 km. The costs for transport are lower for Eastern
European countries but will increase till the more or less stable cost level of Western European
countries.
Energy use for growing, harvesting or transportation are not taken into account. We assume these
are included in demand agriculture or transport sector. Same holds for energy use for production
fertilizer, it is assumed that this is included in the chemical industry. Same holds also for the CO2
related to the energy use for growing, harvesting, transportation and fertilizer production.
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
2. AUSTRIA
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Austrian energy policy has focused for decades on securing a sustainable and socially-balanced
supply of energy. The permanent promotion of renewable energy sources (RES), accompanied by
the enhancement of a rational utilisation of energy, is a key strategic aspect of this policy.
This long-term energy policy has resulted in a mix of energy sources characterised by a significant
importance of RES. With 66% of electricity consumed by RES, Austria is the European leader on
RES contribution to gross electricity consumption. The most significant source of renewable energy
is hydropower, followed by biomass. With 46% of the Austrian territory being covered by forests,
the share of woodland is one of the highest in Europe. Consequently, the use of biomass has been
extensive in Austria. Logwood and industrial timber are used in district heating plants, while pellets
are increasingly being used primarily in household heating systems. At the same time Austria is
one the European leader in Solar Thermal per capita together with Cyprus and Greece.
On November the 5th, 1978 the Austrian voted with 50.47% against the use of nuclear power for
electricity production in Austria. The use of nuclear power is therefore prohibited by law.
KEY FIGURES
•
•
•
•
•
The share of RES in total primary energy consumption was of 22.4 % in 2006. With a
share of 42.2%, oil remains the most important energy source, followed by RES, natural
gas with a share of 21.9% and coal (11.8%).
The share of RES in the gross final energy consumption was 23.3 % in 2005.
The share of RES in the gross electricity production was 57% in 2006. Most of the
renewable electricity (RES-E) is produced by hydropower plants (2/3), followed by solid
biomass and wind power.
The share of biofuels in the transport in 2006 was 3.54%.
Austria energy dependence on imports amounts to 54.5% in 2005
Source: http://www.statistik.at
Austrian Energy Agency
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
RES POLICY
The Austrian Green Electricity Act of 2002 was amended in 2006, leading to revised subsidy
conditions for new RES power plants. Whereas pre-established statutory provisions still apply to
the existing plants, the new law applies to the following power plants:
• Small scale hydro power plants (maximum capacity up to 10 MW): Generated (fed-in)
electricity with purchase obligation.
• “Other green power plants” such as wind-, solar-, geothermal-, biomass-, and high bio
share of waste-, landfill gas-, sewage gas- and biogas-: Generated (fed-in) electricity with
purchase obligation.
• Heat tariff (combined support of electricity and heat) for solid biomass power plants that
receive tariffs according to the feed-in tariff of 2002.
• Existing or refurbished combined heat and power plants for public district heating supply:
support tariff (when refurbishment investment amounts to 50% of the value of a new plant
of the total capacity after refurbishment).
• Subsidies for investments in “medium scale hydro power plants” (maximum capacity over
10 up to including 20 MW).
• Subsidies for investments in new fossil combined heat and power plants.
RES TARGETS
Mandatory targets set by the newly proposed RES Framework Directive from 20081
• 34 % share of RES on the final consumption of energy in 2020.
• At least 10% share of biofuels of final consumption of energy in transport in that Member
State in 2020.
Indicative Target set by the RES- electricity European Directive from 20012
• 78.1 % Share of RES on gross electricity consumption by 2010.
Indicative Target set by the European Biofuels Directive from 20033
• Biofuels consumption of 5.75% of petrol and diesel use for transport in 2010.
National commitments
• At least 25 % of RES in primary energy consumption by 2010.
• 80 % in 2010 and 85 % in 2020 of RES-E in gross electricity consumption.
• According to the Ökostromgesetz from 2002, and from 2006, 4% and 10% of all electricity
delivered to end-consumers by the public distribution network in the year 2008, 2010
respectively, should be produced from indigenous biomass combustion and digestion, liquid
biomass (i.e. plant oils, except black liquor and sewage), wind, solar and geothermal
sources. Besides this target, there is an indicative minimum quota for small hydro (< 10
MWel) of 9% in the Ökostromgesetz 2002.
1
Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from
renewable sources from January 2008(the targets agreed but the directive is on legislative process)
2
Directive 2007/71/EC on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity
market. Currently in force, sets targets up to 2010.
3
Directive 2003/30/EC on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport currently in force,
sets targets up to 2010, with indicative targets by 2005.
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
•
•
At national level, indicative targets for biofuels have been set at 2.5% in 2005, 4.3% in 2007
and 5.75% in 2008. (The goverment program goes even further: 10 % “alternative fuels” in
2010 and 20 % in 2020).
There is no national target/commitment for heating and cooling.
Technology roadmap
• Targets per Technology are planned for the upcoming Ökostromgesetz 2008, but still in
negotiation: In the electricity sector, it foresees +700 MW of wind, +700 MW for small
hydro, +100 MW for biomass by 2015.
• According to government program (2007-2010) a target of 5% cars with alternative
powertrains (e85, methane, and hybrid) for the yearly new licenced cars (from around
300,000 p.a.) by 2010 has been announced.
Progress towards the Targets
In 2006, the share of renewable energy in gross electricity consumption decreased to 57%
compared to 70% in 1997, mainly due to the increase in total electricity consumption.
According to the Austrian Energy Agency, 8% of RES electricity (not taking into account small and
large hydro) will be reached in 2008).
The 10% 2010 target from Ökostromgesetz 2006 probably won’t be reached any more because of
stop and go policy (Ökostromgesetz 2006 was no success compared to 2002)
The new target discussed for 2015 is therefore 15% including small hydro (the 9% target for small
hydro theoretically is reached already - but many small hydro plants opted for market conditions as
tariffs became lower than market prices and went out of the Ökostromgesetz framework).
A 17% share of RES in national electricity would be achieved in 2015 if the electricity consumption
would stay constant from 2008-2015 - but in Austria electricity consumption is rising sharply i.e.
about 2-3 % per year. (RES-e share would shrink if no new capacity would be built).
Large scale blending of all (nearly 95%) fossil diesel started in October 2005 . 3.2% of all gasoline
and diesel was substituted - the EU target was 2% by the end of 2005.
In 2006 large scale biodiesel blending (4.7% of the volume-) went on (288,500 to biodiesel for
blend and 32,500 to for fleets), further 10,000 plant oil were used by fleets and tractors - 3,54
biogenic energy % contributed to all gasoline and diesel in transport.
From October 2007 onwards 4.7 vol.-% bioethanol were blended to gasoline – however no official
data available yet.
Support for RES Electricity
Feed in tariff with purchase obligation for electricity
Small scale hydro power plants (maximum capacity up to 10 MW), wind-, solar-, geothermal-,
biomass-, high biogenous share of waste-, landfill gas-, sewage gas- and bio gas generated (feedin) electricity with purchase obligation.
Support level
[€cents/ kWh]
3,8-6,3
7,8
Feed-in tariff or
premium?
feed-in tariff
feed-in tariff
4.05- 16.95
feed-in tariff
PV
32-49
feed-in tariff
Geothermal
7,30 €c/kWh
Resource
hydro
wind
biomass
Technology
small
onshore
gasification
(biogas)
Duration [years that an investor is entitled to support]
13
13
10 years +2 years with a reduced tariff (in the 11th year:
75%, in the 12th year 50% of the fixed tariff.)
12
10 years +2 years with a reduced tariff (in the 11th year:
75%, in the 12th year 50% of the fixed tariff.)
See annex for more detailed info. Tariffs valid from
2007-onwards
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
The Austrian Green Electricity Act of 2002 was amended in 2006, leading to revised subsidy
conditions for new RES power plants.
Key amendments to the old law:
• The duration of the guaranteed feed-in tariff depends on the type of installation, but does
not exceed 13 years from the start of the installation’s operation. Almost all types of
installation will benefit from a purchase obligation at market price minus balancing costs for
a further period of 12 years.
• Change in the funding system: From 1 January 2007, the former fee on consumption is
replaced by a metering fee expressed as a lump sum per metering point, which consumers
have to pay per metering point (“Zählpunktpauschale”). The amount of the fee depends on
the grid level to which the consumer is connected but is independent of his actual
consumption. The fee is fixed by law and amounts to 15 000€ per annum for connection to
the high voltage net levels 1 to 4, 3300€ to level 5, 300€ to level 6 and 15€ to level 7.
• Change in the organisational structure of the support mechanism: The purchase and selling
of green electricity will be carried out in accordance with a licence to be granted by the
Ministry for economic affairs and labour. The now single Centre (www.oem-ag.at, formerly
there were 3 bodies engaged) will be subject to the control of the national court of auditors.
• The new law maintains the current level of the feed-in tariffs for different types of
installations installed/substantially modernised or for installations for which administrative
approval was granted at the latest by certain cut-off dates (administrative approval by
31.12.2004 for all technologies (except small hydro) and which went online by 30.06.2006
i.e. wind, PV. (except for plants with liquid, gaseous and solid biomass, for which deadline
was set for 31.12.2007).
• The law newly introduces that prices must be oriented on installations of best available
technique and must have in mind the support of installations at the most efficient locations
(this was valid for Ökostromgesetz 2002 too). The prices will be fixed for 2006, and reduced
subsequently on an annual basis.
Investments Subsidies
• For “medium scale hydro power plants” (maximum capacity over 10 up to including 20
MW).
For newly erected fossil combined heat and power plants.
Support for Heating and Cooling
Feed in tariff for Heat
• Heat tariff (combined support of electric energy and heat) for solid biomass power plants
that receive tariffs according to the feed-in tariff legal regulations of 2002.
• Support tariff for existing or refurbished combined heat and power plants for public district
heating supply.
Investment subsidies:
Federal/regional/local schemes on RES-H/C (for private houses mainly by the provincial housing
subsidy systems, for private companies mainly by the federal “Umweltförderung im Inland” which is
handled by kommunalkredit public consulting (Kpc) http://www.public-consulting.at/en/portal/
•
•
Geothermal: 20 – 40 % of the total costs of investment for private investors
Solar Thermal grants up to 30% of the investment costs. Federal level support for
companies. Support is given to private households at province level.
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Resource
Support level [%/total investment]
Comments
Geothermal
Solar
Thermal
20 – 40 % of the total costs of investment
For private investors
Federal level support for companies. Support is given to
private households at province level.
Grants up to 30% of the investment costs.
Private households benefit from grants between € 600 and € 1700 for systems used for domestic
hot water needs (dependent on the province). Installations aiming at space heating benefit from
grants between € 1100 and € 3325.
The federal government supports buildings in the private sector (eg. Hotels) with grants up to 30%
of the investment costs.
The KlimActive programme managed by the Federal Ministry of Environment counts with
partnerships in the regions, the industry and the Austrian Energy Agency. The objectives of the
programme are to promote RES technologies and Energy Efficiency. It has an important RES-H
component to cover also information campaigns, education and training for installers, certification
measures. Support to specific projects is implemented at regional level with the support of the
Austrian Energy Agency.
Support for Biofuels
Tax exemption
• Biodiesel are exempted from the tax on petroleum products (mineral oil tax
“Mineralölsteuer”), if used pure there is no VAT reduction.
• Biodiesel with a minimum blend of 4.4 Vol.% mineral oil tax reduction by 2.8 ct/l fuel-mix
compare to pure fossil fuel (part of this exemption is for desulphurization) - no VAT
reduction (stays at 20%).
• Bioethanol with a minimum blend of 4.4 Vol.% mineral oil tax reduction by 3.3 ct/l fuel-mix
compare to pure fossil fuel (part of this exemption is for desulphurization) - no VAT
reduction (stays at 20%).
Resource
Total support level (= tax exemption incl. reduction of VAT to be paid)
[€cents/litre]
start year
Biodiesel
Exempted from the tax on petroleum products if used pure
80ies
Biodiesel
with a minimum blend of 4.4 Vol.% mineral oil tax reduction by 2.8 ct/l fuelmix
compared to pure fossil fuel
7/1/2007
Bioethanol
with a minimum blend of 4.4 Vol.% mineral oil tax reduction by 3.3 ct/l fuelmix
compared to pure fossil fuel
10/1/2007
Quota Obligations
The European Biofuels Directive was transposed into Austrian law by an amendment to the Fuel
Order (Kraftstoffverordnung) in November 2004. Since 1 October 2005, in accordance with
Austrian legislation, those subject to the substitution requirement have had to ensure that biofuels
replace 2.5% (calculated on the basis of energy content) of all petrol and diesel fuels placed on the
market. This will increase to 4.3% on 1 October 2007 and to 5.75% on 1 October 2008.
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Resource
Technology
free choice
free choice
Quota in % (per year)
4.3% in October 2007
5.75% in October 2008
Comments
mineral oil companies and distributors are obliged
to fullfill the targets
Annex I Key Aspects of the Green Electricity Act Amended in 2006
Annex II. Overview of Feed in Tariffs for electricity
Annex III. Austrian Electricity Potentials
Annex IV. Austrian Bioenergy Potentials
Sources:
European Commission Factsheets by Country
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/facts_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2001/77/EC on renewable electricity
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/electricity_member_states_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2003/30/EC on biofuels
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/biofuels_members_states_en.htm
Austrian Energy agency
http://www.energyagency.at/
In the framework of the EU co –funded project: RES 2020: Monitoring and Evaluation of the RES Directives
implementation in EU27 and policy recommendations to 2020
The sole responsibility for the content of this Publication lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of the Community. The
European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
Drafted in March 2008.
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Annex I Key Aspects of the Green Electricity Act Amended in 2006
The amended Green Electricity Act of 2006 contains several new aspects. The most important
ones are summarised below:
The amendment constitutes new basic conditions from 2006 to 2011. For small scale hydro power
plants the subsidizing system stays basically unmodified, also the 9 %-target for 2008 stays
upright. For existing plants, which have been approved before 1.1.2003 and have not been
refurbished since then, the feed-in tariffs expire at the end of 2008. However, for the plant segment
up to 1 MW the purchase obligation at the market tariff (minus compensation of expenses for
control energy) will persist for further 12 years.
Also for “other green power plants” the subsidy mechanism, with a purchase obligation according
to guaranteed feed-in tariffs for a particular duration, still remains upright. However, the subsidy
volume to be allocated every year, is limited: In the years 2007 until 2011 an additional support
volume of 17 Mio. EUR will be available, the budget for 2006 is 8,5 Mio. EUR. For this reason
green power plants with a yearly support demand in the mentioned amounts can receive a new
purchase contract. The support volume is distributed in the following way:
• 30% for solid biomass (that means 5,1 Mio. EUR yearly, 2006: 2,55 Mio. EUR)
• 30% for biogas (that means 5,1 Mio. EUR yearly, 2006: 2,55 Mio. EUR)
• 30% for wind power (that means 5,1 Mio. EUR yearly, 2006: 2,55 Mio. EUR)
• 10% for photovoltaics and others such as liquid biomass, hybrid firing and cofiring plants,
and others (that means 1,7 Mio. EUR yearly, 2006: 0,85 Mio. EUR)
With this budget the share of „other green power“, related to the power consumption of end-users
connected to the public grid, should be increased up to 10 % in the year 2010 (according to the
legal target).
The purchase agreements are being allocated according to a “first-come-first-served” mechanism
through the newly created green power settlement center (OeMAG, www.oem-ag.at), in charge
since 1.10.2006: It replaces the three “green power balance group representatives”. For each plant
segment purchase agreements will be assigned until the additional yearly feed-in tariff volume is
exploited. Further the OeMAG has to publicize the still remaining feed-in tariff volume each day.
The available feed-in tariff volume will therefore be derived from the support volume:
annual support volume
+ Market value of the contractive green electricity
– Expenses of the green electricity settlement center (aliquot share)
– Expenses for balance energy (unscheduled elc. flows) (aliquot share)
– Technology subsidies of the federal states (aliquot share of 7 Mio. EUR yearly)
= available feed-in tariff volume
If the feed-in tariff volume, to be allocated in a particular category, is exploited, the application is
postponed to the following calendar year. However if the available funds in a particular category
can not be allocated in a specific year, the remaining funds are carried forward into the following
year and distributed to the single technology categories according to the key above.
After conclusion of the contract, the green power plant has to be put into operation within 24
months, after this time limit feed-in tariffs can be claimed – namely tariffs valid at the date on which
the contract with the green power electricity settlement center was concluded:
from the beginning of operation for the duration of 10 years; in the 11th year 75% respectively in
the 12th year 50% of these tariffs will be compensated, at least the market price according to § 20
of the Green Electricity Act
13th till 24th year: Purchase guarantee to the market tariff according to § 20 of the Green
Electricity Act minus expenses for control energy (separate depending on wind energy or other
energy sources).
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
The feed-in tariffs themselves were re-defined for the year 2006 and 2007 by ordinance and are
consequently to be configured degressively. Hereby a total fuel efficiency of at least 60 % is
necessary for combined heat and power processes (solid, liquid, biomass, waste with a high
biogenous share, biogas, cofiring plants). For photovoltaic plants 50 % of the expenses, which are
necessary for the purchase of the energy (i.e. the subsidy volume p.a.), have to be paid by the
federal state in which the plant will be erected.
For green power plants based on solid biomass, which receive tariffs according to the Green
Electricity Act of 2002, the amendment enables a combined support of electric energy and heat.
The subsidy mechanism of the amended Green Electricity Act 2006 came into effect on 1. October
2006.
The feed-in tariffs themselves are set by ordinance. Currently the following tariffs are in force:
• Ordinance on feed-in tariffs 2002 + amendment 2005 (these was an extension of the time
by which plants had to be online to get the 2002 tariffs, was done because plant
engineering and construction market was overheated because of approval flood by the end
of 2004) (valid for plants approved in 2003 and 2004)
• Ordinance on feed-in tariffs 2006 (valid for plants contracted in 2006 and 2007)
Because of the amendment of the law and the new ordinance, there are currently different
schemes in place. The following tables provide an overview of which conditions apply to which
plant segment within the small hydro power plants- and other green power plants sector.
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Annex II. Overview of Feed in Tariffs
General Conditions for Small Scale Hydro Power Plants
Type of Plant
Existing
(approved
1.1.2003)
Period of Tariff Validity
plants until 31.12.2008
before
For plants up to 1 MW:
12 years from 1.1.2009 onwards
Tariff Amount
Tariffs according to BGBl. II Nr. 508/2002,
amended BGBl. II Nr. 254/2005 (ordinance of the
feed-in tariffs 2002 + amendment 2005)
Market price according to sect. 20 of the Green
Electricity Act minus expenses for control energy
(separate for wind energy and other energy
sources) in the last calendar year
Recent erection or 15 years after (Restart-)or initial Tariffs according to BGBl. II Nr. 508/2002,
refurbishment before operation of newly erected plants amended BGBl. II Nr. 254/2005 (ordinance of the
1.1.2008
or for +50% RAV, 13 years for feed-in tariff 2002 + amendment 2005)
+15% RAV
12 years after expiry of the above Market price according to sect. 20 of the Green
mentioned tariffs (only plants up Electricity Act minus expenses for control energy
to 1 MW EPL)
(separate for wind energy and other energy
sources) in the last calendar year
Recent erection or Guarantee period according to Tariffs according to ordinance that have to be
refurbishment
after the new legal regulations (min. enacted before 2008
1.1.2008
10 years)
For plants up to 1 MW:
Market price according to sect. 20 of the Green
12 years after expiry of the above Electricity Act minus expenses for control energy
(separate for wind energy and other energy
mentioned tariffs
sources) in the last calendar year
15
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
General Conditions for Other RES Power Plants
Type of Plant
Period of Tariff Validity
Tariff Amount
Old plants (approved before 1.1.2003)
10 years after start of Tariffs according to the legal
operation,
respectively regulations of the respective federal
period of validity according state)
to the legal regulations of
the respective federal state
12 years after expiry of the Market price according to sect. 20
above mentioned tariffs
of the Green Electricity Act minus
expenses
for
control
energy
(separate for wind energy and other
energy sources) in the last calendar
year
Power plants, which have been 13 years
approved by to 2003 or 2004 at first operation
instance and have gone on line (started
operation) by 30.06.2006 (except solid-,
liquid biomass, biogas: Operation by
31.12.2007)
after
start
of Tariffs according to BGBl. II Nr.
508/2002, amended BGBl. II Nr.
254/2005 (ordinance of the feed-in
tariff 2002 + amendment 2005)
Solid biomass: Combined support
for electric energy and heat possible
12 years after expiry of the Market price according to sect. 20
above mentioned tariffs
of the Green Electricity Act minus
expenses
for
control
energy
(separate for wind energy and other
energy sources) in the last calendar
year
Plants, that have been approved after
the 31.12.2004 at first instance, or
respectively that will go on line by the
dates mentioned above and that have
concluded an agreement by 31.12.2011
10 years after start of
operation. In the 11th years
75%, in the 12th year 50% of
the feed-in tariff
Tariffs according to BGBl. II Nr.
401/2006 (ordinance of the feed-in
tariff 2006). In the 11. and 12. year
at least market price according to
the Green Electricity Act sect. 20
12 years after expiry of the Market price according to sect. 20
above mentioned tariffs
of the Green Electricity Act minus
expenses
for
control
energy
(separate for wind energy and other
energy sources) in the last calendar
year
16
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Feed-In Tariffs for RES Power Plants
Energy Cource
technology
/
Conditions
Contracting
Guarantee period
Wind Energy
Solid
Biomass
(such as wood
chips
from
the
forrest, straw)
Waste with a high
biogenous
proportion
Hybrid
Plants
up to 2 MW
2 to 5 MW
5 to 10 MW
above 10 MW
Materials according to SN 17… in
table 2 of the annex, e.g. bark, saw
dust
Materials according to SN 17…, in
table 1 of the annex, e.g. chip board
waste
Materials according to other 5-digit
SN in table 1 and 2 of the annex
Firing
Cofiring in caloric
plants
Solid biomass (wood chips from the
forrest, straw)
Materials according to SN 17… in
table 2 of the annex, e.g. bark, saw
dust
Materials according to SN 17…, in
table 1 of the annex, e.g. chip board
waste
Materials according to other 5-digit
SN in table 1 and 2 of the annex
Hybrid firing plants
Liquid biomass
Biogas
from
agricultural
production (such
as sweete corn,
liquid manure)
vegetable
oils,
cold-pressed
biogenous oils, biodiesel; up to 300
kW
Vegetable
oils,
cold-pressed
biogenous oils,
biodiesel; above 300 kW
other liquid biogenous fuels
up to 100 kW
100 to 250 kW
250 to 500 kW
500 to 1000 kW
above 1000 kW
Biogas from cofermentation
of
waste material
SewageLandfill Gas
and
Tariffs
in
Cent/kWh
according
to
ordinance BGBl II
Nr. 401/2008
2006 (2007)
10 + 2 years
7,65 (7,55)
15,70 (15,85)
15,00 (14,95)
13,40 (13,30)
11,30 (11,10)
Tariffs
in
Cent/kWh
according
to
ordinance BGBl
II Nr. 508/2002
2003, 2004
13 years
7,80
16,00
15,00
13,00
10,20
minus 25 % of
tariff above
minus 20 % of
tariff above
minus 40 % of
tariff above
minus 35 % of
tariff above
5,00 (4,90)
2,70
proportional
proportional
6,40 (6,30)
6,50
minus 25 %
5,00
minus 40 %
4,00
minus 50 %
3,00
proportional
proportional
13,00 (12,50)
13,00
(up
200kW)
10,00 (9,50)
10,00
200kW)
to
(above
6,50 (6,00)
17,00 (16,95)
15,20 (15,15)
14,10 (14,00)
12,60 (12,40)
11,50 (11,30)
16,50
14,50
14,50
12,50
10,30
minus 30 % of
tariff above
minus 25 % of
tariff above
sewage gas
6,00 (5,95)
landfill gas
4,10 (4,05)
3,00 (up to
MW)
6,00 (above
MW)
1
1
17
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
7,40 (7,30)
Geothermal Energy
Photovoltaics
up to 5 kWp
49,00 (48,00)
5 kWp to 10 kWp
42,00 (40,00)
7,00
60 (up to 20 kWp
)
47 (above 20
kWp )
32,00 (30,00)
above 10 kWp
Small Scale Hydro Power Plants
Tariffs in cent/kWh accoring toordinance BGBl II Nr. 508/2002 (erection/refurbishment until
31.12.2007)
a) existing old plants (tariff valid until 31.12.2008, phases out
without subsitution)
b) after refurbishment with at least 15 % electric power
a)
b)
c)
output progression
c) new buildings, respectively refurbishment with at least 50
% electric power output progression
first 1.000.000 kWh
5,68
5,96
6,25
following 4.000.000 kWh
4,36
4,58
5,01
following 10.000.000 kWh
3,63
3,81
4,17
following 10.000.000 kWh
3,28
3,44
3,94
surmounting 25.000.000 kWh
3,15
3,31
3,78
Combined heat and power funding of old biomass plants (approved 2003-2004)
thermal support tariff (WT) possible
WT=ET/4,4-WP
whereas ET = Feed-in tariff accoring to BGBl Nr. 508/2002; WP = 2,6 Cent/kWh (th) for plants up to 10
MW (el); WP = 1,8 Cent/kWh (th) for plants greater than 10 MW (el)
18
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Annex III. Austrian Electricity Potentials
Description
Unit
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Total Wind
Maximum Wind onshore
Maximum Wind offshore
Maximum solar PV
Maximum solar thermal
Total Hydro
Maximum conventional hydro
of which Maximum run of river
Maximum Pumped Storage and
mixed hydro
Maximum Wave power plants
Maximum tide power plants
Maximum geothermal Total
Maximum geothermal dry steam &
flash power plants (>180°C)
Maximum geothermal binary power
plants (180°C<x<85°C)
Maximum geothermal EGS power
plants
Maximum biomass power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum biogas power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum bio waste power plants
(CHP)
MW
MW
MW
TWh
MW
MW
MW
MW
819
819
0
0.01
0.00
11868
8300
5337
2778
2778
0
1.55
0.00
13280
9116
6153
3396
3396
0
4.01
0.00
14095
9245
6282
4015
4015
0
6.48
0.00
4458
4458
0
10.94
0.00
4902
4902
0
15.41
0.00
10060
7097
10073
7110
10085
7122
MW
TWh
TWh
Twh
3568
0.00
0.00
0.00
4163
0.00
0.00
0.01
4850
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
MW
0.00
1.34
1.34
1.34
1.34
1.34
TWh
1.92
5.57
7.85
10.12
11.19
12.26
TWh
0.32
1.67
1.77
1.88
3.37
4.86
TWh
0.32
0.67
0.79
0.91
0.91
0.91
MW
MW
The previous table present the data that have been gathered in the framework of the RES2020 project in order to be used in the
modelling.
The data have been collected
•
Through EREC and its Members
•
Through a revision of previous EU funded projects and reports (GreenX, OPTRES)
•
Through the partners of the project
The data have been discussed in the framework of the REWG of the EnR with the country experts.
The tables present an estimation of the technical potential that could be utilized as an upper bound by 2010, 2015, 2020 and 2030. As
technical potential we are considering:
•
the future installed capacity of wind turbines without taking in mind financial issues at a "reasonable" wind speed as a possible
upper limit in the development of the installed capacity over time.
•
the future installed capacity of hydro considering technical issues only and a possible upper limit in the development of the
installed capacity over time.
For some technologies potential may be unlimited (e.g. photovoltaics), so we are using upper bound limits within the relevant time
frames.
19
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Annex IV. Austrian Bioenergy Potentials
TABLE 1
Potentials agricultural bioenergy
Description
Sugar crops: sugar beet
Step 1
Unit
LimType
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
13,0
9,1
13,0
9,1
13,0
9,1
19,0
8,8
24,0
8,54
29,0
8,32
33,0
8,12
38,0
7,95
Potential
Cost
Step 2
Potential
Cost
Step 3
Potential
Cost
Step 4
Potential
Cost
Grassy crops: switchgrass, miscanthus, sweet sorghum, etc
Step 1
Potential
Cost
Step 2
Potential
Cost
Step 3
Potential
Cost
Step 4
Potential
Cost
Woody crops: willow, poplar
Step 1
Potential
Cost
Step 2
Potential
Cost
Step 3
Potential
Cost
Step 4
Potential
Cost
Oil crops: sunflower, rapeseed
Step 1
Potential
Cost
Step 2
Potential
Cost
Step 3
Potential
Cost
Step 4
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
10,0
8,7
10,0
8,7
10,0
8,7
15,0
8,19
19,0
7,79
23,0
7,45
26,0
7,16
30,0
6,91
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
32,0
6,0
32,0
6,0
32,0
6,0
50
6,0
63
5,8
76
5,6
90
5,5
103
5,3
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
29,0
4,5
29,0
4,5
29,0
4,5
44,0
4,44
56,0
4,29
68,0
4,14
80,0
4,03
92,0
3,92
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
8,0
9,8
8,0
9,8
8,0
9,8
12,0
9,5
15,0
9,3
18,0
9,0
21,0
8,8
24,0
8,6
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Starch crops: rye, oats, maize, wheat, barley, etc
Step 1
Source
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
20
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
TABLE 2
Potentials bioenergy from wastes
Description
Agricultural waste
Unit
LimType
2000
2001
Potential
[PJ/a]
UP
1
Cost
[€/GJ]
Potential
[PJ/a]
UP
115
Cost
[€/GJ]
Potential
[PJ/a]
Cost
[€/GJ]
Potential
[PJ/a]
Cost
[€/GJ]
Potential
[PJ/a]
Cost
[€/GJ]
Potential
[PJ/a]
Cost
[€/GJ]
Potential
[PJ/a]
Cost
[€/GJ]
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
Cost
[€/GJ]
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
2005
2010
17
2015
2020
18
2025
2030
19
Source
EEA Report 7 2006
9 according to
Wörgetter, M., et al. (2003): Bioenergy in Austria: Potential, Strategies, Success Stories. BLT Wieselburg,
Austrian Biomass Association and Austrian Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, 2003.
Forestry residues
Wood processing residues
UP
48
51
54
7
8
8
15
16
17
22
24
25
4
4
4
6
6
6
Municipal solid waste
UP
6
Wet manures
UP
Black liquor
UP
19
Sewage sludge
Other waste wood
households
packageing
demolition
UP
151 according to
Wörgetter, M., et al. (2003): Bioenergy in Austria: Potential, Strategies, Success Stories. BLT Wieselburg,
Austrian Biomass Association and Austrian Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, 2003.
EEA Report 7 2006
5 according to
Wörgetter, M., et al. (2003): Bioenergy in Austria: Potential, Strategies, Success Stories. BLT Wieselburg,
Austrian Biomass Association and Austrian Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, 2003.
EEA Report 7 2006
8 according to
Wörgetter, M., et al. (2003): Bioenergy in Austria: Potential, Strategies, Success Stories. BLT Wieselburg,
Austrian Biomass Association and Austrian Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, 2003.
EEA Report 7 2006
1 according to
Wörgetter, M., et al. (2003): Bioenergy in Austria: Potential, Strategies, Success Stories. BLT Wieselburg,
Austrian Biomass Association and Austrian Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, 2003.
EEA Report 7 2006
19 according to
Wörgetter, M., et al. (2003): Bioenergy in Austria: Potential, Strategies, Success Stories. BLT Wieselburg,
Austrian Biomass Association and Austrian Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, 2003.
EEA Report 7 2006
1 according to
Wörgetter, M., et al. (2003): Bioenergy in Austria: Potential, Strategies, Success Stories. BLT Wieselburg,
Austrian Biomass Association and Austrian Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, 2003.
UP
UP
UP
1
EEA Report 7 2006
EEA Report 7 2006
1 according to
Wörgetter, M., et al. (2003): Bioenergy in Austria: Potential, Strategies, Success Stories. BLT Wieselburg,
Austrian Biomass Association and Austrian Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, 2003.
Dry manures
UP
21
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
3. BELGIUM
22
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
In Belgium, 77% of the primary energy comes from fossil fuels (petroleum, natural gas and coal),
21% from nuclear. The main renewable energy sources (RES) are hydropower and biomass,
nevertheless the hydropower potential is relatively limited. Belgium green certificate system aims at
giving enough incentives for a further development of renewable energy, however due to the low
penalty rates; currently it is more favorable to pay penalties, than to use the certificates. Little
trading has taken place so far and Belgium is still far form it RES targets. However, onshore wind
generation has grown in recent years: the building of the largest onshore wind farm in Belgium has
been recently announced, and the turbines will enter in operation gradually from 2010. Once the
wind farm is complete it will produce 100-140 GWh annually.
KEY FIGURES
• The share of RES in total primary energy consumption was of 2.11 % in 2006.
• The share of RES in the gross final energy consumption was 2.2 % in 2005.
• The share of RES in the gross electricity production was 2.98% in 2006.
• The share of biofuels in the transport sector in 2006 was 0.01%.
• Belgium energy dependence on imports amounts to 80% in 2005.
Technology Specific Figures
• For the Walloon region, present biomass resources are estimated at about 700 000 toe.
The current utilisation reaches 300 000 toe, principally by incineration of waste, utilisation of
by-products in wood industries and space heating with wood logs in domestic stoves.
• Wind energy represents only 0.3% national electricity production, but the Belgium
Government plans to supply 3% of national electricity needs by wind energy by 2012.
RES POLICY
Targets differ between the three regions of the country (Flanders, Wallonia, and Brussels) and
national energy policies are implemented separately, leading to differing supporting conditions and
separate regional markets for green certificates.
RES TARGETS
Mandatory targets set by the newly proposed RES Framework Directive from 20084
4
Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources
from January 2008(the targets agreed but the directive is on legislative process)
23
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
•
•
13% share of RES on the final consumption of energy in 2020.
At least 10% share of biofuels of final consumption of energy in transport in that Member
State in 2020.
Indicative Target set by the RES- electricity European Directive from 20015
• 6 % Share of RES on gross electricity consumption by 2010
Indicative Target set by the European Biofuels Directive from 20036
• Biofuels consumption of 5.75% of petrol and diesel use for transport in 2010.
National commitments
• The target for renewable electricity is 7% by 2007 in the Walloon region, 6% by 2010 in
Flanders and 2.5% by 2006 in Brussels.
• There is no national target/commitment for heating and cooling.
Technology Roadmap
• The Walloon Region aims at reaching a production of 5.550 GWh heat from wood by 2010.
Regarding bio-methanization, the Walloon region aims at an energy production of 100 GWh
to 225 GWh of heat production by the year 2010.
• The Walloon region aims at reaching a production of electricity from wind of 370 GWh
(approximately 150 windmills) by 2010 (of windmills installed on the Walloon territory).
• Flanders region aims at a production capacity of electricity from wind of about 1,000 GWh
by 2010. A memorandum of the Flemish government has been published in May 2006
aiming to reach this objective through accelerating measures.
Progress towards the targets
• With an RES-e share of 2.98% in 2006 the national target of 6% is still far away.
MAIN POLICY INSTRUMENTS
Support to RES Electricity
3 sets of measures are key to the Belgian approach to RES-e:
Quota obligations
Quotas have been set (obligation for all electricity suppliers to supply a specific proportion of RESe) and guaranteed minimum prices or ‘fall back prices’ have been foreseen. In all three regions, a
separate market for green certificates has been created. Due to the low penalty rates which will
increase over time, currently it is more favorable to pay penalties, than to use the certificates. Little
trading has taken place so far.
5
Directive 2007/71/EC on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market.
Currently in force, sets targets up to 2010.
6
Directive 2003/30/EC on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport currently in force, sets targets up to
2010, with indicative targets by 2005.
24
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Resource
All RES-E
technologies
Penalty level [€cents/ kWh]
WALLONIA and BRUSSEL:
100 euros for each missing GC
FLANDERS :
125 € for each missing GC
Quota in % (in year)
WALLONIA :
3% 2003 - increase of 1 % a year till
2012
BRUSSEL :
2 % in 2004
2,25 % in 2005
2,5 % in 2006, 2007 and 2008
increase of 0,25 % after 2008
FLANDERS :
...
Comments
WALLONIA : electricity suppliers
must pay to Wallonia’s energy
authority for each GC missing at
the end of each accounting period
BRUSSEL : electricity suppliers
must pay to Brussels’s energy
authority for each GC missing at
the end of each accounting period
FLANDERS :
...
Green certificates Price
Currently (updated as of 4th February 2008) 1,615 green certificates without GoOs are being
traded with an average price of 108.58 Euros/MWh, and 9,194 green certificates with GoOs were
traded at the average price of 110.81 Euros/MWh. The statistics show that in January 2007 an
overall volume of 45,743 green certificates without GoOs were traded with an average price of
108.99 Euros/MWh. The total number of green certificates with GoOs in this period reached 45,383
with an average price of 108.24 Euros/MWh.
CWAPE (Commission Wallonne pour l’Energie), energy regulator in the Walloon region of Belgium,
has recently published the green certificates market prices and volumes for the fourth quarter of
2007 - covering the months from October to December. The volume of green certificates traded
was 154,087. The third quarter of 2007 ended with the highest volume traded since 2004, reaching
227,009. The average price for the fourth quarter was 88.16 Euros/MWh. The price of certificates
traded in the previous quarter, from July to September, was 91.46 Euros/MWh
Resource
Support
kWh]
level
[€cents/
biomass
WALLONIA :
Market price : 90 €/GC
Maximum price : price of
penalty = 100 €/GC
Minimum price : 65 €/GC
during a period calculated on
the rentability of the
investment (maximum 15
years) OR 20€/MWh in any
case
BRUSSEL :
Market price : ??? (no
transaction yet)
Maximum price : price of
penalty = 100 €/GC
Minimum price : 20€/MWh
Duration [years that
investor
is
entitled
support]
WALLONIA :
15 years
BRUSSEL :
10 years
an
to
Comments
WALLONIA : 1 GC = 456 kg CO2 avoided maximum 2 GC / MWh BUT reduction of the
amount of green certificates during the last 5
years calculated on the rentability of the
investment in order to insure a 12% VAT
65 €/GC = regional minimum price on basis of a
convention with the grid operator
BRUSSEL : 1 GC = 217 kg CO2 avoided maximum 2 GC/MWh for installations > 1 MWe
(no maximum under) - 5 GC/MWh for
biomethanisation
ALL THREE : 20 €/MWh = TSO undertake to
buy any green certificate for biomass electricity
at this price
25
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Resource
Support
kWh]
wind
WALLONIA :
Market price : 90 €/GC
Maximum price : price of
penalty = 100 €/GC
Minimum price : 65 €/GC
during a period calculated on
the rentability of the
investment (maximum 15
years - usually 10 years) OR
50 €/MWh
BRUSSEL :
No market price : ??? (no
transaction yet)
Maximum price : price of
penalty = 100 €/GC
Minimum price : 50€/MWh
Hydro
wind
solar
level
[€cents/
Duration [years that
investor
is
entitled
support]
WALLONIA :
15 years
BRUSSEL :
10 years
an
to
Comments
WALLONIA :
1 GC / MWh BUT reduction of the amount of
green certificates during the last 5 years
calculated on the rentability of the investment
iun order to insure a 12% VAT
65 €/GC = regional minimum price on basis of a
convention with the grid operator - 50 €/MWh =
TSO undertake to buy any green certificate for
onshore wind electricity at this price
BRUSSEL : 1 GC / MWh
ALL THREE : 50 €/MWh = TSO undertake to
buy any green certificate for wind electricity at
this price
WALLONIA :
Market price : 90 €/GC
Maximum price : price of
penalty = 100 €/GC
Minimum price : 65 €/GC
during a period calculated on
the rentability of the
investment (maximum 15
years) OR 50 €/MWh
BRUSSEL :
No hydro
Minimum price : 50€/MWh
WALLONIA :
15 years
No market price (no market),
only a minimum price of 107
€/MWh during 10 years for
the first 256 MW installed 90 €/MWh during 20 years
for the rest of the installation
and for all the power during
the last 10 years
WALLONIA :
Market price : 90 €/GC
Maximum price : price of
penalty = 100 €/GC
Minimum price : 65 €/GC
during 15 years OR 150
€/MWh
BRUSSEL :
No market price : ??? (no
transaction yet)
Maximum price : price of
penalty = 100 €/GC
Minimum price : 150€/MWh
20 years
1 GC = 1 MWh
Federal minimum price on basis of a convention
with the TSO
WALLONIA :
15 years
BRUSSEL :
10 years
WALLONIA :
7 GC / MWh from 0 to 5 kWp - 5 GC/MWh >5
kWp till 7 kWp - 1 GC/kW > 7 kWp
65 €/GC = regional minimum price on basis of a
convention with the grid operator BRUSSEL :
7,28 GC/MWh from 0 to 20 m² - 5,46 GC/MWh
> 20 m² till 60 m² - 3,64 GC/MWh > 60 m²
WALLONIA :
1 GC / MWh BUT reduction of the amount of
green certificates during the last 5 years
calculated on the rentability of the investment
iun order to insure a 12% VAT
65 €/GC = regional minimum price on basis of a
convention with the grid operator - 50 €/MWh =
TSO undertake to buy any green certificate for
onshore wind electricity at this price
BRUSSEL : 1 GC / MWh
ALL THREE : 50 €/MWh = TSO undertake to
buy any green certificate for hydro electricity at
this price
ALL THREE :
150 €/MWh = TSO undertake to buy any green
certificate for PV electricity at this price
Source:EDORA
Investment support schemes for RES-e
26
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Investment subsides for all RES-e technologies and additional support for solar PV.
Resource
All RES-E
technologies
Support level [%/total investment]
WALLONIA :
40 % of eligible investment
(see the rules of the Community guidelines on state aid for
environmental protection OJEC, 2001/C27/03, 3.2.2001)
BRUSSEL :
investment state aid for energy economy : 20 % of total investment
+ specific aid concerning RE for the need of the building : 40% of total
investment (maximum 200.000 €/building and per year + European
rule "de minimis")
Additional
investment
support for
solar
WALLONIA :
for private person : 20% of total investment with a maximum of 3500 €
/ PV system
BRUSSEL :
for private person 50 % of total investment with a maximum of 3000 € /
PV system
Comments
WALLONIA :
e.g. 13 % on average for
wind energy
till around 37 % for P.V.
(indicative figures)
Fiscal Incentives
RES-e technologies benefit from a tax deduction
Resource
Support level [% deduction from taxable profits]
All RES-E
technologies
tax deduction of 13,5 % for all investment on
equipment in order to reduce energy consumption
All RES-E
technologies
tax reduction of 40% with a maximum of 1280 € for
investment in 2006 (exercise 2007) and 3.380 EUR in
2007 (2008)
Comments
Additional primes by the different regions are
cumulative
Private person : for PV
Companies : for all RES and CHP installation
Others
Resource
Technology
Wind
Biomass
onshore
digestion
Support level [Unit or %]
WALLONIA : 50% of the study for pre-feasibility (wind measurement) with a
maximum of 5.000 € / site
WALLONIA : 50 % of the study for pre-feasibility with a maximum of 2500 €
27
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Support for RES Heating and Cooling
Renewables for heating and cooling are mainly support by investment subsidies and fiscal
incentives in Belgium. As of 2006, the Walloon government awarded grants for the installation of
micro-cogeneration systems and high-efficiency wood-burning furnaces and heating boilers.
Investment Subsidies
Resource
Technology
Support
level
[%/total
investment]
WALLONIA :
40 % of eligible investment
(see the rules of the Community
guidelines on state aid for
environmental protection OJEC,
2001/C27/03, 3.2.2001)
BRUSSEL :
investment state aid for energy
economy : 20 % of total investment
+ specific aid concerning RE for
the need of the building : 40% of
total investment (maximum
200.000 €/building and per year +
european rule "de minimis")
Biomass
Combustion
small scale
furnace
Geothermal
Heat pump
WALLONIA :
from 250 € to 3500 € depending on
the power of the boiler, the system
for loading (manual or automatic),
the nature of biomass used (wood
or crops) and the nature of the
investor (private or public)
WALLONIA : 75 % of the invoice
BRUSSEL : 50% of the invoice
Solar
Thermal
All RES-HC
technologies
WALLONIA : 1.500 € for all
installation from 2 m² to 4 m² + 100
€ / m² for additional surface
BRUSSEL : 50% of the invoice
maximum 50 % of total investment
- maximum investment of 25.000 €
WALLONIA : maximum 1500 € for
the heating of a new building and
750 € for water heating of any
building
BRUSSEL : maximum 5000 € for
the heating of a building and 2500
€ for water heating
WALLONIA : maximum 6.000 € +
possibility t be combined with other
incentive if total amount of the aid
is maximum 75% of total
investment
BRUSSEL : maximum 6000 € for
the heating of a building and 300 €
for water heating
Fiscal Incentives
28
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
RES H&C technologies benefit from a tax deduction from taxable profits.
Resource
All RES-HC
technologies
All RES-HC
technologies
Support level [% deduction
from taxable profits]
Tax deduction of 13,5 % for all
investment on equipment in
order to reduce energy
consumption
Tax reduction of 40 % of total
investment (invoice during the
fiscal exercise)
Comments
maximum 3.380 EUR in 2007 (exercise 2008)
Private person : for the following investment :
- replacement for a old boiler and maintenance of a boiler
- solar water heating system
- geothermal
Companies : for all RES and CHP installation
Support for Biofuels
Quota Obligations
For the production of bio ethanol, a yearly quota of 250 million litres has been allocated on October
2006 and until 2013, to 3 companies. For the production of bio diesel, the Belgian Government
decided to allocate production quotas with reduced excise duties to three Flemish and one Walloon
companies. These four producers must be ready to deliver adequate bio diesel supply to the
Belgian market from September 1 st , 2007
Resource
Biofuels
Quota in % (per year)
2% 2005
5.75% in 2010
Tax exemption
The Act of 10 June 2006 concerning biofuels reduces the excise duties on diesel oil containing at
least 3.37 % biodiesel and on gasoline containing at least 7 % ethanol of non-chemical nature.
Furthermore, this Act allows the regional public transport companies to use a higher exempted
percentage of biofuels. The Royal Decree of 10 March 2006) fixes the general conditions for the
exemption of excise duties for pure rapeseed .
Resource
Total support level (= tax exemption
reduction of VAT to be paid) [€cents/litre]
incl.
biodiesel
About 35c€/l (in fact tax on fossil diesel has been
increased and biodiesel exempted, but only for
blend lower than 5%)
ethanol
About 62 c€/l (same principle as for biodiesel.
Increased tax on gasoline and no tax on ethanol if
blended at 7%)
pure
plant oil
about 35 c€/l (full tax exemption upon certain strict
conditions)
Maximum
amount
per
year eligible
(in case of
tender
system)
380 000 m3
start year
End year
Duration
[years of
support
entitled]
Nov. 2006
2013
almost 7
250 000 m3
Oct, 2007
2013
6
April 2006
unlimited
(until law is
changed)
29
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Call for Tenders
A federal call for tenders will be used to market:
• Biodiesel: 286.000 m3 from 1 November 2006 until 30 September 2007
• Biodiesel: 2.279.000 m3 from 1 October 2007 until 30 September 2013
• Ethanol: 1.485.000 m3 from 1 October 2007 until 30 September 2013
Annex I. RES Electricity Potentials
Annex II RES Bioenergy Potentials
Sources
European Commission Factsheets by Country
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/facts_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2001/77/EC on renewable electricity
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/electricity_member_states_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2003/30/EC on biofuels
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/biofuels_members_states_en.htm
EDORA
http://www.edora.be/
ODE Vlaanderen
http://www.ode.be/
Valbiom, Belgium
http://www.valbiom.be/
EurObserv’er Barometer
http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/sig/eufores/sig.asp
In the framework of the EU co –funded project: RES 2020: Monitoring and Evaluation of the RES Directives
implementation in EU27 and policy recommendations to 2020
The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of the Community. The
European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
Drafted in March 2008.
30
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Annex I RES Electricity Potentials
Description
Unit
2005
2010
2015
2020
Total Wind
Maximum Wind onshore
Maximum Wind offshore
Maximun Solar PV
Maximum solar thermal
Total Hydro
Maximum conventional hydro
of which Maximum run of river
Maximum Pumped Storage and
mixed hydro
Maximum Wave & Tide power
plants
Maximum geothermal conventional
power plants
Maximum geothermal hot dry rock
power plants
Maximum biomass power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum biogas power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum Bio waste power plants
(CHP)
MW
MW
MW
TWh
MW
MW
MW
MW
167
167
0.0
1119
782
337.0
1952
1158
794
6086
2286
3800
1497
109
109
3034
1534
1500
0.58
0
1500
112
122
1388
1388
1388
MW
TWh
0.15
MW
0
MW
0
TWh
6.23
TWh
3.18
TWh
7.25
2025
2030
1500
112
122
The previous table present the data that have been gathered in the framework of the RES2020 project in order to be used in the
modelling.
The data have been collected
•
Through EREC and its Members
•
Through a revision of previous EU funded projects and reports (GreenX, OPTRES)
•
Through the partners of the project
The data have been discussed in the framework of the REWG of the EnR with the country experts.
The tables present an estimation of the technical potential that could be utilized as an upper bound by 2010, 2015, 2020 and 2030. As
technical potential we are considering:
•
the future installed capacity of wind turbines without taking in mind financial issues at a "reasonable" wind speed as a possible
upper limit in the development of the installed capacity over time.
•
the future installed capacity of hydro considering technical issues only and a possible upper limit in the development of the
installed capacity over time.
For some technologies potential may be unlimited (e.g. photovoltaics), so we are using upper bound limits within the relevant time
frames.
31
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Annex II RES Bioenergy Potentials
TABLE 1
Potentials agricultural bioenergy
Description
Sugar crops: sugar beet
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Starch crops: rye, oats, maize, wheat, barley, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Grassy crops: switchgrass, miscanthus, sweet sorghum, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Woody crops: willow, poplar
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Oil crops: sunflower, rapeseed
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Unit
LimType
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
6,0
8,2
6,0
8,2
6,0
8,2
10,0
7,95
12,0
7,7
15,0
7,48
18,0
7,28
21,0
7,1
3,0
8,5
3,0
8,5
3,0
8,5
5,0
8
6,0
7,6
7,0
7,26
9,0
6,98
10,0
6,73
8,0
5,8
8,0
5,8
8,0
5,8
13
5,4
17
5,1
22
4,8
28
4,6
34
4,4
8,0
3,7
8,0
3,7
8,0
3,7
13,0
3,46
17,0
3,25
21,0
3,08
26,0
2,95
32,0
2,83
2,0
8,4
2,0
8,4
2,0
8,4
4,0
8,1
5,0
7,9
6,0
7,7
7,0
7,5
8,0
7,3
Source
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
32
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
TABLE 2
Potentials bioenergy from wastes
Description
Agricultural waste
Unit
LimType
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
Potential
[PJ/a]
Cost
[€/GJ]
Potential
Cost
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Source
9 according to
Perez, P.S., et al. (2006): The role of renewable energy technologies in securing electrical supply in Belgium. K.U. Leuven ESAT/ELECTA, March 2006.
BIONET 2 (2007): Biomass fuel trade in Europe. Summary Report VTT-R-03508-07, VTT, Finland, March 2007, p. 11.
4 according to
Perez, P.S., et al. (2006): The role of renewable energy technologies in securing electrical supply in Belgium. K.U. Leuven ESAT/ELECTA, March 2006.
BIONET 2 (2007): Biomass fuel trade in Europe. Summary Report VTT-R-03508-07, VTT, Finland, March 2007, p. 11.
11
12
13
UP
9
10
10
UP
17
18
19
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
22
24
25
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
6
6
6
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
4
4
4
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
UP
4
4
4
EEA Report 7 2006
UP
4
4
4
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Forestry residues
Wood processing residues
Municipal solid waste
EEA Report 7 2006
EEA Report 7 2006
1 according to
Perez, P.S., et al. (2006): The role of renewable energy technologies in securing electrical supply in Belgium. K.U. Leuven ESAT/ELECTA, March 2006.
Wet manures
Black liquor
Sewage sludge
Other waste wood
households
packageing
demolition
Dry manures
33
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
4. BULGARIA
34
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Due to the lack of support mechanisms, in the last years, renewable energy sources (RES) in
Bulgaria are not broadly developed. However, good potential exist for biomass, wind and
geothermal energy. Solar potential exists in the East and South of Bulgaria. Bulgaria has recently
adopted a new feed-in tariff, its effective implementation with measures to non-discriminatory
access to the power grid and simplified licensing procedures will be the basis for a market uptake
of RES in the country. Currently, the legal framework to allow non-discriminatory access to the
power grid for independent renewable energy producers remains too vague to increase investor
confidence. However, various wind farms however are at planning stage.
KEY FIGURES
• The share of RES in total primary energy consumption was of 4.5% in 2006.
The share of RES in the gross final energy consumption was 9.4 % in 2005.
• The share of RES in the gross electricity production was 11.8% in 2005 (thanks to the
contribution of hydropower, currently, almost the only source of RES-e in Bulgaria).
• The share of biofuels in the transport sector in 2006 was 0 %.
• Bulgaria energy dependence on imports amounts to 70 % in 2005.
RES POLICY
A new Renewable and Alternative Energy Sources and Biofuels Act were adopted in June 2007.
Mandatory targets set by the newly proposed RES Framework Directive from 20087
• 16 % share of RES on the final consumption of energy in 2020.
• At least 10% share of biofuels of final consumption of energy in transport in that Member
State in 2020.
Indicative Target set by the RES- electricity European Directive from 20018
• 11 % Share of RES on gross electricity consumption by 2010
Indicative Target set by the European Biofuels Directive from 20039
• Biofuels consumption of 5.75% of petrol and diesel use for transport in 2010.
National Commitments
• The goal of Bulgaria’s National Programme on Renewable Energy Sources is to
significantly increase the share of non-hydropower RES in the energy mix. The National
long-term programme for support of RES utilization 2005-2015 aims at achieving a 6% RES
share in 2015.
• There is no national target/commitment for heating and cooling.
Progress towards the Targets
Bulgaria’s RES-e share in gross electricity consumption increased from 7% in 1997 to 11.8 in
2005. Large-scale hydro power is currently the main source of RES-e.
7
Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from
renewable sources from January 2008(the targets agreed but the directive is on legislative process)
8
Directive 2007/71/EC on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity
market. Currently in force, sets targets up to 2010.
9
Directive 2003/30/EC on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport currently in force,
sets targets up to 2010, with indicative targets by 2005.
35
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Support for RES Electricity
Feed in tariff
In 2007 Bulgaria introduced new feed in tariff for Renewable Electricity. The State Energy and
Water Regulatory Commission has assumed the commitment to purchase alternative energy at a
higher tariff and for the duration of 12 years. Suppliers refusing to accept renewably-produced
electricity would be fined up to 500 000 (euros) in response to renewable power producers' reports
of difficulty in grid connection.
Resource
Technology
Support level
[€cents/ kWh]
Wind
onshore
120 лв./ МWh.
Wind
Wind
New wind plants in
operation after 01.01.2006
without capacity limitations:•
With working hours per year
up to 2250
New wind plants in
operation after 01.01.2006
without capacity limitations:•
With working hours per year
over to 2250
Feed-in
tariff or
premiu
m?
Start
year
Duration
[years
that an
investor
is entitled
to
support]
feed- in
2006
12 years
depending on the
type of installation
and capacity.
feed in
2006
12 years
Depends on the
installed capacity
feed in
2006
12 years
feed in
2006
12 years
175 лв./ МWh.
156 лв./ МWh.
Solar PV
installed capacity up to 5kW
Solar PV
With installed capacity over
5kW
718 лв./ МWh.
Small
Hydropower
plant up to
10 MW
up to 10 MW
80.00 лв./МWh.
782 лв./ МWh.
Biomass for
producing
electricity
Heat power
produced by
CHP
installation
Comments
between 162 and
215 лв./ МWh.,
depending on the art
of used biomass.
67 – 149лв./MWh,
depending on the
producer.
The RES Act establishes a period of 12 years. The exchange rate is following - 1 Euro - 1,9583 Bg leva. VAT is excluded from the
above prices. Source: Ministry of Economy
The New Energy Act stipulates that producers of energy from RES will be able to conclude
contracts with the public supplier of energy i.e. the National Electricity Company for a period of 12
years. This is valid until 2010. After this period the Ministry of Economy and Energy is obliged
(within one year period - end of 2011) to elaborate and submit for approval a new market
mechanism for price-settings.
36
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Support for RES heating and cooling
Investment subsidies
Bulgarian Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Credit Line established investment subsidies
for RES H&C technologies.
Resource
Support level [%/total investment]
RES Heating technologies
20 per cent grant
Support for Biofuels
The national long-term programme for the use of biofuels in transport 2007-2020 has been recently
drafted.
Quota Obligations
Resource
Biofuels
Quota in % (per year)
2% in 2008
3.5% in 2009
5.75% in 2010
8% in 2015
10 % in 2020
Tax exemption for biofuels
Biofuels, if not blended with other fuels, have been exempt from excise tax since 2005. (note: not
all types of bioethanol are included). There are also plans for the compulsory mixing of biofuels
with liquid fuels of petroleum origin to be carried out at tax warehouses licensed under the Excise
Duties and Tax Warehouses Act.
Support for all RES
In order to promote RES, Bulgaria is currently implementing the Bulgarian Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy Credit Line (BEERECL). RES projects are eligible for a 20% grant. Loans worth
more than EUR 12.8 million have already been granted.
Annex I. RES electricity Potentials
Annex II RES Bioenergy Potentials
37
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Sources
European Commission Factsheets by Country
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/facts_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2001/77/EC on renewable electricity
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/electricity_member_states_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2003/30/EC on biofuels
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/biofuels_members_states_en.htm
Energy Efficiency Agency. Ministry of Economy and Energy
http://www.seea.government.bg
Black Sea Regional energt Centre
http://www.bsrec.bg/
In the framework of the EU con –funded project: RES 2020: Monitoring and Evaluation of the RES Directives
implementation in EU27 and policy recommendations to 2020
The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of the Community. The
European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
Drafted in March 2008
38
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Annex I. RES electricity Potentials
Description
Unit
2005
2010
2015
2020
WindTotal
Maximum Wind onshore
Maximum Wind offshore
Maximum solar PV
Maximum solar thermal
Total Hydro
Maximum conventional hydro
of which Maximum run of river
Maximum Pumped Storage hydro
Maximum Wave power plants
Maximum tide power plants
Maximum geothermal
conventional power plants
Maximum geothermal hot dry rock
power plants
Maximum biomass power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum biogas power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum municipal waste power
plants (CHP)
Maximum industrial waste power
plants (CHP)
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
TWh
TWh
10
245
650
1150
0.0
0
0
0
1950
1380
40
570
2040
1470
50
570
2470
1690
60
780
2025
2030
3450
0
0
2710
1720
90
990
MW
MW
TWh
TWh
TWh
TWh
The previous tables present the data that have been gathered in the framework of the RES2020 project in order to be used in the
modelling.
The data have been collected
•
Through EREC and its Members
•
Through a revision of previous EU funded projects and reports (GreenX, OPTRES)
•
Through the partners of the project
The data have been discussed in the framework of the REWG of the EnR with the country experts.
The tables present an estimation of the technical potential that could be utilized as an upper bound by 2010, 2015, 2020 and 2030. As
technical potential we are considering:
•
the future installed capacity of wind turbines without taking in mind financial issues at a "reasonable" wind speed as a possible
upper limit in the development of the installed capacity over time.
•
the future installed capacity of hydro considering technical issues only and a possible upper limit in the development of the
installed capacity over time.
For some technologies potential may be unlimited (e.g. photovoltaics), so we are using upper bound limits within the relevant time
frames.
39
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
TABLE 1
Potentials agricultural bioenergy
Description
Sugar crops: sugar beet
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Starch crops: rye, oats, maize, wheat, barley, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Grassy crops: switchgrass, miscanthus, sweet sorghum, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Woody crops: willow, poplar
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Oil crops: sunflower, rapeseed
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Unit
LimType
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
15,0
6,3
15,0
6,3
15,0
6,3
28,0
6,36
35,0
6,46
43,0
6,65
48,0
6,96
53,0
7,42
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
59,0
7,2
59,0
7,2
59,0
7,2
113,0
6,91
144,0
6,69
175,0
6,52
194,0
6,4
214,0
6,34
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
140,0
3,2
140,0
3,2
140,0
3,2
272
3,0
352
2,9
431
2,8
485
2,8
538
2,8
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
116,0
2,0
116,0
2,0
116,0
2,0
225,0
1,89
291,0
1,83
357,0
1,81
401,0
1,84
445,0
1,92
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
59,0
5,4
59,0
5,4
59,0
5,4
112,0
5,3
143,0
5,1
174,0
5,0
193,0
5,0
213,0
4,9
Source
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
40
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
TABLE 2
Potentials bioenergy from wastes
Description
Agricultural waste
Unit
LimType
Potential
[PJ/a]
UP
Cost
[€/GJ]
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Source
5
12
24
36
48
23
28
33
38
44
1
2
3
4
4
ACCESS (2006): Accelerated Penetration of Small-Scale Biomass and Solar Technologies - Maps
and databases on the biomass potential. Intelligent Energy Europe, EC, 2006.
1
2
2
2
Georgiva, V. (2007): Biomass energy potential in Bulgaria. Ministry of economy and energy Bulgaria,
JI and biomass cooperation, Leipzig, Germany, 6 March 2007.
1
2
3
Georgiva, V. (2007): Biomass energy potential in Bulgaria. Ministry of economy and energy Bulgaria,
JI and biomass cooperation, Leipzig, Germany, 6 March 2007.
0,4
0,4
Georgiva, V. (2007): Biomass energy potential in Bulgaria. Ministry of economy and energy Bulgaria,
JI and biomass cooperation, Leipzig, Germany, 6 March 2007.
http://bioenergy-in-motion.com/index.php?id=3&sId=15
ACCESS (2006): Accelerated Penetration of Small-Scale Biomass and Solar Technologies - Maps
and databases on the biomass potential. Intelligent Energy Europe, EC, 2006.
Forestry residues
13
18
ACCESS (2006): Accelerated Penetration of Small-Scale Biomass and Solar Technologies - Maps
and databases on the biomass potential. Intelligent Energy Europe, EC, 2006.
http://bioenergy-in-motion.com/index.php?id=3&sId=15
Wood processing residues
Municipal solid waste
Wet manures
Black liquor
Sewage sludge
Other waste wood
households
packageing
demolition
UP
UP
Dry manures
41
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
5. CYPRUS
42
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Cyprus has no indigenous sources of energy and at the moment, it is almost entirely dependent on
imported energy. In year 2006, imports of oil products, coal and pet coke for home consumption,
amounted to 580 million Euros, representing approximately 18% of the country’s domestic imports.
Energy is therefore, of vital importance to the island’s economy.
The energy consumption in Cyprus is predominantly oil-based and amounts to 92.6% of the total
energy consumption. Other forms of commercial energy used are Solid Fuels (coal and pet coke)
for the production of cement, amounting to 5.9 % of the total energy consumption. The remaining
1.5% is mainly solar energy and at the moment is the only substantial contribution of renewable
energy sources, in the country’s final energy consumption.
The high costs of imported energy are a burden on the economy of the country. Renewable energy
sources (RES) constitute the only indigenous source of energy in Cyprus capable of making a
significant contribution to the island’s energy balance. However, until 2005, measures that
supported renewable energy production, such as the New Grant Scheme, were not very ambitious
and targets are not being met. In 2006, a New Enhanced Grant Scheme was agreed upon and in
2007 feed in tariffs for RES-e were set.
Cyprus is one of the leading countries in the use and construction of solar water heating systems.
90% of households are equipped with solar water heaters and 53% of hotels have installed large
solar water heating systems. According to ESTIF (European Solar Industry Federation), Cyprus
has the larger number of solar collector installations per capita.
KEY FIGURES
• The share of RES in total primary energy consumption was of 1.76% in 2006 (with
important contribution of solar thermal).
• The share of RES in the gross final energy consumption was 2.9 % in 2005.
• The share of RES electricity generation is minimal 0.03 % in 2006 (all from PV).
• The share of biofuels in the transport sector in 2006 was 0.
• Cyprus energy dependence on imports amounts to 96 % in 2005.
RES POLICY
In order to promote the uptake of RES, the Cyprus government adopted a framework for support
measures: Action Plan for the Promotion of Renewable Energy Sources, 2002-2010, which is
currently is considered to be revised The Action Plan provides the creation of a special financing
mechanism to increase the exploitation of renewable energy sources. The Action Plan sets targets
for the increase of the utilisation/contribution of the country’s main renewable energy sources, to
the total electricity consumption and overall to the total energy balance. It includes a financial
mechanism to encourage renewable energy sources and proposes strategies to eliminate
administrative obstacles. The Action Plan covers the period 2002 – 2010.
RES TARGETS
Mandatory targets set by the newly proposed RES Framework Directive from 200810
• 13% share of RES on the final consumption of energy in 2020.
• At least 10% share of biofuels of final consumption of energy in transport in that Member
State in 2020.
Indicative Target set by the RES- electricity European Directive from 200111
• 6 % Share of RES on gross electricity consumption by 2010
10
Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources
from January 2008(the targets agreed but the directive is on legislative process)
11
Directive 2007/71/EC on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market.
Currently in force, sets targets up to 2010.
43
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Indicative Target set by the European Biofuels Directive from 200312
• Biofuels consumption of 5.75% of petrol and diesel use for transport in 2010.
National commitments
• The Action Plan for the Promotion of RES determines that the contribution of RES to the
total energy consumption of Cyprus should rise from 4.5% in 1995 to 9% in 2010.
• As an indicative target, 1% biofuel by energy content in 2005 has been set.
• There is no national target/commitment for heating and cooling.
Progress towards the Targets
At present, there is a 6% target for RES electricity contribution, by the year 2010, which is
considered to be attainable. It is envisaged that by proper implementation of the relevant legislation
that will reduce the administrative obstacles, the target will be achieved.
The target for biofuels of 1% by the end of 2005 was not met. The use of biofuels in Cyprus was
still at 0% in 2006.
Support for RES electricity
In January 2006, Cyprus introduced a new scheme13, which allows investors to benefit from
subsidies on running investments and no longer on initial investments. This leads therefore on
higher tariffs (for the duration of 15 years):
Feed in tariff
Resource
hydro
Technology
small
wind
small (up to 30kW)
Feed-in
tariff or
premium?
feed in
Start year
2007
feed-in
2007
Years*
0.0632 €/ kWh
feed-in
2006
15 years
0.148-0.319 €/ kWh **
feed-in
2007
15 years
Support level [€/ kWh]
0.0632 €/ kWh
0.0632 €/ kWh
Biomass
and
biogas
PV
Capacity up to 20
kW connected to the
network
Duration [years
that an investor is
entitled to support]
-
Source: Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Tourism
* This situation applies for 5 years from the wind turbine’s commissioning. For the next 5 year period, the feed-in price
payable to the owner depends on the turbine’s average performance over the first five years of its operation
**(PV) Small photovoltaic systems. Maximum capacity 20 KW, connected to the grid.
Option A:
•
for households and other entities and enterprises not engaged in economic activities the grant is set to 55% of
eligible costs. The maximum amount of grant €64,926.85.
•
For enterprises the grant is 40% of eligible costs. The maximum amount of grant is €47,840.84.
Subsidy 20.5 euro cents /KWh - 6.32 euro cents= 14.18 euro cents/KWh.
12
Directive 2003/30/EC on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport Currently in force,
sets targets up to 2010, with indicative targets by 2005.
13
http://www.cie.org.cy/sxediaxorigioneng.htm
44
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Option B:
•
for households and other entities and enterprises not engaged in economic activities 0% grant and increased
subsidy: 38.27 euro cents/KWh- 6.32 euro cents= 31.95 euro cents /KWh
•
For enterprises 0% grant and increased subsidy: 33.49 euro cents/KWh - 6.32 euro cents = 27.17 euro cents
/KWh
Investment Subsidies
Investment subsides for all RES-e technologies:
Resource
PV
Hydro
wind
Wind
Biomass
and
Biogass
Technology
Small up to 20 KW
small
Support level [%/total
investment]
55% of eligible costs for
households and 40% for
companies
40% of eligible costs
for companies
Comments
For Small and Medium Size (SMS)
enterprises, the grant will be 30% in the form
of regional aid plus de minimis aid. In any case
the total amount from both forms of aid should
not exceed 40% of eligible costs. The
maximum amount of grant is set to €102,516.
Price for generated KWh is 6.32-euro cents.
No running support is offered.
Wind turbines of
rated power
<30kW or
windmills for water
pumping
40% (for companies) to
55 % (for households)
of the eligible costs for
the purchase and
installation
For enterprises 40%, Maximum amount of
grant €41,006.43 per unit. For natural persons
55%, Maximum amount of grant €51,258.00
per unit. The produced electricity is sold at
6.32 euro cents/KWh to the Electricity
Authority of Cyprus . No operating support
offered.
Windmills
Windmills. For
enterprises 40%,
Maximum amount of grant €17,086.00 per unit.
For natural persons 55%, maximum amount of
grant €25,629.00 per unit.
Electricity
production
from
Biomass
and
Biogas
from
Spaces Sanitary
Burial of Litter
From Biomass: Systems up to 5MW.
Subsidy 9.48 up to 12.3 euro cents / KWh
according to thetype and size of the installation
From Biogas: Systems up to 600ΚW.
Subsidy 6.83 up to 9.1 euro cents / KWh
according to the type and size of the
installation
Small hybrid/stand alone PV systems (not connected to the grid), of up to 20KWp capacity.
• for households and other entities and enterprises not engaged in economic activities the
grant is set to 55% of eligible costs. The maximum amount of grant €64,926.85.
• for enterprises the grant is 40% of eligible costs. The maximum amount of grant is
€47,840.84
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Desalination using RES
• For Small and Medium Size (SMS) enterprises, the grant will be 30% in the form of regional
aid plus de minimis aid. In any case the total amount from both forms of aid should not
exceed 40% of eligible costs. The maximum amount of grant is €170,860
Co-generation of heat and electricity.
• For enterprises 30%, Maximum amount of grant €170,860.
Day Rate: 2.92 euro cents
Night Rate: 2.56 euro cent [Day=07:00-23:00 Night=23:00-07:00]
•
For households and other entities and enterprises not engaged in economic activities 45%,
Maximum amount of grant €85,430
Day Rate: 6.53 – 2.92 euro cent = 3.61 euro cents/KWh
Night Rate: 5.72 – 2,56 euro cent = 3.16 euro cents/KWh
[Day=07:00-23:00 Night=23:00-07:00]
Biomass, landfill and sewage waste utilization
• 10 to 40% according to the area of installation and the size of the enterprise. The
maximum amount of grant is €683,441. 6.32 cent per KWh. No operating support is offered
Support for RES Heating and Cooling
Investment Subsidies
Investment subsides for all RES-H&C technologies:
Resource
Support level [%/total investment]
Comments
Solar Thermal
30-45% of investment in solar systems
for central water heating systems
Depends on status:companies or
households-
Solar Thermal
40-55% of investment in space heating
and cooling
Depends on status:companies or households
Biomass
10 to 30% of the eligible costs
depending on the size of the company
Precondition: investement is materialised in a
transition selectable for regional funding zone
for 2007-2008. Maximum eligible costs: 683
4405 euros
Solar Thermal
Solar Thermal
Biomass
Geothermal
heat-pumps for
space
heating/cooling.
20% of eligible cost for domestic solar
system - replacement
30% to 45% of the eligible costsHeating system for swimming pools
Central systems for heating and
cooling - 55% of the eligible cost for
households
For enterprises 30%, Maximum
amount of grant €170,860
For Households and nonprofit
organizations 30%, Maximum
amount of grant €15,377
Maximum grant: 17086 euros to 25 629
euros
Maximum amount grant €18,795
46
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Solar Thermal Systems
Installation or/and replacement of central water heating systems.
• For enterprises 30% of eligible costs. Maximum amount of grant €17,086.00 per unit. For
natural persons 45%, Maximum amount grant €25,629.00 per unit.
Installation or/and replacement of space heating and cooling.
• For enterprises 40% of the eligible costs. Maximum amount of grant €85,430.00 per unit.
For natural persons 55%, Maximum amount grant €117,466.00 per unit.
Domestic solar systems new and / or replacement
• €341.73 for each forced circulation system and €170.86 for thermosyphonic systems.
Installation and / or replacement of swimming pool water, Solar heating systems.
• For enterprises 30% of eligible costs. Maximum amount of grant €17,086.00 per unit.
• For natural persons 45%, Maximum amount grant €25,629.00 per unit.
Support for biofuels
An exemption of excise duty for Biofuels exits.
Investment Subsidies
Resource
Support level [%/total investment]
biofuels
15 to 35 % of the eligible costs depending
on the size of the enterprise
Comments
Precondition: investment is materialised in a
selectable for regional funding zone for 20072008. Maximum eligible costs: 6834405 euros
Support for all RES
A levy of 0,13 Cy Cent/KWh 0,13 KWh (0.22 Euro cents/KWh) is imposed on all electricity
consumed. The income is used, to finance activities aimed to promote the use of RES and RUE. (It
is estimated that more than £42 million Cy pounds will be collected by year 2010 to support and
promote investments on RES and energy efficiency ).
Annex I . RES electricity Potentials
Annex II RES Bioenergy Potentials
47
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Sources:
European Commission Factsheets by Country
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/facts_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2001/77/EC on renewable electricity
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/electricity_member_states_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2003/30/EC on biofuels
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/biofuels_members_states_en.htm
Cyprus Institute of energy
http://www.cie.org.cy/
Ministry of Energy Commerce and Tourism
http://www.mcit.gov.cy/mcit/mcit.nsf/dmlenergyservice_en/dmlenergyservice_en?OpenDocument
EurObserv’er Barometer
http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/sig/eufores/sig.asp
In the framework of the EU co –funded project: RES 2020: Monitoring and Evaluation of the RES Directives
implementation in EU27 and policy recommendations to 2020
The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of the Community. The
European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
Drafted in March 2008
48
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Annex I . RES electricity Potentials
Description
Unit
2005
2010
2015
2020
Total Wind
Maximum Wind onshore
Maximum Wind offshore
Maximun PV
Maximum solar thermal
Total Hydro
Maximum conventional hydro
of which Maximum run of river
Maximum Pumped Storage hydro
Maximum Tide & Wave power
plants
Maximum geothermal conventional
power plants
Maximum geothermal hot dry rock
power plants
Maximum biomass power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum biogas power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum municipal waste power
plants (CHP)
MW
MW
MW
TWh
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
0
110
200
250
350
0.0
0.0
0
0
0.0
0
0
0
0.02
0
0
TWh
0.24
MW
0
MW
0
TWh
0.19
TWh
0.14
TWh
0.06
2025
0
2030
0
The previous tables present the data that have been gathered in the framework of the RES2020 project in order to be used in the
modelling.
The data have been collected
•
Through EREC and its Members
•
Through a revision of previous EU funded projects and reports (GreenX, OPTRES)
•
Through the partners of the project
The data have been discussed in the framework of the REWG of the EnR with the country experts.
The tables present an estimation of the technical potential that could be utilized as an upper bound by 2010, 2015, 2020 and 2030. As
technical potential we are considering:
•
the future installed capacity of wind turbines without taking in mind financial issues at a "reasonable" wind speed as a
possible upper limit in the development of the installed capacity over time.
•
the future installed capacity of hydro considering technical issues only and a possible upper limit in the development of the
installed capacity over time.
For some technologies potential may be unlimited (e.g. photovoltaics), so we are using upper bound limits within the relevant time
frames.
49
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
TABLE 1
Potentials agricultural bioenergy
Description
Sugar crops: sugar beet
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Starch crops: rye, oats, maize, wheat, barley, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Grassy crops: switchgrass, miscanthus, sweet sorghum, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Woody crops: willow, poplar
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Oil crops: sunflower, rapeseed
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Unit
LimType
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
1,0
8,8
1,0
8,8
1,0
8,8
2,0
8,68
3,0
8,53
3,0
8,39
4,0
8,26
4,0
8,14
1,0
8,3
1,0
8,3
1,0
8,3
1,0
7,92
1,0
7,62
1,0
7,35
1,0
7,12
1,0
6,91
6,0
4,4
6,0
4,4
6,0
4,4
9
4,1
12
3,9
14
3,7
16
3,5
18
3,4
7,0
3,6
7,0
3,6
7,0
3,6
11,0
3,29
13,0
3,09
16,0
2,94
18,0
2,82
21,0
2,71
1,0
8,8
1,0
8,8
1,0
8,8
1,0
8,5
1,0
8,2
2,0
8,0
2,0
7,7
2,0
7,5
Source
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
50
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
TABLE 2
Potentials bioenergy from wastes
Description
Agricultural waste
Unit
LimType
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Source
Forestry residues
Wood processing residues
Municipal solid waste
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
2
2
2
EEA Report 7 2006
Koroneos, C., et al. (2005): Cyprus energy system and the use of renewable energy
sources. Energy 30 (2005), pp. 1889–1901.
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
2
2
2
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
7
8
8
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Wet manures
Black liquor
Sewage sludge
Other waste wood
households
packageing
demolition
UP
UP
Dry manures
51
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
6. CZECH REPUBLIC
52
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
The Czech Republic is an important producer of hard coal. The Czech Republic has one of the
lowest energy import dependencies in the European Union, mainly due its domestically produced
solid fuels. Imports are limited to natural gas and oil from Russia. The share of renewable energy
sources has also been increasing, although still below EU average. Coal is the main energy source
for electricity production. The second most important source is nuclear power.
KEY FIGURES
• The share of RES in total primary energy consumption was 4.10 % in 200614.
• The share of RES in the gross final energy consumption in 2005 amounted to 6.1%
• In 2006, renewable electricity accounted for 4.91% of gross inland electricity
consumption, and 4.17% in gross inland electricity production15.
• Biofuels represented in 2006 approximately 0.5% of the transport fuels16.
• Dependence on external energy supplies is of about 37.6% in 2005
Technology Specific Figures:
The highest share of renewable electricity production in 2006 came from hydropower followed by
biomass:
• Gross electricity production from hydro amounted to 2 550,7 GWh while the total installed
capacity amounted to 1 028,5 MW.
• Gross electricity production from biomass amounted to 731 GWh in 2006. (annual
increment 171 GWh).
• The exploitation of biogas (176 GWh) can also be viewed as a significant source of
renewable electricity.
• Wind plants produced 49.4 GWh in 2006. By the end of 2006, 43.5 MW of wind power had
been installed in the Czech Republic. Between 2005 and 2006, the total installed capacity
almost doubled. In 2006, 45 projects with a total capacity of 18.5 MW were put into
operation.
• Gross electricity production from photovoltaics was 0,2 GWh. Total installed capacity in
October 2007 amounted to 2,9 MWp (only systems with licence).
• Energy production from solar thermal was circa 127 TJ. Total area of glazed collectors in.
2006 was 105 000 m².
• Heat production from biomass amounted to 16 370 TJ (without households).
• Heat production from biogas amounted to 918 511 GJ. (including municipal and
industrial waste treatments plants, biogas stations, landfill gas)
• In 2006, approximately six million tonnes of fuels for transport was placed on the market in
the Czech Republic, of which 29 600 tonnes was made up of biofuels – i.e. 0.5%.
EurObserv’er
14
15
16
Ministry of Industry and Trade
Ministry of Industry and Trade
53
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
RES POLICY
RES TARGETS
Mandatory targets set by the newly proposed RES Framework Directive from 200817
• 13 % share of RES on the final consumption of energy in 2020.
17
Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from
renewable sources from January 2008(the targets agreed but the directive is on legislative process)
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
•
At least 10% share of biofuels of final consumption of energy in transport in that Member
State in 2020.
Indicative Target set by the RES- electricity European Directive from 200118
• 8 % share of RES on gross electricity consumption by 2010
Indicative Target set by the European Biofuels Directive from 200319
• Biofuels consumption of 5.75% of petrol and diesel use for transport in 2010.
National Commitments
In 2004, the parliament of Czech Republic approved the national energy strategy setting targets for
2030:
• RES share in electricity production should be 16-17%in 2030
• RES share in the primary energy sources 6 % in 2010 and 15 – 16 % in 2030
RES POLICY INSTRUMENTS
Support for RES electricity
The Act No 180/2005 on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources
which implemented the EU Directive 2001/77/EC in Czech legislation, entered into effect on 1
August 2005. Its key features are:
• Preferential connection to the grid. There is an obligation for operators of the
regional grid systems and the transmission system operator to purchase all
electricity from renewable sources
• the guarantee of revenue per unit of electricity produced over a 15-year period as of
the date a plant is put into operation
the possibility of choosing between two support systems - minimum feed-in tariffs –
all the electricity produced can be sold to the relevant distribution system operator
green bonuses (premium on the market price of electricity) – electricity produced
from renewable sources can be placed on the single electricity market
• the support of electricity used for internal consumption (not supplied to the grid)
Feed in tariff and Green Bonuses
A feed-in system for RES-E and cogeneration came into force in 2002. This scheme only led to a
few new renewables installations. The RES Act adopted in 2005, extended this system by offering
a choice between a feed-in tariff (a guaranteed price) or a “green bonus” (an amount paid on top of
the market price).
• Feed-in tariffs apply to electricity supplied and metered at the delivery point between the
generating plant and the respective distribution system operators
• Green bonuses apply to electricity supplied and metered at the delivery point between the
generating plant and the regional system operators and supplied by the generator to an
electricity trader or eligible customer.
18
Directive 2007/71/EC on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity
market. Currently in force, sets targets up to 2010.
19
Directive 2003/30/EC on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport Currently in force,
sets targets up to 2010, with indicative targets by 2005.
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Producers can choose if they sell electricity for purchase prices or offer it to trader for „marketprice“ and simultaneously get extra green bonuses – paid by the operator of Transmission System)
The “Energy Regulatory Office” determines the feed-in tariffs and the green boni each year in
advance. The prices may not be lower than 95% of the value of the year before. Prices are set on
the following assumptions:
o Return on investment of 15 years
o Prices are differentiated according to the renewable energy source
o Prices are differentiated by the year of commissioning
Resource
installed
after
1.1.2007
wind
Technology
Support level
[€cents/ kWh]
Feed in tariff
Feed-in tariff or
premium?
Start year
Duration [years that
an investor is entitled
to support]
onshore
Feed-in tariff
2007
15 years
Hydro
small
Equivalent of
9€cents/ kWh
for plants
commissioned
after January
1st, 2007
9€cents/ kWh
Feed-in tariff
2007
15 years
biomass
solid
9 to 13 €cents/
kWh
Feed-in tariff
2007
15 years
biogas
8 to 11
Feed-in tariff
2007
15 years
PV
50
Feed-in tariff
2007
15 years
Feed-in tariff
Green Bonus
Green Bonus
Green Bonus
Green Bonus
Green Bonus
Green Bonus
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
15 years
15 years
15 years
15 years
15 years
15 years
15 years
geothermal
17
wind
onshore
7
Hydro
small
5
biomass
solid
1 to 8
biogas
4 to 7
PV
47
geothermal
13
1 EUR = 23.986 CZK in March 2008
State programme for energy saving and the use of renewable energy sources
Investors in renewable electricity can receive aid from the State programme for energy saving and
the use of renewable energy sources. Subsidies from Part A of the programme (coordinated by
the Ministry of Industry and Trade) may be a maximum of 30% of capital costs, but no more than
CZK 2.8 million.
Subsidies from Part B of the programme (coordinated by the Ministry of the Environment) may be a
maximum of 90% of the basis for the calculation of the aid in the case of local government units
(municipalities) and non-profit organizations. In 2006, subsidies for the support of renewable
electricity production totalling CZK 31.3 million were granted from Ministry of Industry and Trade
and Ministry of Environment resources. Subsidies under Part B of the State Programme may, in
the case of businesses, amount to 40% of the capital costs.
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Resource
Support
level
[%/total investment]
Comments
RES-E
30%
of
investment
costs,
subject
to
a
maximum of CZK 3
million.
Subsidies under Part A of the State Programme for the Promotion of
Renewable Energy Sources (administered by the Ministry of Industry
and Trade)
RES-E
90%
Subsidies under Part B of the State Programme for the Promotion of
Renewable Energy Sources (administered by the Ministry of the
Environment) for MUNICIPALITIES AND NOT FOR PROFIT
SECTOR
RES-E
40%
Subsidies under Part B of the State Programme for the Promotion of
Renewable Energy Sources (administered by the Ministry of the
Environment) for BUSINESSES
1 EUR = 23.986 CZK in March 2008
Tax exemption
There is no income tax in the year of putting in operation renewable electricity plants and for the
following 5 years.
Reduced interest rates
Resource
Support level [% reduction on interest rates]
Comments
RES-E
Credits equivalent to 35% of costs (interest-free)
To non business entities
RES-E
Credits equivalent to 90% of costs generally at an 19
interest rate of 4% per annum over a 12 year period.
businesses
1 EUR = 23.986 CZK in March 2008
EU Structural Funds
From 2004, investors in renewable electricity production had the opportunity to obtain aid from the
EU’s Structural Funds via the Operational Programmes. The Operational Programme for 20042006 focused – amongst other things- on the construction and restoration of plants using RES.
Subsidies may be a maximum of 46 % of capital costs, but no more than CZK 30 million. In 2006,
aid for 55 projects with total capital costs of CZK 1.817 billion, projected capacity of 32.25 MW and
envisaged electricity production of 140.1 GWh was approved.
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Support for Heat
European Regional Development Fund- State Environmental Fund (SFŽP)
The Operational Programme for 2004-2006 includes the subsidy scheme “Exploitation of
Renewable Energy Sources”, intended for legal persons (non-business). The scheme focuses on
the construction of plants using biomass, on transforming current systems into systems using RES,
on the use of RES-heat from municipal boiler houses.
Subsidies from the ERDF (the European Regional Development Fund) may be a maximum of 75%
of the basis for the calculation of aid (eligible costs), but no more than the equivalent of EUR 10
million.
In addition, a project can be co-financed from the State Environmental Fund (SFŽP) up to a total
amount of 90%. SFŽP resources may be used to obtain a subsidy for project documentation of up
to 50% of eligible costs; this may be a maximum of 3% of the basis for the calculation of
investment aid, but no more than CZK 3 million.
For 2004-2006, total ERDF resources for Measure 3.3 (RES fall under Measure 3.3) amounts to
EUR 44.1 million (ERDF EUR 30.9 million + municipal budgets EUR 7.9 million + SFŽP EUR 5.3
million).
Support for Biofuels
Addition of biomaterial is obligatory for producers, distributors, importers.
Government Resolution No 1080 of 20 September 2006 provides for a minimum quantity of
biofuels in the range of motor-vehicle fuels without any subsidies or support from the state. On the
basis of this resolution, amendments were made to the following legislation:
Act No 86/2002 Coll. on clean air protection. The amendment to this act concerns the setting of a
minimum amount of biofuels. Any person bringing motor-vehicle petrol or diesel fuels into free tax
circulation in the Czech Republic must ensure that they contain at least a minimum proportion of
biofuels. The amendment introduces the following minimum values of biofuels blended with fuel:
•
•
•
as of 1 January 2008, 2% of the total amount of motor-vehicle petrol fuel;
as of 1 January 2009, 3.5% of the total amount of motor-vehicle petrol fuel;
as of 1 January 2009, 4% of the total amount of motor-vehicle diesel fuel.
Support for all RES
Promoting energy crops in agriculture
Programme “ Promoting the cultivation of crops for energy use in 2007“ was incorporated into the
national support programme specifying the conditions for granting subsidies in 2007. The objective
is to promote the establishment and maintenance of standing crops for energy use with aid of CZK
3,000 per hectare. In this programme, stated energy crops must be grown specifically for energy
use. In 2007, 1,771 hectares were sown with energy crops and approximately CZK 5,314,000 was
disbursed.
Aid for the cultivation of energy crops is provided in all EU countries at EUR 45 per hectare for any
crop to be used for energy purposes. The conditions are governed by Governmental Order No 80
of 11 April 2007 laying down certain conditions for the provision of a payment for the cultivation of
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
energy crops. An uninterrupted plot of arable land with an area of at least 1 hectare must be used
for the cultivation of energy crops. Energy crops must be grown on the land as the main crop in the
year concerned. As at August 2007, applications for aid for the cultivation of energy crops on
approximately 59,920 ha had been registered.
- Support for cultivation of plants for energy purposes: In 2006, a total of CZK 2 000/ha was paid
out to support the planting of plant crops for use in energy generation (combustion). Support
totalling CZK 1 066 000 was granted for 1 033 ha.
- Support for the planting of production and reproduction crops of fast-growing wood species for
use in energy generation
This support was granted under the Horizontal Rural Development Plan of the Czech Republic
2004-2006. The granting of support was regulated by the conditions laid down in Government
Decree No 308/2004 Coll. In 2006, a total of 22 ha of crops were planted and CZK 1 551 366 in
support paid out.
Annex I RES electricity Potentials
Annex II RES Bioenergy Potentials
Sources:
European Commission Factsheets by Country
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/facts_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2001/77/EC on renewable electricity
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/electricity_member_states_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2003/30/EC on biofuels
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/biofuels_members_states_en.htm
Czech Energy Agency
www.czrea.org
Ministry of Industry and Trade
http://www.mpo.cz/default_en.html
EurObserv’er Barometer
http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/sig/eufores/sig.asp
In the framework of the EU co –funded project: RES 2020: Monitoring and Evaluation of the RES Directives
implementation in EU27 and policy recommendations to 2020
The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of the Community. The
European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
Drafted in March 2008.
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Annex I RES electricity Potentials
Description
Unit
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Total Wind
Maximum Wind onshore
Maximum Wind offshore
Maximum solar PV
Maximum solar thermal
Total Hydro
Maximum conventional hydro
of which Maximum run of river
Maximum Pumped Storage hydro
Maximum Wave power plants
Maximum tide power plants
Maximum geothermal conventional
power plants
Maximum geothermal hot dry rock
power plants
Maximum biomass power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum biogas power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum municipal waste power
plants (CHP)
MW
MW
MW
TWh
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
TWh
TWh
26
26
0
0.4
0.0
2115
970
149
1145
0.0
0.0
584
584
0
0.5
0
2116
971
150
1145
0
0
1150
1150
0
0.6
0
2137
992
171
1145
0
0
1717
1717
0
0.6
0
2282
2282
0
0.7
0
2849
2849
0
0.8
0
1017
196
1033
212
1049
228
0
0
0
0
0
0
TWh
0.0
1.4
1.9
3.1
4.7
6.7
MW
0
187
261
410
634
895
TWh
0.6
2.2
3.7
5.2
6.8
8.3
TWh
0.2
0.2
1.2
2.2
2.5
2.8
TWh
0.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
The previous table present the data that have been gathered in the framework of the RES2020 project in order to be used in the
modelling.
The data have been collected
•
Through EREC and its Members
•
Through a revision of previous EU funded projects and reports (GreenX, OPTRES)
•
Through the partners of the project
The data have been discussed in the framework of the REWG of the EnR with the country experts.
The tables present an estimation of the technical potential that could be utilized as an upper bound by 2010, 2015, 2020 and 2030. As
technical potential we are considering:
•
the future installed capacity of wind turbines without taking in mind financial issues at a "reasonable" wind speed as a
possible upper limit in the development of the installed capacity over time.
•
the future installed capacity of hydro considering technical issues only and a possible upper limit in the development of the
installed capacity over time.
For some technologies potential may be unlimited (e.g. photovoltaics), so we are using upper bound limits within the relevant time
frames.
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Annex II RES Bioenergy Potentials
TABLE 1
Potentials agricultural bioenergy
Description
Sugar crops: sugar beet
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Starch crops: rye, oats, maize, wheat, barley, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Grassy crops: switchgrass, miscanthus, sweet sorghum, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Woody crops: willow, poplar
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Oil crops: sunflower, rapeseed
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Unit
LimType
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
37,0
6,5
37,0
6,5
37,0
6,5
81,0
6,53
108,0
6,63
135,0
6,79
153,0
7,05
172,0
7,41
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
24,0
6,9
24,0
6,9
24,0
6,9
52,0
6,64
70,0
6,43
87,0
6,27
100,0
6,15
112,0
6,07
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
78,0
9,2
78,0
9,2
78,0
9,2
174
8,4
236
7,9
298
7,5
343
7,2
388
7,0
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
51,0
2,8
51,0
2,8
51,0
2,8
117,0
2,85
160,0
2,82
203,0
2,79
236,0
2,81
268,0
2,85
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
19,0
6,2
19,0
6,2
19,0
6,2
41,0
6,1
54,0
5,9
68,0
5,8
77,0
5,7
86,0
5,6
Source
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
TABLE 2
Potentials bioenergy from wastes
Description
Agricultural waste
Unit
LimType
2000
2001
2005
2010
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
[PJ/a]
UP
Cost
[€/GJ]
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
9
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
[PJ/a]
UP
Cost
[€/GJ]
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
Potential
Cost
26
2015
2020
28
2025
2030
Source
29
EEA Report 7 2006
10
10
44.8 according to
Jakubes, J. (2006): Development of support system for RES-E in the Czech
Republic. New Europe, New Energy International Conference, Milton Keynes, UK,
26 September 2006.
Ust'ak, S., and M. Ust'aková (2004): Potential for Agricultural Biomass to Produce
Bioenergy in the Czech Republic. Biomass and Agriculture: Sustainability,
Markets and Policy. OECD, Paris, September 2004.
EEA Report 7 2006
18
20
21
EEA Report 7 2006
18
20
21
16 according to
Jakubes, J. (2006): Development of support system for RES-E in the Czech
Republic. New Europe, New Energy International Conference, Milton Keynes, UK,
26 September 2006.
UP
15
16
17
EEA Report 7 2006
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
4
4
4
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
UP
Cost
[€/GJ]
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
Forestry residues
34
Wood processing residues
Municipal solid waste
Wet manures
8
Black liquor
Sewage sludge
Other waste wood
households
packageing
demolition
UP
UP
12.2 according to
Ust'ak, S., and M. Ust'aková (2004): Potential for Agricultural Biomass to Produce
Bioenergy in the Czech Republic. Biomass and Agriculture: Sustainability,
Markets and Policy. OECD, Paris, September 2004.
Dry manures
UP
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
7. GERMANY
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
The share of oil dominates the German primary energy supply and solid fuels (coal) prevail in
domestic production. Imports concern primarily oil, and to a less significant degree gas and solid
fuels, Russia being a significant source for all fuels.
Electricity generation is based primarily on coal and nuclear energy, with growing shares of natural
gas and renewable sources. In 2002, Germany adopted a law phasing out nuclear energy. Under
this law, each reactor is assigned a fixed amount of electricity it is allowed to generate. Once the
electricity is produced the respective unit has to be switched off.
Germany is an EU leader in the wind energy, the photovoltaics, the solar thermal and the biofuel
sectors. A stable and predictable policy framework has created favourable conditions to RES
penetration. Germany has the highest installed wind power capacity in the world.
Feed-in tariffs for renewable electricity (RES-E), market incentives for renewable heat (RES-H),
and tax exemptions for biofuels have proven a successful policy mix leading to a very dynamic
market for renewable energy sources (RES).
KEY FIGURES:
• The share of RES in total primary energy consumption was 5.8 % in 2006.
• The share of RES in the final energy consumption was 8.4% in 2007 compared to 7.8%
in 200620.
• The share of RES in the gross electricity consumption was 14% in 2007. Compared to
11.5% in 2006 (in 2005: around 10.4%21).
• The share of RES in total heat supply amounted to 6.5% was achieved in 2007, compared
to 6% in 2006 and 5.3% in 2005.
• The share of biofuels in the transport fuels in 7% in 2007 compared to 4.7% in 2006 (and
3.8% 2005).
• Germany’s dependence on imported energy amounts to 65.1%.
Contribution of renewable energy sources to
energy supply in Germany 2000 - 2006
14
12.0
12
10
2000
2001
2002
2004*
2005*
2006*
8.0
[%]
8
5.8
6.3
6.6
6.0**
6
4
2003
3.9
3.8
2.6
2
0.4
0
Share of RE in total PEC
Share of RE in total gross
electricity consum ption
Share of RE in total FEC for
heat
Share of RE in fuel
consum ption for road
traffic
Share of RE in total FEC
(electricity, heat, fuels)
RE - renewable energies, PEC - primary energy consumption, FEC - final energy consumption
* All figures provisional
** From 2003, new data from the Energy Statistics ACT (EnStatG) incorporated
Source: BMU-Brochure " Renewable energy sources in figures – national and international development-" Version: June 2007
20
21
German Environment Ministry figures German Environment Ministry figures 64
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Contribution of renewable energy sources
to electricity generation in Germany 1990 - 2006
80,000
70,000
60,000
[GWh]
50,000
Hydropower
Wind energy
Biomass*
Photovoltaics
new EEG
1. August 2004
EEG
1. April 2000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
* so lid, liquid, gaseo us bio mass, bio genic share o f waste, landfill and sewage gas;
Electricity fro m geo thermal energy is no t presented due to the lo w vo lumes o f electricity
So urces: B M U-B ro chure " Renewable energy so urces in figures – natio nal and internatio nal develo pment-"; Versio n: June 2007
P ro visio nal figures
Technology specific figures:
• Wind energy is the largest contributor to electricity production from renewable energies in
2006 with 30.5 billion kWh (2005: 27.2 billion kWh). This equals a share in total electricity
consumption in Germany of 5%. With a new installed capacity of 2,233 MW in 2006, the
construction of wind energy plants increased by 23% compared with 2005. In total, at the
end of 2006, 18,685 wind energy plants were in operation with an installed capacity of
20,622 MW. Germany thus remains world leader.
• Electricity production from hydropower remained stable in 2006 with 21.6 billion kWh
(2005: 21.5 billion kWh).
• Electricity production from biomass (without gas from landfills and sewage treatment
plants, biogenic wastes) amounts to approximately 13.1 billion kWh in 2006 (2004: approx.
8.6 billion kWh). This equals a share of around 2.2% in total gross electricity consumption.
• Electricity production from biogas almost doubled from 2.8 billion kWh in 2005 to around
5.4 billion kWh in 2006.
• The electricity production from photovoltaics increased from 1.3 billion kWh in 2005 to
around 2 billion kWh in 2006.
• The annual increase in solar thermal exceeded the limit of 1 million square metres of solar
panel area for the first time in 2006. At the end of 2006, over 8 million square metres were
installed.
• Demand for biomass in the heating sector (especially wood) increased by an estimated
10% in 2006. In total around 84 billion kWh were supplied from biomass. This equals
around 94% of heating supply from renewable energies.
• Biofuels sales increased from around 2.3 million tonnes in 2005 to at least 2.8 million
tonnes in 2006. In addition to the dominant sale of biodiesel (2005: 1.8 million tonnes),
significant volumes of bioethanol (0.5 million tonnes) and vegetable oil (0.3 million tonnes)
were recorded.
RES POLICY
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
RES TARGETS
Mandatory targets set by the newly proposed RES Framework Directive from 200822
• 18 % share of RES on the final consumption of energy in 2020.
At least 10% share of biofuels of final consumption of energy in transport in that Member
State in 2020.
Indicative Target set under the RES- electricity European Directive from 200323
• 12.5% share of RES on gross electricity consumption by 2010
Indicative Target set by the European Biofuels Directive from 200324
• Biofuels consumption of 5.75% of petrol and diesel use for transport in 2010.
National commitments
• As part of the national integrated climate and energy package, the government intends to
increase the share of renewable energies in the electricity sector from the current level of
around 13 percent to 25-30 percent by 2020.
• The government also committed to increase the share of renewable energies in the heat
sector from the current 6 percent to 14 percent in 2020.
• The “Biokraftstoffquotengesetz” set a target for biofuels of 8% of the transport fuels by
2015.
Progress towards the target:
The target set by the renewable electricity Directive was reached already in 2007: the share of
electricity produced from renewable energy sources has almost doubled from 6.3 % in 2000 to
12.0 % in 2006.
The "Biokraftstoffquotengesetz" was adopted in 2006 – to transpose into national law the 2003
Directive on biofuels- and set a target of 5.75 % by 2010 of the transport fuels. Interim targets has
been set as well. Germany was the only country in the EU to exceed its 2005 target.
RES POLICY INSTRUMENTS
Support for RES electricity
Feed-in tariffs
The feed-in tariffs have been introduced in Germany in 1990. The Electricity Feed Act (StrEG)
entered into force on 1 January 1991. In April 2000, it was replaced by the Renewable Energy
Sources Act, which was amended in July 2004. The Renewable Energy Act (EEG) is based on the
following core principles:
• Priority access for renewable energy to the grid
• Priority transmission and distribution
• Obligation of grid operators to purchase the electricity produced from renewable energy
• Fixed price (“tariff”) for every kilowatt-hour produced from renewable energy for 20 years.
• Tariffs are differentiated by source and size of the plant
22
Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources
from January 2008(the targets agreed but the directive is on legislative process)
23
Directive 2007/71/EC on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market.
Currently in force, sets targets up to 2010.
24
Directive 2003/30/EC on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport currently in force, sets targets up
to 2010, with indicative targets by 2005.
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
•
•
Annual decrease (-1,5% - -6,5%) are in place to take account of technical development
(degression)
Equalisation of additional costs between all grid operators and electricity suppliers
Resource
Technology
Support level [€cents/
kWh]
Feed-in tariff
or premium?
Duration
hydro
small
6.7-9.7
Feed-in tariff
wind
onshore
8.7 during the first 5
years, then between
8,7 and 5,5.
Feed-in tariff
30
years
20
years
wind
offshore
9.1
Feed-in tariff
biomass
solid
3.8-21.2
Feed-in tariff
biomass
gasification
(biogas)
6.35-16.99
Feed-in tariff
Solar
PV
51.8 and 48.74 in
2006; 49,21 and 46,30
in 2007
Feed-in tariff
20
years
With a 5% yearly
degression. A 5 c€/kWh
bonus is added for
building façade
integrated systems.
7.16 to15
Feed-in tariff
20
years
Depends on the installed
capacity
Geothermal
20
years
20
years
20
years
Comments
The wind turbine will
receive a minimum of 5,5
over its lifetime. Special
tariffs are planned for
repowering.
Depends on the
technology and the
installed capacity
In August 2007, the German government elaborated an Integrated Energy and Climate
Programme. On 5 December 2007, the government adopted a package of legislative measures to
implement the programme. Another, smaller package will follow on 21 May 2008. In 2008 the
German government committed to make a €3.3 billion available for climate protection measures an increase of 200% compared to 2005. The Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) will be
amended. The government will expand offshore wind energy use. The government committed to
ensure that biogas is fed into the natural gas grid to a greater extent. A share of 10 percent is
possible by 2030. The government intends to improve the legal conditions for the expansion of the
grid.
Support for RES Heating
A new Renewable Energies Heat Act has been released in December 2007. It consists of:
• Market Incentives: (A previous Market Incentive Programme provided subsidies for RES-H
for solar thermal and small scale biomass heat generation for instance. In 2006 alone,
almost 140,000 plants were supported through the German government’s market incentive
programme, thus triggering investment of 1.5 billion euro).
• the German government committed to make available 350 million euro in 2008, and 500
million euro from 2009, to support renewable energies in existing buildings.
• Obligation: Homeowners will be obliged to use renewables in new buildings.
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Investment
Subsidies
Resource
Technology
Solar
Thermal
solar collectors
< 40 m2
Solar
Thermal
large solar
collectors > 40
m2
Geothermal
RESCommunity
heating
systems
Financial
Incentives
(reduction
on interest
rate)
Resource
solid
biomass
Solar
Thermal
Support level [%/total investment]
Start year
investment subsidies (primary private households and
SMEs)
repayment bonuses of up to 30% of the investment cost
max. 1 Mio. € per drilling, max. 550 000 € per community
heating system
2007
2007
max. 550 000 € per community heating system
Support level [% reduction on interest rates]
low-interest loans with partial debt waiver (commercial and
public sector
applicants),
Start year
Reduced interest KWf loans
2007
Support to biofuels
Tax exemptions
Biodiesel benefits from a partial tax exemption (B100). The tax will gradually increase from 9 c€
per litre in 2007 up to 45 c€ per litre beginning in 2012". Crude vegetable oils benefit from partial
tax exemptions. The tax will increase from 10 c€ per litre in 2008 to 45 c€ per litre beginning in
2012. 2nd generation biofuels/ E85 are exempted from tax until 2015.
The German Federal Government has passed a (draft) biofuel sustainability ordinance. Under this
ordinance, biofuel producers will in future enjoy fiscal and administrative support only if certain
sustainability criteria are adhered to.
Resource
Biodiesel
Crude vegetable oil
2nd generation biofuels/ E85
Total support level (= tax exemption incl. reduction of VAT
to be paid) [€cents/litre]
Partial Tax exemption on B100. The tax will gradually
increase from 9 c€
per litre in 2007 up to 45 c€ per litre beginning in 2012
Partial tax exemption. The tax will increase from 10 c€
per litre in 2008 to 45 c€ per litre beginning in 2012
Exempted from tax until 2015
start year
2006
2006
Quota obligation
Quota obligation for biofuels (biodiesel and bioethanol) amount to 6.75% in 2010 and 8% in 2015.
In the first term 2008, the German parliament will discuss the laws. The final vote could take place
before the summer.
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Resource
Biodiesel
Bioethanol
Total (biodiesel and bioethanol)
Quota in % (per year)
2007: 4.4%,
2% in 2008, 2.8% in 2009 ,3.6% in 2010.
8% in 2015, 6.75% in 2010.
Annex I RES electricity Potentials
Annex II RES Bioenergy Potentials
Sources:
Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety:
http://www.bmu.de/english/renewable_energy/current/aktuell/3860.php
German Renewable Energy Federation (BEE)
http://www.bee-ev.de/
European Commission Factsheets by Country
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/facts_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2001/77/EC on renewable electricity
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/electricity_member_states_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2003/30/EC on biofuels
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/biofuels_members_states_en.htm
In the framework of the EU co –funded project: RES 2020: Monitoring and Evaluation of the RES Directives
implementation in EU27 and policy recommendations to 2020
The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of the Community. The
European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
Drafted in March 2008.
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Annex I RES electricity Potentials
Description
Unit
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Total Wind
MW
18428
25455
30307
39915
42199
46374
Maximum Wind onshore
MW
18428
19083
23343
25105
26373
27554
Maximum Wind offshore
MW
0
6372
6964
14810
15826
18820
Maximum solar PV
TWh
1.3
4.1
5.4
6.7
7.9
9.2
Maximum solar thermal
MW
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Total Hydro
MW
9804
9825
Maximum conventional hydro
MW
4090
4111
4226
4446
4499
4552
of which Maximum run of river
MW
2939
2960
3075
3295
3348
3401
Maximum Pumped Storage hydro
MW
5714
5714
Maximum Tide & Wave power plants
TWh
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Maximum geothermal Total
Maximum geothermal dry steam &
flash power plants (>180°C)
Maximum geothermal binary power
plants (180°C<x<85°C)
Maximum geothermal EGS power
plants
Maximum biomass power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum biogas power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum Bio waste power plants
(CHP)
TWh
0.1
1.2
1.9
3.0
4.3
5.7
MW
13
159
260
407
577
766
TWh
4.5
28.6
53.6
78.4
81.2
84.1
TWh
2.5
10.4
11.6
12.8
14.0
15.2
TWh
8.5
9.1
10.6
12.2
12.7
13.3
MW
MW
The previous table present the data that have been gathered in the framework of the RES2020 project in order to be used in the
modelling.
The data have been collected
•
Through EREC and its Members
•
Through a revision of previous EU funded projects and reports (GreenX, OPTRES)
•
Through the partners of the project
The data have been discussed in the framework of the REWG of the EnR with the country experts.
The tables present an estimation of the technical potential that could be utilized as an upper bound by 2010, 2015, 2020 and 2030. As
technical potential we are considering:
•
the future installed capacity of wind turbines without taking in mind financial issues at a "reasonable" wind speed as a
possible upper limit in the development of the installed capacity over time.
•
the future installed capacity of hydro considering technical issues only and a possible upper limit in the development of the
installed capacity over time.
For some technologies potential may be unlimited (e.g. photovoltaics), so we are using upper bound limits within the relevant time
frames.
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Annex II RES Bioenergy Potentials
TABLE 1
Potentials agricultural bioenergy
Description
Sugar crops: sugar beet
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Starch crops: rye, oats, maize, wheat, barley, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Grassy crops: switchgrass, miscanthus, sweet sorghum, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Woody crops: willow, poplar
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Oil crops: sunflower, rapeseed
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Unit
LimType
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
201,0
9,0
201,0
9,0
201,0
9,0
295,0
8,72
368,0
8,45
440,0
8,21
518,0
8
595,0
7,81
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
107,0
8,9
107,0
8,9
107,0
8,9
158,0
8,37
196,0
7,96
235,0
7,61
277,0
7,31
318,0
7,05
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
323,0
6,0
323,0
6,0
323,0
6,0
536
5,6
711
5,3
887
5,0
1071
4,8
1255
4,6
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
258,0
4,8
258,0
4,8
258,0
4,8
436,0
4,47
583,0
4,21
730,0
4
885,0
3,83
1039,0
3,68
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
83,0
9,5
83,0
9,5
83,0
9,5
122,0
9,3
152,0
9,0
182,0
8,8
215,0
8,5
247,0
8,3
Source
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
TABLE 2
Potentials bioenergy from wastes
Description
Agricultural waste
Unit
LimType
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
Potential
Cost
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
158
169
180
UP
88
94
100
Source
1,550 according to
RISE (2007): Biofuels – Developments in Germany and in the EU. Research Institute for Sustainable
Energy (RISE), Australia, 2007.
http://www.rise.org.au/pubs/Detlev_Biofuels_April_27-2007.pdf
700 according to
Stephan, B. (2007): Biomass to energy in Germany. University of Applied Science Bremerhaven,
Germany, 2007.
http://www.jgsee.kmutt.ac.th/new/announcement/30/1-biomass%20germany%2006-4-1.ppt
€14.7/GJ for wood pellets, according to:
EEA Report 7 2006
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
88
94
100
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
110
118
126
EEA Report 7 2006
76 billion kWh (electric) = 273.6 PJe, according to:
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
26
28
29
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
15
16
17
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
13
14
15
EEA Report 7 2006
UP
44
47
50
EEA Report 7 2006
UP
15
16
17
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Forestry residues
14,7
Wood processing residues
Municipal solid waste
Wet manures
Black liquor
Sewage sludge
Other waste wood
households
packageing
demolition
Dry manures
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8. DENMARK
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Denmark has been self reliant on energy since 1999, with significant oil and gas production in the
North Sea, and is a net exporter of energy. Denmark is the second largest producer of oil in the EU
and oil plays an important role in the energy mix. Natural gas and renewable sources (RES) have
been gradually replacing solid fuels and oil in primary energy supply. However, imported coal is still
the most important fuel in electricity generation. Renewable energy has experienced a significant
growth and shares in RES in primary energy and RES electricity in the electricity mix are above
EU averages, specially in the case of wind energy, Denmark has become a global leader of
installed wind power per capita and the Danish wind turbine industry exports serves about 1/3 of
the world market.
Denmark has the lowest energy consumption per unit of GDP in EU and highest contribution to
electricity from new renewable in the EU. Denmark has achieved a de-coupling of economic
growth and energy consumption since 1980 GDP has grown 56 %, but the primary energy
consumption is only 2 % higher in 2004 than in 1980 and CO2 emissions have been reduced
substantially: 35 % lower in 2004 compared to 1980. The de-coupling has been driven by the
policies to promote district heating and energy savings as well as renewable energy. Indeed, in
Denmark biomass is largely used at power stations and for development of smaller biomass-based
cogeneration of heat and electricity. District heating accounts for approximately 50% of Denmark's
heat demand. The average connection rate in district heating areas is 82% and is still increasing.
Twelve of the 14 largest power stations in Denmark deliver all or part of their surplus heat to a
district heating network. Nearly all large-scale power plants are located close to major cities.
KEY FIGURES
•
•
•
•
•
•
The share of RES in total primary energy consumption was of 15.01% in 200625.
The share of RES in the gross final energy consumption was 17% in 2005.
The share of RES in the gross electricity production was 26.59% in 2006.
The share of RES heating and cooling was XXX of % in 2006.
The share of all biofuels in the transport sector in 2006 was XXX
Dependence on external energy supplies is of about -58.8% (Denmark is a net exporter of
energy)
Technology specific figures
• In 2006, the wind energy in Denmark produced 6.108 GWh. This corresponded to 16.8%
percentage of the electricity consumption in Denmark or to the consumption in about 1.73
million Danish households. In the first half of 2007 the turbines produced 3.934 GWh which
corresponds to 21.7% of the electricity consumption in Denmark. By the end of January
2007 there was 5.267 turbines installed in Denmark with a total power of 3.135 MW. 877
MW offshore farms were installed by the end of 2006 In 2006 the offshore farms produced
22 % of the total electricity production from turbines
• Biomass supplied some 12% of the energy consumed in 2006.
• Hydropower only provides less than 1 % of the electricity production.
25
EurObserv’er
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Source: Danish Energy Authority
RES POLICY
RES TARGETS
Mandatory targets set by the newly proposed RES Framework Directive from 200826
• 30% share of RES on the final consumption of energy in 2020.
• At least 10% share of biofuels of final consumption of energy in transport in that Member
State in 2020.
Indicative Target set by the RES- electricity European Directive from 200127
• 29 % share of RES in gross electricity consumption by 2010.
Indicative Target set by the European Biofuels Directive from 200328
• Biofuels consumption of 5.75% of petrol and diesel use for transport in 2010 on energy
content.
26
Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from
renewable sources from January 2008(the targets agreed but the directive is on legislative process)
27
Directive 2007/71/EC on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity
market. Currently in force, sets targets up to 2010.
28
Directive 2003/30/EC on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport Currently in force,
sets targets up to 2010, with indicative targets by 2005.
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
National Commitments
• On 19 January 2007 the Danish Government presented a comprehensive national energy
proposal, "A visionary Danish energy policy", in view of negotiations with political parties.
This proposal contains the objective that Denmark reduce its use of fossil fuels by at least
15% by 2025 compared to today, and that total energy consumption be maintained at its
current level. The use of renewable energy is to be increased to account for at least 30% of
energy consumption by 2025, and the proportion of biofuel for transport is to be increased
to 10% by 2020.
• In February 2008, the Danish parliament has agreed on plans for how to boost renewable
energy production in the country. The aim is for renewables to cover 20 per cent of
Denmark’s energy consumption by 2011. The agreement was made by all the
parliamentary parties except the far-left Red-Green Alliance.
Progress towards the target
Biofuels for transport represented 0.15% of total sales of petrol and diesel for transport by 31
December 2006 and consequently exceeded Denmark's indicative target of 0.1%.
Denmark is at present close to reaching its RES-E target for 2010.
Support for RES electricity
Fixed feed-in tariffs and premium
The support is given in the form of premium and or as a fixed feed in tariff, so that the combination
of market price and supplement ensures a fixed tariff for the producer. All subsidies are passed on
to the consumers as an equal Public Service Obligation (PSO) tariff on their total consumptions.
Feed-in Tariff
Resource
Technology
Support level [€cents/ kWh]
Feed-in
tariff or
premiu
m?
biomass
solid
8 €cents/ kWh
feed in
Start
year
Duration
[years that an
investor
is
entitled
to
support]
20 years
8 €cents/kWh(8€cents/ kWh for 10
years and 5€cents/ kWh for the
following 10 years.)
feed in
5€cents/ kWh
feed in
PV
8 €cents/ kWh
feed in
20 years
Geothermal
6,9 €cents/ kWh
feed in
20 years
1.3 €cents/ kWh
premiu
m
biomass
biomass
biogas
electricity
generated by
central power
stations
wind
Comments
20 years
199
3
200
5
Biogas
plants
connected to the grid
between 22 April
2004 – 31 December
2008
10 years
20 years
For wind turbines
connected
after
January 2005
Source: RISOE
For RE plants connected to the grid before 21 April 2004:
• The transmission system operator sells the production on the spot market and the subsidy
together with the market price ensures a tariff of 60 øre/kWh (8 €cents/ kWh) for 20 years
from the date of grid connection and for at least 15 years as from 1 January 2004.
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Special RE plants of major importance and connected to the grid after 21 April 2004:
• Special plants using energy sources or technologies of major importance to future
exploitation of RE electricity include wave power, solar energy, fuel cells using renewable
energy sources, biomass gasifiers and stiring motors with biomass. Other types of plant
can be approved apart from water turbines in rivers and production technologies already in
use for biomass incineration.
• The transmission system operator sells the production on the spot market and subsidy
together with the market price, ensuring a tariff of 60 øre/kWh for 10 years (8 €cents/ kWh)
and 40 øre/kWh (5€cents/ kWh) for the following 10 years.
Other RE plants connected to the grid after 21 April 2004:
• The transmission system operator sells the production on the spot market, and the owner
receives the market price and for 20 years a premium of 10 øre/kWh (1.3 €cents/ kWh).
Tenders
Tendering procedure for two new large offshore installations. Operators will receive a spot price
and initially a settling price as well. Subsequent offshore wind farms are to be developed on market
conditions.
A spot price, an environmental premium (EUR 13/MWh) and an additional compensation for
balancing costs (EUR 3/MWh) for 20 years is available for new onshore wind farms.
Fiscal incentives
Small solar cell systems connected via consumption installation:
Solar cell systems with an effect of less than 6 kW connected via consumption installations in
households and that are exempt from electricity levies are not eligible for a subsidy.
Next steps
Resource
Support level [Unit or %]
Solar heating
Biomass
Exemption from CO2 and energy tax
Exempt from CO2 tax
Support for biofuels
Biofuel quota obligations
Resource
Biofuels
Quota in % (per year)
5.75% (energy)
Year
2010
Comments
Compulsory
Tax exemption
Since January 2005, the Danish Government exempts biofuels from the CO2 tax imposed on the
use of ordinary petrol and diesel for transport.
Investments in Second- generation biofuels
The government decided in 2006 to significantly boost efforts to promote the use of secondgeneration biofuel technologies by allocating an additional DKK 200 million for the co-financing of
large-scale private development programmes. Altogether, these additional private and public
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
development interventions are expected to total significantly more than DKK 200 million. The
government intends to further enhance this effort by allocating more government funds. This will
ensure that, before 2010, work can go ahead on the full-scale establishment of test facilities in
Denmark.
Annex I Danish Key energy data
Annex II RES Electricity Potentials
Annex III RES Bioenergy Potentials
Sources:
European Commission Factsheets by Country
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/facts_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2001/77/EC on renewable electricity
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/electricity_member_states_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2003/30/EC on biofuels
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/biofuels_members_states_en.htm
Danish Energy Authority
http://www.ens.dk/
RISOE
http://www.risoe.dk/
EurObserv’er Barometer
http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/sig/eufores/sig.asp
In the framework of the EU co –funded project: RES 2020: Monitoring and Evaluation of the RES Directives
implementation in EU27 and policy recommendations to 2020.
The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of the Community. The
European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
Drafted in March 2008.
78
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Annex I Danish Key energy data
1980
1990
2006
Gross Energy Consumption per Capita [GJ]
159
160
159
Final Energy Consumption per Capita [GJ]
119
118
125
Energy Intensity, Gross Energy Consumption [TJ per Million GDP]
0.997
0.818
0.603
Energy Intensity, Final Energy Consumption [TJ per Million GDP]
0.747
0.603
0.474
Degree of Self-sufficiency [%]
5
52
144
Dependency of Oil [%]
67
43
40
Renewable Energy - Share of Gross Energy Consumption [%]
3.0
6.2
15.6
Gross Energy Consumption by Fuel
Adjusted [PJ]
1980
1990
2000
2006
Total Gross Consumption
814
819
837
863
Oil
546
355
374
347
Natural Gas
0
82
192
191
Coal and Coke
241
327
176
182
Waste, Non-renewable
3
5
7
9
Renewable Energy
Energy Production [PJ]
1980
1990
2000
2005
2006
Total Production
40
425
1 165
1 317
1 243
Crude Oil
13
256
765
796
724
Natural Gas
0
116
310
393
390
Waste, Non-renewable
3
4
7
9
9
Renewable Energy
24
48
83
119
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Annex II RES Electricity Potentials
Description
Unit
2005
2010
2015
2020
Total Wind
Maximum Wind onshore
Maximum Wind offshore
Maximun PV
Maximum solar thermal
Total Hydro
Maximum conventional hydro
of which Maximum run of river
Maximum Pumped Storage hydro
Maximum Wave & Tide power plants
Maximum geothermal conventional
power plants
Maximum geothermal hot dry rock
power plants
Maximum biomass power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum biogas power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum bio waste power plants
(CHP)
MW
MW
MW
TWh
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
TWh
3125
4229
4750
5840
8020
0.5
0
11
11
11
11
11.0
11.0
11
11
2025
2030
2.58
MW
0
MW
0
TWh
1.3
5.3
TWh
0.2
1.89
TWh
0.7
1.03
The previous tables present the data that have been gathered in the framework of the RES2020 project in order to be used in the
modelling.
The data have been collected
•
Through EREC and its Members
•
Through a revision of previous EU funded projects and reports (GreenX, OPTRES)
•
Through the partners of the project
The data have been discussed in the framework of the REWG of the EnR with the country experts.
The tables present an estimation of the technical potential that could be utilized as an upper bound by 2010, 2015, 2020 and 2030. As
technical potential we are considering:
•
the future installed capacity of wind turbines without taking in mind financial issues at a "reasonable" wind speed as a
possible upper limit in the development of the installed capacity over time.
•
the future installed capacity of hydro considering technical issues only and a possible upper limit in the development of the
installed capacity over time.
For some technologies potential may be unlimited (e.g. photovoltaics), so we are using upper bound limits within the relevant time
frames.
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Annex III RES Bioenergy Potentials
TABLE 1
Potentials agricultural bioenergy
Description
Sugar crops: sugar beet
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Starch crops: rye, oats, maize, wheat, barley, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Grassy crops: switchgrass, miscanthus, sweet sorghum, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Woody crops: willow, poplar
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Oil crops: sunflower, rapeseed
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Unit
LimType
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
40,0
10,9
40,0
10,9
40,0
10,9
59,0
10,59
74,0
10,33
89,0
10,13
102,0
9,97
115,0
9,84
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
23,0
11,0
23,0
11,0
23,0
11,0
34,0
10,37
43,0
9,87
52,0
9,45
59,0
9,1
67,0
8,8
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
56,0
8,0
56,0
8,0
56,0
8,0
85
7,4
106
6,9
127
6,5
146
6,3
165
6,0
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
26,0
5,8
26,0
5,8
26,0
5,8
40,0
5,31
50,0
4,98
60,0
4,73
69,0
4,54
77,0
4,39
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
19,0
15,1
19,0
15,1
19,0
15,1
28,0
14,7
35,0
14,3
41,0
13,9
48,0
13,6
54,0
13,3
Source
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
TABLE 2
Potentials bioenergy from wastes
Description
Agricultural waste
Unit
LimType
Potential
[PJ/a]
UP
Cost
[€/GJ]
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
Potential
Cost
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Source
22
24
25
EEA Report 7 2006
Tafdrup, S. (2006): Danish policies and strategies on the implementation of biomass and biofuel
technologies in the energy sector. Danish Energy Authority, Denmark, 2006.
http://www.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/17670257-E714-4285-ACDA-571BE0DAA914/0/Biomass1.pdf
UP
9
10
10
EEA Report 7 2006
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
33
35
38
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
4
4
4
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
UP
4
4
4
EEA Report 7 2006
UP
9
10
10
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Forestry residues
Wood processing residues
Municipal solid waste
Wet manures
Black liquor
Sewage sludge
Other waste wood
households
packageing
demolition
Dry manures
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
9. ESTONIA
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Estonian economy is highly dependent on fossil fuels. Approximately 90% of Estonia’s energy is
produced through the combustion of fossil fuels. The remaining 10% comes from renewables, such
as biomass, hydropower and wind. The main domestic energy source is the combustion of oil
shale, which puts high pressure on the environment -approximately 70% of atmospheric pollution,
80% of effluents and 80% of generation of solid waste are connected with the oil shale power
industry.
Estonia is less dependent on energy imports than most EU Member States. Imports are mainly oil
and gas (the latter exclusively from Russia). Security of energy supply is seen as an important
issue and increased energy links with other Baltic and EU states are seen as key to enhancing
security of supply.
Estonia’s largest RES potential is to be found in the biomass sector, but possibilities also exist in
the areas of wind power, biogas electricity and small hydro power.
KEY FIGURES
• The share of RES in total primary energy production was 12.46 % in 2006.
• The share of RES in the gross final energy consumption was 1.91% in 2006.
• The share of RES in the gross electricity production was 1.6% in 2006
• The share of all biofuels in the transport sector in 2006 was 0.12%.
• Dependence on external energy supplies is of about 33.9% in 2005.
Technology specific figures
• In 2005, electricity production from RES amounted to 81.8 GWh: with wind accounting for
55,1 GWh(and 76.3 GWh in 2006), hydro for 21,5 GWh(13.5 GWh in 2006), black liquor for
4,1 GWh and landfill gas for 1,1 GWh. This represents 1,9% of total electricity.
• Biofuel production in Estonia amounts to 6 ktoe in 2005. No bioethanol is currently being
produced so this refers to biodiesel only.
District heating covers ca 70% of total heat need in buildings.
RES POLICY
RES TARGETS
Mandatory targets set by the newly proposed RES Framework Directive from 200829
• 25% share of RES on the final consumption of energy in 2020.
• At least 10% share of biofuels of final consumption of energy in transport in that Member
State in 2020.
Indicative Target set by the RES- electricity European Directive from 200130
• 5.1 % share of RES on gross electricity consumption by 2010.
Indicative Target set by the European Biofuels Directive from 200331
29
Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from
renewable sources from January 2008(the targets agreed but the directive is on legislative process)
30
Directive 2007/71/EC on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity
market. Currently in force, sets targets up to 2010.
31
Directive 2003/30/EC on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport Currently in force,
sets targets up to 2010, with indicative targets by 2005.
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
• Biofuels consumption of 5.75% of petrol and diesel use for transport in 2010.
National Commitments
The "Long-term national development plan for the fuel and energy sector until 2015" adopted
through a decision of the Parliament on 15 December 2004 set a target for biofuel of 2% by 2006
and 5.75% by 2011, calculated on the basis of energy value.
o 12 % of gross national energy consumption by 2010 The target is already achieved due to
high share of wood and wood waste for heat production
o 5,1% of gross national electricity consumption by 2010 and 8 % by 2015
Progress towards the target
The production of electricity from renewable sources increased in the period 2005 -2006. At the
same time consumption also increased (6 022 GWh in 2005 and 7 904 GWh in 2006), and
therefore the share of renewable energy sources in total consumption even fell, from 1.8% in 2005
to 1.6% in 2006.
Support for RES Electricity
Feed-in tariff
The Feed-In Tariffs are regulated by the Electricity Market Act which entered into force on July 1st,
2003. The Electricity Market Act was last amended in 2007. The version of the Act applying until 30
April 2007, required network operators to purchase in a trading period (at a price of EEK 0.81/kWh)
all the electricity generated by a producer of renewable energy to the extent of the operator’s
network losses. The main problem with this scheme was that a network operator who did not have
a licence to sell electricity could not buy more electricity than the amount equivalent to his network
losses in the trading period. This support scheme was above all a source of uncertainty for wind
farms connected to the grid, since at times of low electricity consumption (for example summer
nights) network losses are small and so the purchase obligation was also small.
For this reason, in 2005 amendments were made to the Energy Market Act to introduce a new aid
scheme, and this process was concluded on 15 February 2007, when Parliament passed the Act
that came into force on 1 May 2007.
• The new aid scheme for producers of renewable energy allows them to use the purchase
obligation as before, but adds the possibility for a producer to sell the electricity produced
itself and be given aid for the electricity sent to the grid and sold.
• The mandatory purchase price for electricity produced from renewable energy sources has
been raised by 42% (to EEK 1.15/kWh), and the possibility of using the purchase
obligation is no longer restricted to the network losses.
• In addition to making use of the purchase obligation, producers of renewable energy can
now receive aid of EEK 0.84/kWh for electricity sent to the grid and sold, which offers the
possibility if sales are good of earning considerably more than from the purchase
obligation.
• The duration of the aid scheme has also been extended: 12 years from the start of
production (the previous Act allowed the aid scheme to be used for between 7 and 12
years, but no longer than until the end of 2015).
• The general aid scheme also includes one restriction on producers using wind as a source
of
energy from 2009, in that aid will be paid to them or they will be able to use the purchase
obligation until such time as the production in Estonia in a calendar year reaches limits of
400 GWh and 200 GWh respectively (producers must sell electricity produced above these
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
limits at market price without using the purchase obligation or aid). Separate records will be
kept for each calendar year.
The linking of the obligation to purchase electricity generated from wind power or the
payment of aid to the annual production quantit y is a result of the technical particularities of
the Estonian grid — there are no power stations in the grid that can be rapidly regulated.
Most of the generating capacity in the electricity grid (more than 90 %) has been developed
in the Narva area (North-Eastern Estonia), but the centres of consumption have evolved in
other parts of the country (the main load centres are in Tallinn, Tartu and Pärnu and the
surrounding areas).
In order to cover peak loads and extend the use of wind power, it will be necessary to construct
reserve capacity that can be rapidly regulated (mainly gas turbines) and modernise the grid along
the west coast of Estonia and in the islands. The investment requirement for new power generation
units up to 2015 is estimated at a total of EEK 10–15 billion, of which EEK 2–3 billion for
generation from renewable energy sources.
Resource
Support
level
[€cents/
kWh]
Start
year
Wind
74.2
€/MWh
2007
other
renewables
74.2
€/MWh
2007
Wind
54.2
€/MWh
2010
other
renwables.
54.2
€/MWh
2010
All RES
5.2-7.34
Duration [years
that an investor is
entitled
to
support]
End year [of the
scheme]
Comments
up to the annual
total production
of all wind farms
200 GWh
From
beginning
operation
12 years
up to the
up to the annual
total production
of all wind farms
400 GWH
12 years
12 years
of
2015
From
beginning of
operation
Purchase
obligation of
wind energy from 2009 up to 200
GWh;
from
2013 - up to
400
GWh.
From
2009
balance
responsibility
for
wind
energy
producers
1EURO: 15.64 EEK
Support for RES Heat
Biomass used for heating is the main source of Renewable energy: 90% of the production of
firewood is used in households. Woodchips are also widely used in households.
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Resource
Technology
wood
CHP
any other
CHP
wood
CHP
any other
CHP
Support level
(feed-in tariff)
[EUR/MWh_th]
feed-in 54.0
€/MWh
feed-in 54.0
€/MWh
support 33.3
€/MWh
support 33.3
€/MWh
Start year
Duration
[years that
an investor
is entitled
to support]
2007
12 years
2007
12 years
2010
12 years
if replacing a boiler-hous
from the beginning of
operation
2010
12 years
if replacing a boiler-hous
Comments
from the beginning of
operation
Support for biofuels
Biofuel is exempt from excise duty without any conditions since July 2005. If biofuel is added to
fossil fuels, the portion of biofuel contained in such fuel is exempt from excise duty until the permit
expires. A biofuel permit granted for six years by the Tax and Customs Board gives the right to
produce biofuel, import it into Estonia and release it for consumption free of excise duty. It obliges
the beneficiary together with the application to present specifications and a yearly report.
Resource
biodiesel
Total support level (= tax
exemption incl. reduction of
VAT to be paid) [€cents/litre]
no excise tax
start
year
2006
Duration [years of support entitled]
6
Under the Alcohol, Tobacco and Fuel Excise Duty Act, biofuel is exempt from excise duty once the
European Commission has authorised it and until that authorisation expires. Biofuel, for which the
first four digits of the CN code are 4401 or 4402, is unconditionally exempt from excise duty.
Authorisation to exempt biofuel from excise duty was received from the European Commission in a
letter dated 27 July 2005.
Support for all RES
Tax relief
To promote the utilization and development of RES, some tax relieves from the usual 18% VAT
have been stated.
Project funding
Some funding is available at the Estonian Fund for Nature (ELF), which grants subsidies to several
environmental projects, among others, projects concerning sustainable development.
Development plan to promote Bioenergy (2007-2013)
The government of the Republic drew up the Development plan to promote the use of biomass and
bio energy 2007-2013. The main objective of this plan is to create suitable conditions for the
development of domestic biofuel and bio energy production, reduce Estonia's dependence on
imported resources and fossil fuel.
The intention is to implement the development plan in two phases:
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Phase I (2007-2008) will begin with studies to analyse the market, resources, technologies. In
phase II (2009-2013) all the sound, well-justified market organisation measures to promote the use
of biomass (subsidies, taxes, standards, knowledge acquisition, etc.) will be applied on the basis of
the analyses and studies carried out in phase I.
On 8 February 2007 the Government approved the Estonian Rural Development Plan 2007-2013
which provides support to:
‐ investments aimed at the production of biomass and biofuels in agricultural holdings.
‐ micro-companies producing forestry products to invest in tangible and intangible assets in
order to procure and introduce new products, production methods and technologies,
‐ the production of biofuels from non-wood agricultural products and from the production
waste from the manufacture of agricultural and non-wood forestry products.
‐ to applied research and product innovation with regard to bio energy crops and biofuels.
In 2007 around EEK 700/ha will be paid in subsidies for energy crops, EEK 863.9/ha for growing
agricultural crops and EEK 945/ha in standard agricultural subsidies. In 2006 applications for
energy crop subsidies totalled 11 565.49 ha.
Annex I RES Electricity Potentials
Annex II RES Bioenergy Potentials
Sources
European Commission Factsheets by Country
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/facts_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2001/77/EC on renewable electricity
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/electricity_member_states_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2003/30/EC on biofuels
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/biofuels_members_states_en.htm
Ministry of Economics Affairs
www.mkm.ee
Tallin University of Technology
www.ttu.ee
EurObserv’er Barometer
http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/sig/eufores/sig.asp
In the framework of the EU co –funded project: RES 2020: Monitoring and Evaluation of the RES Directives
implementation in EU27 and policy recommendations to 2020
The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of the Community. The
European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
Drafted in March 2008.
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Annex I RES Electricity Potentials
Description
Unit
2005
2010
2015
2020
Total Wind
Maximum Wind onshore
Maximum Wind offshore
Maximum solar PV
Maximum solar thermal
Total Hydro
Maximum conventional hydro
of which Maximum run of river
Maximum Pumped Storage hydro
Maximum Wave& Tide power plants
Maximum geothermal conventional
power plants
Maximum geothermal hot dry rock
power plants
Maximum biomass power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum biogas power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum bio waste power plants (CHP)
MW
MW
MW
TWh
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
TWh
32.05
307
935
505
430
1445
915
530
0.0
0
20
20
0.0
0.0
2025
2030
1805
905
900
0
MW
0
MW
0
TWh
0.94
TWh
TWh
0.041
0.07
The previous table present the data that have been gathered in the framework of the RES2020 project in order to be used in the
modelling.
The data have been collected
•
Through EREC and its Members
•
Through a revision of previous EU funded projects and reports (GreenX, OPTRES)
•
Through the partners of the project
The data have been discussed in the framework of the REWG of the EnR with the country experts.
The tables present an estimation of the technical potential that could be utilized as an upper bound by 2010, 2015, 2020 and 2030. As
technical potential we are considering:
•
the future installed capacity of wind turbines without taking in mind financial issues at a "reasonable" wind speed as a
possible upper limit in the development of the installed capacity over time.
•
the future installed capacity of hydro considering technical issues only and a possible upper limit in the development of the
installed capacity over time.
For some technologies potential may be unlimited (e.g. photovoltaics), so we are using upper bound limits within the relevant time
frames.
89
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Annex II RES Bionergy Potentials
TABLE 1
Potentials agricultural bioenergy
Description
Sugar crops: sugar beet
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Starch crops: rye, oats, maize, wheat, barley, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Grassy crops: switchgrass, miscanthus, sweet sorghum, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Woody crops: willow, poplar
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Oil crops: sunflower, rapeseed
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Unit
LimType
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
8,0
8,2
8,0
8,2
8,0
8,2
16,0
8,18
21,0
8,24
25,0
8,39
28,0
8,67
30,0
9,13
10,0
8,2
10,0
8,2
10,0
8,2
20,0
7,91
25,0
7,64
30,0
7,44
33,0
7,29
36,0
7,21
19,0
16,9
19,0
16,9
19,0
16,9
38
15,5
49
14,5
60
13,7
67
13,1
74
12,7
25,0
2,6
25,0
2,6
25,0
2,6
52,0
2,43
67,0
2,32
82,0
2,27
92,0
2,28
101,0
2,35
8,0
6,3
8,0
6,3
8,0
6,3
17,0
6,1
22,0
5,9
26,0
5,8
29,0
5,7
31,0
5,7
Source
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
90
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
TABLE 2
Potentials bioenergy from wastes
Description
Agricultural waste
Unit
LimType
2000
2001
2005
2010
Potential
[PJ/a]
UP
Cost
[€/GJ]
Potential
[PJ/a]
Cost
[€/GJ]
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
31
33
36
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
2
2
2
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
2
2
2
EEA Report 7 2006
1.8 according to (Roos and Soosaar, 2004) and (Kask, 2005)
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
2
2015
2020
2
2025
2030
2
Source
EEA Report 7 2006
3.2 according to
Koppel, A., and K. Heinsoo (2005): Renewable energy from biomass in
Estonia: current status and outlook. Contribution of Agriculture to Energy
Production, Tallin, Estonia, October 7, 2005.
Forestry residues
UP
Wood processing residues
12 according to
Roos, I., and S. Soosaar (2004): Status of Renewable Energy
Development and Review of Existing Framework and Review of Existing
Framework. ALTENER, May 2004.
Kask, Ü. (2005): Biomass resources and utilization in Estonia. Tallinn
University of Technology, 12-09-2005.
EEA Report 7 2006
9 according to (Roos and Soosaar, 2004) and (Kask, 2005)
Municipal solid waste
Wet manures
Black liquor
0.7 according to (Roos and Soosaar, 2004) and (Kask, 2005)
Sewage sludge
Other waste wood
households
packageing
demolition
UP
UP
Dry manures
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10. SPAIN
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The Spanish economy is characterized by a relatively higher energy intensity than the rest of
Europe, by a high dependence on energy imports, but also by rapid changes of the energy system
in the last few years. Indeed, security & diversity of energy sources remain the major driving forces
for the growth of Spain renewable energy industry. A stable legal framework based on feed-in
tariffs with premium price recognising the environmental benefits promotes the development of
renewable. Spain has become the world’s second largest producer of wind energy, behind
Germany, and ahead of the United States. The success in the development of wind power in Spain
has been accompanied by the creation of competitive companies now active in the international
technology markets. The photovoltaic energy is characterized by a similar industrial development.
Emerging technologies like concentrated solar power have ambitious targets for 2010. There is
already one 10 MW solar tower power plant in operation, another one of 20 MW in construction
and up to five 50 MW solar trough power plants also in construction. However, biomass has not
developed as fast as expected (nor for electricity neither for heating purposes). Spain has very
low district heat supply, and despite the fact that Spain has been the first European country to
enforce the obligatory implementation of solar thermal energy in new and refurbished buildings,
remaining administrative barriers restrain the further development of RES for heating and cooling
market. Regarding biofuels, Spain is the second producer of bioethanol in Europe (behind
Germany) and remains behind the big European biodiesel producers such as Germany, France,
although its installed capacity is increasing. The recent increase of imports of subsidized biodiesel
from the United States, given its lower price, slowed down the domestic production, so that Spain
is a net exporter of biofuels. Finally, despite its increasing biofuel installed capacity, Spain is not a
leader in biofuel consumption due to the existing barriers to blending biofuels with gasoline and
diesel (technical and logistic barriers, especially regarding the blending of gasoline and bioethanol
given the characteristics of bioethanol, as well as some preoccupations related to the
consequences of the target on the gasoline and diesel markets given the current overproduction of
gasoline in Spain where more than 70% of the fleet is based on diesel cars).
KEY FIGURES
Remark: The annual statistics must be considered with precaution given the rapid changes
occurring in the Spanish energy system. For example, the production of hydroelectricity varied due
to very dry past years; the wind electricity is rapidly increasing; the installed capacity of gas
combined cycle has increased a lot in the very recent years (+35% in 2006-2007) reaching 22097
MW in 2007.
•
•
•
•
•
•
The share of RES in Total Primary Energy Consumption was of 6.8% in 2006. This
contribution is higher than in 2005 thanks to higher hydropower (2005 was a very dry year)
and biofuels consumption. The consumption of Renewable Energy has grown in 2006 in
1.1 millions toe (12% growth with respect to 2005).
The share of RES in the gross final energy consumption was 8.7% in 200532.
The share of RES in the gross electricity production was 18.8% in 2006 (including
hydroelectricity) with 57167 GWh (Coal: 69988 GWh, Nuclear: 60021 GWh).
The share of RES heating and cooling was of 3.6% in 2006.
The share of biofuels in the transport sector in 2006 was 0.53%; with a capacity
production of biofuels was 107% higher than the capacity in 2005.
Spain energy dependence on imports amounts to 78% in 2006.
Technology specific figures
• Wind power represents 7.5% of total electricity production with an increase in the installed
capacity of 17% as regards 2005. More than 13 GW of wind are currently (2007) installed in
Spain.
32
Please see EC definition of "final consumption of energy from renewable sources
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•
•
•
•
Hydropower production has increased 35% as regards the production in 2005, the latter
being a very dry year. It reached more than 36530 GWh in 2006, what remains below the
historical levels.
In 2006, PV reached 118 MW of capacity installed; Biogas 160 MW, and Biomass 409
MW
Solar Thermal installed capacity reached 930 MW in 2006.
315 ktoe of biofuels were produced in 2006 (204 ktoe of bioethanol and 111 ktoe of
biodiesel, equivalent to 321 kt bioethanol and 125 kt biodiesel) while the domestic
consumption was 170 ktoe (114 ktoe of bioethanol and 56 ktoe of biodiesel). The difference
was exported.
Primary Energy in Spain (2006)
Source: IDAE
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Electricity production in Spain (2006)
Source: IDAE
RES POLICY
The Spanish Renewable Energy Plan (Plan de Energías Renovables en España, PER) for 20052010 represents a revision of the Spanish Promotion Plan for Renewable Energy (Plan de
Fomento de las Energías Renovables en España) 2000-2010 in force up until 2005.
The plan expects a contribution from RES (hydroelectricity included) of 12.1% of primary energy
consumption in 2010, electricity generation from RES of 30.3% of gross electricity consumption,
biofuels consumption of 5.83% of gasoline and diesel use for transport in 2010, and RES
contribution of 4445 ktoe for heating and cooling.
The volume of emissions avoided in 2010 as a result of the Plan is estimated to 27.3 million tonnes
of CO2.
RES TARGETS
Mandatory targets set by the newly proposed RES Framework Directive from 200833
• 20% share of RES on the final consumption of energy in 2020.
• At least 10% share of biofuels of final consumption of energy in transport in each Member
State in 2020.
33
Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources
from January 2008(the targets agreed but the directive is on legislative process)
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Indicative Target set by the RES- electricity European Directive from 200134
• 30.3 % Share of RES on gross electricity consumption by 2010
Indicative Target set by the European Biofuels Directive from 200335
• Biofuels consumption of 5.75% of petrol and diesel use for transport in 2010.
National commitments
• 12.1% of RES in Primary Energy Consumption by 2010.
• 30.3% of gross electricity consumption generated by RES
• Biofuels consumption of 5.83% of gasoline and diesel use for transport in 2010.
• Indicative biofuels consumption target of 1.9% in 2008, mandatory targets of 3.4% in 2009
and 5.83% in 2010 (Disposición Adicional Decimosexta de la Ley 34/1998 del Sector de
Hidrocarburos). This law is not yet fully approved but should be soon.
RES Technology Roadmap
• Please see annex II for the Spanish technology Roadmap up to 2010. Emerging
technologies, such as concentrated solar power, have ambitious targets for 2010.
Progress towards the Targets
Spain is currently far from its RES-e target. The RES-e share of gross electricity consumption was
18.8% in 2006, compared to 19.9% in 1997. Despite the fast growth of some RES in Spain (i.e
Wind), it remains too small to reach the 2010 target given the increase in electricity consumption.
Electricity
Installed
capacity
increase 20052006 (MW)
New installed
capacity target
2005-2010 (MW)
Hydro (<50
112
810
MW)
Biomass
65
973
Cofiring
0
722
Wind
3451
12000
Solar PV
81
363
Biogas
19
94
CSP
0
500
TOTAL
3728
15462
* 10 MW in 2007 and 270 MW in construction phase
Rate of fulfillment
* (observed
increase 20052006 / targeted
increase 20052010)
13.8%
Capacity in
2006 (MW)
Total
capacity
target 2010
(MW)
4757
5456
6.7%
0.0%
28.8%
22.3%
20.3%
0.0%
24.1%
409
0
11606
118
160
0*
17050
1317
722
20155
400
235
500
28785
34
Directive 2007/71/EC on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market.
Currently in force, sets targets up to 2010.
35
Directive 2003/30/EC on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport currently in force, sets targets up
to 2010, with indicative targets by 2005.
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Heating and
Cooling
Biomass
Solar Thermal
TOTAL
Installed
capacity
increase 20052006 (ktoe)
29
19
48
New installed
capacity target
2005-2010 (ktoe)
Rate of
fulfillment
Capacity in
2006 (ktoe)
Target 2010
(Ktoe)
583
325
908
5.0%
5.8%
5.3%
3617
0.072
3689
4070
0.376
4446
According to recent statements of Spanish Ministry of Energy, in order to achieve the 2020 target
of 20% share of RES in final energy consumption set in the proposal of the European Commission
on a Renewable Energy Framework Directive from January 2008, Spain should achieve:
• 42% of electricity coming from RES in 2020 (currently the share is 18%)
• 6% share of RES in heating and cooling (currently is 3.6%)
• 10% of biofuels (currently in 0.6%)
MAIN POLICY INSTRUMENTS
Support to RES Electricity
Feed in Tariff for electricity generation
Electricity generation in Spain has two different regimes, the ordinary regime (R.O.) to which all the
conventional generation belong to, and the special regimen (R.E) to which the renewable energy
generation and the CHP plants belong to. In this last regime a feed-in tariff promotion mechanism
is implemented. Spain’s feed-in tariff incorporates both fixed total prices and price premiums added
to the electricity market Price.
Project developers should choose one of the following options:
• Transfer electricity to the system through the transport or distribution grid, therefore being
paid a feed-in tariff for it, unique for all the programming periods.
• Sell the electricity on the wholesale electricity market. In this case, the electricity sale price
will be the hour price resulting in the wholesale market supplemented if any, with a
premium. In this last case, a new feature is introduced for some technologies, a higher and
a lower limit (cap and floor).
Tariffs have been updated in May 2007: Spanish ministers approved new rules curbing profits for
wind generators and setting incentives for other types of renewable energy. The new rules
guarantee an internal rate of return of 7 percent to wind and hydroelectric plants that opt to sell
power to distributors direct and a return of between 5 and 9 percent if they participate in the
electricity pool market. Tariffs will be revised every four years taking into account whether
objectives have been achieved for different types of energy and the evolution of costs. These
revisions will not affect plants that are already in operation.
The Feed in System in Spain provides a stable framework for investments. Together with Regional
support for planning, simple administrative procedures, specially in the case of wind energy, are
the key elements for the rapid growth of RES-e in Spain. However issues such as updating and
improvement of the regulatory procedures regarding grid access and operating conditions and
establishment of a single operation centre for the Special Regime plants should be taken into
account in the future policy developments.
See annex III for a detailed description of the tariff system in Spain
Support to RES Heating and Cooling
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Solar Thermal Obligation
In March 2006: Spain has become one of the countries with the most advanced solar legislation in
the world. On 17th March 2006, the Spanish government approved the new Technical Buildings
Code (CTE, Codigo Tecnico de la Edificacion), the most significant reform of the Spanish building
sector for decades. The new CTE built on the success of the previous municipal solar ordinances.
The CET includes the following main areas: security of the buildings structure, fire safety, other
safety and health issues, sustainability and energy efficiency of the buildings. The latter part
("Documento Basico HE - Ahorro de Energia") goes far beyond the minimal level of implementation
of the EC Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings and includes an obligation to cover 3070% of the Domestic Hot Water (DHW) demand with solar thermal energy. The solar thermal part
applies to all new buildings and to those undergoing a renovation. It applies to any kind of
buildings, independent of their use. Some exceptions are defined in the law; mainly in the case of
buildings that either satisfy their DHW demand by other renewables or by cogeneration or for
shaded buildings.
Investment subsidies
For RES heating and cooling technologies covering 36.4% of the total cost of the installation.
Support to Biofuels
Excise duty reductions for Biofuels
To reduce the final price of biofuels and make them similar to the prices of the conventional
petroleum-based fuels, fiscal incentives for biofuels commercialization were established in Law
22/2005, which incorporates several European directives about energetic products: until the end of
year 2012, the Hydrocarbons Tax for biofuels will be of zero (instead of 0.278 €/liter for diesel and
0.371 €/liter for gasoline).
It must be noted that biofuels are not exempted from two other existing taxes:
•
The “tax on the retail sales of certain hydrocarbons” (IVMH), including a national
component of 0.024 €/liter as well as a regional component of approximatively also 0.024
€/liter;
•
The “value-added tax” (IVA) of 16%.
Biofuel quota obligations
In June 2007, the Spanish government has passed a new law (Disposición Adicional Decimosexta
de la Ley 34/1998 del Sector de Hidrocarburos) making the blending of biofuels into petroleum fuel
obligatory. It has set an interim target for 1.9% of biofuels to be blended into regular fuels in 2008
(not mandatory), which will become mandatory proportions of 3.4% in 2009 and 5.83% in 2010.
Sanction could reach 30 millions €. This law has not yet been fully approved but should be soon.
Resource
Biofuels
Biofuels
Biofuels
Quota in % (per year)
1.9% (energy)
3.4% (energy)
5.83% (energy)
Year
2008
2009
2010
Comments
Guideline only
Compulsory
Compulsory
Fiscal incentives for Biofuels production
a) Tax benefit for investment in biofuel production
Law 36/2003 created special fiscal deduction in the Company Income Tax. It can be deducted 10%
in the down payment for investments made in equipments and installations to convert agricultural
products in biofuels.
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Investment subsidies for biofuels
a) Subsidy to biofuel R&D projects
The Spanish government has granted a subsidy of 22 millions € to a biodiesel R&D project
involving several Spanish companies, including Repsol. The objective of the project is to reduce
production costs, select and test new biomass feedstocks, including seaweed, waste cooking oils,
and animal fats.
b) Subsidy to bioethanol R&D projects
The Spanish government has also granted a subsidy of 13.9 millions € to a bioethanol R&D project
leaded by Abengoa. The objectives of the project are to promote the energy crops development, to
make progress in the bioethanol thermochemical production, to develop the bioethanol market by
introducing bioethanol-diesel mixtures, and to support the public research centers and universities
to improve their knowledge and research capacities.
Other measures stimulating the biofuels
a) Support for farmers
Farmers can receive, depending on the crop, a grant of 45 €/ha for growing energy crops, until the
total surface in the EU devoted to energy crops do not exceed 1.5 Mha. While in the first year of
introduction in 2004 in Spain, 6705 ha received the aid, the area increased to 27321 ha in 200536
and in 2006, 223500 ha received the energy crop support. The use of set-aside land to grow
energy crops in Spain has not been very successful. Indeed, since productivity is around one-third
less than in Germany or France, Spain did not benefit so much from the compensatory program37
(based on yield) of the European Common Agricultural Policy.
b) Promotion of second generation biofuels
Spain does not have any particular promotion plan or target for the utilisation of second generation
biofuels. According to CIEMAT few R&D project have been funded by the Spanish research policy
(1 in 2004, 2 in 2005 and 3 in year 2006). They are mostly concentrated in the conversion of
lignocellulosic biomass into ethanol and only one has received funds to research in biohydrogen
production.
36
In 2005, an estimated 0.5 MHa received the energy crop payment.
The goal of this set-aside program is to prevent over-production and preserve farm income by providing a financial incentive for
removing marginally productive or environmentally sensitive land from cultivation.
37
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Annexes
Annex I. RES Installed capacity and electricity production in 2006
Annex II. Technology Roadmap until 2010
Annex III. Feed in Tariffs
Annex IV RES electricity Potential
Annex V RES Bioenergy Potentials
Sources:
European Commission Factsheets by Country
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/facts_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2001/77/EC on renewable electricity
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/electricity_member_states_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2003/30/EC on biofuels
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/biofuels_members_states_en.htm
Asociación de Productores de Energías Renovables (APPA)
www.appa.es
Cabal H., Y. Lechón, L. Izquierdo, N. Caldés, R. Sáez, 2007. El sistema electrico en la península
ibérica. Aspectos medioambientales y costes sociales. Collección Documentos Ciemat, Madrid,
Spain. 91 p.
CIEMAT, 2007. Enhancement of the NEEDS-TIMES model on Biomass and RES electricity. Data
for SPAIN. Project RES-2020, Update, December 2007. CIEMAT/ASE/E0215/RES2020/1.
CIEMAT, Madrid, pain, 19 p.
Neeft J., van Thuijil E., Wismeijer R. And Mabee WE., 2007. Biofuel implementation agendas. IEA
Task 39, Report T39-P5, 52p.
MITYC, IDAE, 2005. Plan de Energías Renovables en España 2005-2010. 345 p. Available at:
http://www.idae.es/uploads/documentos/documentos_Plan_de_Energias_Renovables_en_Espana
_completo_49e2ac7d.pdf
Red Eléctrica de España (REE), 2007. El sistema electrico español. 116 p. www.ree.es
Red Eléctrica de España (REE), 2008. El sistema electrico español, Avance del informe 2007. 26
p. www.ree.es
In the framework of the EU co –funded project: RES 2020: Monitoring and Evaluation of the RES Directives
implementation in EU27 and policy recommendations to 2020.
The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of the Community. The
European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
Drafted March 2008.
CIEMAT has widely contributed in the elaboration of this review.
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Annex I. RES Installed capacity and electricity production in 2006
Producción con energías renovables en 2006
Potencia (MW)
Producción (GWh)
Producción en
términos de
Energía Primaria
(1)
(Año Medio)
(ktep)
Producción en
términos de
Energía Primaria
(Avance 2006)
(ktep)
Generación de electricidad
Hidráulica (> 50 MW) (2)
Hidráulica (Entre 10 y 50 MW)
Hidráulica (< 10 MW)
Biomasa
R.S.U.
Eólica
Solar fotovoltaica
Biogás
Solar termoeléctrica
13.521,0
2.938,5
1.818,9
409
189
11.606
118
160
-
TOTAL ÁREAS ELÉCTRICAS
Usos térmicos
25.013,9
5.876,9
5.638,7
2.606
1.222,9
27.855
177
935
-
30.760
1.550
364
360,3
761
404,6
1.958
12
314,5
-
69.326
-
5.724
2
m Solar t. baja temp.
Biomasa
Biogás
Solar térmica de baja temperatura
Geotermia
2.151,2
505,4
484,9
808,2
395,1
2.395,5
15,2
302,4
7.058
(ktep)
3.457
31
72
8
3.457
31
72
8
3.568
3.568
549
549
9.842
11.175,6
CONSUMO DE ENERGÍA PRIMARIA (ktep)
145.086
145.086
Energías Renovables/Energía Primaria (%)
6,8%
7,7%
930.235
TOTAL ÁREAS TÉRMICAS
Biocarburantes (Transporte)
TOTAL BIOCARBURANTES
TOTAL ENERGÍAS RENOVABLES
(1): Datos de 2006, provisionales. Para energía hidráulica, eólica, solar fotovoltaica y solar térmica, se incluye la producción correspondiente
a un año medio, a partir de las potencias y superficie en servicio a 31 de diciembre, de acuerdo con las características de las instalaciones
puestas en marcha hasta la fecha, y no el dato real de avance de 2006.
(2): Incluye producción con bombeo puro
Source: IDAE
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Annex II Technology Roadmap until 2010
The Spanish Renewable Energy Plan (Plan de Energías Renovables en España, PER) for 20052010 represents a revision of the Spanish Promotion Plan for Renewable Energy (Plan de
Fomento de las Energías Renovables en España) 2000-2010 in force up until now.
These targets imply, in accordance with the data of the selected PER Scenario, a contribution from
renewable energy sources (RES) of:
-
12.1% of primary energy consumption in 2010, electricity generation from RES.
30.3% of gross electricity consumption,
biofuels consumption of 5.83% of petrol and diesel use for transport in 2010,
RES heating and cooling contribution with 4445 ktoe to primary energy consumption.
ELECTRICITY
As regards the targets for electricity generation from renewable sources, the table below shows the
anticipated generation from renewable sources in 2010 and the forecast gross consumption of
electricity in 2010. According to the Plan’s targets, renewable energy sources will provide the
system with more than 100,000 GWh a year by 2010, equivalent to 30.3% of gross electricity
consumption, thus fulfilling Spain’s target (RES-e Directive) of 29.4% in 2010.
Source: PER 2005-2010
Wind Power
The new target for the wind energy sector is an increase in output of 12000 MW over the period
2005-2010.This implies ending the decade with a total installed potential of 20155 MW. It must be
noted that Spain does not yet have any off-shore wind farms. There are a number of ambitious
plans for off-shore wind farm but it is considered unlikely that these projects will be developed
during the period 2005-2010. If the current barriers to their implementation are overcome, which is
an issue currently being addressed the installed capacity of offshore wind farms could reach 1000
MW around 2010.
Hydropower
The target for the hydroelectric generating potential to be developed over the period 2005-2010
has been set based on the hydroelectric schemes currently being constructed or for which permits
have been applied for or plans submitted to the relevant authorities. The overall target for the
increase of small hydro (up to 10 MW) is 450 MW over the period 2005-2010. This will enable an
overall generating capacity of 2199MW from small hydro facilities in 2010. The overall target for
large hydro (10-50 MW) is an increase in generating capacity of 360MW over the period 20052010, bringing the total up to 3257 MW. The more than 50 MW hydro plants are considered without
change.
Concentrated Solar Power
The available solar resources, the technology experience gained in Spain from past research and
development projects, the support in the form of a premium, and the presence of companies
interested in the technological development of the sector make the concentrated solar power a
promising technology for Spain.. There is one 10 MW solar tower power plant in operation, another
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one of 20 MW in construction and up to five 50 MW solar trough power plants also in construction.
However, more than 80 CSP projects are registered in the “Special Regime for Electricity
Producers”, a pre-requisite for the construction, and 40 plants have already got the access point to
be connected to the national electricity network. Therefore, the current outlook and existing
initiatives are sufficient for 500 MW of generating capacity to be installed (production of 1298 GWh
in 2010), as targeted in the PER.
Solar Photovoltaic
The Plan identifies a new target for an increase in photovoltaic capacity of 363 MWp over the
period 2005-2010, reaching an installed capacity of 400 MW in 2010.
Biomass for electricity
In the case of electricity generation from biomass, the growth target over the period 2005-2010 is
1695 MW., reaching an installed capacity of 2039MW in 2010. Achieving this target relies mainly
on three factors:
- Implementation of a co-combustion plan for the combined combustion of biomass and coal
at nineteen existing coal-fired power stations.
- A proposed significant increase in the price paid for electricity generated by biomass
facilities.
- The existing Interministerial Biomass Commission, which it is hoped will add dynamism to
the market.
Biogas
The target set for the biogas implies an increase of the installed capacity of 94 MW during the
period, reaching an installed capacity of 235 MW in 2010.
TRANSPORT
Biofuels
The table below shows the contribution of biofuels to targeted transport fuels consumption
(gasoline and diesel). Under the PER, biofuels must account for 5.83% in 2010, thus also fulfilling
the indicative target of 5.75% established for the target year.
Source: PER 2005-2010
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HEATING AND COOLING
Solar Thermal Energy
A target of an increase in installed collector area of 4200000 m2 over the period 2005-2010 has
been set. The solar thermal energy applications could develop considerably in Spain with the
approval of the Technical Building Code.
Biomass for thermal uses
In the case of thermal biomass, the target is an increase of 582.5 ktoe between present and 2010.
To this end, a range of actions are envisaged to improve the waste supply logistics and the
proposed creation of a new line of grant aid for investments.
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Source: PER 2005-2010
(http://www.idae.es/uploads/documentos/documentos_Plan_de_Energias_Renovables_en_Espana_completo_49e2ac7d.pdf)
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Annex III Feed in and Feed in Premium Tariffs
Project developers should choose one of the following options:
•
Transfer electricity to the system through the transport or distribution grid, therefore being
paid a feed-in tariff for it, unique for all the programming periods.
•
Sell the electricity on the wholesale electricity market. In this case, the electricity sale price
will be the hour price resulting in the wholesale market supplemented if any, with a
premium. In this last case, a new feature is introduced for some technologies, a higher and
a lower limit (cap and floor).
The titleholders of the facilities may choose the most suitable sale options for periods no shorter
than a year.
Nevertheless, the participation in the market is encouraged as it is deemed that in this way.
Capacity
(MW)
Energy crops
≤2
>2
Agricultural
residues
≤2
>2
Forest residues
≤2
>2
Landfill biogas
Biogas from
digesters
≤ 0.5
> 0.5
Manure
Agricultural
industry
residues
Forest industry
residues
≤2
>2
≤2
>2
Black liquor
≤2
>2
Life (y)
0-15
>15
0-15
>15
0-15
>15
0-15
>15
0-15
>15
0-15
>15
0-15
>15
0-15
>15
0-15
>15
0-15
>15
0-15
>15
0-15
>15
0-15
>15
0-15
>15
0-15
>15
0-15
>15
MSW
Energy crops
≤2
0-15
>15
Feed in tariff
Feed in tariff
(c€/kWh)
Biomass
15.889
11.7931
14.659
12.347
12.571
8.4752
10.754
8.066
12.571
8.4752
11.8294
8.066
7.992
6.51
13.069
6.51
9.68
6.51
5.36
5.36
12.571
8.4752
10.754
8.066
9.28
6.51
6.508
6.508
9.28
6.51
8
6.5080
5.36
Biomass CHP
16.0113
11.8839
Feed-in premium
Reference
Upper
Lower
feed-in
limit
limit
premium
(c€/kWh)
(c€/kWh)
(c€/kWh)
11.5294
0
10.0964
0
8.2114
0
6.1914
0
8.2114
0
7.2674
0
3.7784
0
9.7696
0
5.7774
0
3.0844
0
8.2114
0
6.1914
0
4.9214
0
1.9454
0
5.1696
0
3.2199
0
2.3
16.6300
15.4100
15.09
14.27
13.31
12.09
11.19
10.379
13.31
12.09
12.26
11.44
8.96
7.44
15.33
12.35
11.03
9.55
8.33
5.1
13.31
12.09
11.19
10.379
10.02
8.79
6.94
6.12
10.02
8.79
9
7.5
11.6608
0
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>2
Agricultural
residues
≤2
>2
Forest residues
≤2
>2
Landfill biogas
Biogas from
digesters
≤ 0.5
> 0.5
Manure
Agricultural
industry
residues
Forest industry
residues
≤2
>2
≤2
>2
Black liquor
≤2
>2
Solar PV
< 0.1
0.1-10
> 10
Solar thermal
Wind
Onshore
Geothermal,
tide, ocean
Hydro
< 10
10 - 50
0-15
>15
0-15
>15
0-15
>15
0-15
>15
0-15
>15
0-15
>15
0-15
>15
0-15
>15
0-15
>15
0-15
>15
0-15
>15
0-15
>15
0-15
>15
0-15
>15
0-15
>15
0-25
> 25
0-25
> 25
0-25
> 25
0-25
> 25
0-20
> 20
0-20
> 20
0-25
> 25
0-25
> 25
14.659
12.347
12.7998
8.6294
10.754
8.066
12.7998
8.6294
11.8294
8.066
8.2302
6.704
13.3474
6.6487
9.9598
6.6981
5.36
5.36
12.7998
8.6294
10.9497
8.2128
9.4804
6.6506
7.1347
7.1347
9.4804
6.6506
9.3
7.5656
Other renewable
44.0381
35.2305
41.7500
33.4000
22.9764
18.3811
26.9375
21.5498
7.3228
6.1200
6.9800
6.5100
7.8000
7.0200
6.60+1.20*[(50capacity)/40]
5.94+1.08*[(50capacity)/40]
10.0964
0
8.4643
0
6.1914
0
8.4643
0
7.2674
0
4.0788
0
10.0842
0
6.1009
0
3.0844
0
8.4643
0
6.3821
0
5.1591
0
2.9959
0
5.4193
0
4.9586
0
25.4000
20.3200
2.9291
0.0000
3.8444
3.0600
2.5044
1.3444
2.1044
34.3976
25.4038
8.4944
7.1275
8.5200
6.5200
8.000
6.1200
1.3444
The premium to be paid every hour is calculated as follows:
a) For values of the reference market price plus the reference premium lower or equal to the lower
limit, the premium value to be paid shall be the difference between the lower limit and the daily
market hourly price at that hour.
b) For the reference market price values plus the reference premium included between the higher
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and the lower limits, established for a given group or subgroup, the value to be paid shall be the
reference premium for this group or subgroup, at that hour.
c) For the reference market price values included between the higher limit and minus the reference
premium and the higher limit, the value of the premium to be paid shall be the difference between
the higher limit and the reference market price at that hour.
d) For the reference market price values higher or equal to the higher limit, the price of the
premium to be paid shall be zero at that time.
The amounts of tariffs, premiums, supplements and cap & floor limits will be annually updated
having the consumer price index (CPI) as a reference minus 0.25 until the 31st of December 2012
and minus 0.5 since then.
During 2010, in view of the result of the follow-up reports on the extent of fulfilment of the
Renewable Energies Plan (PER) 2005-2010 and of the Spanish Energy Saving and Efficiency
Strategy, as well as the new objectives that may be included in the following Renewable Energies
Plan for the 2011-2020 period, the review of tariffs, premiums, supplements and cap & floor limits
will take place, bearing in mind the costs associated with each of these technologies, the extent of
participation in the special scheme in the meeting of the demand and its effect on the technical and
economical system, always guaranteeing reasonable profitability rates with reference to the price
of money on the capital market.
Every four years and from then on, a new revision will be done maintaining the criteria above.
The new feed-in Law includes a premium for Biomass and/or biogas co-combustion in thermal
power plants under the ordinary scheme. The agreement, reached in Cabinet Meeting with a prior
consultation to the Autonomous Communities, may determine the right to receive a premium,
specific for each installation, all along the first fifteen years since its commissioning. The
calculation of the premium for each installation will be established case by case.
Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Commerce is authorised specifically to issue the technical
instructions that are necessary to establish a biomass and biogas certification system, which
includes their traceability. Facilities using biomass and/or biogas shall send the information to be
determined in the corresponding certification procedure.
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Annex IV RES electricity potential
Description
Unit
2005
2010
Total Wind
Maximum Wind onshore
Maximum Wind offshore
Maximum solar PV
Maximum solar thermal
Total Hydro
Maximum conventional hydro
of which Maximum run of river
Maximum Pumped Storage hydro
Maximum Wave& Tide power plants
Maximum geothermal Total
Maximum geothermal conventional
power plants
Maximum geothermal hot dry rock
power plants
Maximum biomass power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum biogas power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum municipal waste power plants
(CHP)
MW
MW
MW
TWh
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
TWh
TWh
9911
9911
0
0.1
0.0
18445
15718
1788
2727
22717
22171
0
MW
19105
14205
1160
4900
2015
2020
2025
2030
40186
33186
7000
5.13
5597
20807
14907
1935
5900
13.23
5.79
54202
44202
10000
800
1400
21622
15722
2033
5900
9.66
MW
TWh
2.79
54.30
TWh
1.20
13.19
TWh
2.06
5.65
The following tables present the data that have been gathered in the framework of the RES2020 project in order to be
used in the modelling.
The data have been collected
•
Through EREC and its Members
•
Through a revision of previous EU funded projects and reports (GreenX, OPTRES)
•
Through the partners of the project
The data have been discussed in the framework of the REWG of the EnR with the country experts.
The tables present an estimation of the technical potential that could be utilized as an upper bound by 2010, 2015, 2020
and 2030. As technical potential we are considering:
•
the future installed capacity of wind turbines without taking in mind financial issues at a "reasonable" wind
speed as a possible upper limit in the development of the installed capacity over time.
•
the future installed capacity of hydro considering technical issues only and a possible upper limit in the
development of the installed capacity over time.
For some technologies potential may be unlimited (e.g. photovoltaics), so we are using upper bound limits within the
relevant time frames.
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TABLE 1
Potentials agricultural bioenergy
Description
Sugar crops: sugar beet
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Starch crops: rye, oats, maize, wheat, barley, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Grassy crops: switchgrass, miscanthus, sweet sorghum, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Woody crops: willow, poplar
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Oil crops: sunflower, rapeseed
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Annex V RES Bionergy Potentials
Unit
LimType
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
45,0
9,4
45,0
9,4
45,0
9,4
89,0
9,01
141,0
8,69
192,0
8,4
246,0
8,15
300,0
7,92
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
32,0
14,0
32,0
14,0
32,0
14,0
64,0
13,15
101,0
12,48
138,0
11,91
176,0
11,42
215,0
10,99
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
80,0
5,9
80,0
5,9
80,0
5,9
160
5,4
259
5,1
358
4,8
463
4,6
569
4,4
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
38,0
3,0
38,0
3,0
38,0
3,0
76,0
2,76
124,0
2,62
172,0
2,5
224,0
2,4
275,0
2,31
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
26,0
10,9
26,0
10,9
26,0
10,9
51,0
10,6
81,0
10,3
111,0
10,0
142,0
9,8
174,0
9,5
Source
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
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TABLE 2
Potentials bioenergy from wastes
Description
Agricultural waste
Unit
LimType
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
[PJ/a]
UP
Cost
[€/GJ]
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
Potential
Cost
2000
2001
2005
2010
74
2015
2020
79
2025
2030
Source
83,7
EEA Report 7 2006
Forestry residues
6,7
€120/t ≈ €6.7/GJ:
Wood processing residues
7
8
8,4
EEA Report 7 2006
55
59
62,8
EEA Report 7 2006
Korz, D.J. (2005): Status and trends of the residual waste treatment options (landfilling,
mechanical-biological treatment, incineration) in selected EU member states: Spain. The future of
residual waste management in Europe, 2005.
UP
44
47
50,2
EEA Report 7 2006
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
52
55
58,6
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
UP
15
16
16,7
EEA Report 7 2006
UP
15
16
16,7
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
11
12
12,6
EEA Report 7 2006
Municipal solid waste
5,1
Wet manures
Black liquor
Sewage sludge
Other waste wood
households
packageing
demolition
Dry manures
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11. FINLAND
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Bioenergy plays an important role in the decentralised and diversified Finnish energy system.
Finland is one of the world leaders in utilising bioenergy. Almost 20 % of total primary energy
consumption in Finland is met by bioenergy. The National Action Plan for Renewable Energy
Sources (RES) aims at a further increase the use of biomass: by 2010, the use of bioenergy
energy sources should be 30 per cent higher than in 2001. The RES National commitments for the
year 2015 and 2025 aim to increase bioenergy utilisation in electricity and heat production.
Currently in Finland CHP with biomass and biofuels are wider used, a main policy objective is to
expand their RES-CHP-District heating schemes, but also biofuels in the transport sector. Finland
policy framework for bioenergy has been very effective; however other RES with still potential in
Finland are less developed. Additional support in the form of feed-in tariffs based on purchase
obligations or green certificates is being considered for onshore wind power.
A very important role in the Finish biomass sector plays peat. 30% of the total land area of Finland
of 30.5 million hectares is classified as peatland. Peat is very often used in CHP plants, however
Peat it is not a RES and it should not count for fulfillment of the RES targets of Finland.
In May 2006, the Helsinki City Council voted to switch half of the city's public bus fleet to run on
biodiesel made from biomass, animal fat and waste cooking oil. The three-year programme was
slated to affect 700 vehicles and cut overall bus particle emissions by half.
In May 2002 Finland's parliament approved the building a fifth nuclear power plant, to be in
operation about 2009. The construction of the power plant is delayed.
KEY FIGURES
• The share of RES in total primary energy consumption was of 24% in 2006. ( 20% from
Bio-energy).
• The share of RES in the gross final energy consumption was 28.5 % in 2005.
• The share of RES in the gross electricity production was 25.54% in 2006. 28.4% in
2005. In 2006 was lower due to the decrease in Hydropower production.
• The share of all biofuels in the transport sector in 2006 was 0.02%.
• Finland energy dependence on imports amounts to 69 % in 2005.
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Source: Statistics Finland, Energy Statistics
RES POLICY
Through subsidies and energy tax exemptions, Finland encourages investment in RES-e and REH&C.
RES TARGETS
Mandatory targets set by the newly proposed RES Framework Directive from 200838
• 38% share of RES on the final consumption of energy in 2020.
• At least 10% share of biofuels of final consumption of energy in transport in that Member
State in 2020.
Indicative Target set by the RES- electricity European Directive from 200139
• 31.5 % Share of RES on gross electricity consumption by 2010
Indicative Target set by the European Biofuels Directive from 200340
• Biofuels consumption of 5.75% of petrol and diesel use for transport in 2010.
National commitments
• Increasing the use of renewable energy by at least 25% by 2015 and 40% by 2025 is a key
objective of Finland’s energy policy.
• The National Action Plan for Renewable Energy Sources was launched in 1999 and
updated in 2002. By 2010, the use of bioenergy energy sources should be 30 per cent
higher than in 2001. The RES National commitments for the year 2015 and 2025 aim to
increase of bioenergy in electricity and heat production.
• There is no national target/commitment for heating and cooling.
Progress towards the targets
Finland is nearing its RES-e target for 2010.
38
Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources
from January 2008(the targets agreed but the directive is on legislative process)
39
Directive 2007/71/EC on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market.
Currently in force, sets targets up to 2010.
40
Directive 2003/30/EC on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport Currently in force, sets targets up
to 2010, with indicative targets by 2005.
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Support for Electricity
Finland’s energy market is fully liberalised, right down to the level of the individual private
consumer. Market support for renewable electricity consists of two instruments.
Investment Subsidies
First, the construction costs of renewable energy plant are co-financed by the government with
grants of up to 40% in the case of wind. This applies to companies. In the recent year’s wood
plants for energy and fuel production have been the ones mostly benefiting from this scheme (60%
of the total grants in 2006). Biogas plants received 7% of the total budget that year (2,5 M€)41.
Tax refunds for suppliers of renewable electricity
The government imposes a per kWh tax on all Finnish electricity suppliers, which they pass on to
their end consumers. The government refunds this tax to suppliers of renewable electricity,
however, at 0.69 c€/kWh (wind).
Guaranteed access to the grid
For all electricity users and electricity-producing plants, including RES-e generators (Electricity
Market Act – 386/1995)
Feed in Tariff or Green Certificates
Additional support in the form of feed-in tariffs based on purchase obligations or green certificates
is being considered for onshore wind power
Support for Heating and Cooling
Investment Subsidies
The construction costs of renewable energy plant are co-financed by the government with grants of
up to 30%. This applies to companies. Direct investment support for individual biomass heating
installations.
Fiscal Incentives
Taxes imposed on heat, are calculated on the basis of the net carbon emissions of the input fuels
and are zero for renewable energy sources.
Support for Biofuels
Quota Obligations
On the basis of an expert group's proposals, on 19 October 2006 the Government submitted a
legislative proposal to the Finnish Parliament concerning the promotion of biofuels in transport. The
proposal aims to create demand for biofuels by placing an obligation in respect of the marketing of
biofuels on the distributors of transport fuels. The proposed law has been submitted to the Finnish
Parliament, and is due to enter into force on 1st January 2008.
The proposal sets out a minimum percentage of biofuels to be supplied for consumption annually
by the distributors of transport fuels. This minimum percentage would increase annually from, in
2008, at least 2% of the total energy content of the petrol, diesel oil and biofuels supplied by a
distributor of transport fuels. In 2009, the share would be at least 4%, and in 2010 and afterwards
annually at least 5.75%. A separate Government decree would, however, provide for the entry into
force of the 2010 obligation. The obligation would be enforced if the quality standards of fuels, in
2010, allow the mixing of the required percentages of biofuels with petrol and diesel oil.
The obligation would only apply to the total amount of biofuels, allowing the distributors to fulfill the
obligation by using biofuels to replace petrol or diesel oil in a ratio they choose within the limits of
the quality standards. Neither would the law regulate the origin of the biofuel. The distributors could
subcontract their obligation wholly or partially to another company.
41
Figures from the Finish report connected to the biofuels directive
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Irrespective of contracts, each distributor would be accountable to the Government for fulfilling his
obligation either personally or through a contractor. If the distributor failed to fulfill his obligation,
the customs authorities would impose a penalty fee.
Resource
Biofuels
Quota in % (per year)
2% in 2008
4% in 2009
5.75% in 2010
Annex I Finland RES Electricity Potentials
Annex II RES Bioenergy Potentials
Sources:
European Commission Factsheets by Country
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/facts_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2001/77/EC on renewable electricity
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/electricity_member_states_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2003/30/EC on biofuels
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/biofuels_members_states_en.htm
Motiva
http://www.motiva.fi/en/
VTT
http://www.vtt.fi/
EurObserv’er Barometer
http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/sig/eufores/sig.asp
In the framework of the EU co –funded project: RES 2020: Monitoring and Evaluation of the RES Directives
implementation in EU27 and policy recommendations to 2020
The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of the Community. The
European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
Drafted March 2008
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Annex I Finland RES Electricity Potentials
Description
Unit
2005
2010
2015
2020
Total wind
Maximum Wind onshore
Maximum Wind offshore
Maximum solar PV
Maximum solar thermal
Total Hydro
Maximum conventional hydro
of which Maximum run of river
Maximum Pumped Storage hydro
Maximum Tide & Wave power
plants
Maximum geothermal conventional
power plants
Maximum geothermal hot dry rock
power plants
Maximum biomass power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum biogas power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximumbiowaste power plants
(CHP)
MW
MW
MW
TWh
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
82
82.0
500
280.0
220
1600
500.0
1100
6000
2100.0
3900
2999
2999
3141
3141
3000
900.0
2100
0.6
0
3437
3437
0
0
0
0
TWh
1.54
TWh
0
MW
0
TWh
9.8
20.51
TWh
0.1
1.25
TWh
0.2
0.71
2025
2030
3437
3437
The previous table present the data that have been gathered in the framework of the RES2020 project in order to be used in the
modelling.
The data have been collected
•
Through EREC and its Members
•
Through a revision of previous EU funded projects and reports (GreenX, OPTRES)
•
Through the partners of the project
The data have been discussed in the framework of the REWG of the EnR with the country experts.
The tables present an estimation of the technical potential that could be utilized as an upper bound by 2010, 2015, 2020 and 2030. As
technical potential we are considering:
•
the future installed capacity of wind turbines without taking in mind financial issues at a "reasonable" wind speed as a
possible upper limit in the development of the installed capacity over time.
•
the future installed capacity of hydro considering technical issues only and a possible upper limit in the development of the
installed capacity over time.
For some technologies potential may be unlimited (e.g. photovoltaics), so we are using upper bound limits within the relevant time
frames.
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
TABLE 1
Potentials agricultural bioenergy
Description
Sugar crops: sugar beet
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Starch crops: rye, oats, maize, wheat, barley, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Grassy crops: switchgrass, miscanthus, sweet sorghum, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Woody crops: willow, poplar
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Oil crops: sunflower, rapeseed
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Annex II RES Bionergy Potentials
Unit
LimType
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
5,0
12,4
5,0
12,4
5,0
12,4
8,0
11,93
10,0
11,54
12,0
11,2
13,0
10,9
15,0
10,63
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
14,0
13,5
14,0
13,5
14,0
13,5
23,0
12,75
28,0
12,11
34,0
11,57
38,0
11,1
42,0
10,7
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
27,0
18,6
27,0
18,6
27,0
18,6
45
17,1
55
15,9
65
14,9
74
14,2
82
13,5
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
19,0
4,1
19,0
4,1
19,0
4,1
30,0
3,79
37,0
3,56
44,0
3,37
50,0
3,23
55,0
3,11
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
6,0
9,6
6,0
9,6
6,0
9,6
10,0
9,3
13,0
9,1
15,0
8,8
17,0
8,6
19,0
8,4
Source
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
118
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
TABLE 2
Potentials bioenergy from wastes
Description
Agricultural waste
Unit
LimType
2000
2001
2005
2010
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
40
43
46
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
9
10
10
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
7
8
8
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
147
157
167
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
4
4
4
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
4
4
4
EEA Report 7 2006
7
8
8
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
15
2015
2020
16
2025
2030
17
Source
EEA Report 7 2006
Forestry residues
Sipilä, K., et al. (2005): Raw materials availability to synfuels production and remarks on
RTD goals. Synbios, Stockholm, Sweden, 18-19 May 2005.
http://www.ecotraffic.se/synbios/konferans/presentationer/18_maj/synbios_sipila_kai.pdf
Wood processing residues
Municipal solid waste
Wet manures
Black liquor
Sewage sludge
Other waste wood
households
packageing
demolition
UP
UP
Dry manures
119
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12. FRANCE
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France faces an energy import dependency close to average EU levels, with the majority of
imports being oil. The share of gas, also imported, has been steadily increasing in recent years.
Electricity production in France is dominated by nuclear energy which amounts approximately to
78% and hydropower.
Renewable sources such as biomass and hydro, participate to a significant extent to the energy
mix. However, France is developing policies aimed at a more diversified mix increasing wind and
photovoltaic electricity, solar energy for heat and biofuels. France has the second biggest potential
in the EU in terms of wind energy and a very good potential in terms of solar and geothermal
energy. All Renewable energy sectors have features in 2006 significant growth rates. Despite
these growth rates, the share of renewable energy in the energy mix does not increase as energy
demand has been growing steadily.
KEY FIGURES
• The share of RES in total primary energy consumption was of 12.2% in 2006.
• The share of RES in the final energy consumption was 10.3% in 2006.
• The share of RES in the gross inland electricity production was 12.1% in 2006.
• The share of all biofuels in the transport sector in 2006 was 1.77% en 2006.
• France’s energy dependence on imports amounts to 54.5%in 2005.
Technology Specific figures
• Wood represents almost 9 millions toe and is the main source of renewable energy in
France.
• Hydroelectricity increased by 7,8% in 2006 reaching 56.4 TWh. However, its production
remains weak compared to the average of the last 20 years. Hydropower provides 14 % of
the French electricity production and 95 % of renewable electricity.
• Wind energy production reached 2150 GWh in 2006. Production increased by 123%
compared to 2005.
• Photovoltaics features significant growth rates as well. Production in 2006 increased by
50% to reach 54 GWh.
RES POLICY
RES TARGETS
Mandatory targets set by the newly proposed RES Framework Directive from 200842
• 23% share of RES on the final consumption of energy in 2020.
•
At least 10% share of biofuels of final consumption of energy in transport in that Member
State in 2020.
42
Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from
renewable sources from January 2008(the targets agreed but the directive is on legislative process)
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Indicative Target set by the RES- electricity European Directive from 200343
• 21 % share of RES on gross electricity consumption by 2010
Indicative Target set by the European Biofuels Directive from 200144
• Biofuels consumption of 5.75% of petrol and diesel use for transport in 2010. And 2% in
2005.
National Commitments
The 2005 French Energy law laid down the basis of French energy policy:
• 10 % of the energy consumption should come from renewable energy sources by 2010
• 50 % increase of renewable heat (which in the end should amount to 10 Mtoe in 2005)
• 5.75% by the end of 2008, 7 % biofuels incorporated in 2010 and 10% in 2015. In
September 2005, the Prime Minister presented measures to encourage the production of
biofuels. The objective to incorporate biofuels at 5.57% initially anticipated for 2010 is now
expected to be attained in 2008.
Progress towards the targets
The objective set for 2005 by the biofuels 2003/30/EC Directive hasn’t been reached yet in France
(2%).However, French government estimates that the objectives set for 2010 will be reached.
RES POLICY INSTRUMENTS
Support for RES electricity
Feed-in Tariffs
Feed-in tariffs were introduced in 2001 and modified in 2005 for photovoltaic, hydro, biomass,
biogas, geothermal, offshore wind, onshore wind, and Combined Heat and Power.
Tariffs are guaranteed on 15 to 20 years. Tariffs were revised in 2006 and 2007 to take account of
the investment and managing costs together with a premium taking into consideration
improvements of air quality and reduction of greenhouse gases.
Resource
Technology
hydro
small
wind
onshore
wind
offshore
biomass
solid
Support level [€cents/ kWh]
6,07 c€/kWh + premium between
0,5 and 2,5 for small installations +
premium between 0 and 1,68
c€/kWh in winter according to the
production's regularity
8,2 c€/kWh during 10 years, then
between 2,8 et 8,2 c€/kWh during 5
years depending on the location's
productivity.
13 c€/kWh during 10 years, then
between 3 and 13 c€/kWh during
10 years depending on the
location's productivity.
4,9 c€/kWh (32,1 cF/kWh) +
premium for energy efficiency
between 0 and 1,2 c€/kWh (7,8
cF/kWh)
Feed-in tariff
or premium?
Start
year
Duration [years
that an investor is
entitled to support]
feed-in tariff
2007
20 years
feed-in tariff
2006
15 years
feed-in tariff
2006
20 years
feed-in tariff
2002
15 years
43
Directive 2007/71/EC on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity
market. Currently in force, sets targets up to 2010.
44
Directive 2003/30/EC on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport Currently in force,
sets targets up to 2010, with indicative targets by 2005.
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Resource
Technology
biomass
gasification
(biogas)
PV
Geothermal
Ocean
energy
Support level [€cents/ kWh]
Between 7,5 and 9 c€/kWh
according to capacity + premium
for energy efficiency between 0
and 3 c€/kWh , + premium for
méthanisation of 2c€/kWh
Métropole : 30 c€/kWh , + premium
for building integration of 25
c€/kWh - Corsica, Overseas
departments, Mayotte : 40 c€/kWh ,
+ premium for building integration
of 15 c€/kWh .
Métropole : 12 c€/kWh , + premium
of energy efficiency between 0 and
3 c€/kWh - overseas departments :
10 c€/kWh , + primum for energy
efficiency between 0 and 3 c€/kWh
Feed-in tariff
or premium?
Start
year
Duration [years
that an investor is
entitled to support]
feed-in tariff
2006
15 years
feed-in tariff
2006
20 years
feed-in tariff
2006
15 years
15c/kWh
20 years
A tender system exists for large renewable projects. Producers winning the tenders have a
contract with the price they proposed in the tenders. In 2005, the French government made public
its selection of tenders:
‐ 14 biomass projects (216MW) and one biogas project (16 MW).
‐ An offshore wind project (105 MW)
‐ 7 onshore wind farms (278MW).
A new tender has been launched in 2006 (in total 300MW).
Tax credit:
In 2005, tax credits were set up (50% since 2006) for equipments using renewable energy source.
Resource
Technology
Solar
PV
biomass
Wind
hydro
Support level
[% deduction
from taxable
profits]
50% of the
equipment
costs
50% of the
equipment
costs
50% of the
equipment
costs
50% of the
equipment
costs
Start year
End
year
Comments
2009
For households
2009
For households
2009
For households
2009
For households
2006
2006
2006
2006
Reduction in VAT- Tax
5,5% reduction in VAT for residential energy equipment using RES
Support for Heat
France has developed an extensive programme to encourage the use of wood fuel for heating in
collective housing: the Wood Energy Plan which leads in 2005, to an increase of 23% of the wood
energy equipment sales for households
Tax credit:
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
In 2005, tax credits were set up (50% since 2006) for equipments using renewable energy source
(efficient wood fired boilers, for household of the cost of equipment)
Resource
Solar
Technology
solar
thermal
Support level
[%/total
investment]
50% of the
equipment costs
Start year
End year
Comments
2006
2009
For households
Biomass
combustion
50% of the
equipment costs
2006
2009
For households
concerning the
purchase of
efficient wood
fired boilers
Biomass
plants
Combustion
subsidies up to
40% of
investment costs
2006
2009
For businesses
VAT-reduced rates
Resource
Technology
Support level [%
reduction of VAT]
For
residential
equipment
using RES
(purchase
and
installation)-
biomass
boiler
5,5% reduction in
VAT
Support for Biofuels
Quota Obligation
Law 2005-781 of July, 13 2005 setting the orientation of the French Energy Policy sets the
following objectives for the incorporation of biofuels.
Resource
Biofuels
Quota in % (per
year)
5.75%
6.25%
7%
10%
Year
2008
2009
2010
2015
Tax exemption
There is a fiscal system of partial exoneration from the Interior Consumption Tax, which allows
compensation for thecost of fabrication of biofuels compared to that of fossil fuels. This tax
exemption is granted for biofuels produced by factories which have been selected in accordance
with an invitation to tender published in the Official Journal of the EU. The amount of tax reduction
is adjusted each year. For the year 2006, the total amount of fiscal exoneration for biofuels is in the
order of 260M Euro. (for FAME-25 euros/hl, Biodiesel synthetised-25 euros/hl, for FAEE-30
euros/hl, for ethanol -33 euros/hl and ETBE-33 euros/hl).
France also decided to accelerate E85 development in one hand and to increase the upper limit for
the incorporation of FAME from 5% to 7% from January 2008.
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E85:An agreement has been signed between professionals with the Prime Minster to allow the use
of E85 in France in January 2007.
Fame: according to the Law of January2006, farmers are allowed to use pure vegetable oils to run
agricultural equipment for an experimental one-year period.
Reduced Excise Tax on consumption
Resource
Ethanol / ETBE (éthyl tertio butyl
éther)
EMHV
(biodiesel- ester
méthylique
d'huiles
végétales)
EEHV(Biodieselester éthylique
d'huiles
végétales)
Exemption of
motor-fuel taxes
for agreed
biofuel plants
Total support level (= tax exemption incl. reduction of
VAT to be paid)
start year
33 euros per hectoliter in 2007
2003
25 euros per hectoliter in 2007
2003
These amounts
are adjusted
every year
30 euros per hectoliter in 2007
2006
These amounts
are adjusted
every year
Comments
These amounts
are adjusted
every year
General Tax on Polluting Activities
Operators (refiners, supermarkets and independents) who incorporate levels of biofuels inferior to
the anticipated national objectives must acquit, according to the 2005 Financial Law a
supplementary payment of General Tax on polluting activities. The rate of the tax decreases
according to the amount of biofuels put on the market.
Annex I. RES Electricity Potentials
Annex II RES Bioenergy Potentials
Sources:
European Commission Factsheets by Country
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/facts_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2001/77/EC on renewable electricity
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/electricity_member_states_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2003/30/EC on biofuels
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/biofuels_members_states_en.htm
In the framework of the EU co –funded project: RES 2020: Monitoring and Evaluation of the RES Directives
implementation in EU27 and policy recommendations to 2020
The sole responsibility for the content of this Publication lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of the
Community. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained
therein.
Drafted: March 2008
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Annex I. RES Electricity Potentials
Description
Unit
2005
2010
2015
2020 2025
Total Wind
Maximum Wind onshore
Maximum Wind offshore
Maximum solar PV
Maximum solar thermal
Total Hydro
Maximum conventional hydro
of which Maximum run of river
Maximum Pumped Storage hydro
Maximum tide &Wave Power
Maximum geothermal Total
Maximum geothermal dry steam & flash
power plants (>180°C)
Maximum geothermal binary power
plants (180°C<x<85°C)
Maximum geothermal EGS power
plants
Maximum biomass power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum biogas power plants
(conventional+CHP)
MaximumBiowaste power plants (CHP)
MW
700
9680 23000 37000
MW
MW
TWh
0.01
5.91
TWh
MW 25181 24200
24200
MW 20881 20200
20200
MW
MW
4300
4000
4000
TWh
0
13
TWh
0.18
2030
49950
12.00
24400
20200
4000
MW
MW
MW
15
15
1500
TWh
68.44
TWh
TWh
22.84
6
The previous table present the data that have been gathered in the framework of the RES2020 project in order to be
used in the modelling.
The data have been collected
•
Through EREC and its Members
•
Through a revision of previous EU funded projects and reports (GreenX, OPTRES)
•
Through the partners of the project
The data have been discussed in the framework of the REWG of the EnR with the country experts.
The tables present an estimation of the technical potential that could be utilized as an upper bound by 2010, 2015, 2020
and 2030. As technical potential we are considering:
•
the future installed capacity of wind turbines without taking in mind financial issues at a "reasonable" wind
speed as a possible upper limit in the development of the installed capacity over time.
•
the future installed capacity of hydro considering technical issues only and a possible upper limit in the
development of the installed capacity over time.
For some technologies potential may be unlimited (e.g. photovoltaics), so we are using upper bound limits within the
relevant time frames.
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
TABLE 1
Potentials agricultural bioenergy
Description
Sugar crops: sugar beet
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Starch crops: rye, oats, maize, wheat, barley, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Grassy crops: switchgrass, miscanthus, sweet sorghum, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Woody crops: willow, poplar
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Oil crops: sunflower, rapeseed
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Annex II RES Bionergy Potentials
Unit
LimType
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
159,0
8,8
159,0
8,8
159,0
8,8
237,0
8,43
295,0
8,13
354,0
7,87
414,0
7,64
473,0
7,42
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
98,0
8,7
98,0
8,7
98,0
8,7
146,0
8,22
182,0
7,81
218,0
7,45
255,0
7,15
292,0
6,89
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
264,0
5,3
264,0
5,3
264,0
5,3
481
5,0
666
4,7
850
4,5
1040
4,3
1231
4,1
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
319,0
3,4
319,0
3,4
319,0
3,4
571,0
3,23
783,0
3,06
994,0
2,91
1214,0
2,79
1433,0
2,69
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
61,0
8,1
61,0
8,1
61,0
8,1
91,0
7,9
114,0
7,7
136,0
7,5
159,0
7,3
182,0
7,1
Source
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
127
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
TABLE 2
Potentials bioenergy from wastes
Description
Agricultural waste
Unit
LimType
2000
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
158,0
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
17,0
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
Potential
Cost
2001
2005
2010
221
2015
2020
236
2025
2030
251
Source
EEA Report 7 2006
Forestry residues
VTT (2005): AFB-net V - Export & import possibilities and fuel prices, country report of France. VTT,
Finland, 2005.
http://www.afbnet.vtt.fi/france.pdf
Wood processing residues
99
106
113
EEA Report 7 2006
UP
81
87
92
EEA Report 7 2006
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
77
83
88
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
37
39
42
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
7
8
8
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
7
8
8
EEA Report 7 2006
UP
33
35
38
EEA Report 7 2006
UP
9
10
10
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
26
28
29
EEA Report 7 2006
Municipal solid waste
Wet manures
Black liquor
Sewage sludge
Other waste wood
households
packageing
demolition
Dry manures
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13. GREECE
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Hydropower has traditionally been important in Greece, and the markets for wind energy and
active solar thermal systems have grown in recent years. Solar heat is also a popular source of
energy. Greece has set up a wider rage of support mechanism however the market uptake of
Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in Greece is lower than expected, mainly due to long licensing
and administrative procedures and grid- related issues. The Greek parliament has recently revised
the RES policy framework partly to reduce administrative burdens. A new feed in tariff has been
set, giving support for 20 years. There is also, a particular mention of hybrid systems for the
storage of RES produced electricity in the law, mainly in the non-interconnected islands. The solar
thermal systems (mainly domestic hot water systems) have been a success story since the 1980s
(Greece is one of the EU leaders) but the market is not increasing so rapidly in the recent years.
Greek abundant solar energy is very suitable for island, rural, and tourist application, either as
stand-alone solutions or as PV hybrid systems.
KEY FIGURES
• The share of RES in total primary energy consumption was of 6.37% in 2006.
• The share of RES in the gross final energy consumption was 6.9% in 2005.
• The share of RES in the gross electricity production was 12.4% in 2006.
• The share of biofuels in the transport sector in 2006 was 0.7%.
• Greece energy dependence on imports amounts to 70.8 % in 2005.
Technology specific figures
• More than 853 MW of wind power are installed in Greece by 2007.
• Hydropower installed capacity reached 3.164 GW in 2006.
• Biomass represents 38.72 MW of installed capacity in 2007.
• PV accounts for more than 1.3 MW in 2007.
RES production in 2006
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Source: CRES
RES POLICY
The Greek parliament has recently revised the RES policy framework partly to reduce
administrative burdens on the renewable energy sector. The new Law 3468/2006 deals with the
RES-e and apart from the feed-in tariffs that are described below, reduces the bureaucratic
licensing procedures. There is a particular mention of hybrid systems for the storage of RES
produced electricity in the law, mainly in the non-interconnected islands. This type on installation
receives a power availability tariff on top of the energy tariff.
RES TARGETS
Mandatory targets set by the newly proposed RES Framework Directive from 200845
• 18 % share of RES on the final consumption of energy in 2020.
• At least 10% share of biofuels of final consumption of energy in transport in that Member
State in 2020.
Indicative Target set by the RES- electricity European Directive from 200146
• 21.1 % Share of RES on gross electricity consumption by 2010
Indicative Target set by the European Biofuels Directive from 200347
• Biofuels consumption of 5.75% of petrol and diesel use for transport in 2010.
National commitments
• The RES-e National target to be achieved is 29 % of gross electricity consumption by 2020.
• For biofuels, the following national targets have been set: 0.7% by 2005, 3% by 2007, 4%
by 2008, 5% by 2009 and 5.75% by 2010.
• There is no national target/commitment for RES heating and cooling (RES-H&C).
• Intended goal for the expansion of photovoltaic is up to 700MWp by 2020.
45
Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from
renewable sources from January 2008(the targets agreed but the directive is on legislative process)
46
Directive 2007/71/EC on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity
market. Currently in force, sets targets up to 2010.
47
Directive 2003/30/EC on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport Currently in force,
sets targets up to 2010, with indicative targets by 2005.
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
RES Technology Roadmap
The RES installation requirements in order to meet the 2010 target for renewable electricity are
shown in the following table.
Technologies
Requirements in
installed
capacity by
2010, in MW
Wind farms
Small hydro
Largehydro
Biomass
Geothermal
Photovoltaics
Total
Energy
generated in
2010 in TWh
3,648
364
3,325
103
12
200
7,652
Percentage share of every
renewable energy source in
2010
7.67
1.09
4.58
0.81
0.10
0.20
14.45
10.67
1.52
6.37
1.13
0.14
0.28
20.10
Source: ‘Fourth National Communication for the penetration of RES-E by 2010 according to the directive 77/2001’
Progress towards the Targets
The Share of RES-e in the total electricity consumption was of about 13.92 % in 2006; in 1997 it
was 8.6%.
An increase of RES- e is expected in the following years due to:
• The completion of projects that were delayed over the 2001-04 period due to the
restructuring of the electricity sector.
• The implementation of regulations which simplified the licensing procedures and set the
duration of power purchase agreements for RES-e to 20 years (Law 3468/2006).
So far the growth in RES-e installation has been slower than expected in Greece. Despite a
favourable feed in tariff the long an costly administrative process required to get all the licences
needed to develop a RES-e plant and other grid related issues have hindered a further
development of RES –e in Greece. The new Law 3468/2006 aims at reducing the bureaucratic
licensing procedures.
MAIN POLICY INSTRUMENTS
Support for RES electricity
Feed in tariff
The New Renewable Energy Source Act, effective since 27 June 2006 stipulates feed-in rates for
renewable and CHP.
Resource
hydro
wind
wind
biomass
biomass
Solar
Solar
geothermal
Source: CRES
Technology
small
onshore
offshore
solid
gasification
(biogas)
PV
CSP
all
Support level
[€cents/ kWh]
7.3-8.5
7.3-8.5
9
7.3-8.5
Feed-in tariff
or premium?
feed-in tariff
feed-in tariff
feed in
feed in
Start
year
2006
2006
2006
2006
Duration [years
that an investor is
entitled to support]
20years
20years
20years
20years
7.3-8.5
40-50
23-25
7.3-8.5
feed-in tariff
feed-in tariff
feed-in tariff
feed-in tariff
2006
2006
2006
2006
20years
20years
20years
20years
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A photovoltaic development programme has been setup with a Ministerial decision, on 18/7/2007,
in conjunction with the high feed-in tariffs that are foreseen for electricity produced by PVs.
According to this plan a total of 540 MWp will be installed in the interconnected system of the
Mainland, 200 MWp in the islands and 50 MWp for of-grid applications, over the period 2007-2010.
A specific geographical distribution of these installations has been decided (setting upper limits per
region) taking in mind the solar radiation distribution over the country and the technical limits set by
the now interconnected electricity systems of the islands. About 40% of the target will be covered
by small systems (up to 150kWp), in order to have the minimum environmental impact, to reduce
the network losses and create local jobs and sources of income.
Simplification of procedures
The main scope of this new law is to simplify the licensing system for the RES investments in
Greece (i.e. licensing procedures). According to this new law one point of strong interest is the new
electricity feed-in-tariffs system, applicable for the sales of RES produced electricity to the grid.
The operators of the electricity grids will be required to connect renewable energy plants to the grid
and purchase all of their electricity at legally-fixed minimum prices.
Grid development
Grid availability is an important issue in Greece, since the areas of high wind potential are usually
isolated and far from the existing grid infrastructure. Therefore there are regions in mainland
Greece where the installation of wind turbine is limited by the existing grids, and also in the islands
there are upper technical limits due to the isolated networks. So an important part of achieving the
RES target is connected with the grid development projects.
Investment incentives
National Development Law (Law3299/2004) set subsidies that vary from 40- 55% according to
region and the type of the enterprise (in case of SMEs and specific regions they can reach up to
55%)
Investment subsidies
Resource
hydro
wind
wind
biomass
biomass
PV
geothermal
Technology
small
onshore
offshore
solid
gasification (biogas)
Support
level
[%/total
investment]
35%
35%
35%
35%
35%
30%-45%
35%
Start year
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
End
year
2013
2013
2013
2013
2013
2013
2013
Comments
Not all installations are
eligible for this subsidy.
There is a procedure for
applications and
assessment
Support for RES Heating and Cooling
The use of geothermal energy for heating purposes (mainly in greenhouses) has increased
considerably over the recent years, mainly due to the introduction of a new law which simplified the
procedures for the exploitation of geothermal fields.
Solar water heating systems are used to a large extend in the domestic sector.
Investment incentives
Investment Subsidies
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Resource
Biomass
Geothermal
Technology
Biomass combustion large heat
plant
Biomass combustion large CHP
plant
Geothermal Conventional
Support level
[%/total
investment]
35%
35%
35%
Comments
Not all installations are eligible for
this subsidy. There is a procedure
for applications and assessment
Fiscal Incentives
There is a tax relief system for the installation of domestic hot water solar systems, according to
which 20% of the cost of these systems can be deducted from the taxable income.
Support for Biofuels
The obligation of the Biofuels directive has been adopted in the national law. So there is an annual
procurement for the supply of the quantity of biofuels that is foreseen by the law which is exempt
from fossil fuel tax.
Fiscal Incentives
Biofuels are exempt from the fossil fuel tax which is 24.5€cents/litre
Quota Obligations
There is the commitment of the government for 5.75% biofuels in road transport, but there are no
penalties in case of not reaching this share.
Resource
Biofuels
Technology
free choice
Quota in % (per year)
0.7% by 2005
3% by 2007
4% by 2008,
5% by 2009
5.57% by 2010.
Annex I. RES installed capacity in 2007
Annex II. Evolution of RES Sources in Greece 1995-2006
Annex III. RES electricity Potentials
Annex IV RES Bioenergy Potentials
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Sources:
European Commission Factsheets by Country
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/facts_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2001/77/EC on renewable electricity
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/electricity_member_states_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2003/30/EC on biofuels
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/biofuels_members_states_en.htm
CRES
www.cres.gr
EurObserv’er Barometer
http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/sig/eufores/sig.asp
In the framework of the EU co –funded project: RES 2020: Monitoring and Evaluation of the RES Directives
implementation in EU27 and policy recommendations to 2020
The sole responsibility for the content of this Publication lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of the
Community. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained
therein.
Drafted in March 2008.
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Annex I. RES installed capacity in 2007
196,67
3,11
2,97
0,99
0,00
0,10
Northern Aegean
Western Greece
Western Macedonia
Central Macedonia
Epirus
Ionian Islands
Thessaly
Crete
Southern Aegean
Peloponnesus
Central Greece
TOTAL
0,00
907,20
375,00
492,00
543,60
0,00
130,00
0,00
0,00
70,00
0,00
3.017,8
0
29,90
58,15
0,00
17,00
0,00
40,20
17,00
129,50
37,56
119,80
204,30
853,19
0,00
24,31
0,00
34,00
45,75
0,00
11,43
1,00
0,00
2,00
24,62
147,07
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,40
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,80
0,00
0,00
0,00
1,30*
0,00
29,6
3
0,00
0,00
0,00
8,38
0,00
0,00
0,35
0,36
0,00
0,00
0,00
38,7
2
TOTAL (MW)
500,00
0,00
Biomass (MW)
Wind (MW)
Eastern Macedonia & Thrace
Attica
Region
Photovoltaics
(MW)
Large Hydropwer
(MW)
Small Hydropower
(MW)
The following table shows the installed capacity of RES electricity in January 2008, including the
large hydropower stations, per region in Greece.
On top of what is shown in the above table, there are installation licenses for RETs for electricity
production, totaling 873MW, of which 670 MW are wind parks, 110 MW small hydropower plants, 1
MW photovoltaics and 32 MW biomass power plants. These are projects that are ready to be
implemented, without any licensing or grid avaialability problems and are expected to be in
operation by 2010.
Grid availability is an important issue in Greece, since the areas of high wind potential are usually
isolated and far from the existing grid infrastructure. Therefore there are region in Mainland Greece
where the installation of wind turbine is limited by the existing grids, and also in the islands there
are upper technical limits due to the isolated networks. So an important part of achieving the RES
target is connected with the grid development projects. At the moment there are in progress three
large projects for the upgrade of the electricity grid in Southern Evia, Southeastern Peloponnesus
and Eastern Macedonia-Thrace, which are the areas with the highest wind potential in Greece.
699,64
33,83
29,90
989,66
375,00
551,78
589,35
40,20
158,78
131,66
37,56
191,80
228,92
4.058,0
8
*Regarding PVs this is the licensed installed capacity. However there are a lot of small PV system
that do not require a license. Based on sales the total installed capacity of PVs was around 5MWp
at the beginning of 2008.
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Annex II. Evolution of RES Sources in Greece 1995-2006
The use of renewable energy sources, over the last years is presented in the following table.
Technology
HydroPower Plants
Of which Pump storage
Hydro <1 MW*
Hydro 1-10 MW*
Hydro >10MW*
Biomass
Wind turbines
PVs
Solar Heat
Biogas
Geothermal
Total
Total without pumping
Percentage of RES in the
Primary Energy Supply
1995
325
22
1
8
295
897
3
0
82
1
3
1311
1290
2000
354
36
2
12
304
945
39
0
99
1
2
1439
1403
2001
235
54
3
8
169
938
65
0
100
33
2
1373
1319
ktoe
2002
298
57
5
8
228
948
56
0
102
48
1
1453
1396
2003
459
49
7
15
389
910
88
0
105
36
1
1598
1550
2004
402
46
8
18
376
917
96,5
0
107
36
9
1560
1514
2005
432
50
9
19
404
957
113
0
101
33
10
1646
1596
2006
530
52
10
22
499
931
145
0,5
109
33
11
1760
1708
5.6%
5.2%
4.8%
5.0%
5.3%
5.2%
5.4%
6.37%
The electricity production from RES in particular is presented in the following table.
Evolution of Electricity Production from RES (GWh)
Technololgy
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Hydro
1997.
0
3783.
0
4111.
0
2725.
0
3463.
0
5332.
0
5205.
0
5610.
2
6773.
8
228.0
253.0
418.0
628.0
663.0
566.0
533.0
593.0
610.0
6.0
7.0
26.0
40.0
58.0
76.0
91.0
105.8
118.0
54.0
1709.
0
89.0
3434.
0
140.0
3527.
0
95.0
1962.
0
92.0
2650.
0
Wind
2.0
34.0
451.0
756.0
651.0
Biogas
0.0
0.0
0.0
72.0
91.0
169.0
4521.
0
1021.
0
78.0
212.0
4369.
0
1121.
0
93.4
218.4
4693.
0
1266.
4
93.8
250.0
5795.
8
1691.
5
92.0
PVs
Share of RES-E
(except energy used
for pumping) in the
Gross Inland
Consumption of
Electricity
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.6
0.8
0.9
1.4
5,0%
8,4%
7.7%
5.2%
6.2%
9.7%
9.6%
10.0%
12.4%
1999.
1
3817.
2
4562.
2
3553.
2
4205.
5
6431.
6
6420.
2
6971.
3
8558.
7
Of which pump
storage
Hydro <1 MW
Hydro 1-10 MW
Hydro >10MW
Total
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Annex III. RES electricity Potentials
Description
Unit
2005
2010
2015
2020
Total Wind
Maximum Wind onshore
Maximum Wind offshore
Maximum solar PV
Maximum solar thermal
Total Hydro
Maximum conventional hydro
of which Maximum run of river
Maximum Pumped Storage hydro
Maximum Tide & Wave power
plants
Maximum geothermal Total
Maximum geothermal conventional
power plants
Maximum geothermal dry steam &
flash power plants (>180°C)
Maximum geothermal binary power
plants (180°C<x<85°C)
Maximum geothermal EGS power
plants
Maximum biomass power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum biogas power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum Biowastewaste power
plants (CHP)
MW
MW
MW
TWh
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
573
573
2000
2000
3500
3500
5500
5500
8130
8130
1.040
900
3849
2800
350
699
3849
2800
350
699
0.0
3101
2402
0
699
3539
2690
150
699
TWh
MW
4.01
MW
120
2025
2030
200
MW
MW
MW
TWh
0.0
6.22
TWh
0.2
1.6
TWh
0.0
0.44
The previous tables present the data that have been gathered in the framework of the RES2020 project in order to be
used in the modelling.
The data have been collected
•
Through EREC and its Members
•
Through a revision of previous EU funded projects and reports (GreenX, OPTRES)
•
Through the partners of the project
The data have been discussed in the framework of the REWG of the EnR with the country experts.
The tables present an estimation of the technical potential that could be utilized as an upper bound by 2010, 2015, 2020
and 2030. As technical potential we are considering:
•
the future installed capacity of wind turbines without taking in mind financial issues at a "reasonable" wind
speed as a possible upper limit in the development of the installed capacity over time.
•
the future installed capacity of hydro considering technical issues only and a possible upper limit in the
development of the installed capacity over time.
For some technologies potential may be unlimited (e.g. photovoltaics), so we are using upper bound limits within the
relevant time frames.
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TABLE 1
Potentials agricultural bioenergy
Description
Sugar crops: sugar beet
Step 1
Annex IV. RES Bionergy Potentials
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Starch crops: rye, oats, maize, wheat, barley, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Grassy crops: switchgrass, miscanthus, sweet sorghum, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Woody crops: willow, poplar
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Oil crops: sunflower, rapeseed
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Unit
LimType
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
5,0
11,1
5,0
11,1
5,0
11,1
13,0
10,66
21,0
10,31
28,0
10,01
38,0
9,74
47,0
9,51
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
5,0
14,9
5,0
14,9
5,0
14,9
10,0
14,76
16,0
14
22,0
13,36
28,0
12,89
35,0
12,46
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
9,0
5,5
9,0
5,5
9,0
5,5
24
5,1
38
4,8
52
4,5
69
4,3
87
4,2
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
9,0
4,5
9,0
4,5
9,0
4,5
23,0
4,2
37,0
3,96
50,0
3,76
67,0
3,59
84,0
3,46
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
3,0
13,3
3,0
13,3
3,0
13,3
8,0
12,9
13,0
12,5
18,0
12,2
23,0
11,9
29,0
11,6
Source
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
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TABLE 2
Potentials bioenergy from wastes
Description
Agricultural waste
Unit
LimType
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
Potential
Cost
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Source
17
18
19
EEA Report 7 2006
UP
15
16
17
EEA Report 7 2006
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
18
20
21
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
7
8
8
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
4
4
4
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Forestry residues
Wood processing residues
Municipal solid waste
Wet manures
Black liquor
Sewage sludge
Other waste wood
households
packageing
demolition
UP
UP
Dry manures
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14. HUNGARY
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Hungarian Renewable Energy (RES) electricity target for 2010 has been already achieved in 2007
especially due to the biomass contribution. However other RES such as solar, geothermal and
wind energy are hampered by administrative constraints (i.e the permit process) and a noneffective, neither stable policy framework. As regards the policy framework, promotional schemes
are being used and refined, and subsidies are available under certain conditions for the
development of RES. Until 2020, Hungary aims at covering 11% to 15% of its energy demand from
renewables. Most of the excess capacity will be provided for by new biomass power plants.
KEY FIGURES
• The share of RES in total primary energy consumption was of 4.87% in 2006. Biomass
in the main RES source representing more than 89% of RES primary consumption, follow
by geothermal (8.2%) and Hydropower (1.7%)
• The share of RES in the gross final energy consumption was 4.3% in 2005.
• The share of RES in the gross electricity production was 3.7 % in 2006 in 2007 4.3%.
• The share of biofuels in the transport sector in 2006 was 0.28%.
• Hungary energy dependence on imports amounts to 63 % in 2005
Share of RES –e in the Hungarian electricity consumption
RES-H fuel fix in 2006 ( 37.5 PJ)
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Source: Hungarian Energy office
RES POLICY
RES TARGETS
Mandatory targets set by the newly proposed RES Framework Directive from 200848
• 13% share of RES on the final consumption of energy in 2020.
• At least 10% share of biofuels of final consumption of energy in transport in that Member
State in 2020.
Indicative Target set by the RES- electricity European Directive from 200149
• 3.6 % Share of RES on gross electricity consumption by 2010
Indicative Target set by the European Biofuels Directive from 200350
• Biofuels consumption of 5.75 % of petrol and diesel use for transport in 2010.
National commitments
• The Hungarian Energy Saving and Energy Efficiency Improvement Action Programme
expresses the country’s determination to reach a share of renewable energy consumption
of at least 6% by 2010.
• There is no national target/commitment for RES heating and cooling (RES-H&C).
Progress towards the Targets
• The 3.6% RES-E target has already been meet. Hungary’s RES-e share amounted 2.24%
in 2004, 4.6 in 2005, 3.7% in 2006, 4.3% in 2007.
48
Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from
renewable sources from January 2008(the targets agreed but the directive is on legislative process)
49
Directive 2007/71/EC on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity
market. Currently in force, sets targets up to 2010.
50
Directive 2003/30/EC on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport currently in force,
sets targets up to 2010, with indicative targets by 2005.
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RES POLICY INSTRUMENTS
Support for RES Electricity
Feed in tariff
The Hungarian RES-e Support mechanism is based on investment subsidy and on a feed-in-tariff.
The feed-in-tariff was adopted by the Electricity Act in 2001 and by the ministerial decree (GKM
56/2002). The law does not define a time limit for the feed in tariff, the tariff are in principle
guarantee for the life time of the installation. However, the electricity Act gives the Government the
right to define a start date for a green certificate system. At that time the feed in tariff will cease to
exist.
Feed-in Tariff for 2001-2007
Resource
hydro
wind
wind
biomass
biomass
Technology
Small
onshore
offshore
Solid
gasification
(biogas)
PV
geothermal
Support level
[€cents/ kWh]
9.4
0
9.4
9.4
Feed-in tariff or premium?
feed-in tariff
feed-in tariff
feed in
feed in
9.4
feed-in tariff
9.4
9.4
feed-in tariff
feed-in tariff
Feed-in-tariff is set by the Act : average tariff 12 UScent/kWh*k (k= last year inflation rate)
Feed-in-Tariff for (2008-onwards )
A new legal framework is under preparation. Some of the issues that the new legal framework
may contain are:
• Feed-in-tariffs for Renewables and Waste (only for the licensed period and amount).
• Certificates of origin for RES-e.
• Hungarian Energy Office sets the amount of RES-e that can be sold with a feed in tariff.
Period and amount depend on the return period of the investment.
• Possibility of introducing green certificates in the future. The electricity Act gives the
Government the right to define a start date for a green certificate system. At that time the
feed in tariff will cease to exist.
Support for RES Heating and Cooling
Investment Subsidies
The Environment Protection and Infrastructure Operative Programme (EPIO) of Hungary's National
Development Plan specified measures to promote renewable energy sources.
In 2006, the EPIO provided 280 million HUF in subsidies to three types of energy efficiency project:
the modernisation of buildings and institutions, the development of district heating systems, and
the promotion of cogeneration.
Since its beginning the program focused on:
• Installation of systems producing wood chips and pellets, baling equipment, and vegetable
oil presses
• Promotion of investments in renewable energy (biomass, geothermal energy, solar
collector, PV, wind power, hydro power)
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•
District heating systems using biomass or geothermal energy or waste deposit gases
modernisation of buildings, district heating systems, application of cogeneration.
Support for Biofuels
Tax exemption for Biofuels
From July 1, 2007, there has been a tax allowance of 8.3 HUF/l for 4.4% biofuel blended into
petrol. From January 1, 2008, the same allowance will apply to diesel oil. From July 1, 2007, and
January 1, 2008, respectively, fuels sold by MOL Rt51, will contain 4.4% bio-ethanol and biodiesel.
• Excise tax: 103.5 HUF/l for petrol, 85 HUF/l for diesel.
• Sales of biofuels in Hungary receive a tax benefit. To avoid a tax gap, sales of petroleum
fuel that doesn’t contain biofuel will carry a tax penalty.
• For producers: the quantity produced is free from excise tax until 2010 if the whole quantity
is blended in Hungary, transported from a Hungarian tax depot to a foreign tax depot, or
sold to a registered distributor.
• For distributors: excise tax can be reclaimed if biodiesel is blended up to 5%
Quota Obligations
Resource
Biofuels
Quota in % (per year)
5.75% (energy)
Year
2010
Support to all RES
Investments Subsidies
The Operative Programme for Environment and Energy (KEOP) for the period: 2007-2013, and
financed by EU Funds., will promote incentives to RES technologies:
2 main fields for Energy: Energy savings and Renewables
• For Renewable Energies (RES-E and heat generation): 305 million USD: Supported
projects: biomass, biogas, geothermal, small scale wind turbines
• For Biofuels: 53 million USD : Supported projects: biofuel factories middle- and large scale
capacities
Annex I . RES electricity Potentials
Annex II RES Bioenergy Potentials
51
MOL Hungarian Oil and Gas company
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Sources:
European Commission Factsheets by Country
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/facts_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2001/77/EC on renewable electricity
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/electricity_member_states_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2003/30/EC on biofuels
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/biofuels_members_states_en.htm
Energy Centre Hungary
http://www.energycentre.hu/
Hungarian Energy office. Ministry Energy and Transport
http://www.eh.gov.hu
EurObserv’er Barometer
http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/sig/eufores/sig.asp
In the framework of the EU co –funded project: RES 2020: Monitoring and Evaluation of the RES Directives
implementation in EU27 and policy recommendations to 2020
The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of the
Community. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained
therein.
Drafted in March 2008
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Annex I . RES electricity Potentials
Description
Unit
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Total Wind
Maximum Wind onshore
Maximum Wind offshore
Maximum solar PV
Maximum solar thermal
Total Hydro
Maximum conventional
hydro
of which Maximum run of
river
Maximum Pumped Storage
hydro
Maximum Tide & Wave
power plants
Maximum geothermal
conventional power plants
Maximum geothermal hot dry
rock power plants
Maximum biomass power
plants (conventional+CHP)
Maximum biogas power
plants (conventional+CHP)
Maximum Bio waste power
plants (CHP)
MW
MW
MW
TWh
MW
MW
17
17
0
0.000
0.000
49
773
773
0
0.240
0.000
78
851
851
0
0.480
0.000
90
930
930
0
0.720
0.000
103
1041
1041
0
0.960
0.000
115
1151
1151
0
1.200
0.000
127
MW
49
78
90
103
115
127
MW
49
78
90
103
115
127
MW
0
0
0
0
0
0
TWh
0.0
0
0
0
0
0
MW
0.0
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
MW
0.0
74.6
74.6
74.6
74.6
74.6
TWh
1.6
2.4
4.6
6.9
9.2
11.5
TWh
0.0
0.0
1.1
2.2
2.5
2.8
TWh
0.1
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
The previous tables present the data that have been gathered in the framework of the RES2020 project in order to be
used in the modelling.
The data have been collected
•
Through EREC and its Members
•
Through a revision of previous EU funded projects and reports (GreenX, OPTRES)
•
Through the partners of the project
The data have been discussed in the framework of the REWG of the EnR with the country experts.
The tables present an estimation of the technical potential that could be utilized as an upper bound by 2010, 2015, 2020
and 2030. As technical potential we are considering:
•
the future installed capacity of wind turbines without taking in mind financial issues at a "reasonable" wind
speed as a possible upper limit in the development of the installed capacity over time.
•
the future installed capacity of hydro considering technical issues only and a possible upper limit in the
development of the installed capacity over time.
For some technologies potential may be unlimited (e.g. photovoltaics), so we are using upper bound limits within the
relevant time frames.
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TABLE 1
Potentials agricultural bioenergy
Description
Sugar crops: sugar beet
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Starch crops: rye, oats, maize, wheat, barley, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Grassy crops: switchgrass, miscanthus, sweet sorghum, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Woody crops: willow, poplar
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Oil crops: sunflower, rapeseed
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Annex II RES Bionergy Potentials
Unit
LimType
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
24,0
5,0
24,0
5,0
24,0
5,0
51,0
5,03
67,0
5,16
84,0
5,38
96,0
5,72
107,0
6,21
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
38,0
6,4
38,0
6,4
38,0
6,4
81,0
6,11
108,0
5,92
135,0
5,78
153,0
5,68
171,0
5,65
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
112,0
3,1
112,0
3,1
112,0
3,1
252
2,9
344
2,8
436
2,7
503
2,7
569
2,8
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
85,0
2,0
85,0
2,0
85,0
2,0
192,0
1,89
263,0
1,83
334,0
1,81
386,0
1,84
438,0
1,92
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
29,0
6,2
29,0
6,2
29,0
6,2
61,0
6,0
82,0
5,8
102,0
5,7
116,0
5,6
130,0
5,5
Source
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
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TABLE 2
Potentials bioenergy from wastes
Description
Agricultural waste
Unit
LimType
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
Potential
Cost
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Source
EEA Report 7 2006
37.9 according to
http://www.biomatnet.org/secure/Other/S1082.htm
EEA Report 7 2006
53.1 according to
http://www.biomatnet.org/secure/Other/S1082.htm
37
39
42
UP
4
4
4
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
15
16
17
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
11
12
13
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
UP
4
4
4
EEA Report 7 2006
UP
4
4
4
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Forestry residues
Wood processing residues
Municipal solid waste
Wet manures
EEA Report 7 2006
EEA Report 7 2006
0.6 according to
http://www.biomatnet.org/secure/Other/S1082.htm
EEA Report 7 2006
3.2 according to
http://www.biomatnet.org/secure/Other/S1082.htm
Black liquor
Sewage sludge
Other waste wood
households
packageing
demolition
Dry manures
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15. IRELAND
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The rapidly increasing consumption of energy in Ireland, combined with the decreasing domestic
production, has resulted in a significant increase in energy imports in recent years. Ireland
experiences high levels of energy demand growth (an average of 3.3% per year from 1990 to
2006) in line with buoyant economic growth. Between 1990 and 2006 Ireland’s total annual energy
requirement grew in absolute terms by 67%.
Oil accounted for 56% of total primary energy requirements in 2006. Ireland exhibits a significant
dependence on oil. The UK is the major source of oil and natural gas for Ireland.
Gas has become the most important fuel for electricity generation in Ireland (46% of the total in
2006), gradually replacing coal (24%) and oil (13%). “Ireland has one of the finest renewable
energy resource potentials in the world. Today we are making important steps to ensure that it is
tapped,” said Irish Energy Minister Eamon Ryan.
A significant amount of wind power capacity has been installed recently for a total of 803.4 MWe at
the end of 2007.
KEY FIGURES:
• The share of renewable energy sources (RES) in total primary energy requirement
was 2.7% in 2006 compared to 1.8% in 1990. In Primary Energy Equivalent terms the
share in 2006 was 5.0%.
• The share of RES in the gross final energy consumption was 3.09% in 2006(measured
according to the methodology in the new Renewables Directive).
• The share of RES in the gross electricity consumption was 8.6% in 2006 (compared
with 4.9% in 1990)
• The share of all biofuels in the transport sector in 2006 was 0.14%.
• Ireland’s dependence on external energy supplies was 91% in 2006.
• Domestic production accounted for 32% of Ireland’s energy requirements in 1990.
However, since the mid-1990s import dependency has grown significantly, due to the
increase in energy use together with the decline in indigenous natural gas production at
Kinsale since 1995 and decreasing peat production. Imported oil and gas accounted for
82% of TPER in 2006, compared with 54% in 1990.
Technology specific figures
• This 2.7% share RES in total primary energy requirement comprises wind (0.9%) hydro
(0.4%) and biomass heating, as well as smaller quantities of landfill gas, biogas and
biomass Combined Heat & Power.
• Wind and hydro energy in 2006, respectively, accounted for 5.6% (4.0% in 2005) and 2.5%
(2.3% in 2005) of Ireland’s gross electrical consumption while landfill gas was responsible
for 0.38% (0.38% in 2005).
• Total electrical output from wind in 2006 was 1,616 GWh representing an increase of 46%
on 2005. The total installed capacity of wind farms in Ireland (December 2007) was 803.4
MWe an increase of 7.9% (59 MWe) on the end of 2006.
• Hydroelectricity is the second most important source of renewable electricity. In 2006
electrical output from hydro was 721 GWh an increase of 3.9% on 1990. Hydro was
responsible for 2.3% of gross electrical consumption in 2006.
• In Ireland there are currently 12 landfill gas electricity generating units operating with a
combined installed capacity of 29.5 MWe. The first landfill gas sites were installed in 1995.
The electrical output from landfill gas in 2006 was 108 GWh, an increase of 2% on 2005.
• Biofuels market penetration has doubled since 2005 and is increasing since the launch of
the second biofuels Mineral Oil Tax relief scheme in November 2006. Market penetration of
2.2% is expected by 2008.
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Primary Fuel Mix for Electricity Generation:
6
5
Mtoe
4
3
2
1
0
1990
1991
1992
Coal
1993
Peat
1994
1995
Fuel Oil
1996
1997
Gasoil
1998
1999
2000
Natural Gas
2001
2002
Renewables
2003
2004
2005
2006
Electricity (net imports)
Renewable Energy Contribution to gross electricity consumption
9%
8%
7%
6%
5%
4%
3%
2%
1%
0%
1990
1991
1992
Hydro
1993
1994
1995
Wind
1996
1997
1998
1999
Landfill Gas
2000
2001
2002
Biogas
2003
2004
2005
2006
Biomass
Wind and hydropower make up most of Ireland’s RES-E production.
RES POLICY
RES TARGETS
Mandatory targets set by the newly proposed RES Framework Directive from 200852
• For Ireland 16% share of RES on the final consumption of energy in 2020.
• At least 10% share of biofuels of final consumption of energy in transport in each Member
State in 2020.
52
Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from
renewable sources from January 2008(the targets agreed but the directive is on legislative process)
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Indicative Target set by the RES- electricity European Directive from 200153
• For Ireland 13.2% share of RES on gross electricity consumption by 2010.
Indicative Target set by the European Biofuels Directive from 200354
• Biofuels consumption of 5.75% of petrol and diesel use for transport in each Member State
in 2010.
National Commitments
A White Paper released in March 2007 sets out the Government’s Energy Policy for 2007-2020:
The Government is committed to have 15% of electricity to be generated from renewable sources
by 2010 and 33% by 2020 (taking into account the target of 30% co-firing in the peat power
stations by 2015). The government also set a target of 5% renewable share in the heating sector
for 2010 and a target of 12% renewable share in the heating sector for 2020.
Progress towards the target:
Ireland is making progress in relation to its RES-E target: from 4.1% in 1997 to 8.6% in 2006.
Progress is mainly due to wind energy. Ireland’s biofuel share was 0.05%, in 2005 compared to
the National target of 0.06%.
Support for RES-Electricity
A tender scheme - the “Alternative Energy Requirement” (AER)- had been introduced in 1996. It
was originally modelled on the UK Non Fossil Fuel Obligation (NFFO). Under the scheme,
applications were invited from prospective generators to build, own and operate new wind, hydro,
biomass and waste-to-energy facilities. All applications were ranked on the basis of bid price per
kilowatt-hour supplied. Successful applicants were awarded Power Purchase agreements (PPA) of
up to 15 years from the national Electricity Supply Board (ESB). There were in total 6 AER rounds.
But all AER failed (except AER I) to reach the targets set. The Tendering scheme has therefore
been abandoned.
Since early 2006, feed in tariff has become the main tool for promoting RES-E technologies.
Most of the new capacity is expected to come from onshore wind projects but there is also support
for off-shore wind, biomass, landfill gas, anaerobic digestion plants, ocean energy and hydro
projects.
Feed-in tariffs are guaranteed for up to 15 years, but may not extend beyond 2024. During its first
year, 98% of the feed in tariff support has been allocated to wind farms. Under the new feed in
tariffs, both grid connection agreement and planning permission are preconditions for securing a
contract. The government intends to expand the feed-in tariff scheme to facilitate delivery of cofiring in peat stations of 30% by 2015 and to encourage waste to energy projects by supporting
hybrid projects.
In February 2008, the Irish Energy Minister Eamon Ryan announced an amendment of the
renewable energy feed-in tariff scheme (REFIT) to grant support for offshore wind of €140 per
MWh.
Resource
hydro
wind
wind
Technology
small
onshore
offshore
Support level
[€cents/ kWh]
7.2
5.7-5.9
14
Feed-in tariff
or premium?
feed-in tariff
feed-in tariff
feed in tariff
Start
year
2006
2006
2006
Duration [years
that an investor is
entitled to support]
15 years
15 years
15 years
53
Directive 2007/71/EC on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity
market. Currently in force, sets targets up to 2010.
54
Directive 2003/30/EC on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport Currently in force,
sets targets up to 2010, with indicative targets by 2005.
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biomass
biomass
biomass
Landfill gas
solid
Anaerobic
digestion (biogas)
7.0
7.2
feed-in tariff
feed-in tariff
2006
2006
15 years
15 years
7.2
feed-in tariff
2006
15 years
On January 15th, 2008, the Irish Government announced a feed in tariff of 22 €cents/kWh for
ocean energy.
Other Support measures for RES-Electricity
A White Paper released in March 2007 sets out the Government’s Energy Policy for 2007-2020. It
sets out measures such as:
• Strategic planning and investment in electricity infrastructure: The Grid Development
Strategy 2007-2025 will have as a priority the integration of renewable energy growth. This
strategy will be informed by the All Island Grid Study which was published in January 2007.
• Government representatives from Ireland, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are also
working on a proposal to study the feasibility of building sub-sea transmission links under
the Irish Sea. According to Minister Ryan this could be a part of a new extended European
off-shore grid connection linking wind farms and therefore providing stable energy supplies.
• The government has amended planning guidelines to facilitate development of micro
renewable technologies at domestic level: allowing households to install solar panels or
erect small wind turbines without having to apply for planning permission.
• The Government intends to make Ireland a world leader for Ocean Energy technologies,
through the National Ocean Energy Strategy with the aim of utilisation within a decade. The
government will set an initial ambition of at least 500MW of installed ocean energy capacity
by 2020.
• The government will support development of offshore wind through a review of cost
benefits and R & D.
Support for RES-heating
ReHeat Programme
Launched in March 2007, the Renewable Heat (ReHeat) Deployment Programme managed by
Sustainable Energy Ireland (www.sei.ie/reheat) provides assistance for the deployment of
renewable heating systems in industrial, commercial, public and community premises in Ireland.
In Budget 2006 a further €4m was added to the ReHeat Programme bringing the total funding
available for the programme to €26m to 2010. The programme has now been expanded to include
solar thermal and heat pump technologies, and to allow community and voluntary groups to benefit
from the grants.
The scheme will support the installation of an estimated 600 wood fired boilers, 12,000 m2 of solar
heating collectors and 1.5 MW of heat pumps. It is anticipated that when the programme is fully
rolled out approximately 600,000 MWh of wood fuel will be used annually. Together with the solar
panels and heat pumps, this will displace approximately 61 million litres of heating oil per annum,
which is 9% of the heating oil consumed in the commercial sector in 2006 (674m litres). It will result
in a reduction in CO2 emissions of about 160,000 tonnes per annum.
Resource
Commercial and services sector
users
Solar Thermal
Geothermal heat pumps
Biomass boilers
Support level
[%/total investment]
Start year
End year
up to 30%
up to 30%
up to 30%
2007
2007
2007
2010
2010
2010
For all three technologies a total grant budget of €26 million to the end of 2010.
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Greener Homes Scheme
In March 2006, as part of this package of measures, the Department of Communications, Marine
and Natural Resources launched a “Greener Homes” scheme managed by Sustainable Energy
Ireland (www.sei.ie/greenerhomes), which is aimed at providing grant aid to individual domestic
householders towards the installation of renewable energy heat technologies. Funding of €27m
was originally provided for the Greener Homes Scheme but this was increased to €47m in Budget
2006. There have been over 18,000 applications received since the scheme was launched in
March 2006 with approximately 28% of the applications for grant aid relating to grants for biomass
technologies.
Resource
Domestic users
Biomass Boiler
Biomass Stove
Biomass Stove with Back-boiler
Heat Pump - Horizontal ground
collector
Heat Pump - Vertical ground collector
Heat Pump - Water Source
Heat Pump - Air Source
Solar Thermal HW Plate
Solar Thermal HW Tube
Support level
[%/total investment]
Start year
End year
€3,000 [~28%]
€1,100 [~39%]
€1,800 [~34%]
2006
2006
2006
2010
2010
2010
€2,500 [~17%]
2006
2010
€3,500 [~21%]
€2,500 [~21%]
€2,000 [~17%]
€250/m2 [~21%]
€300/m2 [~20%]
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
For all three technologies a total grant budget of €47 million to the end of 2010.
Support for Biofuels
Fiscal Measures
The Pilot Biofuels Mineral Oil Tax Relief Scheme which was launched in August 2005 for a two
year period has already achieved the introduction of over 5.5m litres of biofuel to the Irish market.
Following the success of the pilot scheme a second Biofuels Relief Scheme was launched:
• Biofuels Mineral Oil Tax Relief Scheme II
In November 2006 a new excise relief programme for biofuels (Biofuels Scheme II), valued at over
€200m, was launched with sixteen (16) companies being granted excise relief for defined
quantities of biofuels to be placed on the Irish market. The scheme is being rolled out over a fiveyear period to 2010 and is providing excise relief on selected biofuel projects in four specific biofuel
categories as follows:
• Biofuels blended with diesel and complying with diesel standard EN590, which can be sold at
regular diesel pumps. Biofuels can be produced from oil crops such as oil seed rape, as well as
from tallow or recovered vegetable oil. Biodiesel blended at 5% can be used in all diesel engines
and is covered by engine warranties.
• Bio-ethanol in a 5% blend with petrol, which can be sold at regular petrol pumps, and bioethanol
in blends of up to 85% with petrol, for separate sale and use in flexible fuel vehicles (these vehicles
have been granted 50% VRT relief under the Finance Act 2006). Bio-ethanol can be made from
sugarbeet, wheat or other feedstocks and one project under the 2005 excise relief scheme is
producing bioethanol from whey.
• Pure Plant oil, which is made from crops such as oil seed rape and used in modified diesel
engines as a pure 100% biofuel.
• Biofuels for use in captive fleets. This is an innovative category in which developers can propose
a range of biofuels, including high blend biodiesel, for use in dedicated vehicle fleets where it is
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established that the engines of the vehicles are capable of running on the biofuel or biofuel blend
proposed.
When at full capacity in 2008, the scheme is intended to result in 163m litres of biofuels being
placed on the Irish transport market, representing 2.2% of the entire fuel market.
The biofuels excise relief schemes are already resulting in the mainstreaming of biofuels in the
regular petrol and diesel fuel chain. Already many filling stations are providing petrol and diesel
which contain a 5% blend of biofuels. Other producers are developing niche markets for higher
blend biofuels.
Biofuels Obligation
In February 2007 Ireland announced a move to a biofuels obligation from 2009. Under this
scheme, fuel suppliers to the Irish market will be required to ensure that biofuels represent a
certain percentage of their annual fuels. With targets as high as 5.75% by 2010 and 10% by 2020,
the obligation will provide enhanced opportunities for farmers to contribute to this emerging market.
Transport Measures
The Department of Transport and Marine and the German-Irish Chamber of Commerce has
introduced a pilot project “Biofuels for Transport” to incentivise the use of Pure Plant Oil biofuel
among transport operators, in particular those with fleets of vehicles. The scheme, was launched
early in 2007 and over 40 vehicles have been selected to receive a 75% grant to modify their
engines.
Ireland’s Bioenergy Action Plan, published in March 2007, commits to public bus companies
moving as soon as possible towards a 5% blend in all their existing diesel fleet and to ensure that
all of their new fleet purchases are capable of using biofuels at blends of at least 30%.
Support for all RES
Wood Biomass Harvesting Machinery Scheme
The Department of Agriculture and Food has introduced a special scheme of supports to grant aid
biomass harvesting machinery, such as harvesters and chippers for processing of forest biomass.
The funding being provided is €1.2m, and the scheme has attracted significant attention to date.
Energy Crops Premium Scheme
The Department of Agriculture and Food has also introduced a new Bioenergy Scheme providing
establishment grants to farmers for up to 50% of the costs associated with establishing miscanthus
and willow. In addition, the Government is providing a top-up payment of €80 per hectare to the
EU Premium of €45 per hectare for energy crops. €8m is being allocated over the period 2007 to
2009 for the grant scheme to encourage the planting of willow and miscanthus for the production of
biomass suitable for use as a renewable source of energy. The scheme is being piloted in 2007
and will allow up to 1,400 hectares of willow and miscanthus to be grant aided in the first year.
Biomass crops such as willow and miscanthus have considerable potential for heat and electricity
generation. The scheme has already reached its targets in terms of applications for 2007.
Miscanthus has proved the most popular crop accounting for up to 90% of applications.
Bioenergy Action Plan for Ireland
In March 2007, the Bioenergy Action Plan for Ireland was published. The Action Plan followed the
work of a Ministerial Task Force in which seven Government Departments were represented. The
Plan contains 50 action items across seven Government Departments, many of which are already
being implemented (including the biofuels and renewable heat programmes). Actions include:
• Bioenergy heating systems to become the standard norm in new public buildings;
• Convert within 12 months, 20 of the State’s large existing buildings to bioenergy heating systems;
• Use of biomass CHP in future major public site developments;
•More favourable consideration to buildings which use bioenergy or other renewable technologies
when considering buildings for lease by the public sector;
• Expansion of existing programme of biomass heating in schools;
• Target of 30% biomass co-firing in Ireland’s three peat generating stations by 2015;
• Expansion of renewable energy installer training;
• Development of industry and product standards for wood pellets and wood chip;
• Encouragement of afforestation,
• Introduction of a Forest Environmental Protection Scheme (FEPS) to facilitate increased levels of
afforestation.
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Annex I RES electricity Potentials
Annex II RES Bioenergy Potentials
Sources
European Commission Factsheets by Country
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/facts_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2001/77/EC on renewable electricity
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/electricity_member_states_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2003/30/EC on biofuels
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/biofuels_members_states_en.htm
Sustainable Energy Ireland- website and publications on renewable energy.
http://www.sei.ie/index.asp
Irish Government White Paper
http://www.dcmnr.gov.ie/NR/rdonlyres/54C78A1E-4E96-4E28-A77A3226220DF2FC/27356/EnergyWhitePaper12March2007.pdf
Website of the Irish Department of Communication, Energy, Natural Resources
http://www.dcenr.gov.ie/Energy/
EurObserv’er Barometer
http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/sig/eufores/sig.asp
In the framework of the EU co –funded project: RES 2020: Monitoring and Evaluation of the RES Directives
implementation in EU27 and policy recommendations to 2020
The sole responsibility for the content of this Publication lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of the
Community. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained
therein.
Drafted in March 2008.
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Annex I RES electricity Potentials
Description
Unit
2005
2010
2015
2020
Total Wind
Maximum Wind onshore
Maximum Wind offshore
Maximum solar PV
Maximum solar thermal
Total Hydro
Maximum conventional hydro
of which Maximum run of river
Maximum Pumped Storage hydro
Maximum Tide & Wave power plants
Maximum geothermal conventional
power plants
Maximum geothermal hot dry rock
power plants
Maximum biomass power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum biogas power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum bio waste power plants
(CHP)
MW
MW
MW
TWh
TWh
MW
MW
MW
MW
TWh
583
583
0
2883
2858
25
5094
4444
650
6094
5344
750
0.310
0.000
549
257
42.0
292
3.4
532
539
247
32.0
292
TWh
0
TWh
0
TWh
3.76
TWh
3.4
TWh
0.54
2025
2030
6891
5891
1000
549
257
42.0
292
The previous table present the data that have been gathered in the framework of the RES2020 project in order to be
used in the modelling.
The data have been collected
•
Through EREC and its Members
•
Through a revision of previous EU funded projects and reports (GreenX, OPTRES)
•
Through the partners of the project
The data have been discussed in the framework of the REWG of the EnR with the country experts.
The tables present an estimation of the technical potential that could be utilized as an upper bound by 2010, 2015, 2020
and 2030. As technical potential we are considering:
•
the future installed capacity of wind turbines without taking in mind financial issues at a "reasonable" wind
speed as a possible upper limit in the development of the installed capacity over time.
•
the future installed capacity of hydro considering technical issues only and a possible upper limit in the
development of the installed capacity over time.
For some technologies potential may be unlimited (e.g. photovoltaics), so we are using upper bound limits within the
relevant time frames.
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TABLE 1
Potentials agricultural bioenergy
Description
Sugar crops: sugar beet
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Starch crops: rye, oats, maize, wheat, barley, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Grassy crops: switchgrass, miscanthus, sweet sorghum, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Woody crops: willow, poplar
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Oil crops: sunflower, rapeseed
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Annex II RES Bionergy Potentials
Unit
LimType
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
9,0
7,6
9,0
7,6
9,0
7,6
44,0
7,39
66,0
7,25
88,0
7,15
113,0
7,08
139,0
7,03
0,0
8,2
0,0
8,2
0,0
8,2
2,0
7,73
2,0
7,36
3,0
7,06
4,0
6,81
5,0
6,59
15,0
4,5
15,0
4,5
15,0
4,5
71
4,2
106
3,9
141
3,7
182
3,6
222
3,5
13,0
2,6
13,0
2,6
13,0
2,6
62,0
2,41
93,0
2,29
123,0
2,21
159,0
2,14
194,0
2,1
4,0
5,5
4,0
5,5
4,0
5,5
17,0
5,3
26,0
5,2
34,0
5,1
44,0
5,0
54,0
4,9
Source
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
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TABLE 2
Potentials bioenergy from wastes
Description
Agricultural waste
Unit
LimType
Potential
[PJ/a]
UP
Cost
[€/GJ]
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
Potential
Cost
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Source
EEA Report 7 2006
20 according to
DCMNR (2007): Bioenergy Action Plan for Ireland - Report of the Ministerial Task
Force on BioEnergy. Department for Communications Marine and Natural
Resources, Ireland, 2007.
Buckley, P. (2005): Ireland’s Bioenergy Potential. Sustainable Energy Ireland (SEI),
Renewable Energy – Opportunities for Biofuels Crops, 11th July 2005.
http://internal.ifaskillnet.ie/pdfs/PearseBuckley.pdf
16 according to (DCMNR, 2007) and (Buckley, 2005)
7
8
8
UP
2
2
2
EEA Report 7 2006
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
7
8
8
Buckley, P. (2005): Ireland’s Bioenergy Potential. Sustainable Energy Ireland (SEI),
Renewable Energy – Opportunities for Biofuels Crops, 11th July 2005.
http://internal.ifaskillnet.ie/pdfs/PearseBuckley.pdf
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
13
14
15
Buckley, P. (2005): Ireland’s Bioenergy Potential. Sustainable Energy Ireland (SEI),
Renewable Energy – Opportunities for Biofuels Crops, 11th July 2005.
http://internal.ifaskillnet.ie/pdfs/PearseBuckley.pdf
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
UP
2
2
2
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
2
2
2
EEA Report 7 2006
Forestry residues
Wood processing residues
Municipal solid waste
Wet manures
Black liquor
Sewage sludge
Other waste wood
households
packageing
demolition
UP
Dry manures
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16. ITALY
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Most important Renewable Energy Source (RES) in Italy is hydropower, contributing to 16.6% of
total gross electricity production of the country. Italy has also large geothermal resources, both
high and low temperature: it is the most important producer of geothermal electricity in Europe.
Despite strong growth in sectors such as onshore wind, biogas and biodiesel, Italy is far from the
targets. Firstly, there is a large element of uncertainty due to political changes and ambiguities in
current policy design. Secondly, there are administrative constraints such as complex authorization
procedures at local level. Thirdly, there are financial barriers such as high grid connection costs.
The Italian government is working out the details of more ambitious support mechanisms for the
development and use of RES. Italy may be on the verge of moving towards a feed-in tariff-based
renewable energy rebate scheme, similar to successful models implemented in Germany and
Spain. Italian Government is developing a national building law that will ensure that solar thermal
installations are installed in new and refurbished buildings and will assist in increasing the market
penetration for RES-H&C technologies.
The Italian nuclear power referendum of November 1987 rejected the expansion of the country's
nuclear power industry by the construction of new nuclear power plants. Subsequently, the Italian
government decided in 1988 to phase out existing plants.
KEY FIGURES
• The share of RES in total primary energy consumption was of 6.82% in 2006.
• The share of RES in the gross final energy consumption was 5.2 % in 2005.
• The share of RES in the gross electricity production was 16.6% in 2006 with 52.272
GW/h, conventional energy produced 261.851 GW/h.
• The share of biofuels in the transport sector in 2006 was 0.52%.
• Italy energy dependence on imports amounts to 86.8% in 2005.
Technology specific figures
• Hydropower represents one of the most important energy resources in the country. It
represents 24% of the total installed capacity in Italy supplying 16% of gross electricity
production.
• Biomass energy accounts for 25% of all primary energy from RES (excluding plants fuelled
also from waste), in 2006 they were 2.565 plants in operation producing 4.786 (GWh), with
an installed capacity of 2.469, 881 MW.
• Geothermal energy is also important in Italy, representing 2% of the total gross electricity
production.
• Wind energy reached 2.100 MW of installed capacity at the end of 2006.
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Source: GSE, 2007
RES POLICY
At the end of 2007 the Italian government has introduced some new provisions for renewable
power generators. Small generators (up to 1 MW) will have the choice between selling their green
certificates on the market and receiving a feed-in tariff.
The renewable energy obligation for Italian suppliers will increase annually by 0.75% to 2012
(instead of the former 0.35%), starting from the 2007 share of about 4%. After 2012, a new annual
increase percentage will be established by the Italian government.
RES TARGETS
Mandatory targets set by the newly proposed RES Framework Directive from 200855
• 17% share of RES on the final consumption of energy in 2020.
• At least 10% share of biofuels of final consumption of energy in transport in that Member
State in 2020.
Indicative Target set by the RES- electricity European Directive from 200156
• 25 % Share of RES on gross electricity consumption by 2010.
Indicative Target set by the European Biofuels Directive from 200357
• Biofuels consumption of 5.75 % of petrol and diesel use for transport in 2010.
Progress towards the Targets
• The Share of RES-e in the total electricity consumption was of about 16.6.% in 2006, in
2005 13.93%, so smoothly Italy is moving towards it s 25% target by 2010 but still is far
from reaching it. Italy aims for a RES-e share of 25% of gross electricity consumption by
2010. But then the Italian Government declared that a more probable a beliverable target
would be 22%.
• For biofuels, Italy’s Decree 128/2005 set a reference value of 1% by 2005, which is lower
than the 2% reference value in the EU Directive.
55
Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from
renewable sources from January 2008(the targets agreed but the directive is on legislative process)
56
Directive 2007/71/EC on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity
market. Currently in force, sets targets up to 2010.
57
Directive 2003/30/EC on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport Currently in force,
sets targets up to 2010, with indicative targets by 2005.
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RES POLICY INSTRUMENTS
Support for RES electricity
In order to promote RES-e, Italy has adopted the following schemes:
Quota obligation
An obligation for electricity generators to feed a given proportion of RES-e into the power system.
In 2007, the target percentage was 3.05%. In case of non-compliance, sanctions are foreseen, but
enforcement in practice is considered difficult because of ambiguities in the legislation.
The renewable energy obligation for Italian suppliers will increase annually by 0.75% to 2012
(instead of the former 0.35%), starting from the 2007 share of about 4%. After 2012, a new annual
increase percentage will be established by the Italian government.
Tradable Green Certificates
Tradable Green Certificates (which are tradable commodities proving that certain electricity is
generated using RES) are used to fulfil the RES-e obligation. The cumulated average price of the
green certificates for 2006, updated as of 03/01/2007, is of 13,91 EUR cent/kWh .
The Financial law 2008 (LEGGE 24 dicembre 2007, n. 244.) has introdued new change in the
Italian green certificate system:
• Each green certificate corresponds to 1 MWh (before was 50 MWh).
• Green certificates will be released for 15 years (before were 12 years and even before 8
years).
• Green certificates will be differentiated for the renewables sources: the number of green
certificates corresponding to the production will be multiplied for a different factor for each
sources (before was the same for all renewables).
• Small plants (P<1MW) can decide to sell energy and take the green certificates or a feed-in
tariff (electricity price+incentivation).
See Annex II for more details on the green certicates system in Italy.
Feed-in tariff for PV
The Italian Ministry for Industry passed a law for a new feed-in-tariff for small photovoltaic
installations, effective from 24 February 2007. The new ‘Decreto’ guarantees a feed-in tariff for
PV-installations larger than 1 kilowatt. The owner, being a person or a company, receives 0,44
Euros/kWh (and 0,49 Euros/kWh if the PV panels are architecturally integrated). For installations
larger than 3 kW, the tariff is about 5% less. From 2009, the tariff annually decreases by 2%, and it
will end by 2020. The maximum power to be installed is 3,000 MW by 2016. This is a fixed tariff,
guaranteed for 20 years and adjusted annually for inflation.
New Feed in Tariff System
The Financial law 2008 (LEGGE 24 December 2007, n. 244.) changed the green certificate system
in many parts and, and together with the green certificate system, it has established a new feed-in
tariff system for small (P <1 MW) renewable plants (except PV- have their own feed in tariff
explained before) but these feed in tariff only applies for plants that will start producing from the 1st
January 2008.
• Small plants (P<1MW) can decide to sell energy and take the green certificates or a feed-in
tariff (electricity price+incentivation).
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•
•
•
These feed-in tariffs are different for each renewable source. These tariffs differ from 18
ct/kWh for gas from landfill to 34 ct/kWh for tidal and wave energy.
Feed-in tariffs will be released for 15 years.
Priority access to the grid system is granted to electricity from RES and CHP plants.
Plants (< 1 MWe)
Wind
Solar
Geothermal
Wave and tide energy
Hydro
Biodegradable waste, biomass different from the
other in next point
Biomass and biogas via agricultural farming and
forestry activities from short chain
Gas from landfill and gas from wastewater
purification processings and biogas
Feed-In Tariff (euro cent/kWh)
22
(according to decree 19 February 2007)
20
34
22
22
30
18
Support for RES Heating and Cooling
Investment subsidies
For micro, small scale and diffused cogeneration units.
The overall amount of contributions is equal to 30.000.000 Euro, to be distributed to eligible and
selected projects with the following criteria:
• Up to 20% of capital cost (maximum limit of 200.000 Euro) for units fed by natural gas
(increased to 30% in case of tri-generation).
• Up to 30% of capital cost (maximum limit of 300.000 Euro) for units fed by biomass or for
hybrid units fed by natural gas- biomass. (Increased to 40% in case of tri-generation).
• For projects in areas not serviced by gas network the contribution at point 2 is increased to
40%.
Tax incentives
Italian citizens, when they make their tax declarations, may deduct 36% of the investment costs of
their solar thermal systems from their tax bill, spread over ten years. Any refurbishment to a house
incurs VAT at 10% instead of 20%. Eligible refurbishments include the installation of solar thermal
systems.
a) Investment incentives
A regulation from January 2007 establishes among others investment incentives for the solar
thermal installations of 50 to 500 sm. The scheme covers 30% of eligible investment costs of these
systems based on the following calculation:
• Glazed flat collectors: C (€/m2) = 1/3 (1600 + 25000/S). S is the surface in sm.
• Unglazed flat collectors: C (€/m2) = 1/3 (550 + 25000/S). S is the surface in sm.
• Evacuated tube collectors: C (€/m2) = 1/3 (1900 + 25000/S). S is the surface in sm.
For citizens, grants are available through the Programme Comune Solarizzato, from the Ministry of
Environment and Territory Management ("Ministero dell'Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio") in
combination with funds from Italy’s regional governments. Both parties contribute 50% to a scheme
that refunds citizens who install domestic solar thermal systems. The programme includes as well
raising-awareness campaigns at the level of the provinces, based on the agreements they have
with the Ministry.
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The Italian Government is developing a national building law, which regulates the use of solar
thermal installations for hot water production in new buildings and for refurbishment projects. In
addition, a tax reduction of 55 % for each purchase of a solar thermal installation is planned.
Support for Biofuels
Biofuel quota obligations
Resource
Biofuels
Biofuels
Quota in % (per year)
2.5% (energy)
5.75% (energy)
Year
2008
2010
Comments
Guideline only
Compulsory
Fiscal Incentives
Fiscal measures have been targeted on biodiesel and vegetable-based ethanol.
Biodiesel, provides for exemption from excise duty for an annual quota of 200 000 tonnes of
biodiesel under a six-year programme running from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2010.
The size of the reduction may be amended, by means of a decree issued by the Minister for
Economic Affairs and Finance, in order to prevent overcompensation of the additional costs
involved in the production of biodiesel (compared with the cost of diesel oil).
It is planned to monitor the average industrial production cost of biodiesel to provide a basis for
assessing whether or not there is any overcompensation.
Italian law (Article 21(6a) of the single text on excise duties) provides for reduced rates of excise
duty on vegetable-based ethanol and products derived as fuel or fuel additives as part of an
experimental programme to encourage the use of this biofuel.
Support for all RES
Fiscal incentives
RES Investments benefit from a rebate on VAT (10% instead of 20%) and from a 10-year
corporate tax reduction, if carried out in southern regions.
Investment Subsidies
Italy plans to offer incentives for investment in renewable energy production. Qualifying production
units include:
• grid connected photovoltaic plants from 20 kW to 50 kW ;
• wind energy plants from 20 kW to 100 kW;
• solar thermal collectors from 50 m2 to 500 m2;
• biomass plants from 150 kW to 1000 kW;
For wind energy plants, solar thermal collectors and biomass plants, the refunds to capital costs
can be up to 30 % of initial costs. For investment in solar PV, the incentives can reach 60% of the
plant's capital costs. In the case of photovoltaic plants, it is hoped that this incentive scheme will
help to boost Italy's installed photovoltaic capacity to 3,000 MW by 2016.
Annex I. Evolution of RES production in Italy (1994-2006)
Annex II Green certificate system in Italy.
Annex III RES electricity Potentials
Annex IV RES Bioenergy Potentials
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Sources:
European Commission Factsheets by Country
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/facts_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2001/77/EC on renewable electricity
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/electricity_member_states_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2003/30/EC on biofuels
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/biofuels_members_states_en.htm
APER
www.aper.it
IMAA, CNR
http://www.imaa.cnr.it/
EurObserv’er Barometer
http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/sig/eufores/sig.asp
In the framework of the EU co –funded project: RES 2020: Monitoring and Evaluation of the RES Directives
implementation in EU27 and policy recommendations to 2020
The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of the
Community. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained
therein.
Drafted in March 2008
167
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Annex I. Evolution of RES production in Italy (1994-2006)
RES Production (GWh) (1994-2006)
Total Production
Hydropower
Geothermal
Biomass
Wind
Solar
Total production Vs RES production (GWh) (1994-2006)
Total Production
RES Production
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Annex II Green certificatesystem in Italy.
The Financial law 2008 (LEGGE 24 dicembre 2007, n. 244.) has introdued new change in the
Italian green certificate system:
• Small generators (up to 1 MW) will have the choice between selling their green certificates
on the market and receiving a feed-in tariff.
• The renewable energy obligation for Italian suppliers will increase annually by 0.75% to
2012 (instead of the former 0.35%), starting from the 2007 share of about 4%. After 2012, a
new annual increase percentage will be established by the Italian government.
• New installations that can qualify as Renewable Energy Sources, will be granted green
certificates (Certificati) for the duration of fifteen years (previously twelve years).
• The default energy value of certificates changed from 50 MWh to 1 MWh, which is more
convenient for small producers.
• Moreover, the Italian government introduced 'banding' into the certificate system, similar to
the UK modifications to its ROCs system. The quantity of green certificates granted to
renewable power producers with installations larger than 1MW is derived from the
multiplication of the real power production expressed in MWh and a coefficient, varying with
the technology considered. This coefficient varies from the minimum unitary coefficient for
the wind onshore energy to a maximum value of 1.8 for wave and tide energy, biomass and
biogas energy.
• If an excess of certificates is offered on the market, the 2008 financial plan says that the
GSE (the Italian Power Services Administrator) is committed to purchase green certificates
on the market at the yearly averaged price of the year before. In 2007 the green certificates
price was around 130 euro/MWh.
Plant
size
Source
Green Certificates
Coefficient
Wind onshore
1.00
Wind offshore
1.10
Solar (according to decree 19 February 2007)
Geothermal
0.90
Wave and tide energy
1.80
Hydro source different from those from previous point
1.00
Biodegradable waste, biomass different from the other in next point
1.1
Biomass and biogas via agricultural farming and forestry activities
1.8
> 1 MWe
Biomass and biogas of previous point used in high yield CHP reusing the
heat power produced in agricultural sector
Gas from landfill and gas from wastewater purification processings
and biogas from activities not included in the previous point
1.8
0.80
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Biomass
Plant size
Source
Power > 1
MWe
Biodegradable waste, biomass different from those described
in next points
Biomass and biogas deriving from "short chain" agricultural,
farming and forestry activities
Biomass and biogas from previous feeding high efficiency CHP
plants reusing produced heat in agricultural sector
Gas from landfill and gas from wastewater purification
processes and biogas different from previous point
GC Coefficient
1.1
1.8
1.8
0.80
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Annex III RES electricity potentials
Description
Unit
2005
2010
2015
2020
Total Wind
Maximum Wind onshore
Maximum Wind offshore
Maximum solar PV
Maximum solar thermal
Total Hydro
Maximum conventional hydro
of which Maximum run of river
Maximum Pumped Storage hydro
Maximum Tide & Wave power plants
Maximum geothermal Total
Maximum geothermal dry steam & flash
power plants (>180°C)
Maximum geothermal binary power plants
(180°C<x<85°C)
Maximum geothermal EGS power plants
Maximum biomass power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum biogas power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum bio waste power plants (CHP)
MW
MW
MW
TWh
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
TWh
TWh
1715
10000
15500
19000
23000
21310
14323
4345
6987
3.7
2642.0
21904
14747
4650
7157
3.22
7.27
21998
14791
4726
7207
791
810
MW
0.0
20744
13789
4020
6955
5.50
785
2025
2030
MW
MW
TWh
0.5
26.6
TWh
TWh
1.2
1.7
10.4
4.9
The previous tables present the data that have been gathered in the framework of the RES2020 project in order to be
used in the modelling.
The data have been collected
•
Through EREC and its Members
•
Through a revision of previous EU funded projects and reports (GreenX, OPTRES)
•
Through the partners of the project
The data have been discussed in the framework of the REWG of the EnR with the country experts.
The tables present an estimation of the technical potential that could be utilized as an upper bound by 2010, 2015, 2020
and 2030. As technical potential we are considering:
•
the future installed capacity of wind turbines without taking in mind financial issues at a "reasonable" wind
speed as a possible upper limit in the development of the installed capacity over time.
•
the future installed capacity of hydro considering technical issues only and a possible upper limit in the
development of the installed capacity over time.
For some technologies potential may be unlimited (e.g. photovoltaics), so we are using upper bound limits within the
relevant time frames.
171
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TABLE 1
Potentials agricultural bioenergy
Description
Sugar crops: sugar beet
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Starch crops: rye, oats, maize, wheat, barley, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Grassy crops: switchgrass, miscanthus, sweet sorghum, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Woody crops: willow, poplar
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Oil crops: sunflower, rapeseed
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Annex IV RES Bionergy Potentials
Unit
LimType
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
11,0
10,0
11,0
10,0
11,0
10,0
27,0
9,69
42,0
9,39
57,0
9,12
74,0
8,89
91,0
8,68
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
12,0
13,9
12,0
13,9
12,0
13,9
28,0
13,11
44,0
12,44
60,0
11,88
78,0
11,4
96,0
10,98
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
30,0
5,0
30,0
5,0
30,0
5,0
74
4,6
117
4,3
160
4,1
208
3,9
256
3,8
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
41,0
3,1
41,0
3,1
41,0
3,1
100,0
2,88
159,0
2,72
218,0
2,58
283,0
2,48
348,0
2,39
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
10,0
11,4
10,0
11,4
10,0
11,4
24,0
11,1
39,0
10,8
53,0
10,5
68,0
10,2
84,0
10,0
Source
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
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TABLE 2
Potentials bioenergy from wastes
Description
Agricultural waste
Unit
LimType
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
Potential
Cost
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Source
72
77
82
EEA Report 7 2006
UP
13
14
15
EEA Report 7 2006
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
42
45
48
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
35
37
40
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
0
0
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
4
4
4
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
4
4
4
EEA Report 7 2006
UP
55
59
63
EEA Report 7 2006
UP
4
4
4
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
13
14
15
EEA Report 7 2006
Forestry residues
Wood processing residues
Municipal solid waste
Wet manures
Black liquor
Sewage sludge
Other waste wood
households
packageing
demolition
Dry manures
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17. LITHUANIA
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In 2005, the share of oil represented 30.8% of the national balance of primary energy resources
natural gas – 28.4%, and nuclear energy 27.9%.
In 2005, around 70% of the total domestic electricity production was generated by the Ignalina
nuclear power plant (about 21% by thermal power plants).However, this situation will change as
one of the two nuclear reactors has closed and the second will close in 2009.
The following key factors influence the energy sector in Lithuania: prevalence of import of primary
energy resources from Russia as well as absence of interconnections with Western European
energy systems and the decommissioning of the Ignalina NPP in 2009.
In Lithuania the main installations for heat production from renewable energy sources (RES) are
biomass (wood, chips, wood waste, straw, biogas). Hydro is the main renewable energy source for
power production. However, last year, the use of wind energy and biomass in CHP for power
production increased.
KEY FIGURES
• The share of RES in total primary energy consumption was 9.62%.in 200658.
• The share of RES in the gross final energy consumption 15% in 2005.
• The share of RES in the gross electricity production is 2.83% in 2006.59
• The share of biofuels in the consumption of fuels for transport amounted in 2006 to 1.72%.
• Dependence on external energy supplies amounted in 2005 to 63.1%
Technology specific figures:
o Installed capacity for solid biomass for heat production amounted to 440 MW;
o Installed capacity for solid biomass electricity production amounted to16 MW
o Small hydro power plants (N<10 MW)
27 MW;
o Kauno hydro power plant amounts to 105 MW
o Installed capacity for wind energy by the end 2006 was 54.3 MW
• About 75% of residential buildings in Lithuania’s towns are supplied through district heating
systems.
• In 2006, Lithuania imported 2 600 tonnes bioethanol and 6 100 tonnes of biodiesel;
produced 14 700 tonnes of bio-ETBE (containing 47% bioethanol). Lithuania consumed 1
531 200 tonnes of fuel, including 1 328 700 tonnes of fuel for land transport (as against 1
233 000 tonnes in 2005), including biofuels for transport and liquefied petroleum gas (211
100 tonnes)60.
58
EurObserv’er
EurObserv’er
60
Lithuanian Department of Statistics
59
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Structure of gross inland energy consumption in Lithunia in 2006
2006
Renewable
energy
9.1%
Natural
gas
28.5%
Nuclear
energy
26.2%
Oil and oil
products
31.3%
Coal and
other solid
fuel
4.9%
Total: 8.60 Mtoe
RE Sources used for Energy- 2006
Firewood
and wood
waste
92.1%
Agriculture
Biogas
waste
0.3%
0.2%
Small HPP
0.6%
Large HPP
3.7%
Wind
0.2%
Bioethanol
0.9%
Geothermal
0.2%
Biodiesel
1.8%
RES POLICY
RES TARGETS
Mandatory targets set by the newly proposed RES Framework Directive from 200861
• 23% share of RES on the final consumption of energy in 2020.
• At least 10% share of biofuels of final consumption of energy in transport in that Member
State in 2020.
61
Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from
renewable sources from January 2008(the targets agreed but the directive is on legislative process)
176
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Indicative Target set by the RES- electricity European Directive from 200162
• 7% share of RES on gross electricity consumption by 2010
Indicative Target set by the European Biofuels Directive from 200363
• Biofuels consumption of 5.75% of petrol and diesel use for transport in 2010.
National Commitments
The National Energy Strategy adopted in January 2007 set the main targets:
• RES must be 20% in the primary energy balance by 2025.
• Increase the share of RES in primary energy balance by 1.5% each year until 2012.
• To increase the share of biofuels (for transport) up to 20% by 2025.
Technology specific targets
In 2006, the National Energy Strategy (NES) was updated, setting out key provisions of the energy
policy planning that in 2010, 7.7% of the electric power consumed will be generated using
renewable energy resources: wind farms will generate about 320 GWh of electric power, with
hydropower plants contributing 452 GWh, biomass power plants - 220 GWh and solar and
geothermal power plants - 3.2 GWh. In 2007 the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania approved the
revised National Energy Strategy, which is the main strategic document of the energy sector.
Support for Electricity
Feed-in tariffs
Lithuania has a feed-in tariff with a Purchase obligation. In 2002, the National Control Commission
for Prices and Energy approved the average purchase prices of green electricity. The tariffs are
guaranteed for a fixed period of 10 years.
Resource
hydro
wind
wind
biomass
biomass
Technology
small
onshore
offshore
solid
gasification
(biogas)
Support level
[€cents/ kWh]
5.8
6.4
6.4
5.8
Feed-in tariff
or premium?
feed-in tariff
feed-in tariff
feed in
feed in
Duration [years
that an investor is
entitled to support]
10 years
10 years
10 years
10 years
5.8
feed-in tariff
10 years
Exemption from Excise duty
The Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Excise Duty provides that exemption from excise duty is
applied to electricity produced from renewable energy sources.
Grid issues
The Law on Electricity sets forth that the National Price and Energy Regulation Commission must
control that network connection conditions and tarrifs for new electricity producers are objective,
transparent and non-discriminating taking into account all costs and benefit derived from
renewable energy sources.
Provisions of Resolution No 1474 intended to implement the Law on Electricity set that public and
independent suppliers, market, transmission and distribution network operators holding activity
licences and eligible customers importing electricity, shall provide services according to the list of
public services obligation in the electricity sector.
62
Directive 2007/71/EC on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity
market. Currently in force, sets targets up to 2010.
63
Directive 2003/30/EC on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport Currently in force,
sets targets up to 2010, with indicative targets by 2005.
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Discount on the fee of connection of power plants to the network
There is a 40% discount for power plants connection to the grid
Support for heat
There is no support measures for heat
Support for Biofuels
Exemptions from excise duty
Pursuant to Council Directive 2003/96/EC of 27 October 2003 (restructuring the Community
framework for the taxation of energy products and electricity), Lithuania began applying a reduced
rate of excise duty to biofuels for transport. The relief is applicable to bioethanol, biodiesel, bioETBE and pure vegetable oil.
Environment pollution tax reduction
There is an exemption from the environment pollution tax from mobile pollution sources for natural
and legal entities polluting through vehicles using biofuels. Natural and legal entities having
produced documents of proof of biofuel consumption are exempted from the environment pollution
tax from stationary sources of pollution.
Compensatory payments
To promote production of biofuels for transport, compensation is granted for raw materials sold for
the production of biofuels for transport: for cereal grains - 114 LTL/tonne, for rapeseed (grains) 160 LTL/tonne. In 2006, LTL 13.66 million was allocated from the national budget for
compensatory payments. Beneficiaries included producers of rapeseed oil used for the production
of rapeseed methyl ester, producers of rapeseed methyl (ethyl) ester and producers of dehydrated
ethanol.
Annex I . RES electricity Potentials
Annex II RES Bioenergy Potentials
178
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Sources
European Commission Factsheets by Country
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/facts_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2001/77/EC on renewable electricity
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/electricity_member_states_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2003/30/EC on biofuels
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/biofuels_members_states_en.htm
Lithuanian Energy Institute
www.lei.lt
Lithuania Renewable Energy Agency
http://www.avei.lt/
Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Lithuania
http://www.ukmin.lt/en/energy/renew/
EurObserv’er Barometer
http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/sig/eufores/sig.asp
In the framework of the EU co –funded project: RES 2020: Monitoring and Evaluation of the RES Directives
implementation in EU27 and policy recommendations to 2020
The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of the
Community. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained
therein.
Drafted in March 2008.
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Annex I . RES electricity Potentials
Description
Unit
2005
2010
2015
2020
Maximun wind
Maximum Wind onshore
Maximum Wind offshore
Maximum solar PV
Maximum solar thermal
Total Hydro
Maximum conventional hydro
of which Maximum run of river
Maximum Pumped Storage hydro
Maximum Tide & Wave power plants
Maximum geothermal conventional power
plants
Maximum geothermal hot dry rock power
plants
Maximum biomass power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum biogas power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum bio waste power plants (CHP)
MW
MW
MW
TWh
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
TWh
1
1
250
250
500
420
80
1023
123
0
900
1031
131
0
900
800
700
100
0.03
0.00
1035
135
0
900
0.02
MW
0
MW
0
MW
4.21
MW
MW
0.03
2025
2030
1570
1370
200
1040
140
0
900
7.5
0.11
The previous table present the data that have been gathered in the framework of the RES2020 project in order to be
used in the modelling.
The data have been collected
•
Through EREC and its Members
•
Through a revision of previous EU funded projects and reports (GreenX, OPTRES)
•
Through the partners of the project
The data have been discussed in the framework of the REWG of the EnR with the country experts.
The tables present an estimation of the technical potential that could be utilized as an upper bound by 2010, 2015, 2020
and 2030. As technical potential we are considering:
•
the future installed capacity of wind turbines without taking in mind financial issues at a "reasonable" wind
speed as a possible upper limit in the development of the installed capacity over time.
•
the future installed capacity of hydro considering technical issues only and a possible upper limit in the
development of the installed capacity over time.
For some technologies potential may be unlimited (e.g. photovoltaics), so we are using upper bound limits within the
relevant time frames.
180
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
TABLE 1
Potentials agricultural bioenergy
Description
Sugar crops: sugar beet
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Starch crops: rye, oats, maize, wheat, barley, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Grassy crops: switchgrass, miscanthus, sweet sorghum, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Woody crops: willow, poplar
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Oil crops: sunflower, rapeseed
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Annex II RES Bionergy Potentials
Unit
LimType
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
93,0
6,1
93,0
6,1
93,0
6,1
180,0
6,16
225,0
6,27
269,0
6,47
293,0
6,79
318,0
7,29
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
2,0
7,9
2,0
7,9
2,0
7,9
5,0
7,56
6,0
7,31
7,0
7,11
7,0
6,98
8,0
6,91
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
152,0
3,8
152,0
3,8
152,0
3,8
310
3,5
397
3,3
484
3,2
538
3,2
592
3,2
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
119,0
2,0
119,0
2,0
119,0
2,0
243,0
1,87
311,0
1,8
380,0
1,79
422,0
1,82
465,0
1,91
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
36,0
5,1
36,0
5,1
36,0
5,1
71,0
4,9
88,0
4,8
106,0
4,7
115,0
4,6
125,0
4,5
Source
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
181
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TABLE 2
Potentials bioenergy from wastes
Description
Agricultural waste
Unit
LimType
2000
Potential
[PJ/a]
UP
0,2
Cost
[€/GJ]
Potential
[PJ/a]
UP
8,8
Cost
[€/GJ]
Potential
[PJ/a]
Cost
[€/GJ]
Potential
Cost
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Source
EEA Report 7 2006
7 according to
Dravininkas, A. (2005): The use of plant biomass and its waste products for energy
purpose in Lithuania. Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Lithuanian University of
Agriculture, Lithuania, 2005.
http://www.agri.ee/public/juurkataloog/BIOENERGEETIKA/Dravininkas.ppt
10.3 according to
Dravininkas, A. (2005): The use of plant biomass and its waste products for energy
purpose in Lithuania. Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Lithuanian University of
Agriculture, Lithuania, 2005.
EEA Report 7 2006
7 according to
Dravininkas, A. (2005): The use of plant biomass and its waste products for energy
purpose in Lithuania. Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Lithuanian University of
Agriculture, Lithuania, 2005.
9
10
10
UP
33
35
38
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
7
8
8
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
6
6
6
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
2
2
2
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Forestry residues
Wood processing residues
Municipal solid waste
Wet manures
Black liquor
Sewage sludge
Other waste wood
households
packageing
demolition
UP
UP
Dry manures
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18. LUXEMBOURG
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Luxembourg is almost totally dependent on energy imports. Oil dominates in terms of primary
energy supply, while natural gas has been gradually replacing solid fuels. The majority of energy
imports are of oil and natural gas, with the latter contributing substantially to the electricity
generation since 2002. The share of transport in total final energy consumption is around double
that of the EU-27 average. Energy consumption and CO2 emissions per capita are the highest in
the EU-27. While the electricity production from small-scale hydro power has stabilised in recent
years, the contributions from onshore wind, PV, and biogas have now started to increase.
KEY FIGURES
• The share of RES in total primary energy consumption was of 2.61% in 2006.
• The share of RES in the gross final energy consumption was 0.9% in 2005.
• The share of RES in the gross electricity production was 3.60% in 2006.
• The share of all biofuels in the transport sector in 2006 was 0.026% based on the energy
content.
• Dependence on external energy supplies is of about 99% in 2005.
Technology Specific figures:
In 2005, electricity production from biogas amounted to 27 GWh, biowaste to 18GWh, small hydro
102 GWh, photovoltaic to 19 GWh and wind onshore to 53 GWh (the total amounts to 219 GWh).
RES POLICY
RES TARGETS
Mandatory targets set by the newly proposed RES Framework Directive from 200864
• 11% share of RES on the final consumption of energy in 2020.
• At least 10% share of biofuels of final consumption of energy in transport in that Member
State in 2020.
64
Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from
renewable sources from January 2008(the targets agreed but the directive is on legislative process)
184
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Indicative Target set by the RES- electricity European Directive from 200165
• 5.7 % share of RES on gross electricity consumption by 2010.
Indicative Target set by the European Biofuels Directive from 200366
• Biofuels consumption of 5.75% of petrol and diesel use for transport in 2010.
RES POLICY INSTRUMENTS
Support for RES electricity
Feed in tariff
The 1993 Framework Law defines the renewable electricity (RES-E) policy: Feed-in tariffs are
given to different types of RES-E technologies. These tariffs have been amended in February
2008. The new tariffs are in force for installations starting after the first January 2008. Tariffs are
guaranteed over 15 years with simpler administrative procedures. They are differentiated
according to technology and capacity. Some tariffs are degressive.
Tariffs for wind onshore since January 2008 are set at 82.7euros per MWh. For photovoltaic, this
tariff is set for small PV panels (inferior or equal to 30 kW) at 420 euros per MWh (with an annual
degression rate of 3%) and for bigger panels (31kW-1000kW) at 370 euros per MWh.
Concerning small hydro, (up to 1 MW installed capacity), tariff is set at 105 euros per MWh. For
bigger systems (1 to 6 MW) , tariffs are set 85 euros per MWh.
Biogas feed-in tariffs amount to 150 euros per MWh for small systems (0 to 150 kW), to 140 euros
(151-300kW), to 130 euros (301- 500kW) and 120 euros (501 kW-2500kW).
For sewage treatment plants, 65 euros per MWh is the tariff. Concerning solid biomass, the tariff is
set at 145 euros per MWh for small systems (0 to 1 MW), and at 125 euros ( 1 to 5 MW).
Concerning waste wood, tariffs are set 130 euros for systems up to 1 MW, and to 110 euros for
systems between 1 and 5 MW.
Investments subsidies:
Subsidies are available to private companies (Framework Law of Economy Ministry- Framework
Law of the Ministry of Middle Classes), communes (Environment Protection Fund of the
Environment Ministry), farmers (Law from the Agriculture Ministry supporting rural development)
and households (regulation of the 21st December 2007 of the Environment Ministry) investing in
RES-E technologies.
In January 2008, new grants for households entered into force to promote RES-E:
Concerning wind onshore, investment aid amounts to 20% to 25% of the investment depending on
the site’s quality. Investment aid amounts to 30% of the investment for all PV panels. For small
hydro, investment aid amounts to 20% of the investment costs. For sewage treatment plants,
investment aid amounts to 90% of investment costs. Investment aid for biogas installation amounts
to 50% and for solid biomass to and waste wood to 20 %.
65
Directive 2007/71/EC on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity
market. Currently in force, sets targets up to 2010.
66
Directive 2003/30/EC on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport Currently in force,
sets targets up to 2010, with indicative targets by 2005.
185
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Support for RES Heating
Premium
Since January 2008, a so-called “heat premium” (prime de chaleur) has been introduced. This
premium differs according to technologies (solid biomass, biogas and waste wood) and is granted
for each MWth commercialised. For biogas, waste wood and solid biomass, the producer gets 30
euros per MWh if certain conditions are fulfilled. The new tariffs can apply to existing biogas
installation (existing before the 1st January 2008) in case of extension of capacity.
Investment subsidies
In January 2008, new grants for private households promoting RES-Heat entered into force
(regulation from 21st December 2007). These investment subsidies promote the use of solar
thermal panel (50% of investment costs), biomass boilers (25-30%), geothermal heat exchanger
(50%), geothermal heat pumps (40%).
Support for Biofuels
The government foresees in its 2006 action plan to promote the use of biofuels in order to reduce
greenhouse gases emissions in the transport sector.
Tax exemptions are made available for biofuels for transport. The setting of maximum levels of tax
exemption is foreseen (EUR 23 per 1000 litres of unleaded petrol and EUR 10 per 1000 litres of
diesel).
Reduced excise tax
Budget Law 2006 introduced a new provision to reduce taxes on biofuels blended in petrol and
diesel. The budget law stipulates that : « biofuels when blended to petrol or diesel can benefit from
a reduced excise tax. This reduction can not go beyond 23 € par 1.000 litres for when blended with
unleaded petrol and 10,00 € for 1000 litres. Concerning bioethanol, the blending must be at least
2.93% by volume and for biodiesel at least 2.17%. Pure vegetable oil will be tax-free from 2007 to
encourage captive fleets to switch.
Obligation
The 2007 Budget law plans an obligation on fuel suppliers to incorporate in 2007 at least 2%
biofuels in tranport fuels consumed in Luxemburg (calculate by energy content). This obligation
equals to a consumption of around 52 millions litres of biofuels combined with consumption in road
transport estimated at 2.6 bn liters in 2007.
The budget law 2007 foresees a tax on oil suppliers which can not demonstrate that they’ve
fulfilled their obligation ( 1.200 EUR/1.000 litres).
Annex I RES Electricity Potentials
Annex II RES Bionergy Potentials
186
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Sources:
Energy Agency from Luxemburg- Website
Powerpoint Presentation of the new feed in tariffs
http://www.ael.lu/cms/upload/downloads/home/aktuelles/080320/presentation_rgd080208.pdf
Regulation on new feed-in tariffs
http://www.ael.lu/cms/upload/downloads/home/aktuelles/080320/RGD080208.pdf
List of legislation affecting renewable energy sources in Luxemburg
http://fr.ael.lu/cms/front_content.php?idcat=27
Brochure on subsidies to private households
http://fr.ael.lu/cms/upload/downloads/home/dienstleistungen/privatpersonen/brochure_regimeaides
.pdf
Subsidies for companies, private households and communes in Luxemburg
http://fr.ael.lu/cms/front_content.php?idcat=63
In the framework of the EU co –funded project: RES 2020: Monitoring and Evaluation of the RES Directives
implementation in EU27 and policy recommendations to 2020
The sole responsibility for the content of this Publication lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of the
Community. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained
therein.
Drafted: March 2008
187
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Annex I RES Electricity Potentials
Description
Unit
2005
2010
2015
2020
Wind Total
Maximum Wind onshore
Maximum Wind offshore
Maximum solar PV
Maximum solar thermal
Total Hydro
Maximum conventional hydro
of which Maximum run of river
Maximum Pumped Storage
hydro
Maximum Tide & Wave power
plants
Maximum geothermal
conventional power plants
Maximum geothermal hot dry
rock power plants
Maximum biomass power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum biogas power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum Bio waste power
plants (CHP)
MW
MW
MW
TWh
MW
MW
MW
MW
35
66
98
132
206
1128
32
17
1128
32
17
0.030
0.000
1128
32
17
1128
32
17
MW
1096
1096
1096
1096
TWh
0
MW
0
2025
2030
MW
TWh
0.35
TWh
0.02
0.16
TWh
0.02
0.03
The following tables present the data that have been gathered in the framework of the RES2020 project in order to be
used in the modelling.
The data have been collected
•
Through EREC and its Members
•
Through a revision of previous EU funded projects and reports (GreenX, OPTRES)
•
Through the partners of the project
The data have been discussed in the framework of the REWG of the EnR with the country experts.
The tables present an estimation of the technical potential that could be utilized as an upper bound by 2010, 2015, 2020
and 2030. As technical potential we are considering:
•
the future installed capacity of wind turbines without taking in mind financial issues at a "reasonable" wind
speed as a possible upper limit in the development of the installed capacity over time.
•
the future installed capacity of hydro considering technical issues only and a possible upper limit in the
development of the installed capacity over time.
For some technologies potential may be unlimited (e.g. photovoltaics), so we are using upper bound limits within the
relevant time frames.
188
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
TABLE 1
Potentials agricultural bioenergy
Description
Sugar crops: sugar beet
Step 1
Annex II RES Bionergy Potentials
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Starch crops: rye, oats, maize, wheat, barley, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Grassy crops: switchgrass, miscanthus, sweet sorghum, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Woody crops: willow, poplar
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Oil crops: sunflower, rapeseed
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Unit
LimType
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
0,0
9,2
0,0
9,2
0,0
9,2
0,0
8,85
1,0
8,56
1,0
8,31
1,0
8,08
1,0
7,88
0,0
10,3
0,0
10,3
0,0
10,3
0,0
9,72
0,0
9,24
0,0
8,82
1,0
8,47
1,0
8,16
0,0
5,9
0,0
5,9
0,0
5,9
1
5,5
1
5,1
1
4,8
2
4,6
2
4,4
0,0
3,6
0,0
3,6
0,0
3,6
1,0
3,32
1,0
3,11
1,0
2,95
2,0
2,82
2,0
2,71
0,0
8,8
0,0
8,8
0,0
8,8
0,0
8,5
0,0
8,3
0,0
8,1
0,0
7,9
1,0
7,7
Source
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
189
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
TABLE 2
Potentials bioenergy from wastes
Description
Agricultural waste
Unit
LimType
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Source
Forestry residues
2
2
2
EEA Report 7 2006
Wood processing residues
Municipal solid waste
Wet manures
Black liquor
Sewage sludge
Other waste wood
households
packageing
demolition
UP
UP
Dry manures
190
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
19. LATVIA
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
The supply system of primary energy resources in Latvia consists of 3 resources: natural gas, oil
and biomass. The supply of natural gas has an increased risk level since it is possible to receive it
only from one supplier.
Latvia has the largest share within the EU of renewable energy in its energy mix. Renewable
energy sources make up one third of the energy mix in Latvia. Wood and water are the most widely
used renewable energy resources: Wood as fuel is used for district heating, both centralised and
local, and for heating individual buildings. The share of renewable energy resources in electricity
generation in Latvia is very significant: electricity generation is predominantly based on renewable
sources (mainly hydro) and to a smaller degree on natural gas, resulting in low CO2 emissions .
However, energy import dependency in Latvia is above the EU-27 average with oil and natural gas
imported mainly from Russia.
KEY FIGURES:
• The share of RES in total primary energy consumption was 29.1% in 200667
• The share of RES in electricity consumption was about 46 % in 2006 compared to 48%
in 2005 with large hydro power plants (3 plants) contributing 46,3 %, small hydro power
plants (149): 0,9 % , wind: 0,7 %
• Biofuels accounted for 0,22 % of the transport fuels in 2006 compared to 0,33 % in 200568
Consumption of fossil fuels in transport in 2006 was 7,2 % higher than in the previous
reporting period.
• Energy dependence rate amounted to 94% in Latvia in 2005.
Technology-specific figures:
• Hydro sources are mainly used in the big hydroelectric power plants of the public stock
company Latvenergo. In 2004 the independent producers – the small hydroelectric power
plants, wind and biogas electric power plants - provided only 2%1.
• In 2006, 71 % of the biodiesel and 93 % of the (100 %) bioethanol produced in Latvia was
exported to other EU Member States. 100 % biodiesel can currently be purchased at 14
filling stations69.
• There are two bioethanol production plants, five biodiesel plants and seven rapeseed oil
production plants operating in Latvia. Regarding the information given by Latvian Ministry of
Agriculture over the next few years, at least six new biofuel production plants will be
developed. The total annual capacity of biodiesel plants in Latvia in 2006 was around
11,000 t, while bioethanol production units had a capacity of10,000 t.
67
Central Statistical Bureau Latvia
State Revenue Service's data
69
Ministry of Economic Affairs
68
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Share of RES in the Primary Energy in Latvia ( 2006)
RES POLICY
RES TARGETS
Mandatory targets set by the newly proposed RES Framework Directive from 200870
• 23% share of RES on the final consumption of energy in 2020.
• At least 10% share of biofuels of final consumption of energy in transport in that Member
State in 2020.
Indicative Target set by the RES- electricity European Directive from 200171
• 49.3% share of RES on gross electricity consumption by 2010
70
Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from
renewable sources from January 2008(the targets agreed but the directive is on legislative process)
71
Directive 2007/71/EC on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity
market. Currently in force, sets targets up to 2010.
193
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Indicative Target set by the European Biofuels Directive from 200372
• Biofuels consumption of 5.75% of petrol and diesel use for transport in 2010.
National Commitments
The Energy Development Guidelines for 2007-2016 have determined that the proportion of biofuel
in transport must reach 10% in 2016 and 15% - in 2020, and the share of electricity produced in
highly efficient CHP using biomass should reach 8 % by 2016.
Guidelines for Energy Sector Development 2007-2016 developed by the Ministry of Economics are
the main mid-term energy policy planning document. It is in particular the principal policy document
driving increases in efficient use of RES.
Progress towards the target
Latvia is on track to meet its renewable electricity target. In 2006, the share of renewable energy
resources in total electricity consumption was 46 %. This is 3,3 % less than the indicative target for
the share of electricity produced from renewables in total electricity consumption set for 2010.
Support to RES-Electricity
Feed in tariffs
Till January 1st, 2003 Latvia had a feed-in tariff which was double the average electricity price and
which could be purchased for a period of 8 years after grid-connection. This tariff was very
successful in promoting RES, especially in the small hydro power sector, where the production
increased from 2.5 to 30 GWh in the period from 1996 till 2001. The feed in system has been
amended through regulation Nr.503 on Electricity Production from RES (in force since August
2007).
The new tariff-system differentiates between the specific RES and installed capacity. Itprovides
particular regulations for electricity produced in CHP plants. There is a guaranteed purchase only
for a fixed amount of RES-E.
The purchase price is calculated as a natural gas price multiplied by factor. Electricity prices are
regulated by the Public Utilities Commission (PUC) on a regular basis with multiple distinctions
both for the specific generation source and also for the different steps of the electricity market
chain: generation, transmission, distribution and sale.
Resource
Wind
Wind
Biomass
Biomass
Biogas
Biogas
Hydro
Technology
Power plants with capacity not
over 0,25 MW
Power plants with capacity not
over 0,25 MW
Power plants with electric
capacity not over 4 MW
Power plants with electric
capacity not over 4 MW
Power plants without any
capacity limitations
Power plants without any
capacity limitations
Power plants with capacity not
over 5 MW
Support level [€cents/ kWh]
For the first 10 years from the
beginning of PP operation After 10 years from the beginning
of PP operation
For the first 10 years from the
beginning of PP operation
After 10 years from the beginning
of PP operation
For the first 10 years from the
beginning of PP operation
After 10 years from the beginning
of PP operation
Start
year
2007
Duration [years
that an investor is
entitled to support]
10 years
2007
10 years
2007
10 years
2007
10 years
72
Directive 2003/30/EC on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport Currently in force,
sets targets up to 2010, with indicative targets by 2005.
194
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Latvia has a tendering scheme for wind farms.
However, there is a long way of procedures related to the different elements of the chain including
cap in the generation power, finding the transmission and distribution grid.
Support for RES heat
Resource
Technology
Support level [Unit or
%]
Duration [years that an
investor is entitled to
support]
Latvian
Environmental
Protection Fund
Fuel switch - from
coal to biomass
Up to 40%
Open call of proposals
once a year
Support to biofuels
The Latvian Ministry of Economics has developed an action plan to enact the Law on biofuel (in
force since 1 April 2005.
Obligation
Resource
Quota in % (per year)
Year
Biodiesel
Biodiesel
Biodiesel
Biodiesel
Bioetanol
Bioetanol
Bioetanol
Bioetanol
3.5
4.24
5
5.8
3.4
4.3
5.1
5.9
2007
2008
2009
2010
2007
2008
2009
2010
Reduction of excise duties
2006 saw the adoption of a number of amendments to existing legislation on the production of and
trade in biofuels. Under the amendments to the Law on excise duties adopted in 2006, the basic
rate of duty for unleaded petrol is LVL 209/1000 litres and for diesel LVL 178/1000 litres. As an
incentive, provision was made for the following duty reliefs on biofuels and mineral oil/biofuel
blends.
1. application of a reduced rate of excise duty depending on the biofuel content of the fuel/blend:
· for unleaded petrol containing:
– 5 % by volume of dehydrated ethanol obtained from agricultural raw materials:
LVL 199/1000 litres;
– as from 1 July 2007: 85 % by volume dehydrated ethanol obtained from agricultural raw
materials: LVL 31,5/1000 litres;
· for diesel fuel, blended with rapeseed oil or rapeseed biodiesel, provided that the rapeseed oil or
rapeseed biodiesel represents:
– from 5 up to (but not including) 30 % by volume of the total product volume: LVL 170/1000 litres;
– at least 30 % by volume of the total product volume: LVL 125/1000 litres;
2. application of a zero rate of duty (LVL 0/1000 litres) to rapeseed oil sold or used for heating or
fuel and to biodiesel completely derived from rapeseed oil.
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Fuel types with added biofuels enjoy a reduced rate of excise tax. Biofuel made entirely of
rapeseed oil is exempted from excise tax)
Resource
Total support level (= tax
exemption incl. reduction of
VAT to be paid)
[€cents/litre]
start year
Comments
Biodiesel
excise tax rate - 0
2004
Biodiesel is produced from rape oil
Biodiesel (if
biodiesel is from 5 30%)
excise tax rate 220,5
€/1000 l
2004
Biodiesel is produced from rape oil
Biodiesel (if
biodiesel is at least
30%)
excise tax rate 162,2
€/1000 l
2004
Biodiesel is produced from rape oil
Excise tax rate for all types of above mentioned biodiesels is 0/1000 l if biodiesels are used as
combustible fuel not as motor fuel.
Direct State Aid to producers:
In Latvia the support is given direct to biofuel producers and the annual supported quota (subsidy)
is granted in proportion to production capacity. The financially supported quota will be granted to
enterprises until 2011. Annual subsidies are allocated to producers of biofuels proportionally to
capacity:
Resource
Support level [Unit
or %]
start year
End year
Comments
Biodiesel
270€/1000 l
2007, first half a
year
2007, first half
a year
State financial support for
year 2007 ( quota 25000000 l)
Biodiesel
370€/10000 l
2007, second half a
year
2007, second
half a year
State financial support for
year 2007 ( quota 25000000 l)
Bioethanol
327€/1000 l
2007, first half a
year
2007, first half
a year
State financial support for
year 2007 (quota 21518987 l)
Bioethanol
413€/1000 l
2007, second half a
year
2007, second
half a year
State financial support for
year 2007 (quota 21518987 l)
Reduced state fee to obtain licence
196
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
As an incentive to the production and use of biofuels, the state fee for obtaining a special permit
(licence) to carry out the activity of excisable goods warehouse keeper or approved trader is
reduced if that person's business is with biofuels to the exclusion of petroleum products:
Annex I. RES Electricity Potentials
Annex II RES Bioenergy Potentials
Sources
European Commission Factsheets by Country
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/facts_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2001/77/EC on renewable electricity
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/electricity_member_states_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2003/30/EC on biofuels
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/biofuels_members_states_en.htm
EurObserv’er Barometer
http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/sig/eufores/sig.asp
Ministry of Economy
http://www.em.gov.lv/em/2nd/?lng=en&cat=3&lng=en
Institute of Physical Energetic
http://www.innovation.lv/fei
EKODOMA
www.ekodama.lv
In the framework of the EU co –funded project: RES 2020: Monitoring and Evaluation of the RES Directives
implementation in EU27 and policy recommendations to 2020
The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of the
Community. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained
therein.
Drafted in March 2008.
197
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Annex I RES Electricity Potentials
Description
Unit
2005
2010
2015
2020
Total Wind
Maximum Wind onshore
Maximum Wind offshore
Maximum solar PV
Maximum solar thermal
Total Hydro
Maximum conventional hydro
of which Maximum run of river
Maximum Pumped Storage hydro
Maximum Tide & Wave power plants
Maximum geothermal conventional
power plants
Maximum geothermal hot dry rock power
plants
Maximum biomass power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum biogas power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum bio waste power plants (CHP)
MW
MW
MW
TWh
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
TWh
27
142
400
320
80
1565
1565
1565
0
1580
1580
1580
550
430
120
0.020
0.000
1580
1580
1582
0
0
MW
0
MW
0
TWh
0.94
TWh
TWh
0.51
0.03
2025
2030
800
650
150
1620
1620
1620
0
The previous table present the data that have been gathered in the framework of the RES2020 project in order to be
used in the modelling.
The data have been collected
•
Through EREC and its Members
•
Through a revision of previous EU funded projects and reports (GreenX, OPTRES)
•
Through the partners of the project
The data have been discussed in the framework of the REWG of the EnR with the country experts.
The tables present an estimation of the technical potential that could be utilized as an upper bound by 2010, 2015, 2020
and 2030. As technical potential we are considering:
•
the future installed capacity of wind turbines without taking in mind financial issues at a "reasonable" wind
speed as a possible upper limit in the development of the installed capacity over time.
•
the future installed capacity of hydro considering technical issues only and a possible upper limit in the
development of the installed capacity over time.
For some technologies potential may be unlimited (e.g. photovoltaics), so we are using upper bound limits within the
relevant time frames.
198
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
TABLE 1
Potentials agricultural bioenergy
Description
Sugar crops: sugar beet
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Starch crops: rye, oats, maize, wheat, barley, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Grassy crops: switchgrass, miscanthus, sweet sorghum, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Woody crops: willow, poplar
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Oil crops: sunflower, rapeseed
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Annex II RES Bionergy Potentials
Unit
LimType
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
29,0
6,7
29,0
6,7
29,0
6,7
57,0
6,72
72,0
6,81
87,0
7
96,0
7,31
106,0
7,8
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
2,0
7,9
2,0
7,9
2,0
7,9
4,0
7,56
5,0
7,31
6,0
7,11
7,0
6,98
7,0
6,91
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
44,0
5,3
44,0
5,3
44,0
5,3
103
4,9
141
4,6
180
4,4
209
4,3
239
4,3
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
51,0
2,8
51,0
2,8
51,0
2,8
120,0
2,6
166,0
2,48
213,0
2,42
248,0
2,42
284,0
2,48
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
11,0
5,8
11,0
5,8
11,0
5,8
21,0
5,6
27,0
5,5
33,0
5,4
36,0
5,3
39,0
5,2
Source
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
199
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
TABLE 2
Potentials bioenergy from wastes
Description
Agricultural waste
Unit
LimType
Potential
[PJ/a]
UP
Cost
[€/GJ]
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
4
4
4
2
2
2
Source
EEA Report 7 2006
5.2 according to
Vigants, E. (2006): Experiences and Challenges of JI Biomass Projects
in Latvia. CTI Capacity Building Seminar, Leipzig, Germany, 21-25
October 2006.
http://www.ecologic-events.de/cti/documents/8_vigants.pdf
EEA Report 7 2006
20.1 according to
Vigants, E. (2006): Experiences and Challenges of JI Biomass Projects
in Latvia. CTI Capacity Building Seminar, Leipzig, Germany, 21-25
October 2006.
EEA Report 7 2006
2
2
2
EEA Report 7 2006
2
2
2
EEA Report 7 2006
Forestry residues
Wood processing residues
Municipal solid waste
Wet manures
Black liquor
Sewage sludge
Other waste wood
households
packageing
demolition
UP
UP
Dry manures
200
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20. MALTA
201
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Malta is totally dependent upon imported fossil fuels for its energy needs, currently over 63% of the
primary energy is used for power generation. Renewable Energy Sources (RES) could play a key
role for the Island economy. Due to the lack of support mechanisms little development of RES
exists so far. However, the potential for solar and wind is substantial. The Maltese government is
currently creating a framework for support measures. However it has set up in the meantime
national indicative targets for RES-e lower than the ones agreed to in its Accession Treaty to the
EU (between 0.31% and 1.31%, instead of 5%). Solar thermal applications (for hot water
requirements) are RES with highest penetration rate in Malta.
KEY FIGURES
• The share of RES in total primary energy consumption was of 0.22% in 2006.
• The share of RES in the gross final energy consumption was 0 % in 2005.
• The share of RES in the gross electricity production was 0% in 2006.
• The share of biofuels in the transport sector in 2006 was 0.52%.
• Malta energy dependence on imports amounts to 100% in 2005.
RES POLICY
RES TARGETS
Mandatory targets set by the newly proposed RES Framework Directive from 200873
• 10% share of RES on the final consumption of energy in 2020.
• At least 10% share of biofuels of final consumption of energy in transport in that Member
State in 2020.
Indicative Target set by the RES- electricity European Directive from 200174
• 5 % Share of RES on gross electricity consumption by 2010. However, at the national
level, it has been decided to aim for 0.31%, excluding large wind farms and waste
combustion plants, or for 1.31% in the event that the plans are implemented.
Indicative Target set by the European Biofuels Directive from 200375
• Biofuels consumption of 5.75% of petrol and diesel use for transport in 2010.
Progress towards the Targets
• The total RES-e production in 2006 was 0.01 GWh and, therefore, the RES-e share of
gross electricity consumption was effectively zero percent.
•
Malta has exceeded the target for biofuel production it had set for 2005 (0.30%); the actual
share of biofuel in 2006 was 0.58%.
POLICY INSTRUMENTS
Support for RES electricity
In order to promote the uptake of RES, the Maltese government is currently creating a framework
for support measures. However it has set has set in the meantime national indicative targets for
RES-e lower than the ones agreed to in its Accession Treaty (between 0.31% and 1.31%, instead
of 5%).
73
Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from
renewable sources from January 2008(the targets agreed but the directive is on legislative process)
74
Directive 2007/71/EC on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity
market. Currently in force, sets targets up to 2010.
75
Directive 2003/30/EC on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport Currently in force,
sets targets up to 2010, with indicative targets by 2005.
202
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Capital grants
•
•
Capital grants on PVs and microwind for domestic use.
Net metering with a spill tariff - € 0.07 / kWh.
Others
• Government leading by example (PV installations on public buildings and micro-wind
installations).
• Government has announced intention to allocate further funds to support RES-E from such
installations.
Support for RES Heating and Cooling
Capital grants
Capital grants on solar water heaters for domestic use (25% grant on cost & capped at €233).
Support for biofuels
Quota
Resource
Biofuels
Biofuels
Quota in % (per year)
0.3%
5.75%
Year
2005
2010
Comments
Guideline
Compulsory
There is Exemption of excise duty for biofuels .
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Annex I. RES electricity Potentials
Annex II RES Bioenergy Potentials
Sources:
European Commission Factsheets by Country
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/facts_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2001/77/EC on renewable electricity
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/electricity_member_states_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2003/30/EC on biofuels
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/biofuels_members_states_en.htm
Malta Resources Authority
http://www.mra.org.mt/
EurObserv’er Barometer
http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/sig/eufores/sig.asp
In the framework of the EU co –funded project: RES 2020: Monitoring and Evaluation of the RES Directives
implementation in EU27 and policy recommendations to 2020
The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of the
Community. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained
therein.
Drafted in March 2008
204
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Annex I. RES electricity Potentials
Description
Unit
2010
2015
2020
Total Wind
Maximum Wind onshore
Maximum Wind offshore
Maximum solar PV
Maximum solar thermal
Total Hydro
Maximum conventional hydro
of which Maximum run of river
Maximum Pumped Storage hydro
Maximum Tide & Wave power plants
Maximum geothermal conventional
power plants
Maximum geothermal hot dry rock
power plants
Maximum biomass power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum biogas power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum biowaste power plants
(CHP)
MW
MW
MW
TWh
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
TWh
0
100
200
0
0.010
0.000
0
0
2025
2030
200
0
0
0.06
MW
0
MW
0
TWh
0.03
TWh
0.05
TWh
0.03
The previous table present the data that have been gathered in the framework of the RES2020 project in order to be
used in the modelling.
The data have been collected
•
Through EREC and its Members
•
Through a revision of previous EU funded projects and reports (GreenX, OPTRES)
•
Through the partners of the project
The data have been discussed in the framework of the REWG of the EnR with the country experts.
The tables present an estimation of the technical potential that could be utilized as an upper bound by 2010, 2015, 2020
and 2030. As technical potential we are considering:
•
the future installed capacity of wind turbines without taking in mind financial issues at a "reasonable" wind
speed as a possible upper limit in the development of the installed capacity over time.
•
the future installed capacity of hydro considering technical issues only and a possible upper limit in the
development of the installed capacity over time.
For some technologies potential may be unlimited (e.g. photovoltaics), so we are using upper bound limits within the
relevant time frames.
205
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
TABLE 1
Potentials agricultural bioenergy
Description
Sugar crops: sugar beet
Step 1
Annex II RES Bionergy Potentials
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Starch crops: rye, oats, maize, wheat, barley, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Grassy crops: switchgrass, miscanthus, sweet sorghum, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Woody crops: willow, poplar
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Oil crops: sunflower, rapeseed
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Unit
LimType
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Source
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
206
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
TABLE 2
Potentials bioenergy from wastes
Description
Agricultural waste
Unit
LimType
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Source
Forestry residues
Wood processing residues
Municipal solid waste
Wet manures
Black liquor
Sewage sludge
Other waste wood
households
packageing
demolition
UP
UP
Dry manures
207
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21. NETHERLANDS
208
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
The Netherlands is a significant producer (and exporter) of natural gas and depends on energy
imports for oil and hard coal. Electricity is generated mainly from gas and hard coal. The use of
renewable energy sources for power generation has been increasing. The Netherlands have a
significant installed wind power capacity.
KEY FIGURES
•
•
•
•
•
The share of RES in total primary energy consumption was of 2.31% in 200676.
The share of RES in the gross final energy consumption was 2.4% in 2005.
The share of RES in the gross electricity consumption was 5.67% in 200677
The share of all biofuels in the transport sector in 2006 was 0.3% (calculated on the basis
of the energy content of the total amount of petrol and diesel placed on the Dutch market in
2006)
Dependence on external energy supplies is in 2005 about 38.9%.
RES POLICY
RES TARGETS
Mandatory targets set by the newly proposed RES Framework Directive from 200878
• 14% share of RES on the final consumption of energy in 2020.
• At least 10% share of biofuels of final consumption of energy in transport in that Member
State in 2020.
Indicative Target set by the RES- electricity European Directive from 200179
• 9 % share of RES on gross electricity consumption by 2010.
Indicative Target set by the European Biofuels Directive from 200380
• Biofuels consumption of 5.75% of petrol and diesel use for transport in 2010.
National commitments
In September 2007, Dutch environment minister Cramer presented the working programme ‘New
energy for the climate’. Energy efficiency should increase to a yearly improvement of 2 to 2.3 %
after 2011, while the share of renewable energy in 2020 should grow to 20% in 2020.
Support for electricity
Feed-in tariffs: Subsidies Duurzame Energie (SDE)
In July 2003, the a feed in premium has been introduced –the so called MEP premium- (premium
on top of the market price for power- fixed for ten years). Under the MEP scheme, Dutch producers
of renewable electricity feeding into the public grid receive a fixed fee per kWh for a guaranteed
period of ten years.
76
EurObserv’er Data
EurObserv’er Data
78
Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from
renewable sources from January 2008(the targets agreed but the directive is on legislative process)
77
79
Directive 2007/71/EC on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity
market. Currently in force, sets targets up to 2010.
80
Directive 2003/30/EC on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport Currently in force,
sets targets up to 2010, with indicative targets by 2005.
209
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
The ‘MEP-premium’ was abolished in August 2006 when the previous Minister for Economic Affairs
judged that the EU-approved target for the Netherlands of 9% renewable power consumed by
2010 would be met. Since then, investments in new RE installations have fallen down to practically
zero.
In October 2007, the Dutch government published a new regulation for a feed-in premium for
renewable energy. The new support mechanism, called SDE (‘Stimuleringsregeling duurzame
energieproductie’) resembles the old MEP premium system. Producers will get a premium covering
extra costs on top of the wholesale energy price for a number of years. The premium will be
provided to the generator of green power for maximum ten years. The level of the premium and the
duration of support will vary with each technology. However, the premiums will also vary with the
wholesale price of electricity.
For the new SDE regulation (Subsidies Duurzame Energie), a fund of €300 to €350 million per year
will be available by 2011. In contrast to the old scheme, the new one comprises an upper limit. In
the first year, the premiums will be distributed on a ‘first come, first go’ basis.
Biomass and wind energy, that were already eligible for the old MEP regulation, will be eligible for
SDE too, except for large co-firing of biomass in power plants. A new entry in the SDE is
photovoltaics. Offshore wind has not yet been included, because no new permits have been
issued. Because of sustainability concerns, liquid biomass fuels are excluded in the first year. Bioenergy producers will possibly be required to report on the sustainability of their biomass. The SDE
will be evaluated in 2010.
In January 2008, the Dutch government published the premiums for different kinds of renewable
power and gas:
Category
Base
Expected
cooretion
(base don
power and
gas price)
Expected
premium
Capacity
2008 (MW)
Indicative:
capacity
2008-2011
(MW)
1 Wind
onshore
2 Power from
sewage
sludge,
landfill gas
3 Green gas
from sewage
sludge,
landfill gas
4 High
efficient
waste
incineration
(>22%)
€ 0.088 per
kWh
€ 0.058 per
kWh
€0.060 per
kWh
€0.067 per
kWh
€0.028 per
kWh
€0 per kWh
500
2070
Expected
structural
expenses per
year for 2008
dispositions (x €
1 mln.)
31.2
8
30
0
€ 0.277 per
Nm3 gas
€0.21 per
Nm3 gas
€0.07 per
Nm3 gas
5
10
0.6
€0 per kWh
70
160
0
€0.053 per
kWh
40
160
17.0
5 Solid
biomass
burning;
digester of
organic
waste, (co)
digesters of
manure and
Basisbedrag €0.067 per
loopt per
kWh
procentpunt
op naar rato
van het
energetisch
rendement
€ 0.12 per
€0.067 per
kWh
kWh
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Expected
cooretion
(base don
power and
gas price)
Expected
premium
Capacity
2008 (MW)
Indicative:
capacity
2008-2011
(MW)
6 Small scale € 0.564 per € 0.234 per
PV (0.6 kWp
kWh
kWh
– 3.0 kWp)
DURATION OF THE SUPPORT: 10 Years
€ 0.33 per
kWh
10
80
Category
Base
Expected
structural
expenses per
year for 2008
dispositions (x €
1 mln.)
2.8
Support for heat
With a view to improving the basic economic conditions for the production of electricity and heat
from biomass, resources are being deployed within the general body of instruments for sustainable
(renewable) energy. These instruments consist of:
=> a tax bonus on investment in renewable energy and energy saving (EIA);
=> incentive programmes for research and development and the application of renewable
energy and energy saving.
Private house owners can receive a subsidy on the purchase of thermal heating systems or heat
pumps..
Support for biofuels
Obligation
As from 2007 suppliers of petrol and diesel for road transport purposes are required to ensure that
biofuels account for a certain percentage of their sales in the Netherlands. For 2007 the proportion
is 2%, calculated on the basis of energy content. In 2008 and 2009, the percentage will be
gradually increased to 3.25% and 4.5% respectively and for 2010 it is 5.75%, as laid down in the
European Directive.
Tax incentives
In 2006 a start was made on biofuel policy by providing tax incentives, in the form of a reduction in
excise duty, to encourage the blending of a 2% biofuel component (bio-ethanol, bio-ETBE or
biodiesel). In the case of the displaced quantity of unleaded light oil (petrol) to which at least 2% of
ethyl alcohol had been added, the reduction in excise duty amounted to €10.10 per 1000 litres. If
less ethyl alcohol was added the reduction was lowered proportionately. In the case of the
displaced quantity of gas oil (diesel) to which at least 2% of biodiesel had been added, the
reduction in excise duty amounted to €6.10 per 1000 litres. If less biodiesel was added the
reduction was lowered proportionately.
Project subsidies
At the end of 2006, the Dutch cabinet allocated a total of 60 million euros of subsidies for projects
relating to innovative biofuels which can bring about a significant reduction in C02 emissions. This
scheme will run until the end of 2010.
Companies intending to invest in projects aimed at improving the production of innovative biofuels
for transport purposes and which incur additional costs in order to reduce C02 emissions may be
eligible for a subsidy.
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Support to all RES
Tax incentive
The Energy Investment Deduction scheme (EIA) is a scheme providing tax incentives for
investment in renewable energy projects.
CO2 Reduction Plan
Under this scheme, incentives are provided for projects that may reduce CO2 emission.
Renewable energy projects occupy a prominent place under this scheme.
Annex I RES electricity Potentials
Annex II RES Bioenergy Potentials
Sources
European Commission Factsheets by Country
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/facts_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2001/77/EC on renewable electricity
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/electricity_member_states_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2003/30/EC on biofuels
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/biofuels_members_states_en.htm
Ministry of Economic Affairs
www.minez.nl
ECN
www.ecn.nl
EurObserv’er Barometer
http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/sig/eufores/sig.asp
In the framework of the EU co –funded project: RES 2020: Monitoring and Evaluation of the RES Directives
implementation in EU27 and policy recommendations to 2020
The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of the
Community. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained
therein.
Drafted in March 2008.
212
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Annex I RES Electricity Potentials
Description
Unit
2005
2010
2015
2020
Wind Total
Maximum Wind onshore
Maximum Wind offshore
Maximum solar PV
Maximum solar thermal
Total Hydro
Maximum conventional hydro
of which Maximum run of river
Maximum Pumped Storage hydro
Maximum Tide & Wave power
plants
Maximum geothermal conventional
power plants
Maximum geothermal hot dry rock
power plants
Maximum biomass power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum biogas power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum biowaste power plants
(CHP)
MW
MW
MW
TWh
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
1124
0
3400
2700
700
6700
3700
3000
37
37
37
37
37
37
10100
4100
6000
1.2
0
37
37
37
TWh
1.03
MW
0
MW
0
TWh
3.91
TWh
4.32
TWh
2.43
2025
2030
10200
4200
6000
37
37
37
The previous table present the data that have been gathered in the framework of the RES2020 project in order to be
used in the modelling.
The data have been collected
•
Through EREC and its Members
•
Through a revision of previous EU funded projects and reports (GreenX, OPTRES)
•
Through the partners of the project
The data have been discussed in the framework of the REWG of the EnR with the country experts.
The tables present an estimation of the technical potential that could be utilized as an upper bound by 2010, 2015, 2020
and 2030. As technical potential we are considering:
•
the future installed capacity of wind turbines without taking in mind financial issues at a "reasonable" wind
speed as a possible upper limit in the development of the installed capacity over time.
•
the future installed capacity of hydro considering technical issues only and a possible upper limit in the
development of the installed capacity over time.
For some technologies potential may be unlimited (e.g. photovoltaics), so we are using upper bound limits within the
relevant time frames.
213
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
TABLE 1
Potentials agricultural bioenergy
Description
Sugar crops: sugar beet
Step 1
Annex II RES Bionergy Potentials
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Starch crops: rye, oats, maize, wheat, barley, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Grassy crops: switchgrass, miscanthus, sweet sorghum, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Woody crops: willow, poplar
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Oil crops: sunflower, rapeseed
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Unit
LimType
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
1,0
10,0
1,0
10,0
1,0
10,0
4,0
9,67
6,0
9,34
9,0
9,06
13,0
8,81
17,0
8,58
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
1,0
9,8
1,0
9,8
1,0
9,8
2,0
9,25
3,0
8,79
4,0
8,39
6,0
8,06
8,0
7,77
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
1,0
11,0
1,0
11,0
1,0
11,0
5
10,1
9
10,6
14
10,4
28
12,1
42
12,2
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
1,0
8,5
1,0
8,5
1,0
8,5
3,0
7,77
7,0
8,02
10,0
7,81
20,0
8,84
30,0
8,9
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
0,0
12,2
0,0
12,2
0,0
12,2
1,0
11,8
2,0
11,4
3,0
11,1
5,0
10,9
7,0
10,6
Source
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
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TABLE 2
Potentials bioenergy from wastes
Description
Agricultural waste
Unit
LimType
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
Potential
Cost
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Source
6
6
6
EEA Report 7 2006
UP
4
4
4
EEA Report 7 2006
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
15
16
17
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
13
14
15
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
7
8
8
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
UP
7
8
8
EEA Report 7 2006
UP
6
6
6
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
2
2
2
EEA Report 7 2006
Forestry residues
32,1
Wood processing residues
Municipal solid waste
Wet manures
Black liquor
Sewage sludge
Other waste wood
households
packageing
demolition
Dry manures
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22. NORWAY
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Annex I RES Electricity Potentials
Description
Unit
2005
2010
2015
2020
Total Wind
Maximum Wind onshore
Maximum Wind offshore
Maximum solar PV
Maximum solar thermal
Total Hydro
Maximum conventional hydro
of which Maximum run of river
Maximum Pumped Storage hydro
Maximum Wave power plants
Maximum tide power plants
Maximum geothermal conventional
power plants
Maximum geothermal hot dry rock
power plants
Maximum biomass power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum biogas power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum municipal waste power
plants (CHP)
Maximum industrial waste power
plants (CHP)
MW
MW
MW
TWh
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
TWh
GW
274
1458
4070
6660
11970
650
1890
7300
2030
27701
26158
29075
27806
29471
28203
31651
29392
1269.0
1269
1269
21
2260
1
MW
0
MW
0
TWh
2025
0.5
9.0
TWh
2.1
TWh
0.5
TWh
The previous table present the data that have been gathered in the framework of the RES2020 project in order to be
used in the modelling.
The data have been collected
•
Through EREC and its Members
•
Through a revision of previous EU funded projects and reports (GreenX, OPTRES)
•
Through the partners of the project
The data have been discussed in the framework of the REWG of the EnR with the country experts.
The tables present an estimation of the technical potential that could be utilized as an upper bound by 2010, 2015, 2020
and 2030. As technical potential we are considering:
•
the future installed capacity of wind turbines without taking in mind financial issues at a "reasonable" wind
speed as a possible upper limit in the development of the installed capacity over time.
•
the future installed capacity of hydro considering technical issues only and a possible upper limit in the
development of the installed capacity over time.
For some technologies potential may be unlimited (e.g. photovoltaics), so we are using upper bound limits within the
relevant time frames.
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TABLE 1
Potentials agricultural bioenergy
Description
Sugar crops: sugar beet
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Starch crops: rye, oats, maize, wheat, barley, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Grassy crops: switchgrass, miscanthus, sweet sorghum, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Woody crops: willow, poplar
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Oil crops: sunflower, rapeseed
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Annex II RES Bionergy Potentials
Unit
LimType
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
0,0
10,5
0,0
10,5
0,0
10,5
1,0
10,07
1,0
9,75
1,0
9,46
1,0
9,2
1,0
8,97
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
0,0
42,7
0,0
42,7
0,0
42,7
1,0
39,2
1,0
37,1
2,0
35,35
2,0
33,77
2,0
32,43
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
1,0
9,4
1,0
9,4
1,0
9,4
3
8,7
4
8,1
5
7,6
6
7,2
6
6,9
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
1,0
3,7
1,0
3,7
1,0
3,7
2,0
3,41
3,0
3,21
4,0
3,04
5,0
2,91
5,0
2,8
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
0,0
11,4
0,0
11,4
0,0
11,4
1,0
11,0
1,0
10,7
1,0
10,4
1,0
10,2
2,0
9,9
Source
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
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TABLE 2
Potentials bioenergy from wastes
Description
Agricultural waste
Unit
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
LimType
2000
2001
2005
UP
2010
95
2015
2020
101
2025
2030
108
Source
PFI (2007): From Biomass to Biofuels - A Roadmap for Future
Solutions in Norway. Paper and Fibre Research Institute (PFI),
Norway, 2007.
Forestry residues
Potential
[PJ/a]
Cost
[€/GJ]
UP
58
63
68
72
PFI (2007): From Biomass to Biofuels - A Roadmap for Future
Solutions in Norway. Paper and Fibre Research Institute (PFI),
Norway, 2007.
Øyaas, K. (2006): Renewable Liquid Biofuel from Scandinavian Wood
Materials – a Vision or a Future Reality? E-World, Essen, Germany,
14-2-2006.
Wood processing residues
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
54
PFI (2007): From Biomass to Biofuels - A Roadmap for Future
Solutions in Norway. Paper and Fibre Research Institute (PFI),
Norway, 2007.
7
PFI (2007): From Biomass to Biofuels - A Roadmap for Future
Solutions in Norway. Paper and Fibre Research Institute (PFI),
Norway, 2007.
Municipal solid waste
Wet manures
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
6
7
Black liquor
Sewage sludge
Other waste wood
households
packageing
demolition
UP
UP
Dry manures
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23. POLAND
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Being the largest hard coal producer in the EU, Poland’s energy import dependency is among the
lowest in the EU. Hard coal plays a significant role in the Polish energy mix, with very large shares
in electricity generation and also in primary energy supply, resulting in high emissions and CO2
intensity. Poland exports a significant share of its coal production. The use of other energy sources
(oil, gas and renewable energy) has also been increasing. There are public concerns over security
of supply, with Russia being by far the major supplier of gas and oil for Poland. Hydropower is the
dominant renewable energy source in Poland. The installed capacity at hydropower plants is
growing steadily, particularly at small-scale plants. Poland has a significant potential especially in
term of biomass due to – among other things – its high share of good arable land per capita.
KEY FIGURES
• The share of RES in total primary energy consumption was of 4.86% in 2006.
• The share of RES in the gross final energy consumption was 7.2% in 2005.
• The share of RES in the gross electricity consumption was 2.99% in 2006
• The share of biofuels in transport fuels in 2006 was 0.92% (estimates)
• Poland’s dependence on external energy supplies is of about 18.4% in 2005.
Technology specific figures
•
•
•
•
Installed capacity for RES-Electricity in 2006 amounted for biomass to 252,8 MW, for
biogas to 36,8 MW, for wind to 176 MW and for hydro to 1082,8 MW,
Electricity generation from RES amounted for biomass to 503 846 MWh, Biogas 116 692
MWh, Wind 256 345 MWh, Hydro 2 028 984 MWh.
In 2006, approximately 106.8 million litres of bioethanol were placed on the market, while
petrol consumption increased by over 170 million litres from the previous year’s levels.
In 2006, ester production was approximately 103.4 million litres. Since a large part of the
output was sold abroad, Poland consumed only 51.0 million litres, while diesel consumption
rose by approximately 1 161 million litres from the previous year’s level.
Structure of primary energy use in 2005
Oil
21%
RES
5%
Gas
13%
Lignite
11%
Hard coal
50%
Primary energy use – 3932 PJ, within 187 PJ (4,76%) from RES
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Structure of renewable energy sources in 2005
Biomass - electricity
6,5% Biomass - district
heating
2,9%
Biomass - local heat
83,8%
Others
6,8%
Landfill biogas
0,3%
Waste water treatment
plant biogas
0,8%
Animal origin biogas
0,1%
Hydro
4,3%
Wind
0,3%
Ethanol
0,7%
Biodiesel
0,3%
Source: IEO EC BREC
RES POLICY
RES TARGETS
Mandatory targets set by the newly proposed RES Framework Directive from 200881
• 15 % share of RES on the final consumption of energy in 2020.
• At least 10% share of biofuels of final consumption of energy in transport in that Member
State in 2020.
Indicative Target set by the RES- electricity European Directive from 200182 (Accession
Treaty)
• 7.5% Share of RES on gross electricity consumption by 2010.
Indicative Target set by the European Biofuels Directive from 200383
• Biofuels consumption of 5.75% of petrol and diesel use for transport in 2010.
National Commitments
Targets for renewable energy were set in the Development Strategy of Renewable Energy Sector
(endorsed by the Parliament in 2001) and amount to 7.5 % RES in the primary energy balance by
2010 and 14% by 2020.
The target of 7.5% RES-E by 2010 set at national level is actually smaller than the target set by the
EU, as it refers to electricity turnover in distribution companies and not to gross electricity
81
Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from
renewable sources from January 2008(the targets agreed but the directive is on legislative process)
82
Directive 2007/71/EC on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity
market. Currently in force, sets targets up to 2010.
83
Directive 2003/30/EC on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport Currently in force,
sets targets up to 2010, with indicative targets by 2005.
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consumption as in the directive. The difference is approximately 38 TWh, which means that the
national target is lower by 30%.
Support for Electricity
The revised Polish Energy Law Act, which was adopted on 4 March 2005, introduced a range of
rules which strengthen the mechanisms for promoting the development of renewable energy.
Purchase obligation
There is an obligation for enterprises which sell electricity to end-users to purchase electricity
produced from renewable sources.
Green Certificates
The principal legislative instrument is the Energy Act of 10 April 1997. The support mechanism
consists of the obligation imposed on energy companies selling electricity to end users to obtain
and present for redemption to the Energy Regulator a specified number of certificates of origin of
energy generated from, renewable energy sources, or to pay a substitution charge. These
certificates can be traded on the Warsaw Commodity Exchange as from 1 October 2005.
Quota
This is a requirement on energy suppliers to provide a minimum share of RES-E (4.8% in 2007 and
7.5% in 2010). Failure to comply with this legislation leads – in theory – to the enforcement of a
penalty. In 2005, these were not sufficiently enforced. There is lack of legal and financial
consequences for distribution companies, which don’t fulfill their obligation, as the level of penalty
has not been stipulated. In such cases the Energy Regulatory Authority (URE) has to sue those
companies, and in many cases penalties can be avoided.
In January 2007, changes in the Energy Law Act were made resulting in requirement of a licence
RES energy generation regardless of the power installed (previously required only > 50 MW). Also
changes in green energy purchase obligation were introduced resulting in higher % rates. For 2010
- 2014 the required RES share is 10,4% (previously only 9%).
Excise Tax exemption
An excise tax exemption on RES-E was introduced in 2002. It amounts to 0.02 PLN/kWh.
(Exchange rate in April 2008: 1 Polish Zloty (PLN) = 0.28913 Euro (EUR) )
Support to Biofuels
Exemption of excise duty
Exemptions from excise duty for fuels containing biocomponents, which applied since 2004 were
reduced following the entry into force in January 2007 of amendments to the Regulation on
Exemptions from Excise Duty. Under the provisions in force since 1 January 2007 the following are
exempt from excise duty:
1) biocomponents intended for use in liquid fuels and liquid biofuels, meeting the relevant quality
requirements;
2) The following fuels, meeting the relevant quality requirements and containing over 2 % of
biocomponents:
a) petrol – 1.50 PLN on each litre of biocomponents added to it,
b) diesel – 1.00 PLN on each litre of biocomponents added to it;
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3) biocomponents used as direct fuel and meeting the quality requirements specified in separate
regulations – 1,680 PLN/1000 l.
Preferential excise duty treatment will increase under the Act of 11 May 2007, amending the
Excise Duty Act, which includes amongst its provisions the following reductions of excise duty
rates for the products listed below:
1) For products made by blending petrol with biocomponents and containing over 2% of
biocomponents, excise duty charged on the petrol (1,565 PLN/1000 l) shall be reduced by 1.565
PLN for each litre of biocomponents added to the petrol, subject to the minimum excise duty
payable being 10.00 PLN/1000 l.
2) For products made by blending diesel with biocomponents and containing over 2% of
biocomponents, excise duty charged on the diesel (1,048 PLN/1000 l) shall be reduced by 1.048
PLN for each litre of biocomponents added to the diesel, subject to the minimum excise duty
payable being 10.00 PLN/1000 l
3) For biocomponents used as direct fuel in internal combustion engines – 10 PLN/1000 l.
In 2006 exemptions from excise duty arising out of the use of biocomponents in fuels amounted to
261.99 million PLN.
Transposing the 2003 Biofuels Directive into Polish law
In August 2006 the Sejm of the Republic of Poland adopted two Acts: the Biocomponents and
Liquid Biofuels Act and the Fuel Quality Monitoring and Control Act. The two Acts ensured full
transposition of Directive 2003/30/EC into Polish law. Their most important provisions include:
- Enabling farmers to produce liquid biofuels for their own use. in addition, the provision of security
for excise duty will no longer be required in the case of pure vegetable oils and esters. The Fuel
Quality Monitoring and Control Act requires liquid biofuels produced by farmers for their own use to
meet only minimum quality requirements, essential for reasons of environmental protection. The
annual own use production quota is 100 litres per hectare of arable land owned by the farmer.
- The introduction as from 1 January 2008 of a requirement to ensure specified biocomponent
participation in the transport fuels market. This requirement has been imposed on businesses
producing liquid fuels or liquid biofuels and purchasing them intra-Community, for subsequent sale
or for their own use. Such businesses are defined as entities implementing the national indicative
target.
- The introduction of the concept of “captive fleet” into Polish law, defined as a group of at least 10
vehicles, agricultural tractors or off-road machines, or a group of locomotives or ships fitted with
engines able to burn liquid biofuels, owned or used by individuals engaged in business, legal
entities or organisations without a legal personality. The introduction of this concept has made it
possible to use a wide range of liquid biofuels with high biocomponent content, other than those
granted marketing authorisation, in vehicles and machines forming part of “captive fleets”.
Draft Amendments to the Corporation Tax Act
The Sejm is currently preparing a Draft Act amending the Corporation Tax Act, which introduces
corporation tax relief for biocomponent manufacturers. The proposed system is intended to ensure
stability of the tax relief and exemption system throughout the Programme period. Other financial
support instruments offered by the programme include: removing biocomponents used as direct
fuel from the list of products subject to fuel duty, a system of subsidies for farmers cultivating
energy crops for use in biocomponent manufacture, investment support out of EU funds and a
reduction of air pollution charges for entities using liquid biofuels in their vehicles.
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Support to RES- Heat
There is no targeted support for RES-Heat in Poland.
Support for all RES
Grants and loans
In Poland there are no RES targeted development funds. Investors can apply for investment grant
and/or for preferential loan to: the National Fund of Environmental Protection, the respective
county and municipal funds; Environmental Protection Bank; ECOFUND and others.
Grants and preferential credits for investments in RES may be obtained from the Polish National
Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management, as well as from the corresponding
regional funds. Pursuant to the Energy Law Act of 27 April 2001, these funds are, in particular,
intended to support activities promoting the use of local RES, as well as to assist the introduction
of more environmentally friendly energy carriers.
- the National Environmental Protection and Water Management Fund and provincial,
district and commune environmental protection and water management funds. These funds
are accumulated out of environmental charges and fines, including substitution charges and
fines associated with the Green Certificates system. Under the terms of the Environmental
Protection Act of 27 April 2001, these funds are intended to support the use of renewable
energy sources.
- The EcoFund Foundation: its funds are generated by debt-for-environment swap
activities.
EU Structural and Cohesion Funds
Additional support for renewable energy is provided by the implementation of the National
Development Plan 2004–2006, under which public resources from the structural funds and the
Cohesion Fund have been committed. These measures will be followed up by implementing the
Infrastructure and Environment operative programme in the National Strategic Reference
Framework 2007–2013, a document which will define the priorities and scope of the use of EU
funds, as well as the system for implementing them.
Annex I RES electricity Potentials
Annex II RES Bioenergy Potentials
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Sources:
European Commission Factsheets by Country
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/facts_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2001/77/EC on renewable electricity
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/electricity_member_states_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2003/30/EC on biofuels
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/biofuels_members_states_en.htm
EurObserv’er Barometer
http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/sig/eufores/sig.asp
IEO, institute for Renewable Energy
www.ieo.pl
In the framework of the EU co –funded project: RES 2020: Monitoring and Evaluation of the RES Directives
implementation in EU27 and policy recommendations to 2020
The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of the
Community. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained
therein.
Drafted in March 2008.
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Annex I RES electricity potentials
Description
Unit
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Total Wind
Maximum Wind onshore
Maximum Wind offshore
Maximum solar PV
Maximum solar thermal
Total Hydro
Maximum conventional hydro
of which Maximum run of river
Maximum Pumped Storage
hydro
Maximum Tide & Wave power
plants
Maximum geothermal
conventional power plants
Maximum geothermal hot dry
rock power plants
Maximum biomass power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum biogas power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum biowaste power
plants (CHP)
MW
MW
MW
TWh
MW
MW
MW
MW
73
73
0
0
0
2207
837
427
830
692
138
0
0
2222
852
442
2247
1840
407
1
0
2222
852
442
3665
2988
677
1
0
5082
4135
946
1
0
6499
5283
1216
2
0
852
442
852
442
852
442
MW
1370
1370
1370
TWh
0
1
3
4
5
7
TWh
0
1
2
2
3
3
MW
0
181
251
322
393
463
TWh
1
2
9
16
23
29
TWh
0
0
2
4
6
8
TWh
0
1
1
1
1
1
The previous table present the data that have been gathered in the framework of the RES2020 project in order to be
used in the modelling.
The data have been collected
•
Through EREC and its Members
•
Through a revision of previous EU funded projects and reports (GreenX, OPTRES)
•
Through the partners of the project
The data have been discussed in the framework of the REWG of the EnR with the country experts.
The tables present an estimation of the technical potential that could be utilized as an upper bound by 2010, 2015, 2020
and 2030. As technical potential we are considering:
•
the future installed capacity of wind turbines without taking in mind financial issues at a "reasonable" wind
speed as a possible upper limit in the development of the installed capacity over time.
•
the future installed capacity of hydro considering technical issues only and a possible upper limit in the
development of the installed capacity over time.
For some technologies potential may be unlimited (e.g. photovoltaics), so we are using upper bound limits within the
relevant time frames.
227
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
TABLE 1
Potentials agricultural bioenergy
Description
Sugar crops: sugar beet
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Starch crops: rye, oats, maize, wheat, barley, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Grassy crops: switchgrass, miscanthus, sweet sorghum, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Woody crops: willow, poplar
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Oil crops: sunflower, rapeseed
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Annex II RES Bionergy Potentials
Unit
LimType
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
229,0
5,5
229,0
5,5
229,0
5,5
479,0
5,54
632,0
5,66
786,0
5,87
890,0
6,21
995,0
6,72
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
104,0
7,0
104,0
7,0
104,0
7,0
218,0
6,76
287,0
6,55
357,0
6,38
404,0
6,27
452,0
6,22
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
335,0
3,3
335,0
3,3
335,0
3,3
714
3,1
952
2,9
1190
2,9
1357
2,9
1524
2,9
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
325,0
2,3
325,0
2,3
325,0
2,3
695,0
2,11
928,0
2,03
1162,0
2
1326,0
2,02
1491,0
2,1
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
76,0
5,3
76,0
5,3
76,0
5,3
158,0
5,1
209,0
5,0
260,0
4,9
294,0
4,8
329,0
4,8
Source
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
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TABLE 2
Potentials bioenergy from wastes
Description
Agricultural waste
Unit
LimType
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
Potential
Cost
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
UP
1
110
118
126
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
162
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
18
20
21
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
[PJ/a]
UP
48
51
54
Cost
[€/GJ]
EEA Report 7 2006
Wiśniewski, G. (2007): Bioenergy framework and prospect for Poland. Meeting of
the EU Agricultural & Environment Attaches in Poland, German Embassy,
Warsaw, Poland, 28 March 2007.
Potential
[PJ/a]
UP
59
63
67
Cost
[€/GJ]
EEA Report 7 2006
Wiśniewski, G. (2007): Bioenergy framework and prospect for Poland. Meeting of
the EU Agricultural & Environment Attaches in Poland, German Embassy,
Warsaw, Poland, 28 March 2007.
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
37
39
42
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Forestry residues
Source
EEA Report 7 2006
Podlaski, S. (2007): Future of Bioenergy in Poland. Warsaw University of Life
Sciences, Poland, 2007.
http://www.baltic21.org/meeting_documents/TFSA%206/Presentation_Podlaski.pdf
Fagernäs, L., et al. (2006): Bioenergy in Europe - Opportunities and Barriers. VTT
RESEARCH NOTES 2352, VTT, 2006, p. 52.
Podlaski, S. (2007): Future of Bioenergy in Poland. Warsaw University of Life
Sciences, Poland, 2007.
http://www.baltic21.org/meeting_documents/TFSA%206/Presentation_Podlaski.pdf
Wood processing residues
Municipal solid waste
Wet manures
Black liquor
Sewage sludge
Other waste wood
households
packageing
demolition
Podlaski, S. (2007): Future of Bioenergy in Poland. Warsaw University of Life
Sciences, Poland, 2007.
http://www.baltic21.org/meeting_documents/TFSA%206/Presentation_Podlaski.pdf
1
UP
UP
15
16
17
EEA Report 7 2006
Dry manures
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Wiśniewski, G. (2007): Bioenergy framework and prospect for Poland. Meeting of
the EU Agricultural & Environment Attaches in Poland, German Embassy,
Warsaw, Poland, 28 March 2007.
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24. PORTUGAL
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Portugal, which is highly dependent on imported oil and gas, has stepped up its efforts to develop
renewable energy sources (RES). The renewable policy framework in Portugal constitutes a
comprehensive policy mix, complete with monitoring system; however administrative barriers are
hindering a further development, especially for hydropower and solar technologies. In 2006, 70%
of total RES-e production was from hydropower. The world's first wave power plant with a capacity
of 4 MW is now operating, and a permit has been awarded for a photovoltaic power plant with
forecast production of 76 GWh per year. Emerging technologies like wave energy and
Concentrated solar power have ambitious targets for 2010. Wind energy is the RES source with
the higher rate of evolution in the last years: the supply of electricity from this source, in 2006
reached almost 3000 GWh. For 2007, the contribution was 4003 GWh, representing 213 GW of
power production capacity. For the Renewable heating and cooling sector (RES-H&C) a new
Portuguese building code has recently introduced the obligation to install solar thermal systems in
certain cases.
•
•
•
•
•
The share of RES in total primary energy consumption was of 14% in 2006.
The share of RES in the gross final energy consumption was 20.5% in 2005.
The share of RES in the gross electricity production was 30.5 % in 2007(a 63% dry
year), 30.6% in 2006 (an almost average year) 16.8% in 2005. 25.2% in 2004 (it highly
dependent on the variation in hydropower production).
The share of biofuels in the transport sector in 2006 was 1.02%
Portugal energy dependence on imports amounts to 85% in 2005 and 86% in 2006.
Technology specific figures
• More than 2.2 GW of wind are currently installed in Portugal. It reached more than 4001
GWh in 2007 and 2892 GWh in 2006.
• More than 4.8 GW of hydropower are currently installed in Portugal. It reached more than
10 219 GWh in 2007 and 11202 GWh in 2006.
• In 2007, PV reached 14.5 MW of capacity installed (3.4 MW in 2006); biogas 12.5 MW (8.2
MW in 2006), and biomass 357 MW in 2007 and 2006.
Source: DGEG
RES POLICY
The Portuguese Government promotes RES principally via guaranteed feed-in tariffs for renewable
electricity, direct subsidy payments (PRIME-Programme) and tax incentives. Beginning in 2005, a
tendering/concession process has also been established. Subsidy payments and tax incentives
have been largely, though not entirely, used for smaller-scale renewable energy applications.
Feed-in tariffs and tendering schemes, used principally for larger-scale renewable applications.
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RES TARGETS
Mandatory targets set by the newly proposed RES Framework Directive from 200884
• 31% share of RES on the final consumption of energy in 2020.
• At least 10% share of biofuels of final consumption of energy in transport in that Member
State in 2020.
Indicative Target set by the RES- electricity European Directive from 200185
• 39 % Share of RES on gross electricity consumption by 2010
Indicative Target set by the European Biofuels Directive from 200386
• Biofuels consumption of 5.75 % of petrol and diesel use for transport in 2010 (indicative
target of 10% for 2010 following national energy policy commitment).
National Commitments
• Indicative target of 45% Share of RES on gross electricity consumption by 2010 following
national energy policy commitment).
• Indicative target for Biofuels consumption of 10 % of petrol and diesel use for transport in
2010 following national energy policy commitment.
RES Technology Roadmap
• Wind Power: increase by 1,950 MW the installed capacity goal for 2012 (reaching a new
total of 5,100 MW with an increase of 600 MW through equipment upgrade) and promote
the creation of new technological and investment clusters linked to wind power;
• Hydropower: anticipate upgrading capacity investments for existing hydropower plants, in
order to reach the 5,575 MW target of installed hydropower capacity by 2010 (575 MW
more than expected in previous energy policies). For 2020 the target is 6960 MW following
the recently approved National Plan for Dams with High Hydroelectric Potential;
• Biomass: increase by 100 MW the installed capacity goal for 2010 (67% increase),
promoting a tight coordination across regional forest resources and potential, and fire risk
mitigation policies. Thus in 2010 the biomass installed capacity shall be of 250 MW ;
• Solar: ensure construction of the world's largest photovoltaic plant (Moura plant) and a link
to micro-generation policies and goals. The 2010 goal is of 150 MW of solar installed
capacity;
• Wave: increase installed capacity by 200 MW through the creation of a Pilot Area with a
total exploitation potential of up to 250 MW for new emerging industrial and pre-commercial
waves technological development prototypes;
• Biofuels: define a 10% penetration of biofuels in road transport (attaining European Union
goal 10 years in advance) and promote domestic agriculture initiatives through tax
exemptions for road transport fuels incorporating biofuels;
• Biogas: define goals and action plan for a previously uncovered area, establishing a 100
MW target of installed capacity for anaerobic waste treatment units;
• Micro-generation: promote programme for installing 50,000 systems until 2010, with
installation incentives for water heating systems based on solar energy in existing houses.
A new law promoting the micro generation of electricity by home owners was approved in
the end of 2007 and will be in force starting in February 2008, with a special fast process of
licensing and an interesting tariff
84
Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from
renewable sources from January 2008(the targets agreed but the directive is on legislative process)
85
Directive 2007/71/EC on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity
market. Currently in force, sets targets up to 2010.
86
Directive 2003/30/EC on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport currently in force,
sets targets up to 2010, with indicative targets by 2005.
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•
Replacing 5% to 10% of coal used in Sines and Pego Power Plants with biomass or waste
until 2010.
Progress towards the Targets
Portugal has been moving towards its RES-e target in 2007 41.9%, in 2005 (35.9%).However,
Portugal has been moving further away from its RES-e target between 1997 and 2007, this is due
to the fact that the target was not entirely realistic as it was based on the exceptional hydropower
performance of 1997. As a consequence, Portugal is not expected to reach its target, even if
measures are successful.
RES POLICY INSTRUMENTS
Support for Electricity
Feed in tariff
The Decree-law 33_A of 16th February 2005 modified the system of feed-in tariffs, establishing a
new calculation system. The formula for calculation of the feed in tariffs takes in account the
technology, the environmental aspects and the inflation rate through the index of prices to the
consumer. There are also some minimum and maximum tariffs, according to the variations of load
on the grid.
Feed-in
Tariff
Resource
hydro
wind
wind
biomass
biomass
PV
CSP
Wave
Technology
small
onshore
offshore
solid
gasification
(biogas)
Up to 10 MW
Support level
[€cents/ kWh]
7.5
7.4
7.4
11
Feed-in tariff or
premium?
feed-in tariff
feed-in tariff
feed in tariff
feed in
Duration [years that an
investor is entitled to
support]
20 years
15 years
15 years
15 years
10.2
feed-in tariff
15 years
31-45
26.3-27.3
26 -7.6
feed in
feed-in tariff
feed-in tariff
15 years
15 years
15 years
The Decree-law 225/2007 introduced new tariffs for emerging technologies, such as wave energy
and Concentrated Solar Power providing the legal basis for government use of public maritime
areas for producing electricity from sea-wave power.
The present Portuguese feed-in law also describes a specific procedure that aims at minimizing
local opposition towards new wind projects. In consideration of the crucial role of wind power within
Portugal's energy strategy and the immense increases in installed capacity required to meet
Portugal’s wind energy targets. Under this procedure, municipalities in which a wind farm is located
will automatically benefit from the remuneration the operator of the wind project receives.
Altogether, the municipality receives a share of 2.5 percent of the monthly remuneration paid to the
wind project operator. As expected, municipalities have responded with support for wind power
projects in their territory. Local resistance against new installations has consequently remained
negligible. A comparable procedure for other renewable technologies does not exist under the
Portuguese regulation, and most other countries with feed-in tariffs have not experimented with this
approach to minimizing local opposition to new renewable energy projects.
Tendering procedures
• Were used in 2005 and 2006 in connection to wind and biomass installations.
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•
In 2006, a call for tenders was launched for CSP power plants using forest biomass.
Support for Heating and Cooling
The most recent legislation Portaria 1463/2007 of November 15th, defining the Incentive System
applicable to SMEs. Art. 12, no.1, a) acquisition of renewable equipments. Art. 15, no.1) states
maximum incentive rate.
Investment Subsidies
Resource
Technology
All renewables
Solar thermal
all (applicable to
all renewables)
All residential
and
commercial
technologies
Domestic
solar water
heater
all (applicable
to all
renewables)
Support
level [%/total
investment]
Start
year
25
2006
70
2001
35
2007
End year
2013
Comments
SIEST program Only applicable to
Azores Autonomous Region (roughly
1.5% of total national demand). It
applies to all residential and commercial
renewable based energy production
SIEST program Only applicable to
Madeira Autonomous Region (roughly
1.5% of total national demand)
Applicable only to SMEs to a maximum
of 250000€ per project
Financial Incentives (reduction on interest rate)
Resource
Technology
Support
level [%
reduction on
interest
rates]
all (applicable
to all
renewables)
all (applicable
to all
renewables)
100%
Start
year
End year
2007
2013
Comments
Applicable only to SMEs to a
maximum of 750000€ per project;
loan for 5 years and 2 years for
capital " carência"
Fiscal Incentives (deduction from taxable profits)
Support for individuals (thermal use) for the 2006 fiscal exercise, 30% of the costs in RES
equipments were deductible.
Resource
solar;
ambient
heat;
biomass
Technology
Domestic solar water heater; Solar
space and water heating; Solar
space heating and cooling; Space
and water heating; Space and water
heating and cooling; Biomass
combustion small scale furnace
Support level
[% deduction
from taxable
profits]
30
Start year
2000
End year
not
defined
Comments
up to 777
euros of the
new
equipment
cost
State budget. This data is for the 2008 state budget proposal. The previous ones, since 2000 had
the same measure but less ambitious (e.g. In 2000 % deduction was 25% up to 250 euros)
Energy Certification- Building Code
The System of Energy Certification (SCE) for buildings complemented by a Regulation on energy
conditioning in Buildings (RSECE) and a Regulation on the Thermal properties of Buildings
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
(RCCTE) are pieces of legislation passed in mid 2006. They develop a strategy to implement the
directive 2002/91/CE on the Energy Certification of Buildings. The RSECE, in its article 14,
determines the conditions under which a newly built building should be provided with a centralised
energy conditioning system, obliging to make use of RES sources in all those cases where a study
proves that it is financially viable. The National Energy Agency ADENE is the body in charge of the
implementation of the Certification System. Heat from biomass boilers is one of the technologies
benefiting from this new scheme.
Support for Biofuels
Biofuel quota obligations
Directive 2003/30/EC was transposed into Portuguese law by Decree-Law No 62/2006 of21 March
2006, which sets the possible introduction of mandatory minimum quotas of biofuels in fossil fuels
where the incorporation of such fuels during the preceding year was well below the level forecast
Resource
Biofuels
Quota in % (per year)
5.75% (energy)
Year
2010
Comments
Compulsory
Tax exemption
The promotion of biofuels by fiscal means is the subject of Decree-Law No 66/2006 of22 March
2006, which provides for total exemption (in the case of small dedicated producers) or partial
exemption from the duty on such fuels (more specifically the ISP - Tax on Petroleum and Energy
products) up to a target set annually
Resource
biofuels
biofuels
Technology
bioethanol
biodiesel
Total support level (= tax
exemption incl. reduction of VAT
to be paid) [€cents/litre]
38.94
10.94
Maximum amount per
year eligible (in case
of tender system)
589221.5 GJ
unlimited
start year
2007
Others
• The possibility of imposing a quota for biofuels in transport fuels, and of establishing
voluntary agreements whenever the biofuel share in blends exceeds 15% in the case of
public passenger transport fleets
• Establishing a recognised figure, that of the dedicated small producer, corresponding to
firms producing up to 3 000 tones annually whose output is derived from waste products or
is based on technology projects aimed at the development of products that are less
polluting.
Support for All RES technologies
Investment subsidies for all RES technologies
The most recent legislation Portaria 1463/2007 of November 15th, defining the Incentive System
applicable to SMEs. Art. 12, no.1, a) acquisition of renewable equipments. Art. 15, no.1) states
maximum incentive rate
• Support level [%/total investment] 35%. Start year 2007- End year 2013 Applicable only to
SMEs to a maximum of 250000€ per project
Financial Incentives for all RES technologies
• Support level [% reduction on interest rates] 100%: Start year 2007- End year 2013.
Applicable only to SMEs to a maximum of 75 000€ per project loan for 5 years and 2 years
for capital " carência".
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Fiscal Incentives for all RES
A reduced VAT rate of 12% is also in place for all RE equipments.
Annex I Historical development of renewable in Portugal (1999-2007)
Annex II RES electricity Potentials
Annex II RES Bioenergy Potentials
Sources:
European Commission Factsheets by Country
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/facts_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2001/77/EC on renewable electricity
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/electricity_member_states_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2003/30/EC on biofuels
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/biofuels_members_states_en.htm
APREN
http://www.apren.pt/
Technical University of Lisbon
http://www.utl.pt/
Ministry of Economy and Innovation. Directorate General for Energy and Geology
http://www.min-economia.pt/default.aspx?idLang=2
In the framework of the EU co –funded project: RES 2020: Monitoring and Evaluation of the RES Directives
implementation in EU27 and policy recommendations to 2020
The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of the
Community. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained
therein.
Drafted in March 2008
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Annex I Historical development of renewable in Portugal (1999-2007)
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Annex II RES electricity Potentials
Description
Unit
2005
Wind Total
Maximum Wind onshore
Maximum Wind offshore
Maximum solar PV
Maximum solar thermal
Total Hydro
Maximum conventional hydro
of which Maximum run of river
Maximum Pumped Storage hydro
Maximum Tide & Wave power plants
Maximum geothermal Total
Maximum geothermal dry steam & flash
power plants (>180°C)
Maximum geothermal binary power plants
(180°C<x<85°C)
Maximum geothermal EGS power plants
Maximum biomass power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum biogas power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum bio waste power plants (CHP)
MW
MW
MW
TWh
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
TWh
MW
1024
0
0.004
0
4787
4007
2164
780
0
23
2010
2015
2020
5700
5700
5954
0.30
250
4955
4146
2239
809
2
30
33
8602
7602
1000
16
2400
6960
4919
2726
2041
7
52
30
33
52
2025
2030
12829
9450
3379
8071
5766
3195
2305
MW
MW
MW
23
TWh
0
6
6
TWh
TWh
0
2
7
2
The previous tables present the data that have been gathered in the framework of the RES2020 project in order to be
used in the modelling.
The data have been collected
•
Through EREC and its Members
•
Through a revision of previous EU funded projects and reports (GreenX, OPTRES)
•
Through the partners of the project
The data have been discussed in the framework of the REWG of the EnR with the country experts.
The tables present an estimation of the technical potential that could be utilized as an upper bound by 2010, 2015, 2020
and 2030. As technical potential we are considering:
•
the future installed capacity of wind turbines without taking in mind financial issues at a "reasonable" wind
speed as a possible upper limit in the development of the installed capacity over time.
•
the future installed capacity of hydro considering technical issues only and a possible upper limit in the
development of the installed capacity over time.
For some technologies potential may be unlimited (e.g. photovoltaics), so we are using upper bound limits within the
relevant time frames.
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TABLE 1
Potentials agricultural bioenergy
Description
Sugar crops: sugar beet
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Starch crops: rye, oats, maize, wheat, barley, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Grassy crops: switchgrass, miscanthus, sweet sorghum, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Woody crops: willow, poplar
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Oil crops: sunflower, rapeseed
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Annex II RES Bionergy Potentials
Unit
LimType
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
22,0
8,3
22,0
8,3
22,0
8,3
54,0
7,99
80,0
7,75
106,0
7,54
131,0
7,35
156,0
7,19
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
9,0
9,9
9,0
9,9
9,0
9,9
24,0
9,38
35,0
8,91
46,0
8,52
57,0
8,18
68,0
7,89
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
26,0
4,6
26,0
4,6
26,0
4,6
64
4,2
96
4,0
127
3,8
158
3,6
188
3,5
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
13,0
2,7
13,0
2,7
13,0
2,7
33,0
2,49
49,0
2,35
65,0
2,24
80,0
2,15
96,0
2,08
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
8,0
8,7
8,0
8,7
8,0
8,7
20,0
8,5
30,0
8,2
39,0
8,0
49,0
7,8
58,0
7,6
Source
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
TABLE 2
Potentials bioenergy from wastes
Description
Agricultural waste
Unit
LimType
Potential
[PJ/a]
UP
Cost
[€/GJ]
Potential
[PJ/a]
Cost
[€/GJ]
Potential
[PJ/a]
Cost
[€/GJ]
Potential
Cost
2000
2001
2005
2010
4
2015
2020
4
2025
2030
4
Source
EEA Report 7 2006
23 according to
Sunerny (2007): Market survey Portugal - Potential of biomass for
energy. Sunergy, on behalf of EVD/Ministry of Economic Affairs the
Netherlands, the Netherlands, March 2007.
Forestry residues
UP
Wood processing residues
25 according to
Sunerny (2007): Market survey Portugal - Potential of biomass for
energy. Sunergy, on behalf of EVD/Ministry of Economic Affairs the
Netherlands, the Netherlands, March 2007.
EEA Report 7 2006
13 according to
Sunerny (2007): Market survey Portugal - Potential of biomass for
energy. Sunergy, on behalf of EVD/Ministry of Economic Affairs the
Netherlands, the Netherlands, March 2007.
UP
18
20
21
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
24
26
27
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
6
6
6
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
61
65
69
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
2
2
2
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Municipal solid waste
Wet manures
Black liquor
Sewage sludge
Other waste wood
households
packageing
demolition
UP
UP
Dry manures
241
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
25. ROMANIA
242
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Romania has seen a large decrease in energy consumption since 1990 mainly due to the shutting
down of large inefficient industrial businesses. The country has now a certain electricity overcapacity, the energy mix includes a significant share of hydropower (mainly large scale), while the
remainder is constituted by fossil fuels and nuclear power. In near future, the nuclear electricity
development with two more reactors is a priority. In terms of Renewable Energy Sources (RES),
Romania has already achieved its target on share of RES in electricity consumption: current
targets for renewable electricity in the region are too weak to stimulate progress. In Romania's
accession treaty, the EU set a target by 2010 (33%) that it to be achieved mainly by its current
large hydropower production. The high potential of small-scale hydro power has remained almost
untouched. A small number of wind, solar, biomass and geothermal projects have been
implemented in the country. Provisions for public support are in place, but few renewable energy
projects have so far been financed. The September 2007 energy strategy includes upgrading and
retrofitting of hydro-power plants with total installed power of 2328 MW. Also targets for electricity
from renewables were established: 35% by 2015 and 38% by 2020. Romania has already opted
for a quota/certificate system, but the green certificates system per se does not fully secure
investor confidence in renewable investments in the country. Indeed, the investment rate in the
renewable sector is quite low, also due to long administrative procedures.
KEY FIGURES
• The share of RES in total primary energy consumption was of 12.3% in 2005.
• The share of RES in the gross final energy consumption was 17.8% in 2005.
• The share of RES in the gross electricity production was 35.8% in 2006.
• The share of RES heating and cooling was of 12%in 200687.
• The share of biofuels in the transport sector in 2006 was 0 %.
• Romania energy dependence on imports amounts to 31.6% 2006.
RES POLICY
RES TARGETS
Mandatory targets set by the newly proposed RES Framework Directive from 200888
• 24% share of RES on the final consumption of energy in 2020.
• At least 10% share of biofuels of final consumption of energy in transport in that Member
State in 2020.
Indicative Target set by the RES- electricity European Directive from 200189
• 33 % Share of RES on gross electricity consumption by 2010.
Indicative Target set by the European Biofuels Directive from 200390
• Biofuels consumption of 5.75% of petrol and diesel use for transport in 2010.
National commitments
• 11% of RES in primary Energy Consumption by 2010. (2015 – Renewable energy sources
a share of 15% on the total primary energy sources).
87
The national statistics show 3022 ktoe from firewood within the final energy consumption of 25312 ktoe. It results the
share of RES heating of 12.%. If we consider the gross (primary) energy consumption, then the share is 3185 ktoe
versus 39571 ktoe, meaning 8%
88
Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from
renewable sources from January 2008(the targets agreed but the directive is on legislative process)
89
Directive 2007/71/EC on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity
market. Currently in force, sets targets up to 2010.
90
Directive 2003/30/EC on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport Currently in force,
sets targets up to 2010, with indicative targets by 2005.
243
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
•
There is no national target/commitment for heating and cooling.
Progress toward the targets
In terms of RES of gross electricity consumption, Romania may be on target. In 2007, the majority
of all RES-e was generated through large-scale hydro power.
RES POLICY INSTRUMENTS
Support for RES Electricity
Romania introduced the following measures to promote RES-e:
A quota system with tradable green certificates (TGC) for new RES-e has been in place since
2004.
Purchase Obligation for supplier companies and the obligation to fulfill an annual quota of
purchased RES electricity.
• The mandatory quota increase from 0.7% in 2005 to 8.3% in 2010.
• For the period from 2005-2012 the annual maximum and minimum value for the TGC in 2442 Euros/certificate.
TGCs are issued to electricity production from wind, solar, biomass or hydro power generated in
plants with less than 10 MW capacity.
Mandatory dispatching and priority trade of electricity produced from RES since 2004.
Quota Obligations
Resource
all RES-E
Technology
all
Penalty level
[€cents/ kWh]
63
63
63
84
84
84
Quota in %
(in year)
0.70%
2.20%
3.74%
5.26%
5.78%
8.30%
9.00%
10.00%
10.80%
12.00%
13.20%
14.40%
15.60%
16.80%
Year
2005
2006
2007
2008
2008
2010-2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
Comments,
obtained quota
0.000%
0.001%
Source: ENERO Centrul pentru Promovarea Energiei Curate si Eficiente in Romania. Center for Promotion
of Clean and Efficient Energy in Romania
Support for RES heating and cooling
There are no support schemes. However, the list of priorities of the Romanian Energy Efficiency
Fund (2002) includes the use of RES for heating.
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Support for Biofuels
Legislation on biofuels was transposed into national legislation in December 2005.
Quota
Resource
Biofuels
Biofuels
Biofuels
Biofuels
Biofuels
Quota in % (per year)
2%
3%
4%
4%
5.75%
Year
From 1st July 2007
From 1st January 2008
From 1st July 2008
From 1st July 2009
2010
Excise exemption for biofuels
Annex I. RES electricity Targets
Annex II RES Bioenergy Potentials
Sources:
European Commission Factsheets by Country
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/facts_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2001/77/EC on renewable electricity
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/electricity_member_states_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2003/30/EC on biofuels
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/biofuels_members_states_en.htm
Rominian Egency of Energy Conservation
http://www.arceonline.ro
ISPE
http://www.ispe.ro
In the framework of the EU co –funded project: RES 2020: Monitoring and Evaluation of the RES Directives
implementation in EU27 and policy recommendations to 2020
The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of the
Community. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained
therein.
Drafted in March 2008.
245
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Annex I. RES electricity Targets
Description
Unit
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Total Wind
Maximum Wind onshore
Maximum Wind offshore
Maximum solar PV
Maximum solar thermal
Total Hydro
Maximum conventional hydro
of which Maximum run of river
Maximum Pumped Storage hydro
Maximum Wave power plants
Maximum geothermal conventional
power plants
Maximum geothermal hot dry rock
power plants
Maximum biomass power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum biogas power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum municipal waste power
plants (CHP)
Maximum industrial waste power plants
(CHP)
MW
MW
MW
TWh
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
TWh
1
1
0
0.00
0.0
6007.0
6007.0
420
380
40
0.00
0
1560
1400
160
0.00
0
6617
6617
3900
3100
800
0.16
80
0.0
0
0
3100
2500
600
0.05
30
7606
6656
0.0
950
0
0.01
4800
3700
1100
0.26
150
7606
6656
0.0
950
0.05
MW
0.0
0
10
25
60
100
TWh
0.0
1.3
3.7
7.4
11.0
12.6
TWh
0.0
0.5
1.1
1.7
2.1
2.6
TWh
0.0
0.1
0.4
0.7
1.3
1.9
TWh
0.0
0.1
0.4
0.6
0.9
1.2
MW
The previous tables present the data that have been gathered in the framework of the RES2020 project in order to be
used in the modelling.
The data have been collected
•
Through EREC and its Members
•
Through a revision of previous EU funded projects and reports (GreenX, OPTRES)
•
Through the partners of the project
The data have been discussed in the framework of the REWG of the EnR with the country experts.
The tables present an estimation of the technical potential that could be utilized as an upper bound by 2010, 2015, 2020
and 2030. As technical potential we are considering:
•
the future installed capacity of wind turbines without taking in mind financial issues at a "reasonable" wind
speed as a possible upper limit in the development of the installed capacity over time.
•
the future installed capacity of hydro considering technical issues only and a possible upper limit in the
development of the installed capacity over time.
For some technologies potential may be unlimited (e.g. photovoltaics), so we are using upper bound limits within the
relevant time frames.
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
TABLE 1
Potentials agricultural bioenergy
Description
Sugar crops: sugar beet
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Starch crops: rye, oats, maize, wheat, barley, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Grassy crops: switchgrass, miscanthus, sweet sorghum, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Woody crops: willow, poplar
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Oil crops: sunflower, rapeseed
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Annex II RES Bionergy Potentials
Unit
LimType
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
58,0
5,2
58,0
5,2
58,0
5,2
122,0
5,24
160,0
5,37
199,0
5,59
224,0
5,92
250,0
6,4
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
90,0
6,1
90,0
6,1
90,0
6,1
189,0
5,85
248,0
5,67
307,0
5,54
347,0
5,46
387,0
5,43
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
252,0
3,8
252,0
3,8
252,0
3,8
564
3,6
768
3,4
972
3,3
1123
3,3
1274
3,3
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
181,0
2,4
181,0
2,4
181,0
2,4
407,0
2,24
558,0
2,16
708,0
2,13
820,0
2,14
933,0
2,21
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
67,0
6,0
67,0
6,0
67,0
6,0
141,0
5,8
185,0
5,7
229,0
5,6
258,0
5,5
288,0
5,4
Source
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
247
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
TABLE 2
Potentials bioenergy from wastes
Description
Agricultural waste
Unit
LimType
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Source
79
85
90
31
33
35
http://www.opet-network.net/opetnetworkinfo/19992001activities/pdf/OPET-ENERO-163.doc.pdf
22
23
25
http://www.opet-network.net/opetnetworkinfo/19992001activities/pdf/OPET-ENERO-163.doc.pdf
Forestry residues
88,7
128,7
Wood processing residues
Municipal solid waste
Wet manures
Black liquor
Sewage sludge
Other waste wood
households
packageing
demolition
UP
UP
Dry manures
248
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
26. SWEDEN
249
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Sweden plans to be World's first oil-free economy by 2020. Indeed, in Sweden a share of 21% of
total heat consumption is provided by biomass and biofuels. Sweden has an extensive district
heating sector. District heating accounts for about 40 % of the heating market in Sweden. The
change in the fuel mix has been impressive: compared to 1970, when oil was the main fuel, oil
accounts for only a few percent today. More than 62 % of district heating fuel today is biomass.
However, Sweden is moving away from its RES-e target. RES-e production has decreased
between 1997 and 2006, mainly due to a lower level of large-scale hydro production. However,
Hydro power– on average – is supplying almost half of Sweden’s total electricity production, other
RES like biowaste, solid biomass, off-shore wind and PV have shown significant growth. In
Sweden, a comprehensive policy mix exists with tradable green certificates as the key mechanism.
Wind energy today accounts for less than one percent of the electricity production; however, the
potential for wind energy is substantially larger.
KEY FIGURES
• The share of RES in total Primary Energy Consumption was of 30.02% in 2006.
• The share of RES in the gross final energy consumption was 39.8 % in 2005.
• The share of RES in the gross electricity production was 48.47% in 2006, with Hydro
power– on average – supplying almost half of Sweden’s total electricity production
• The share of all biofuels in the transport sector in 2006 was 3.1%.
• Sweden energy dependence on imports amounts to 45% in 2005.
Primary energy share in Sweden
250
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Energy Input to district Heating
Source: Swedish Energy Agency
RES TARGETS
Mandatory targets set by the newly proposed RES Framework Directive from 200891
• 49% share of RES on the final consumption of energy in 2020.
• At least 10% share of biofuels of final consumption of energy in transport in that Member
State in 2020.
Indicative Target set by the RES- electricity European Directive from 200192
• 60 % Share of RES on gross electricity consumption by 2010.
Indicative Target set by the European Biofuels Directive from 200393
• Biofuels consumption of 5.75% of petrol and diesel use for transport in 2010.
National commitments
• 12.1% of RES in primary Energy Consumption by 2010.
• The RES-E target from the EU Directive for Sweden is 60% of gross electricity consumption
by 2010. In June 2006 the Swedish target was amended to increase the production of RESE by 17 TWh from 2002 and 2016.
• There is no National target for heating and Cooling.
Progress towards the Targets
• The Swedish share of RES-E for gross electricity consumption decrease to 48.47% in 2006
from 54.3% in 2005, due to decrease in Hydropower production.
• In 2006, biofuels by energy content stood at 3%.
91
Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from
renewable sources from January 2008(the targets agreed but the directive is on legislative process)
92
Directive 2007/71/EC on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity
market. Currently in force, sets targets up to 2010.
93
Directive 2003/30/EC on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport Currently in force,
sets targets up to 2010, with indicative targets by 2005.
251
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
RES POLICY INSTRUMENTS
Support for RES electricity
Quota oblications
The electricity certificate system is a market based support system to assist the expansion of
electricity production in Sweden from renewable energy sources and peat. Its objective is to
increase the production of electricity from such sources by 17 TWh by 2016 relative to the
production level in 2002.
One electricity certificate unit is issued to each approved producer for each produced and metered
megawatt hour of electricity from renewable energy sources, or from peat.
Plants commissioned after the start of the electricity certificate system are entitled to receive
electricity certificates for 15 years, or until the end of 2030, whichever is the earlier.
Plants that were started up before the certificate system was introduced are entitled to certificates
until the end of 2012. Plants that, at the time of their construction or conversion, received a public
investment grant after 15th February 1998 (in accordance with a grants programme for certain
investments within the energy sector), and are entitled to certificates until the end of 2014.
Resource
All RES
technologies
All RES
technologies
Quota in %
(in year)
Year
12.60%
2006
16.90%
2010
The demand for electricity certificates is created by the obligation that electricity suppliers and
certain electricity users are required to purchase certificates corresponding to a particular
proportion of their electricity sales and/or electricity use. This proportion, or quota, has been
decided for each calendar year, and set at such a value that the system will play its part in
achieving the objective of increasing the production of electricity from renewable energy sources
by 17 TWh by 2016, relative to production in 2002.
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Grants
For local authority land use planning for wind power. The electricity certificate system supports
renewable electricity. As the country is experiencing some difficulties in seeking to achieve its
planned objective for wind power (namely 10 TWh of wind power production by 2015), this grant
seeks to assist achievement of the planning objective by supporting local authority land use
planning for 2007 and 2008.
Premium Tariff
The environmental premium tariff for wind power is a transitory measure and will be progressively
phased out by 2009 for onshore wind.
Investment Subsidies
Resource
Support level [%/total investment]
Start year
End year
Comments
Solar PV
70% of the cost of the installation
may be refunded (with a maximum of
50000 SEK/building).
2005
2007
for public
buildings
1 Euro = 9.38 SEK in April 2008
The environmental premium tariff for wind power is a transitory measure and will be progressively
phased out by 2009 for onshore wind.
Support for RES Heating and Cooling
Investment Subsidies
In 2006, the Swedish government announced a grant scheme for investment in solar heating on
commercial premises. This scheme will run until the end of 2010.
Resource
Support level [%/total investment]
Solar Thermal
maximum subsidy of 800 € for a
one family house
Solar Thermal
30% of its costs covered
Geothermal
heatpump
grant of 3500 EUR
Comments
For installations in houses
For public buildings
Start year 2006. For the replacement of electric
storage heaters and oil boilers in a building by
heating systems containing water as a heat
transfer fluid
Tax exemption
Today only 8 percent of Swedish houses are heated by oil, those households get tax rebates if
they switch to renewable sources.
Renewable heat has been supported in an indirect way by raising taxes on fossil fuels. Bioenergy,
solid waste and peat are tax-exempt for most energy uses. The investment aid to district heating
grids indirectly reinforces the promotion of bioenergy.
Support for Biofuels
A tax relief system is currently in place. Green taxes such as the carbon dioxide tax promote
biofuels in an indirect way. In addition, the Swedish government is currently increasing the number
of alternative fuel pumps and ensured that 36% of the vehicles it used in 2006 were fuelled, either
253
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
wholly or in part, by biogas, ethanol or electricity. Finally, a subsidy is granted for investment in
filling stations for biogas and other renewable fuels: SEK 150m was set aside in 2006 and 2007.
Tax exemption
Bioethanol and biogas are exempted from the tax on petroleum products and from the tax on CO2.
Others
• Obligation for large filling stations to provide biofuels. For large size service stations that
supply more than 3000 m3 of petrol or diesel a year. Either ethanol or biogas, and since an
ethanol filling station is much cheaper than a biogas filling station, ethanol filling stations
are normally the preferred choice by the station owners.
• Environmental policy for government vehicles
• In addition, there is also a subsidy for buyers of new so-called environmental cars (biofuel
cars, hybrid cars etc) of 10 kSEK94 per car payed by the government to the buyer. This is a
relatively new scheme.
Support for all RES
Investment Subsidies
Resource
All RES- technologies
Support level [%/total investment]
30% of the cost of installing those technologiesCredit to the tax account
Start year
2005
Annex I Swedish RES Electrity Potentials
Annex II RES Bioenergy Potentials
Sources:
European Commission Factsheets by Country
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/facts_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2001/77/EC on renewable electricity
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/electricity_member_states_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2003/30/EC on biofuels
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/biofuels_members_states_en.htm
Swedish Energy Agency
http://www.stem.se
Chalmers, University of Technology
http://www.chalmers.se
EurObserv’er Barometer
http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/sig/eufores/sig.asp
In the framework of the EU co –funded project: RES 2020: Monitoring and Evaluation of the RES Directives
implementation in EU27 and policy recommendations to 2020
The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of the
Community. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained
therein.
Drafted in March 2008.
94
I euro= 9.3912 SEK
254
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Annex I Swedish RES Electrity Potentials
Description
Unit
2005
2010
2015
2020
Total Wind
Maximum Wind onshore
Maximum Wind offshore
Maximum solar PV
Maximum solar thermal
Total Hydro
Maximum conventional hydro
of which Maximum run of river
Maximum Pumped Storage
hydro
Maximum Wave & Tide power
plants
Maximum geothermal
conventional power plants
Maximum geothermal hot dry
rock power plants
Maximum biomass power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum biogas power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum biowaste power plants
(CHP)
MW
MW
MW
TWh
MW
MW
MW
MW
493
470
23
2150
1600
550
5600
3000
2600
16137.0
16200
10000
4500
5500
1.29
0
16400
2025
2030
17000
6000
11000
16600
MW
TWh
3
MW
0
MW
0
TWh
3.6
15.66
TWh
0.1
1.87
TWh
0.5
2
20
The previous tables present the data that have been gathered in the framework of the RES2020 project in order to be
used in the modelling.
The data have been collected
•
Through EREC and its Members
•
Through a revision of previous EU funded projects and reports (GreenX, OPTRES)
•
Through the partners of the project
The data have been discussed in the framework of the REWG of the EnR with the country experts.
The tables present an estimation of the technical potential that could be utilized as an upper bound by 2010, 2015, 2020
and 2030. As technical potential we are considering:
•
the future installed capacity of wind turbines without taking in mind financial issues at a "reasonable" wind
speed as a possible upper limit in the development of the installed capacity over time.
•
the future installed capacity of hydro considering technical issues only and a possible upper limit in the
development of the installed capacity over time.
For some technologies potential may be unlimited (e.g. photovoltaics), so we are using upper bound limits within the
relevant time frames.
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TABLE 1
Potentials agricultural bioenergy
Description
Sugar crops: sugar beet
Step 1
Annex II RES Bionergy Potentials
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Starch crops: rye, oats, maize, wheat, barley, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Grassy crops: switchgrass, miscanthus, sweet sorghum, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Woody crops: willow, poplar
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Oil crops: sunflower, rapeseed
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Unit
LimType
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
29,0
10,1
29,0
10,1
29,0
10,1
42,0
9,78
49,0
9,49
57,0
9,23
64,0
9,01
70,0
8,81
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
28,0
8,9
28,0
8,9
28,0
8,9
40,0
8,38
48,0
7,97
55,0
7,63
61,0
7,33
68,0
7,08
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
54,0
15,3
54,0
15,3
54,0
15,3
79
14,0
94
13,0
109
12,2
122
11,6
135
11,1
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
48,0
3,1
48,0
3,1
48,0
3,1
70,0
2,87
83,0
2,71
97,0
2,58
108,0
2,48
120,0
2,4
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
19,0
8,9
19,0
8,9
19,0
8,9
28,0
8,7
33,0
8,4
39,0
8,2
43,0
8,0
47,0
7,8
Source
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
TABLE 2
Potentials bioenergy from wastes
Description
Agricultural waste
Unit
LimType
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
Potential
Cost
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Source
18
20
21
EEA Report 7 2006
UP
98
104
111
EEA Report 7 2006
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
9
10
10
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
11
12
13
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
197
210
224
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
4
4
4
EEA Report 7 2006
UP
4
4
4
EEA Report 7 2006
UP
7
8
8
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Forestry residues
Wood processing residues
Municipal solid waste
Wet manures
Black liquor
Sewage sludge
Other waste wood
households
packageing
demolition
Dry manures
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27. SLOVENIA
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Slovenia exhibits an energy import dependency close to the EU average and mainly imports oil
and natural gas. Slovenia produces nuclear energy, solid fuels and renewable energy, all of which
are also used in electricity generation in almost equal shares. The share of renewable sources in
primary energy supply is steadily increasing. Slovenia’s energy intensity is much higher than the
EU-25 average.
KEY FIGURES
• The share of RES in total primary energy consumption was of 10.55% in 2006.
• The share of RES in the gross final energy consumption was 16% in 2005.
• The share of RES in the gross electricity production was 24,4% in 2006
• The share of RES heating and cooling was of 4,5 % in 2006
• The share of all biofuels in the transport fuels was by energy 2% in 200695.
• Dependence on external energy supplies is about 55.9% in 2005.
RES POLICY
RES TARGETS
Mandatory targets set by the newly proposed RES Framework Directive from 200896
• 25% share of RES on the final consumption of energy in 2020.
• At least 10% share of biofuels of final consumption of energy in transport in that Member
State in 2020.
Indicative Target set by the RES- electricity European Directive from 200197
• 33.6% share of RES on gross electricity consumption by 2010
Indicative Target set by the European Biofuels Directive from 200398
• Biofuels consumption of 5% of petrol and diesel use for transport in 2010, just slightly below
the reference value of 5.75%.
National Commitments
According to the 2004 National Energy Programme Slovenia plans to:
• Increase the share of RES in primary energy balance from 9% to 12% by 2010;
• Increase the share of RES in heat supply from 22% in 2002 to 25% by 2010.
Progress towards the target
Indicative targets according to the renewable electricity directive of 33,6 % (2010) will probably not
be reached.
RES POLICY INSTRUMENTS
Figures from the Slovenian Restructuring Agency
95
96
Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from
renewable sources from January 2008(the targets agreed but the directive is on legislative process)
Directive 2007/71/EC on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity
market. Currently in force, sets targets up to 2010.
97
Directive 2003/30/EC on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport Currently in force,
sets targets up to 2010, with indicative targets by 2005.
98
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Support for RES electricity
Feed in tariff
Slovenia has a feed-in tariff in place. Under this system, RES-E producers can choose to receive
either fixed feed-in tariffs or premium feed-in tariffs from the network operators.
The network operator and the qualified producer sign a Purchase Agreement covering the
purchase of electricity from the qualified producer for a period of 10 years. On the basis of the
Purchase Agreement, the network operator then buys electricity at the uniform annual price or
pays the qualified producer a uniform annual premium for electricity which the latter has sold
independently or via an intermediary on the market.
Uniform annual prices and premiums for an individual qualified power plant apply for five years
from the start of operation, and are then reduced by 5%. Ten years after the start of operation they
are reduced by 10% relative to the original tariff. The start of operation is the day the plant begins
to deliver electricity to a public network on the basis of their operating licence. Also for every 10%
of investment subsidy the tariffs are reduced by 5%.
According to the Law on Energy, the uniform annual prices and premiums are set at least once a
year by the government. The government is supposed to take into account the growth in the costs
of essential goods published by the Statistical Office for the past period, changes in the prices of
the basic fuel that is used to generate electricity in qualified power plants, and the expected
average annual price of electricity on the market. However, so far, the government did not
reevaluate the price.
A new Energy Law on amending the feed-in tariffs is currently discussed within the Government.
Loans with reduced interest-rate
Two different soft loans are normally offered every year by the "Environmental fund of the Republic
of Slovenia". In 2006 the total amount of loans was EUR 34,7 millions.
1. Public tender for loaning ecological investment
This soft loan for companies, municipalities and other legal entities located in Slovenia amounted
in total to 12 million €. The object of this tender was the stimulation of investments in RES-E. The
loan can cover up to 90 % of the investment. However, in average they cover 50% of the
investment. There was a fixed annual interest rate of 3m-Euribor+0.3 % for a maximum duration of
15 years with moratory interest of up to 2 years.
2. Public tender for loaning ecological investments
This soft loan for citizens located in Slovenia amounted in total to 10 million €. The goal was to
stimulate investment in small-scale RES-E plants with a nominal power of up to 50 kW. Loans can
cover up to 90% of the investment. However, in average they cover 50% of the investment. There
was a fixed annual interest rate of 3,9 % for a duration of up to 10 years and not more then 40.000
€ per PV plants.
For the remaining RES-E plants the credit limit is 20.000 € per installation.
Subsidies for RES-electricity for households are assigned by the department of the Ministry for
Environment and Spatial Planning. There was a 40 % subsidy for correctly installed PV power
plants, restricted to 600 SIT (2.5 €)/Wp for modules installed and to 500,000 SIT (2,086 €) for the
whole system. For investments in remote areas with no connection to the network (solar collectors,
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
PV and biomass), there is the possibility to apply for an additional 20% subsidy (in total up to 60%)
of the investment costs.
The department of the Ministry also assigned means for the stimulation of investments in RES to
legal entities and self-employed individuals. For the construction of an independent solar power
plant in 2004, it amounted to 30 % of the entitled investment costs or to 40 % of entitled costs in
case the produced energy covers the need for electrical energy. After 2004 no more subsidies for
RES-E from this ministry have been conceded.
For those who opt for seasonal and double-tariff measurement, tThe lowest tariff is applied from
May to September during the night or in the early afternoon. During this time RES-E producers
receive only 70% of the regular tariff level. The highest tariff is paid from December to February
during the morning and during the late afternoon. During this time RES-E producers receive 140 %
of the regular tariff level. The result is that the producers of RES-E, who can adapt their operation,
are able to achieve a higher price for their electricity and the supply is more demand-orientated.
Type of QPP
regarding the
primary
energy source
Hydroelectric
QPP
Biomass QPP
Wind QPP
Power
capacity
up to 1
MW
inclusive
From 1
MW up to
10 MW
inclusive
Up to 1
MW
inclusive
Above 1
MW
Up to 1
MW
inclusive
Above 1
MW
Geothermal
QPP
Photovoltaic
Above 36 kW
Uniform
annual price
(SIT(1)/kWh)
14,75
(~ 6,3 €cents)
14,23
(~ 6,0 €cents)
16,69
(~ 7,1 €cents)
16,17
(~ 6,8 €cents)
14,55
(~ 6,2 €cents)
14,05
(~ 6,0 €cents)
14,05
(~ 6,0 €cents)
Up to 36
kW
inclusive
15,46
89,67
(~ 38,0 €cents)
7,46
(~ 6,5 €cents)
Other(2) QPP
28,97
(~ 12,3 €cents)
Combined QPP
using RES
16,05
(~ 6,8 €cents)
Uniform
annual
premium
(SIT/kWh)
6,75
(~ 2,9
€cents)
6,23
(~ 2,6
€cents)
Uniform
annual price
2006
(€cents/kWh)
6.2
Uniform annual
premium
2006 (from 18/7/08)
(€cents/kWh)
2.4
5.9
2.2
8,69
(~ 3,7
€cents)
8,17
(~ 3,5
€cents)
6,55
(~ 2,8
€cents)
6,05
(~2,7
€cents)
6,05
(~ 2,7
€cents)
81,67
(~ 34,6
€cents)
37,4
(~ 3,2
€cents)
20,97
(~ 8,8
€cents)
8,05
(~ 3,4
€cents)
9.36
5.65
9.11
5.35
6.1
2.31
5.9
2.11
5.9
2.11
37.4
33.62
33,62
33.62
12.09
8.33
6.69
2.94
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Type of QPP
regarding the
primary
energy source
QPP or heating
plant using
communal
waste
Heating plant
for district
heating
Industrial
heating plant
Landfill Gas
and Sewage
Gas
Power
capacity
Uniform
annual price
(SIT(1)/kWh)
Uniform
annual
premium
(SIT/kWh)
4,74
(~ 2
€cents)
Uniform
annual price
2006
(€cents/kWh)
5.31
Uniform annual
premium
2006 (from 18/7/08)
(€cents/kWh)
1.56
Up to 1
MW
inclusive
12,74
(~ 5,31 €cents)
From 1
MW up to
10 MW
inclusive
Up to 1
MW
inclusive
From 1
MW up to
10 MW
inclusive
Up to 1
MW
inclusive
Up to 1
MW
inclusive
11,87
(~ 5,0 €cents)
3,87
(~ 1,6
€cents)
4.95
1.2
13,90
(~ 5,9 €cents)
5,90
(~ 2,5
€cents)
5,38
(~ 2,3
€cents)
7.29
3.54
6.88
3.13
13,38
(~ 5,7 €cents)
12,86
(~ 5,4 €cents)
-
7.08
0
-
-
5.3
1.56
The fixed conversion rate is 239,64 SIT=1 €
(2)
includes biogas
Duration of the supporting for the eligible power plant ≤ 10 years
Eligible power plants for the supporting:
- new power plants
- mostly new power plants ≤10 years old
Support for biofuels
Slovenia has adopted the following legislative acts:
a. An operational programme to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a revised version of which was
adopted by the Slovenian government in 2006, and an initial programming document introducing
measures to promote biofuels. The operational programme states that the objective of introducing
biofuels in transport from 2008–2012 is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 120 000 tonnes
CO2 equivalent a year, which will mean replacing 45 000 tonnes of diesel and petrol a year.
Converting this Kyoto objective into the percentage of the share of biofuels in transport, the
average annual use of biofuels for the period 2008–2012 comes to around 3% of all road vehicle
fuel.
b. The Excise Duty Act (Slovenian Official Gazette No 84/98, last amended in No 122/06), which
exempts biofuels used as motor fuels from the excise inspection and payment system when used
in their pure form. When biofuels are blended with fossil fuels, a maximum 5% exemption from the
payment of excise duty can be claimed, or more for standard fuels containing biofuels. The level of
exemption from excise duties is proportional to the share of biofuel added.
c. The Rules on the content of biofuels in motor vehicle fuels (Slovenian Official Gazette No 83/05,
corrigendum No 108/05), which, in accordance with Directive 2003/30/EC, defines:
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
- the types of biofuels used as transport biofuels and- the minimum level of biofuels in motor
vehicle transport which fuel distributors must ensure for motor vehicles each calendar year up to
2010.
Obligations of fuel distributors
In accordance with the Rules on the content of biofuels in motor vehicle fuels (Slovenian Official
Gazette No 83/05, corrigendum 108/05), distributors of fuel for transport vehicles must ensure that
the annual average content of biofuels in all transport fuels placed on the Slovenian market in the
particular calendar year is as follows:
- 2006 - equivalent of at least 1.2%,
- 2007 - equivalent of at least 2%,
- 2008 - equivalent of at least 3%,
- 2009 - equivalent of at least 4% and
- 2010 - equivalent of at least 5%.
The content of biofuels is expressed as a percentage of the energy value of all motor vehicle fuel
placed on the market.
Distributors may transfer obligations from one year to the next if the price of purchasing biofuels
exceeds the total made up of the price of fossil fuels and the excise duties on them.
Incentives to grow crops for biofuel production
Upon accession to the EU, Slovenia adopted the market regulations and the system for direct
payments for crops, introducing direct payments for the production of energy crops. In accordance
with the Decree for direct payments for producers ofcertain arable crops (Slovenian Official
Gazette No 10/05, last amended by Nos 113/05 and 99/06), in addition to direct payments,
producers of energy crops (rape seed oil) who received SIT 71 291/hectare in 2005 could also
receive aid for energy crops in the amount of SIT 6 474/hectare.
Incentives for local communities for sustainable development of transport
The Ljubljana Public Passenger Transport Office (LPP) joined the European Commission’s
CIVITAS II - MOBILIS programme to encourage local authorities to develop sustainable transport.
The objectives are to test the use of biodiesel to power urban bus vehicles. In July 2005 a blend of
fossil diesel (80%) and biodiesel (20%) was tested in two LPP urban buses but, due to the
difficulties of storing the fuel, there was a switch in 2006 to 100% biodiesel.
Support for heat
According to data from the Slovenian Statistics Office, Slovenia's consumption of wood and other
solid biomass as fuel to produce electricity and heat produces at least 18.7 PJ a year, or
approximately 6% of total primary energy consumption (320 PJ) per year.
Subsidies or loans with reduced interest-rates are also available. Financial incentives aim at using
RES for heating.
Annex I RES Electricity Potentials
Annex II RES Bioenergy Potentials
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Sources
European Commission Factsheets by Country
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/facts_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2001/77/EC on renewable electricity
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/electricity_member_states_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2003/30/EC on biofuels
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/biofuels_members_states_en.htm
Energy Restructuring Agency Ltd.
http://www.ape.si
http://www.pv-platforma.si
http://www.soncnikolektorji.si
Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning
http://www.mop.gov.si/en/
EurObserv’er Barometer
http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/sig/eufores/sig.asp
In the framework of the EU co –funded project: RES 2020: Monitoring and Evaluation of the RES Directives
implementation in EU27 and policy recommendations to 2020
The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of the
Community. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained
therein.
Drafted in March 2008.
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
Annex I RES electricity Potentials
Description
Unit
2005
2010
2015
2020
Total Wind
Maximum Wind onshore
Maximum Wind offshore
Maximum solar PV
Maximum solar thermal
Total Hydro
Maximum conventional hydro
of which Maximum run of river
Maximum Pumped Storage hydro
Maximum Wave power plants
Maximum tide power plants
Maximum geothermal conventional
power plants
Maximum geothermal hot dry rock
power plants
Maximum biomass power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum biogas power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum municipal waste power
plants (CHP)
MW
MW
MW
TWh
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
0
0
0
130
130
0
340
340
0
862
862
0
992
992
0
560
560
0
0.03
0.00
992
992
0
2025
2030
860
860
0
992
992
0
0.00
0.00
TWh
0.00
MW
0.00
TWh
1.01
TWh
0.71
TWh
0.38
The previous table present the data that have been gathered in the framework of the RES2020 project in order to be
used in the modelling.
The data have been collected
•
Through EREC and its Members
•
Through a revision of previous EU funded projects and reports (GreenX, OPTRES)
•
Through the partners of the project
The data have been discussed in the framework of the REWG of the EnR with the country experts.
The tables present an estimation of the technical potential that could be utilized as an upper bound by 2010, 2015, 2020
and 2030. As technical potential we are considering:
•
the future installed capacity of wind turbines without taking in mind financial issues at a "reasonable" wind
speed as a possible upper limit in the development of the installed capacity over time.
•
the future installed capacity of hydro considering technical issues only and a possible upper limit in the
development of the installed capacity over time.
For some technologies potential may be unlimited (e.g. photovoltaics), so we are using upper bound limits within the
relevant time frames.
265
RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
TABLE 1
Potentials agricultural bioenergy
Description
Sugar crops: sugar beet
Step 1
Annex II RES Bionergy Potentials
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Starch crops: rye, oats, maize, wheat, barley, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Grassy crops: switchgrass, miscanthus, sweet sorghum, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Woody crops: willow, poplar
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Oil crops: sunflower, rapeseed
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Unit
LimType
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
0,0
7,8
0,0
7,8
0,0
7,8
1,0
7,75
1,0
7,78
2,0
7,86
2,0
7,98
3,0
8,14
1,0
6,3
1,0
6,3
1,0
6,3
3,0
6,07
4,0
5,87
5,0
5,72
7,0
5,59
8,0
5,49
2,0
4,1
2,0
4,1
2,0
4,1
4
3,9
7
3,7
10
3,5
13
3,4
15
3,4
2,0
3,3
2,0
3,3
2,0
3,3
5,0
3,05
8,0
2,9
11,0
2,8
14,0
2,74
18,0
2,71
0,0
8,6
0,0
8,6
0,0
8,6
0,0
8,3
1,0
8,1
1,0
7,9
1,0
7,7
1,0
7,5
Source
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
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TABLE 2
Potentials bioenergy from wastes
Description
Agricultural waste
Unit
LimType
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Source
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
4
4
4
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
4
4
4
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
7
8
8
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
2
2
2
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
2
2
2
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Forestry residues
OPET (2004): Technology needs and market potential of biomass CHP/DHC in Slovenia. OPET Slovenia, May 2004.
http://www.opet-chp.net/download/wp3/WP3_3c_biomassCHP_technology_market_potential_JSI_Slovenia.pdf
Wood processing residues
Municipal solid waste
Wet manures
Black liquor
Sewage sludge
Other waste wood
households
packageing
demolition
UP
UP
Dry manures
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28. SLOVAKIA
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Fossil fuels cover 95 % of primary energy needs in Slovakia, and more than 90% of primary energy
sources imported. At the same time, Slovakia has great potential to use biomass from own forests.
But, the Government has decided to only use this source in remote, mountainous, rural areas,
where natural gas is not available. About 40 % of primary energy consumption is used for heat
production and roughly half of the households are served by district heating. The main energy
source for district heating is natural gas (more than 70 %), often used in combined heat and power
production.
Large-scale hydro energy is the only RES -e with a notable share in total electricity consumption.
Despite the existing support mechanism and that in 2007 the Government has approved a
Strategy of Higher Utilisation of Renewable Energy Sources (RES), the Government has
presented a proposition to decrease the target to 19% RES-e in 2010 ( instead of 31%), that
means only 1.35% growth of RES –e compared to 2002. Despite all European and national
commitments, Slovakia is unfortunately far from meeting the targets. Official national policy
documents (e. g. Strategy for Renewables , 2006) quote that only between 3.2% (2003) to 4.3%
(2005), of the gross domestic energy consumption is summing from renewables (vast majority by
existing large hydro power plants).
KEY FIGURES
• The share of RES in total primary energy consumption was of 4.72% in 2006.
• The share of RES in the gross final energy consumption was 6.7% in 2005.
• The share of RES in the gross electricity production was 17.12% in 2006 in 2005 was
16.3%.
• The share of RES heating and cooling was of 0.59% in 2006.
• The share of all biofuels in the transport sector in 2006 was 2.1%.
• Slovakia dependence on external energy supplies is of about 90%.
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Source: ECB
RES POLICY
The Strategy of Higher Utilisation of RES in the Slovak Republic was approved in April 2007.
RES TARGETS
Mandatory targets set by the newly proposed RES Framework Directive from 200899
• 14% share of RES on the final consumption of energy in 2020.
• At least 10% share of biofuels of final consumption of energy in transport in that Member
State in 2020.
Indicative Target set by the RES- electricity European Directive from 2001100
• 31 % Share of RES on gross electricity consumption by 2010.
Indicative Target set by the European Biofuels Directive from 2003101
• Biofuels consumption of 5.75% of petrol and diesel use for transport in 2010.
National Commitments
On April 25, 2007, new Strategy on higher RES utilisation was approved by the government.
• New internal targets for RES heat and electricity by 2010 and 2015
Ongoing Legislatives measures:
• Law on RES electricity to be prepared by end of 2007 (proposal still not published,
preparation process in delay).
99
Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from
renewable sources from January 2008(the targets agreed but the directive is on legislative process)
100
Directive 2007/71/EC on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal
electricity market. Currently in force, sets targets up to 2010.
101
Directive 2003/30/EC on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport Currently in force,
sets targets up to 2010, with indicative targets by 2005.
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•
Support programme for households and housing associations for solar thermal and
biomass technologies installation (programme had to be prepared till the end of 2007
according to governmental resolution, commitment not fulfilled)
Biomass action plan under preparation, end November 2007 (January 2008: proposal of
national Biomass Action Plan being amended)
However In 2007, the Slovakian Government came with 3 development scenarios, proposition to
decrease the target to 19% RES-e in 2010; only 1.35% growth of RES –e compared to 2002
RES-e Technology Roadmap by 2010 and 2015
2005
[GWh]
2010
[GWh]
Production
increase
[GWh]
Installed
capacity
[MW]
Investment
costs
[mio SKK]
2015
[GWh]
Production
increase
[GWh]
250
350
100
20
1800
450
100
Biomass
4
480
476
90
950
650
170
Wind energy
7
200
193
100
4000
750
550
Biogas
6
180
174
30
4200
370
190
Geothermal energy
0
30
30
4
400
70
40
PV
0
0
0
0
0
10
10
267
1 240
973
244
11350
2 300
1 060
Source/ Year
SHPP
Total
To reach 4% RESe (without large hydro) share on total electricity consumption 31 000 GWh in
2010 (1 240 GWh) and 7% share on total electricity consumption 32 900 GWh in 2015 (2 300
GWh)
RES-Heat Technology Roadmap by 2010 and 2015
Source
Biomass
Biogas
Geothermal
Solar
Heat pumps ( low potential
heat)
Total
Source: ECB
Heat Production in 2010
TJ
25 000
2 000
200
300
200
Heat Production in 2015
TJ
37 000
4 000
1 000
1 000
800
27 700
43 800
Progress towards the targets
Between 1997 and 2006, the share of RES-e decreased from 17.9% to 17.21% of gross electricity
consumption.
RES POLICY INSTRUMENTS
Support for RES electricity
Feed in tariff
Tariffs are being set annually by Regulatory Office for Network Industries, increasing each year by
index of national core inflation.
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Resource
Technology
hydro
small
wind
onshore
wind
offshore
energy
crops
combustion
solid combustion
waste from
bioethanol
production
co-firing with
fossil
biogas from
waste water
treatment
and landfill
gas
biogas from
anaerobic
fermenting
technology
PV
geothermal
biomass
biomass
biomass
biomass
biomass
biomass
Solar
Geothermal
Start
year
Duration
[years that an
investor is
entitled to
support]
End year
[of the
scheme]
6,0 - 8,5
2008
1 year
2008
5,1 - 8,9
2008
1 year
2008
-
2008
1 year
2008
3.15
9.5
2008
1 year
2008
2,19 2,96
6,6 - 8,9
2008
1 year
2008
3.6
10.9
2008
1 year
2008
2,19 2,65
6,6 - 8,0
2008
1 year
2008
2.63
7.9
2008
1 year
2008
3,90 4,31
11,8 13,0
2008
1 year
2008
8.41
3.68
25.4
11.1
2008
2008
1 year
1 year
2008
2008
Support
level
[SKK/
kWh]
2,00 2,82
1,70 2,94
-
Support
level
[€cents/
kWh]
Source: ECB
Other Measures:
RES-E policy in the Slovak Republic includes the following measures:
• A measure that gives priority regarding transmission, distribution and supply was included
in the 2004 by Act on Energy.
• Subsidies (EU Funds) are available for the re-construction of RES-e facilities.
Support for RES Heating
Heat Purchase Obligation
Obligation to purchase heat (Act No. 657 / 2004 in the Collection of Laws of the Slovak Republic
on Heat Energy).
The holder of license in heat distribution has to purchase heat from the holder of license in heat
production who is producing heat from RES or CHP unit, if he:
• Is not a producer or purchaser of RES / CHP heat himself;
• Will not increase the price for his purchasers;
• Cooling medium used in RES / CHP heating unit is identical that is used in public heating
system;
• Purchasing of heat from RES / CHP unit is economically equal with purchasing heat from
other heat sources (in the point of heat distribution license holder’s view).
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Investment subsidies
Subsidies (EU Funds, Envirofond) are available for the (re)construction of RES-H facilities. Public
(up to 95% subsidy) and private sector (up to 50% subsidy) is eligible.
Financial Incentives (reduction on interest rate)
Resource
Technology
Environmental
Fund
Solar
thermal
systems
Support level
[% reduction
on interest
rates]
1% interest
rate on loan
(national
average is
about 6%)
Start year
End year
Applications to be
submited annually.
Comments
For private sector only, maturity of
loan between 5-15 years; 130%
guarantee of loan value is required;
minimum 3 years history of private
company
Investment subsidies for households
In April 2007, the Slovak Government approved a framework of support for increased household
use of biomass, financed from the State budget. This framework will be developed in more detail in
the Programme for increased household use of biomass and solar energy, which the Slovak
Ministry of Economic Affairs approved in September. Grants will be awarded subject to certain
criteria being met. The overall amount of funding earmarked per year will be SKK 100 million
(about EUR 3 million). The first stage of this measure, up to2011, will focus on plans for promoting
the use of biomass.
Resource
Solar
Thermal
Biomass
Technology
collectors
Biomass
combustion small
scale furnace
Support level
[%/total
investment]
End year
cca 20%
Start year
Theoretically
2009
25% max. ca 750,€
2008
2015
2015
An approx. 90 EUR/square meter up to total square 8m2, and over 8m2 it will be 45 EUR for every
additional square meter. It is according the Government decree from 27th April 2007 " Programme
for higher utilisation of solar energy a biomass (wooden chips and pallets only) in household
sector" Amount 75 mil Sk (it is aprox. 2 200 000 EUR/year) was intended to be allocated for every
year. Commitment for 2008 not fulfilled; possibility of shifting on 2009.
Support for Biofuels
In 2005, the National Programme of Biofuel Development was adopted. Legislation concerning the
minimum amount of biofuels on the Slovakian market and a decree laying down the requirements
for fuel quality and maintenance of records of fuels were scheduled for 2006.
Quota
This corresponds to the indicative target set in the EU Biofuels Directive. Interim targets are 2.5%
in 2006, 3.2% in 2007, 4% in 2008 and 4.9% in 2009.
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Resource
Biofuels
Biofuels
Biofuels
Biofuels
Biofuels
Quota in % (per year)
2.5%
3.2%
4%
4.9%
5.75%
Year
2006
2008
2008
2009
2010
Tax exemption for Biofuels
Resource
Excise tax
(15,50
Sk/litre =
46,8
€cents/litre
for petrol;
14,50
Sk/litre =
43,8
€cents/litre
for diesel)
Technology
Bioethanol
and
biodiesel
Total support level (= tax
exemption incl. reduction of
VAT to be paid) [€cents/litre]
start year
End
year
Max. 1,12 Sk/litre = 3,38
€cents/litre for petrol
(corresponding to max. 15%
share of ETBE in petrol);
2004
Duration
[years of
support
entitled]
Comments
Till next Act
on excise tax
amendment.
n/a
Max. 0,73 Sk/litre = 2,2
€cents/litre for diesel
(corresponding to max. 5%
share of MERO in diesel);
Excise tax
reduction is
calculated as
reduction by
each %
corresponding to
the energy
content of bioingedient in
petrol or diesel
All RES
Investment subsidies
Resource
Environmental
Fund
Technology
Solar thermal
systems
Biomass boilers
Support level
[%/total
investment]
95%
Heat pumps
Start year
Current
year
(application
till the end
of October)
End year
Grant should
be applied till
the end of 1.
year after
application
EU Structural
Funds
All RES
technologies
except wind
turbines and large
hydro
Not specified yet.
2008
2013
Financial
Mechanism of
Norwegian
Kingdom and
EEA
All RES
technologies
Up to 90% for
public sector;
private sector - up
to 50%
2004
2009
Comments
Public sector only.
Relevant operational
programmes approved;
state support schemes
have not been finally
approved yet; waiting for
calls for proposals
Annex I. Evolution of RES electricity and RES heat Supply in Slovakia (2002-2005)
Annex II. RES Electricity Potentials
Annex III RES Bioenergy Potentials
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Sources:
European Commission Factsheets by Country
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/facts_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2001/77/EC on renewable electricity
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/electricity_member_states_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2003/30/EC on biofuels
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/biofuels_members_states_en.htm
Energy Centre Bratislava
http://www.ecb.sk/
Slovak Innovation and Energy Agency
http://www.sea.gov.sk
EurObserv’er Barometer
http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/sig/eufores/sig.asp
In the framework of the EU co –funded project: RES 2020: Monitoring and Evaluation of the RES Directives
implementation in EU27 and policy recommendations to 2020
The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of the
Community. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained
therein.
Drafted in March 2008
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Annex I. Evolution of RES electricity and RES heat Supply in Slovakia (2002-2005)
RES electricity production in GWh, 2002 – 2005
2002
[GWh]
2003
[GWh]
2004
[GWh]
2005
[GWh]
Hydro power plants total
5 483
3 671
4 207
4 741
out of which pumping HPP
215
192
107
103
Hydro power plants (without Pumping HPP)
5 268
3 479
4 100
Wind power plants
0
2
6
7
Biomass
159
84
3
4
Biogas
1
2
2
4
Total
5 428
3 567
4 111
4 653
RESe share on electricity consumption
18,6 %
12,4 %
14,4 %
16,3 %
Sources
4 638
Source: Slovak Strategy for higher RES utilisation, approved on April 25, 2007
RES heat supply in GWh, 2002 – 2005
Source
2002
2003
2004
2005
[TJ]
[TJ]
[TJ]
[TJ]
474
643
1 354
1 673
1
0
0
116
159
139
144
Solar
36
40
45
50
Total
670
822
1 543
1 979
Biomass
Biogas
Geothermal
140
Source: Slovak Strategy for higher RES utilisation, approved on April 25, 2007
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Annex II. RES Electricity Potentials
Description
Unit
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Maximun Wind
Maximum Wind onshore
Maximum Wind offshore
Maximum solar PV
Maximum solar thermal
Total Hydro
Maximum conventional hydro
of which Maximum run of river
Maximum Pumped Storage hydro
Maximum Wave power plants
Maximum tide power plants
Maximum geothermal conventional power
plants
Maximum geothermal hot dry rock power
plants
Maximum biomass power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum biogas power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum municipal waste power plants
(CHP)
MW
MW
MW
TWh
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
5
5
0
0.00
0.00
2420
1550
732
865
0.0
0.0
773
773
0
0.10
0.00
2427
1562
740
865
0
0
851
851
0
0.20
0.00
2495
1630
770
865
0
0
930
930
0
0.30
0.00
1041
1041
0
0.40
0.00
1151
1151
0
0.50
0.00
1698
800
1766
840
1834
840
0
0
0
0
0
0
TWh
0.0
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.06
MW
0.0
5.4
5.9
6.5
7.2
7.9
TWh
0.0030
1.16
1.6
2.1
2.3
2.5
TWh
0.0020
0.00
0.3
0.5
0.8
1.0
TWh
0.0130
0.59
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
The previous tables present the data that have been gathered in the framework of the RES2020 project in order to be
used in the modelling.
The data have been collected
•
Through EREC and its Members
•
Through a revision of previous EU funded projects and reports (GreenX, OPTRES)
•
Through the partners of the project
The data have been discussed in the framework of the REWG of the EnR with the country experts.
The tables present an estimation of the technical potential that could be utilized as an upper bound by 2010, 2015, 2020
and 2030. As technical potential we are considering:
•
the future installed capacity of wind turbines without taking in mind financial issues at a "reasonable" wind
speed as a possible upper limit in the development of the installed capacity over time.
•
the future installed capacity of hydro considering technical issues only and a possible upper limit in the
development of the installed capacity over time.
For some technologies potential may be unlimited (e.g. photovoltaics), so we are using upper bound limits within the
relevant time frames.
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TABLE 1
Potentials agricultural bioenergy
Description
Sugar crops: sugar beet
Step 1
Annex III RES Bionergy Potentials
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Starch crops: rye, oats, maize, wheat, barley, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Grassy crops: switchgrass, miscanthus, sweet sorghum, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Woody crops: willow, poplar
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Oil crops: sunflower, rapeseed
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Unit
LimType
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
8,0
7,3
8,0
7,3
8,0
7,3
16,0
7,34
21,0
7,42
27,0
7,56
30,0
7,8
34,0
8,14
16,0
6,2
16,0
6,2
16,0
6,2
34,0
5,95
44,0
5,77
55,0
5,63
62,0
5,53
69,0
5,48
18,0
4,0
18,0
4,0
18,0
4,0
48
3,7
69
3,6
90
3,4
108
3,4
126
3,4
21,0
3,2
21,0
3,2
21,0
3,2
55,0
2,95
79,0
2,81
104,0
2,73
124,0
2,7
145,0
2,71
4,0
8,5
4,0
8,5
4,0
8,5
8,0
8,3
11,0
8,0
13,0
7,8
15,0
7,7
17,0
7,5
Source
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
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RES2020 – Reference Document on Renewable Energy Sources Policy & Potential
TABLE 2
Potentials bioenergy from wastes
Description
Agricultural waste
Unit
LimType
Potential
[PJ/a]
UP
Cost
[€/GJ]
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
[PJ/a]
Cost
[€/GJ]
Potential
[PJ/a]
Cost
[€/GJ]
Potential
Cost
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
9
10
10
UP
6
6
6
UP
6
6
6
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
22
24
25
Potential
[PJ/a]
UP
7
8
8
Cost
[€/GJ]
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
UP
2
2
2
Cost
[€/GJ]
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
Forestry residues
Wood processing residues
Municipal solid waste
Wet manures
Black liquor
Source
EEA Report 7 2006
28.6 according to
ACCESS (2006): Report on the perspectives to the development of the
biomass potential - Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungarry, Romania,
Slovakia. ACCESS, 2006.
17 according to
ACCESS (2006): Report on the perspectives to the development of the
biomass potential - Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungarry, Romania,
Slovakia. ACCESS, 2006.
http://www.sustenergy.org/UserFiles/File/ACCESS_Newsletter_eng.pdf
EEA Report 7 2006
12 according to
ACCESS (2006): Report on the perspectives to the development of the
biomass potential - Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungarry, Romania,
Slovakia. ACCESS, 2006.
EEA Report 7 2006
1.58 according to
Fehér, A., et al (2002): Biomass - a renewable energy source used in
agriculture and forestry of Slovakia. EE&AE’2002, International
Scientific Conference, Rousse, Bulgaria, 4-6 April 2002.
ACCESS (2006): Report on the perspectives to the development of the
biomass potential - Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungarry, Romania,
Slovakia. ACCESS, 2006.
EEA Report 7 2006
EEA Report 7 2006
6.5 according to
ACCESS (2006): Report on the perspectives to the development of the
biomass potential - Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungarry, Romania,
Slovakia. ACCESS, 2006.
Sewage sludge
Other waste wood
households
packageing
demolition
UP
UP
EEA Report 7 2006
1.62 according to
ACCESS (2006): Report on the perspectives to the development of the
biomass potential - Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungarry, Romania,
Slovakia. ACCESS, 2006.
Dry manures
UP
279
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29. UNITED KINGDOM
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Until recently, the United-Kingdom (UK) was largely self-reliant for energy, producing significant
quantities of oil, gas and coal. The gradual depletion of oil and gas reserves and a decrease in
domestic coal production has led to a growing dependence on imports. In the electricity sector, gas
has replaced coal as the principal fuel. Since 2005, rapidly increasing energy prices, growing
concerns on security of supply and awareness of climate change have raised the profile of energy
in the UK. The government has come out strongly in favour of new nuclear build, while some
regions are putting particular focus on renewable energies (particularly wind and tidal). The UK
Government set out its energy policy on 23 May 2007 when it published its Energy White Paper
Meeting the Energy Challenge.
KEY FIGURES
• The share of RES in total primary energy consumption was of 1.98% in 2006.
• The share of RES in the gross final energy consumption was 1.3% in 2005.
• The share of RES in the electricity production was 4.6% in 2006 up from 4.2% in 2005.
• The share of all biofuels in the transport sector in 2006 was 0.54% by volume, or some
0.45%
by energy content.
• The United-Kingdom’s dependence on external energy supplies was about 13% in 2005.
Technology specific figures
• For the first time in 2006, wind (with an 8% share) accounted for as much as hydro in
primary input terms. Of the 4.43 million tonnes of oil equivalent of primary energy use
accounted for by renewables, 3.94 million tonnes was used to generate electricity and 0.44
million tonnes to generate heat.
• Decreased water flow from low rainfall was the cause of the lower hydro levels in 2006.
• Since January 2006 more than 540MW of wind and around 80 MW134 of other
renewables, including landfill gas, photovoltaics and biomass have been installed. More
than 2GW of wind is now connected to the grid – with the first GW taking around 14 years
to become operational and the second only 20 months.
• A further 1,260 MW of renewables capacity is under construction; 4,600 MW has been
consented, and 11,400 MW is in planning processes across the UK. The Department for
Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform estimate that around £1billion has been either
invested or committed to new UK renewable projects in the past year.
• Total sales of biofuels in the UK in 2006 were some 264 million litres, whilst total road fuel
sales were approximately 49,000 million litres.
Source: Energy Trends. National Statistics Publication. Department of Business enter[rice and regulatory
reform
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RES POLICY
RES TARGETS
Mandatory targets set by the newly proposed RES Framework Directive from 2008102
• 15% share of RES on the final consumption of energy in 2020.
• At least 10% share of biofuels of final consumption of energy in transport in that Member
State in 2020.
Indicative Target set by the RES- electricity European Directive from 2001103
• 10% share of RES on gross electricity consumption by 2010.
Indicative Target set by the European Biofuels Directive from 2003104
• Biofuel sales target for 2010 is 5% by volume of total road transport fuel sales. The UK
Government recognises that the level of the obligation for 2010/11 falls below the
'reference value' (5.75% by energy content) set out in the Directive. The Directive allows
Member States to set targets which differ from the reference values provided that any
differentiation is "motivated". The UK Government's motivation is primarily that: the UK
Government is not yet confident that higher levels of biofuels can be delivered in a
sustainable way. The 5% by volume level is consistent with current EU fuel quality
standards which impose a 5% volume-based limit for biofuel blends.
National commitments:
The UK government announced in January 2000 a 10% target RES- electricity supplied in the UK
from renewable energy sources by 2010. This target has been embodied in the Government's
Energy White Paper published in February 2003, which also introduced an aspiration to achieve a
renewable electricity penetration of 20% of all electricity power generation by 2020. These goals
were further underlined in the Energy White Paper ‘Meeting the Energy Challenge’ published in
May 2007. The government also set out an aspiration to double this by 2020.
Progress towards the target
The UK will not meet its RES electricity target put forward by the European Commission said a
report published in March 2008 by Cambridge Econometrics . The report forecasts the British
government will fall short of its 10% target for 2010 reaching just 6%.
RES POLICY INSTRUMENTS
Support for RES electricity
Renewable obligation
The Renewables Obligation (RO) is the Government's main mechanism for supporting generation
of renewable electricity. It was introduced in April 2002 and is the successor to the Non Fossil
Fuels Obligation.
102
Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from
renewable sources from January 2008(the targets agreed but the directive is on legislative process)
103
Directive 2007/71/EC on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal
electricity market. Currently in force, sets targets up to 2010.
104
Directive 2003/30/EC on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport Currently in force,
sets targets up to 2010, with indicative targets by 2005.
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The RO places an obligation on electricity suppliers to source an increasing share of their power
sales from renewable sources. In case they should not meet this obligation, they have to pay a
penalty: 34.30 GBP (50.58 €) per MWh in 2007/2008. The percentage of renewable power that
must be supplied is now 7.9% and will increase to 15.4% in 2015. For each megawatt hour of
renewable energy generated, a tradable certificate called a Renewables Obligation Certificate
(ROC) is issued.
Electricity suppliers meet their obligation:
• by surrendering Renewables Obligation Certificates (ROCs) as evidence of their own
renewable electricity generation:
• by surrendering ROCs they have purchased from other renewable electricity generators;
• by paying the ‘buyout’ penalty;
• or by a combination of the options.
When a supplier chooses to pay the buy-out price, the money they pay is put into the buy-out fund.
At the end of the 12-month Obligation period, the buy-out fund is recycled to electricity suppliers
presenting ROCS.
The buy-out price is the fixed penalty that an energy supplier pays for each MWh that it falls short
of its obligation. The buy-out price is linked to the Retail Price Index (RPI) and for 2007/08 the price
is £34.30 per MWh. The suppliers pay this money into an account administered by Ofgem (the
Buy-out Fund) and each year the accumulated Fund is shared among those suppliers who have
presented RO Certificates (ROCs). The combination of the buy-out price and the extent to which
suppliers have fallen short of their obligations determines the nominal value of a ROC and the total
support available for each MWh of renewable electricity under the RO.
Resource
Penalty level [€cents/ kWh]
Quota in
% (in
year)
Year
All RES- E technologies
except hydro above 20 MW,
and energy from waste
unless it is obtained through
advance conversion
technologies.
34.30 GBP (50.58 €) per MWh
in 2007/2008. (annually
adjusted with the retail price
index)
15.4%
in 2015
From 2002 to 2027
ROCs are issued to accredited renewable generators for each 1MWh of eligible electricity
generated irrespective of the technology used. The Government is consulting on providing
more targeted levels of support to different technologies in the form of multiple or fractional ROCs.
New projects in more expensive technologies like dedicated biomass and anaerobic digestion
would receive more support and those that are more economic like landfill gas would receive less.
Subject to consultation and State Aid clearance, this change will take effect from 2009 at the
earliest.
In May 2007, the UK Government announced – in the White paper- modifications to the
Renewables Obligation (RO) legislation. Key announcements are:
• The RO will continue until 2027.
• Obligation levels will rise to 20% ‘with guaranteed headroom’: the obligation level will only
be raised further if the growth in renewables generation justifies this.
• The RO will be ‘banded’: this means that technologies will be awarded more or less than
one ROC for each MWh of electricity they produce depending on the technological
development and costs. Banding thus stimulates emerging renewable technologies that are
still more expensive. Decisions about the future bands will be taken after consultation and
will then be applied until 2013.
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•
Emerging technologies, such as wave and tidal power, will still get support from capital
grant schemes and other policies. The new Energy Technologies Institute and
Environmental Transformation Fund will provide funding.
Climate change levy
Renewable electricity is exempted from the climate change levy on electricity of £4.3/MWh
(approx. 6.3 EUR/MWh)
Support for RES Heating
The deployment of biomass fuelled heat projects in the UK is also supported by the £66m
Bioenergy Capital Grants scheme, jointly-funded by the Department of Trade and Industry and the
National Lottery's New Opportunities Fund. Support is targeted in four areas: amongst others:
smaller heat and CHP, medium scale CHP.
Support for Biofuels
Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation
The Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation Programme will, from April 2008, place an obligation on
fuel suppliers to ensure that a certain percentage of their aggregate sales is made up of biofuels.
The effect of this will be to require 5% of all UK fuel sold on UK forecourts to come from a
renewable source by 2010. These targets have been set on a volume basis.
The RTFO is modelled on the existing Renewables Obligation in the UK electricity supply industry.
The transport sector is responsible for 25% of emissions and through this initiative the RTFO
expects to reduce the carbon emissions from road transport in 2010 by about 0.7 - 0.8 million
tonnes, equivalent to taking 2.6 - 3.0 million tonnes of carbon dioxide.
Obligation
Under the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation, the UK has set a target in July 2006:
Incorporation level shall reach 2.5% during the 2008/09 fiscal year, 3.75% in 2009/10 and 5% in
2010/11 (expressed in volume-thus considerably lower than the 2003 Directive's level.
Under the scheme certificates can be claimed when renewable fuels are supplied and fuel duty is
paid on them. At the end of an obligation period, these certificates may be redeemed to the RTFO
Administrator to demonstrate compliance and certificates can be traded. If any obligated supplier
does not have enough certificates at the end of an obligation period, it has to 'buy-out' of the
balance of its obligation by paying a buy-out-price. The buy-out-price will be 15 pence per litre in
the first and second years of the obligation.
In order to ensure compliance the Administrator will issue RTF Certificates according to the
quantity of renewable fuel on which duty has been paid. It will be possible for companies to trade
certificates. If a company cannot produce enough certificates at the end of each compliance period
it will have to pay a buy out price which will go into a buy out fund.
Level of buy-out prices
The RTFO buy-out price - the price paid by fuel suppliers who fail to meet their obligation for the
year by producing certificates showing biofuel supply - will remain at 15 pence per litre for the
second year of the Obligation (i.e. 2009-10). The government's intention is that the level of the
RTFO buy-out should be sufficiently high to ensure that obligated suppliers do not routinely resort
to using it.
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Sustainability requirements
The UK Government also announced on 21 June 2007 that it:
‐ aims to reward biofuels under the RTFO in accordance with the carbon savings that they
offer from April 2010, provided that this is compatible with World Trade Organisation rules
and EU Technical Standards requirements,
‐ aims to reward biofuels under the RTFO only if the feedstocks from which they are
produced meet appropriate sustainability standards from April Promotion and Use of
Biofuels in 2011.
‐ will ask the RTFO Administrator to report to the Secretary of State every three
months on the effectiveness of the RTFO's environmental reporting mechanisms, and on the
carbon and sustainability effects of the RTFO. The Government will keep the RTFO under
review in the light of these reports.
In January 2007, the newly established Renewable Fuels Agency (RFA) in the UK published
guidelines to companies on how to report on their fuels concerning the Renewable Transport Fuel
Obligation, which is intended to entry into force on 15 April 2008. Companies can use the
guidelines to provide information on the origin, greenhouse gas performance and production for all
biofuels in their portfolio. Major suppliers are required to have an independently verified annual
sustainability report.
Fuel Duty Incentives
Under the Alternative Fuels Framework published by the UK Government in December 2003, the
UK Government sets out in each year's Budget the levels of fuel duty incentives for biofuels and
other alternative fuels that will apply in each of the following three years. This provides certainty to
support investment in the production and development of alternative fuels.
The RTFO is likely, over time, to replace fuel duty incentives as the UK Government's principal
support mechanism for biofuels. However, the UK Government believes that, in the early years of
the RTFO, there should be a gradual, rather than an abrupt, transition from one mechanism to the
other.
Budget 2006 therefore announced that the 20 pence per litre duty differential would be guaranteed
until 2008-09, and Budget 2007 has since extended it further to 2009- 10.
Enhanced Capital Allowances
The Government will re-apply for State aid clearance and, subject to that, will introduce a 100 per
cent first-year allowance for biofuels plant that meet certain qualifying criteria, and which make
good carbon balance inherent in their design, as proposed. In addition the Government will also
Introduce a payable enhanced capital allowance for companies not in taxable profit to ensure both
profit and loss making firms have an incentive to invest in the cleanest biofuels plant.
Government grant programmes
During 2006, the UK Government, through the Refuelling Infrastructure Grant Programme
managed by the Energy Saving Trust, continued to provide grants toward the cost of installing
alternative refuelling points including, for example, for hydrogen, electric, bio-ethanol and natural
gas / biogas stations. Although not exclusively aimed at biofuels, the grant programme has
attracted interest from a range of organisations considering the installation of E85 bioethanol
refuelling points.
Regional Selective Assistance Grants
Regional selective assistance grants are one of the few methods of direct support for industry
allowable under the EU's single market rules. During 2006 the Scottish Executive and the Regional
Development Agencies continued to offer support to a number of businesses in the sector. The
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Scottish Executive confirmed that it would provide a £9 million grant towards the construction of a
500,000 tonne biodiesel plant at Grangemouth, due to come on stream in 2008.
Support for all RES
Bioenergy Capital Grants scheme
Funds are reserved from the New Opportunities Fund for new capital grants for investments in
energy crops/biomass power generation (at least £33 million (EUR 53 million) over three years), for
small-scale biomass/CHP heating (£3 million or EUR 5 million), and planting grants for energy
crops (£29 million or EUR 46 million for a period of seven years). A £50 million (EUR 72.5 million)
fund is available for the development of wave and tidal power, the Marine Renewables Deployment
Fund.
The UK published a Biomass Strategy in May 2007 alongside the Energy White Paper. The UK
Biomass Strategy has been developed by Department for Trade and Industry (now BERR) and
DEFRA to achieve carbon savings from biomass, while complying with EU policies.
Bioenergy Action Plan
The Government published an action plan in April 2006. Key highlights include:
• The launch of a new five-year capital grant scheme for biomass heat and biomass
Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems at the end of December 2006.
• Confirmation that proposals for a new Energy Crops Scheme are to be included within the
Rural Development Programme for England 2007.
• A set of regional maps identifying opportunities and optimum sitings for energy crops (short
rotation coppice (SRC) and miscanthus) were published on Defra’s website in May 2007
• A mapping exercise accessing the suitability of the Defra estate for conversion to biomass
heating was undertaken. The mapping exercise is currently being rolled out to other
Government Departments.
Annex I RES electricity Potentials
Annex II RES Bioenergy Potentials
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Sources:
European Commission Factsheets by Country
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/facts_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2001/77/EC on renewable electricity
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/electricity_member_states_en.htm
Member States Reports in the framework of the Directive 2003/30/EC on biofuels
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/biofuels_members_states_en.htm
Energy Trends. National Statistics Publication. Department of Business enter[rice and regulatory
reform.
Uk energy White Paper.
EurObserv’er Barometer
http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/sig/eufores/sig.asp
In the framework of the EU co –funded project: RES 2020: Monitoring and Evaluation of the RES Directives
implementation in EU27 and policy recommendations to 2020
The sole responsibility for the content of this Publication lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of the
Community. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained
therein.
Drafted March: 2008
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Annex I RES electricity Potentials
Description
Unit
2005
2010
2015
2020
Total Wind
Maximum Wind onshore
Maximum Wind offshore
Maximum PV
Maximum solar thermal
Total Hydro
Maximum conventional hydro
of which Maximum run of river
Maximum Pumped Storage hydro
Maximum Tide & Wave power
plants
Maximum geothermal conventional
power plants
Maximum geothermal hot dry rock
power plants
Maximum biomass power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum biogas power plants
(conventional+CHP)
Maximum municipal waste power
plants (CHP)
MW
MW
MW
TWh
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
1460
1246
214.0
8900
5080
3820
16979
11159
5820
4248
1460
0
2788
4237
1409
0
2828
26087
18267
7820
4.32
0
4237
1409
0
2828
TWh
58.9
MW
0
MW
0
TWh
1.6
36.99
TWh
4.7
16.32
TWh
1.0
4.09
2025
2030
13805
12249
1556
4237
1409
0
2828
The previous table present the data that have been gathered in the framework of the RES2020 project in order to be
used in the modelling.
The data have been collected
•
Through EREC and its Members
•
Through a revision of previous EU funded projects and reports (GreenX, OPTRES)
•
Through the partners of the project
The data have been discussed in the framework of the REWG of the EnR with the country experts.
The tables present an estimation of the technical potential that could be utilized as an upper bound by 2010, 2015, 2020
and 2030. As technical potential we are considering:
•
the future installed capacity of wind turbines without taking in mind financial issues at a "reasonable" wind
speed as a possible upper limit in the development of the installed capacity over time.
•
the future installed capacity of hydro considering technical issues only and a possible upper limit in the
development of the installed capacity over time.
For some technologies potential may be unlimited (e.g. photovoltaics), so we are using upper bound limits within the
relevant time frames.
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TABLE 1
Potentials agricultural bioenergy
Description
Sugar crops: sugar beet
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Starch crops: rye, oats, maize, wheat, barley, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Grassy crops: switchgrass, miscanthus, sweet sorghum, etc
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Woody crops: willow, poplar
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Oil crops: sunflower, rapeseed
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Annex II RES Bionergy Potentials
Unit
LimType
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
68,0
9,7
68,0
9,7
68,0
9,7
90,0
9,34
105,0
9,05
120,0
8,78
136,0
8,55
152,0
8,35
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
38,0
11,0
38,0
11,0
38,0
11,0
51,0
10,41
59,0
9,89
68,0
9,45
77,0
9,07
86,0
8,74
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
115,0
10,9
115,0
10,9
115,0
10,9
169
11,5
208
11,3
247
11,1
290
10,9
334
10,7
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
97,0
5,5
97,0
5,5
97,0
5,5
140,0
5,8
171,0
5,73
201,0
5,62
234,0
5,53
268,0
5,44
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a] or [Ha]
[€/GJ]
UP
34,0
10,4
34,0
10,4
34,0
10,4
45,0
10,1
52,0
9,8
60,0
9,6
68,0
9,3
76,0
9,1
Source
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
UP
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TABLE 2
Potentials bioenergy from wastes
Description
Agricultural waste
Unit
LimType
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
Potential
Cost
2000
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Source
90
96
103
EEA Report 7 2006
DTI (2007): UK Biomass Strategy 2007 - Working Paper 1 – Economic analysis of biomass energy. DTI, UK, May 2007.
UP
29
31
33
EEA Report 7 2006
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
110
118
126
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
31
33
36
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
11
12
13
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
UP
15
16
17
EEA Report 7 2006
UP
15
16
17
EEA Report 7 2006
Potential
Cost
[PJ/a]
[€/GJ]
UP
11
12
13
EEA Report 7 2006
Forestry residues
Wood processing residues
Municipal solid waste
Wet manures
Black liquor
Sewage sludge
Other waste wood
households
packageing
demolition
Dry manures
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More information on the Project Website:
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Disclaimer:
The RES2020 project is supported by the EIE
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lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the
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